424:
280:
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unnecessary and possibly increasing the amount of opposition. The Board was dissolved in 1981, but the conversion to the metric system was not completed until 1988. The Board spent A$ 5.955 million during its 11 years of operation, and the federal government distributed $ 10 million to the states to support their conversion process. Between 1984 and 1988, the conversion was the responsibility of the
National Standards Commission, later renamed the
599:
84:
facilitated, "often with substantial increases in efficiency". Educationally, the reform would "simplify and unify the teaching of mathematics and science, reduce errors, save teaching time, and give a better understanding of basic physical principles". In 1968, more than 75% of
Australia's exports went to metric countries, and at that time it was noted that all countries (except the
88:) were metric or were converting to the metric system. It was also noted that because of Australia's large migrant program, more than 10 percent of people over 16 years of age had used the metric system before coming to Australia. They also noted that school pupils were widely familiar with the metric system because it had been taught in the schools for many years.
92:
had already declared its intention to metricate before the
Government announced its decision to change to the metric system. "The change itself provided a unique opportunity to rationalise and modernise industrial practices and bring Australia's technical standard specifications into accord with those adopted internationally".
404:
It was believed that public education would be the most effective way of ensuring public safety. A Panel for
Publicity on Road Travel made up of the various motoring organisations, regulatory authorities, and the media, planned a campaign to publicise the change. The resulting publicity campaign cost
385:
sign meant during this short change-over period. This was because the previous mph signs had the signage in black on white and were rectangular, in the same style as current US speed limit signs, whilst the km/h signs which replaced them had the number indicating the speed limit inside a red circle,
439:
In this, the industry was grateful to
Standards Australia for the early production of the Standard AS 1155-1974 "Metric Units for Use in the Construction Industry", which specified the use of millimetres as the small unit for the metrication upgrade. In the adoption of the millimetre as the "small"
377:
and the accompanying traffic regulations; "M-day" for this change was 1 July 1974. Because of careful planning, almost every road sign in
Australia was converted within a month. This was achieved by installing covered metric signs alongside the imperial signs before the change and then removing the
542:
Aviation, as in many other metric countries, specifies horizontal distances in nautical miles and horizontal speed in knots, but horizontal distance for visibility or clearance from clouds is in kilometres or metres, as are runway dimensions. The pressure and temperature are also given in SI, with
451:
The logic of using the millimetre in this context was that the metric system had been so designed that there would exist a multiple or submultiple for every use. Decimal fractions would not have to be used. Since the tolerances on building components and building practice would rarely be less than
91:
By 1968, metrication was already well underway in
Australian industry. The pharmaceutical industry had metricated in 1965, and much of the chemical and electronics industries worked in metric units, as there were no imperial units for the latter. One of the country's major automobile manufacturers
435:
The building industry was the first major industry grouping in
Australia to complete its change to metric. This was achieved within two years by January 1976 for all new buildings other than those for which design had commenced well before metrication began. The resulting savings for builders and
76:). However, Imperial weights and measures were most commonly used until the Commonwealth government began the metric changeover in the 1970s. SI units were subsequently adopted as the basis for Australia's measurement standards, whereby they were defined as Australia's legal units of measurement.
400:
Except for bridge clearance and flood-depth signs, dual marking was avoided. Though people opposed to metrication expressed concern that ignorance of the meaning of metric speeds would lead to accidents on the roads, this did not happen, as most drivers under the age of 25 had been taught metric
480:
Oil and petrol is sold in litres. Vehicle tyres (as in the rest of the world) mark the rim diameter in inches and the width in millimetres, such that a tyre marked '165/70R13' has a width of 165 mm, an aspect ratio (profile) of 70% and a 13-inch rim diameter. Tyre pressures may be given in
46:
were withdrawn from general legal use and replaced with the
International System of Units, facilitated through legislation and government agencies. SI units are now the only legal units of measurement in Australia. Australia's largely successful transition to the metric system parallels that of
504:
Dressed timber is often sold in lengths such as 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, and 3.6 metres, each multiples of 300 mm, approximating foot-length increments, while pipes and conduits may be specified as having diameters of 12, 19, 25, and 32 mm (based on "soft" conversions of 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.25
266:
Opposition to metrication was not widespread. The Metric
Conversion Board did not proceed with education programs as polling revealed that most people were learning units and their applications independently of each other, rendering efforts to teach the systematic nature of the metric system
83:
examined metric "Weights and Measures" and came to the unanimous conclusion that it was both practical and desirable for Australia to change to the metric system. Some of their considerations included the "inherent advantages of the metric system" that meant that weighing and measuring was
474:
in motor vehicles produced after 1974. However, there was no requirement for pre-1974 vehicles to have their speedometers and odometers converted to metric, so vintage cars display miles and miles per hour, and privately imported vehicles, such as classic cars, are not required to be
443:
This was formally stated as follows: "The metric units for linear measurement in building and construction will be the metre (m) and the millimetre (mm), with the kilometre (km) being used where required. This will apply to all sectors of the industry, and the
534:
Whilst imperial units may sometimes be specified instead of SI units (usually, where the product originates from or is intended for an American market), the use of any measurement except in SI units is not "legal for trade" under Australian legislation.
405:$ 200,000 and the Australian Government Department of Transport paid for it. The Board also produced 2.5 million copies of a pamphlet, "Motoring Goes Metric". This was distributed through post offices, police stations, and motor registry offices.
440:
unit of length for metrication (instead of the centimetre) the Metric Conversion Board leaned heavily on experience in the United Kingdom and within the International Organisation for Standardisation, where this decision had already been taken.
38:
under the auspices of the Decimal Currency Board. The conversion of measurements—metrication—commenced subsequently in 1971, under the direction of the Metric Conversion Board and actively proceeded until the Board was disbanded in 1981.
397:. On the many new kilometre signs on minor roads, a yellow plate which showed the corresponding number of miles was affixed under the now permanent kilometre distance indication. These temporary plates were removed after about one year.
557:(dpi) is still used when referring to printing resolution. The photo printing industry uses both imperial and metric sizes for photograph dimensions (e.g. 4 Ă— 6 inches as well as 10 Ă— 15 cm).
103:
was given assent. This Act created the Metric Conversion Board to facilitate the conversion of measurements from imperial to metric. A timeline of major developments in this conversion process is as follows:
67:
Although there was debate in Australia's first Parliament after federation to consider adopting the metric system, metric units first became legal for use in Australia in 1947 when Australia signed the
486:
Fruit and vegetables are advertised, sold, and weighed in grams, and groceries are packed and labelled in metric units. Schooling is wholly metric. Newspaper reports are nearly always in metric.
730:
22:
525:
Domestic and commercial property is advertised in square metres or hectares. Although crop yields are described in tonnes per hectare, rural land area is occasionally reported in acres.
118:
1973 – All primary schools were teaching the metric system alone: many had been teaching both imperial and metric for some years. All secondary schools were now using the metric system.
1823:
515:
Body weight is referred to in kilograms, and baby nappy sizes are specified in grams only. A few parents still convert their baby's hospital-stated birth mass to pounds and ounces.
271:
in 1988. The cost of metrication for the private sector was not determined but the Prices Justification Tribunal reported that metrication was not used to justify price increases.
257:
1988 – With Western Australia fully implementing the change, metrication was completed nationwide and the metric system became the only system of legal measurements in Australia.
217:, aside from spirits, also converted to metric units by the end of the year. The conversion of road signs took place in July, aided by a publicity campaign to prepare the public.
335:
to describe human sensation to temperatures in degrees Celsius. This was very successful because the public soon became aware of the significance of the descriptions.
408:"For about a year before the change, motor car manufacturers fitted dual speedometers to their vehicles and, after 1974, all new cars were fitted with metric-only
1112:
1223:
866:
734:
2009:
389:
Road distance signs were also converted during this period. To avoid confusion as to whether the distance indicated was in miles or kilometres new
311:
was enlisted to introduce the metric system for weather reporting and forecasts, its public relations officer, Godfrey Wiseman, coined a series of
1249:
553:
Australia uses metric paper sizes for office use and home printing (most commonly A4 size, being 210 Ă— 297 mm) However, the term
548:
Altitude for sky diving is routinely given in feet, which follows from the above existing aviation conventions. Scuba diving uses metric units.
1613:
1831:
827:
1770:
1144:
1027:
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993:
299:
was changed from 2 mi to 3,200 m, a reduction of 19 m or about 0.6%. The first metric Melbourne Cup was raced in November 1972.
1340:
1184:
1802:
Metrication in Australia: a review of the effectiveness of policies and procedures in Australia's conversion to the metric system
682:
458:
converted from imperial measurements such as 1/044, 1/064, 3/036, 7/029 or 7/036 to metric 1.5mm², 2.5mm² or 4.0mm² wire sizes.
2004:
1543:
853:
499:, have been retained (although in South Australia the "pint" of beer is not an imperial pint, as it is elsewhere in Australia).
1868:
656:
510:
In some cases, goods manufactured to pre-metric standards are available, such as some bolts, nuts, screws, and pipe threads.
346:
were provided for one month only. After that, from 1 September 1972, only Celsius measurements were given for temperature.
423:
1507:
220:
1976 – The building and construction industry completed its change to metric measurements (within two years) by January.
1568:
1384:
357: – with river depths, snow depths and waves reported in metres – from 1 January 1974.
1978:
1813:
1462:
448:(cm) shall not be used. … the centimetre should not be used in any calculation and it should never be written down".
56:
1119:
491:
In some cases, old imperial standards were replaced with rounded metric values, as with horse racing or the size of
1983:
1227:
401:
units at school, and through them, their parents were familiar with metric speeds, if not metric units as a whole.
52:
520:
Human height is measured in centimetres. In informal contexts, a person's height may be stated in feet and inches.
2014:
1409:
1318:
927:
562:
Historical writing and presentations may include pre-metric units to reflect the context of the era represented.
543:
hectopascals and degrees Celsius respectively. Altitude and ascent/descent is given in feet and feet per minute.
381:
While road signs could not all be changed at the same time, there was little chance of confusion as to what any
1918:
1209:
1014:
975:
587:
Cultural influence from the UK and USA has also been cited as a reason for the residual use of imperial units.
578:
measured in inches instead of or as well as centimetres, e.g., a screen may be advertised as 42" (107 cm).
268:
1310:
42:
Before 1970, Australia mostly used imperial units, inherited from the United Kingdom. Between 1970 and 1988,
612:
1062:
Standards Association of Australia "Metric Handbook, Metric Conversion in Building and Construction" 1972
35:
1486:"Kawasaki Sportsbike Riders Club - Australia - Online Forum • View topic - ZZR 600 Seat Height Question"
1963:
1956:
1951:
1808:. Canberra: Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, Australian Government Publishing Service.
48:
583:
Firearm barrel length is almost always referred to in inches, whereas ammunition is measured in grams.
1861:
1748:
1030:. Section 9.2 Page 34. Department of Industry Technology and Commerce. Retrieved on 12 October 2023.
279:
1913:
1086:
1726:"Litres, metres and bar - Diving with the metric system in Australia | ex HMAS Canberra Reef"
1039:
1898:
1362:
831:
639:
530:
Weather reports are measured in metric units but occasionally refer to some wave heights in feet.
1938:
1928:
1881:
1774:
1485:
1447:
Beth Price; David Tynan; Natalie Caruso; Allason McNamara; Gloria Stillman; Jill Brown (2009).
949:
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was reported only in kilometres per hour (km/h) from 1 April 1973 and rainfall was reported in
244:
240:
1656:
1631:
492:
1973:
1903:
308:
100:
1520:
495:(rounded to the nearest 5 cm). The pre-metric names of beer glass sizes, including the
1943:
1933:
1923:
1908:
1854:
1846:
1454:
801:
1422:"I was 34 weeks pregnant when I was told I had gestational diabetes. Here's how I managed"
1162:
709:
115:
1972 – Horse racing converted in August and air temperatures were converted in September.
8:
1968:
1348:
369:
Speed limits signs in km/h had the number indicating the speed limit inside a red circle.
1703:
1682:"Skydive Jump The Beach Mission Beach Queensland Australia Freefall Tandem Solo Courses"
1224:"what screw size and thread measurement do we use for hardware? | the scrooz blog"
415:"As a result of all these changes, conversion on the roads occurred without incident."
373:
An important and very visible sign of metric conversion in Australia was the change in
756:
452:
one millimetre, the millimetre became the sub-unit most appropriate to this industry.
1809:
1458:
1243:
1138:
1008:
969:
455:
202:
1725:
1446:
1421:
867:"Select Committee on the Metric System of Weights and Measures / Senate Committees"
604:
254:
1987 – The property industry, the last major industry holdout, converted to metric.
69:
1264:"Nuts and Bolts - Industrial Size Assortment Packs of Hi-Tensile Nuts & Bolts"
1072:
880:
1521:"High hopes for big crop yields - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"
1448:
365:
154:
428:
393:
distance signs had affixed to them a temporary yellow plate showing the symbol
162:
43:
1828:
Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources - National Measurement Institute
906:
781:
631:
1998:
554:
378:
imperial sign and uncovering the metric sign during the month of conversion.
296:
248:
224:
158:
85:
21:
1572:
1388:
1285:
567:
338:
At the culmination of this campaign, weather reports and forecasts in both
288:
236:
190:
80:
1877:
409:
382:
178:
150:
29:
1341:"Jenny Craig : New look Magda Szubanski sheds kilos on Jenny Craig"
1073:"What size CB for regular power circuit? 16 or 20? - Kitchen appliances"
731:"Introduction of the metric system in Australia Support for the change"
445:
354:
350:
339:
198:
130:
1824:"Significant achievements and the history of measurement in Australia"
1594:
470:
Road signs solely use metric measurements, as do the speedometers and
1771:"Label Printers - Products - QL Label Printers - Brother ® Australia"
1510:
uses metric units for height with the imperial measurement alongside.
374:
206:
182:
913:. Commonwealth of Australia—Sound and Film Archive. 21 October 2008.
638:. Commonwealth of Australia—Sound and Film Archive. 15 August 2010.
121:
1974 – Large scale conversion across industries, including packaged
1051:
575:
538:
Further examples where non-SI units are (sometimes) specified are:
471:
436:
their sub-contractors has been estimated at 10% of gross turnover.
214:
174:
170:
146:
134:
1681:
1410:
An example where some birth masses are given in pounds and ounces.
1185:"Why is Adelaide's pint glass different to the rest of Australia?"
725:
723:
343:
302:
292:
223:
1977 – All packaged goods were labelled in metric units, and the
79:
In 1968, a Select Committee of the Australian Senate chaired by
1040:
http://www.metricationmatters.com/docs/CostOfNonMetrication.pdf
733:. Government of Western Australia. 4 March 2010. Archived from
412:. Several kinds of speedometer conversion kits were available.
312:
232:
194:
166:
138:
1749:"Sydney Australia Ph: 1300 556 744 Paper & Envelope Sizes"
720:
186:
142:
126:
122:
1876:
1263:
496:
228:
109:
1305:
1303:
16:
Adoption of the metric system of measurements in Australia
1363:"Nappies product range - Find advice on baby products at"
481:
either kilopascals (kPa) or pounds per square inch (PSI).
295:(one-eighth of a mile) is close to 200 m. Therefore, the
283:
The first metric Melbourne Cup was raced in November 1972
210:
1221:
1300:
1286:"Pipe Thread, Tapered Screw Plug and Screw Ring Gauges"
922:
920:
574:
and computer monitors may be described as having their
571:
1614:"Australian monster wave heralds huge surf for Sydney"
964:
A quotation from the book appears at the link provided
856:. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved on 12 October 2023.
632:""Dollar Bill" Currency Conversion Advertisement—1966"
1544:"Yangery lifestyle property sells for $ 9600 an acre"
1087:"Bridgestone [Australia] Tyre pressure tips"
917:
714:
The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate
594:
887:. Australian Science and Technology Heritage Centre
1996:
757:"Australia ACORN-SAT temperature fraction audit"
360:
806:Metric usage and metrication in other countries
466:Metrication is complete, with some exceptions:
303:Metrication of weather reporting and forecasts
274:
1862:
1657:"National Trade Measurement Regulations 2009"
991:
947:
418:
1541:
1248:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1222:admin, on 27 August 2009 (27 August 2009).
1003:. Commonwealth of AustraliaEntire document.
907:"Road Metric Conversion Advertisement—1974"
707:
1869:
1855:
683:"How Australia's measurement system works"
261:
1212:. Bunnings. Retrieved on 12 October 2023.
987:
985:
651:
649:
1571:. Aussiefarmsforsale.com. Archived from
1542:Himmelreich, Everard (8 November 2018).
1311:"Profiles of Health, Australia, 2011-13"
422:
364:
278:
112:industry converted to the metric system.
1632:"National Measurement Regulations 1999"
1611:
1093:. Bridgestone Australia Corporate. 2007
881:"Wording and Verification of Forecasts"
315:to educate the public, using the terms
287:An early change was the metrication of
1997:
1143:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
982:
796:
794:
792:
790:
710:"Laught, Keith Alexander (1907–1969))"
646:
642:from the original on 21 December 2021.
1850:
1798:
1385:"Snugglers® Australia - Our Products"
657:"History of Measurement in Australia"
808:. U.S. Metric Association. 1996–2009
2010:History of Australia (1945–present)
1612:Tatnell, Paul (17 September 2010).
787:
291:. This was facilitated because the
34:effectively began in 1966 with the
13:
1792:
1508:Australian internet dating service
1387:. Snugglers.com.au. Archived from
854:Temperature and Pressure go Metric
20:
14:
2026:
57:metrication in the United Kingdom
1773:. Brother.com.au. Archived from
937:. Metric Conversion Board. 1974.
689:. National Measurement Institute
663:. National Measurement Institute
597:
97:Australian Metric Conversion Act
53:metrication in the United States
1763:
1746:
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1587:
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1319:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1278:
1256:
1226:. Scrooz.com.au. Archived from
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1079:
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1056:
1045:
1033:
1021:
941:
899:
873:
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846:
830:. Aussie Punter. Archived from
763:. WA climate net. December 2009
251:industries converted to metric.
1523:. Abc.net.au. 17 November 2010
1450:MathsWorld Year 8 VELS Edition
1159:"Metzeler AU - Tyre Pressures"
820:
775:
749:
701:
687:Australia's Measurement System
675:
661:Australia's Measurement System
624:
269:National Measurement Institute
36:conversion to decimal currency
1:
2005:Economic history of Australia
618:
361:Metrication of the road signs
613:Outline of the metric system
7:
956:. Commonwealth of Australia
708:Tilby Stock, Jenny (2010).
590:
275:Metrication of horse racing
10:
2031:
1013:: CS1 maint: postscript (
994:"Metrication in Australia"
974:: CS1 maint: postscript (
950:"Metrication in Australia"
885:Federation and Meteorology
802:"Metrication of Australia"
716:. Vol. 3. UNSW Press.
62:
49:metrication in New Zealand
1889:
1618:The Sydney Morning Herald
1599:The Sydney Morning Herald
782:Metric conversion ad—1974
461:
419:Building and construction
1028:Metrication in Australia
828:"Melbourne Cup History"
262:Metric Conversion Board
151:meteorological services
2015:Metrication by country
1706:. Parachutes Australia
1704:"Parachutes Australia"
1661:www.legislation.gov.au
1636:www.legislation.gov.au
928:"Motoring Goes Metric"
432:
386:as is done in Europe.
370:
284:
245:electrical engineering
108:1971 – The Australian
25:
1728:. Hmascanberra.com.au
1684:. Jumpthebeach.com.au
1351:on 14 September 2009.
1345:www.jennycraig.com.au
992:Kevin Wilkes (1992).
948:Kevin Wilkes (1992).
426:
368:
309:Bureau of Meteorology
282:
101:Australian Parliament
95:On 12 June 1970, the
24:
1834:on 30 September 2009
307:When the Australian
1799:Wilks, K.J (1992).
570:for the screens of
431:showing millimetres
211:automotive services
74:Convention du Mètre
51:but contrasts with
1751:. Network Printing
1191:. 7 September 2017
852:1 September 1972.
433:
371:
325:temperate twenties
285:
26:
1992:
1991:
1777:on 21 August 2011
1575:on 12 August 2011
1428:. 5 November 2018
1391:on 29 August 2007
1321:. 29 October 2012
1230:on 22 August 2011
456:Electrical wiring
2022:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1830:. Archived from
1819:
1807:
1787:
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1767:
1761:
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1365:. Huggies.com.au
1359:
1353:
1352:
1347:. Archived from
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1307:
1298:
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1295:
1293:
1288:. Prittie.com.au
1282:
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1161:. Archived from
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1142:
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1132:
1130:
1125:on 12 March 2011
1124:
1118:. Archived from
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1103:
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1100:
1098:
1083:
1077:
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1042:Sub Answer 3. 1.
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605:Australia portal
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329:thirsty thirties
247:, and appliance
70:Metre Convention
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1995:
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1793:Further reading
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1165:on 2 March 2013
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163:road transport
159:communications
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1878:Metrication
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1432:14 November
1169:17 February
1129:17 February
960:17 February
812:26 November
693:21 November
383:speed limit
355:millimetres
349:Similarly,
179:electricity
30:Metrication
1999:Categories
1884:by country
1882:opposition
1666:12 October
1641:12 October
1325:15 October
1315:abs.gov.au
1195:12 October
767:4 December
667:16 October
619:References
475:converted.
446:centimetre
375:road signs
351:wind speed
340:Fahrenheit
241:electronic
199:metallurgy
129:products,
1919:Hong Kong
1914:Guatemala
1894:Australia
1455:MacMillan
576:diagonals
472:odometers
215:beverages
207:petroleum
203:chemicals
183:surveying
1899:Barbados
1781:2 August
1755:2 August
1732:2 August
1710:2 August
1688:2 August
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1527:2 August
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1395:2 August
1369:2 August
1292:2 August
1270:2 August
1244:cite web
1234:2 August
1189:ABC News
1139:cite web
1091:web page
1052:ISO 2848
1009:cite web
970:cite web
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838:2 August
784:YouTube.
761:web page
640:Archived
591:See also
505:inches).
171:textiles
147:printing
135:building
1939:Jamaica
1929:Ireland
1880:or its
1426:Mamamia
891:30 July
344:Celsius
313:jingles
293:furlong
213:. Most
63:History
1974:Sweden
1948:Korea
1904:Canada
1838:9 June
1812:
1470:5 July
1461:
1097:4 June
462:Extent
233:energy
209:, and
195:mining
167:travel
139:timber
123:grains
1957:South
1952:North
1944:Japan
1934:Italy
1924:India
1909:Chile
1806:(PDF)
1747:IMS.
1569:"NSW"
1123:(PDF)
1116:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
931:(PDF)
911:Video
741:8 May
636:Video
391:major
187:sport
143:paper
127:dairy
1969:Peru
1840:2006
1810:ISBN
1783:2011
1757:2011
1734:2011
1712:2011
1690:2011
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1581:2011
1555:2018
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1472:2014
1459:ISBN
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1371:2011
1327:2014
1294:2011
1272:2011
1250:link
1236:2011
1197:2023
1171:2013
1145:link
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1099:2011
1015:link
1001:Book
976:link
962:2011
954:Book
893:2015
840:2011
814:2009
769:2012
743:2010
695:2009
669:2010
497:pint
342:and
331:and
229:food
131:eggs
110:wool
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572:TVs
175:gas
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