Fuel economy in automobiles

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for best fuel economy. For truck buyers the fuel economy measured by standard procedures is only a first guideline. Professional trucking companies measure the fuel economy of their trucks and truck fleets in real usage. Fuel economy of trucks in real usage is determined by four important factors: The truck technology that is constantly improved by the various OEMs. The driver's driving style contributes a lot to the real fuel economy (different from the test cycles where a standard driving style is used). The maintenance condition of the vehicle influences the fuel efficiency – again different from standardized procedures where the trucks are always presented in flawless condition. Last but not least the usage of the vehicle influences the fuel consumption: Hilly roads and heavy loads will increase the fuel consumption of a vehicle.

3925: 3806:(MPG-e) and for gasoline-only mode expressed in conventional miles per gallon. EPA also estimated an overall combined city/highway gas-electricity fuel economy rating expressed in miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (MPG-e). The label also includes a table showing fuel economy and electricity consumed for five different scenarios: 30 miles (48 km), 45 miles (72 km), 60 miles (97 km) and 75 miles (121 km) driven between a full charge, and a never charge scenario. This information was included to make the consumers aware of the variability of the fuel economy outcome depending on miles driven between charges. Also the fuel economy for a gasoline-only scenario (never charge) was included. For electric-only mode the energy consumption estimated in 1103: 1995:, the inertial energy could be completely recovered, but there are few options for reducing aerodynamic drag or rolling resistance other than optimizing the vehicle's shape and the tire design. Road load energy or the energy demanded at the wheels, can be calculated by evaluating the vehicle equation of motion over a specific driving cycle. The vehicle powertrain must then provide this minimum energy to move the vehicle and will lose a large amount of additional energy in the process of converting fuel energy into work and transmitting it to the wheels. Overall, the sources of energy loss in moving a vehicle may be summarized as follows: 3916:

unaware of this, and therefore compare MPG values by subtracting them, which can give a misleading picture of relative differences in fuel economy between different pairs of vehicles – for instance, an increase from 10 to 20 MPG corresponds to a 100% improvement in fuel economy, whereas an increase from 50 to 60 MPG is only a 20% improvement, although in both cases the difference is 10 MPG. The EPA explained that the new gallons-per-100-miles metric provides a more accurate measure of fuel efficiency – notably, it is equivalent to the normal metric measurement of fuel economy, liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km).

5879: 3620:. Its purpose is to discourage the production and purchase of fuel-inefficient vehicles. The tax was phased in over ten years with rates increasing over time. It applies only to manufacturers and importers of vehicles, although presumably some or all of the tax is passed along to automobile consumers in the form of higher prices. Only new vehicles are subject to the tax, so no tax is imposed on used car sales. The tax is graduated to apply a higher tax rate for less-fuel-efficient vehicles. To determine the tax rate, manufacturers test all the vehicles at their laboratories for fuel economy. The US 3752: 1330:

which tend to achieve greater fuel efficiency than gas engines. Selling those cars in the United States is difficult because of emission standards, notes Walter McManus, a fuel economy expert at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. "For the most part, European diesels don’t meet U.S. emission standards", McManus said in 2007. Another reason why many European models are not marketed in the United States is that labor unions object to having the big 3 import any new foreign built models regardless of fuel economy while laying off workers at home.

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that it had abandoned these negotiations. A government report subsequently found that, in 2019, new light-duty vehicle fuel economy fell 0.2 miles per gallon (to 24.9 miles per gallon) and pollution increased 3 grams per mile traveled (to 356 grams per mile). A decrease in fuel economy and an increase in pollution had not occurred for the previous five years. The Obama-era rule was officially rolled back on 31 March 2020 during the Trump administration, but the rollback was reversed on 20 December 2021 during the Biden administration.

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commonly only 40–60% efficient, the added load from electronics on the engine can be as high as 3 horsepower (2.2 kW) at any speed including idle. In the FTP 75 cycle test, a 200-watt load on the alternator reduces fuel efficiency by 1.7 mpg. Headlights, for example, consume 110 watts on low and up to 240 watts on high. These electrical loads can cause much of the discrepancy between real-world and EPA tests, which only include the electrical loads required to run the engine and basic climate control.

2238: 3709: 7243: 2538: 1198: 3593: 1146:(USAC) sanctioned and operated the run. In more recent studies, the average fuel economy for new passenger car in the United States improved from 17 mpg (13.8 L/100 km) in 1978 to more than 22 mpg (10.7 L/100 km) in 1982. The average fuel economy for new 2020 model year cars, light trucks and SUVs in the United States was 25.4 miles per US gallon (9.3 L/100 km). 2019 model year cars (ex. EVs) classified as "midsize" by the US EPA ranged from 12 to 56 mpg 3329: 1983: 49: 7247: 3348: 1755: 2293: 3279:

during the summer. The final phase of the test repeats the first eight minutes of the cycle but with a hot engine start. This simulates restarting a vehicle after it has been warmed up, driven and then stopped for a short time. Over five minutes of test time are spent idling, to represent waiting at traffic lights. The ambient temperature of the test cell starts at 20 °C and ends at 30 °C.

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traditional miles per gallon metric that can be potentially misleading when consumers compare fuel economy improvements, and known as the "MPG illusion" – this illusion arises because the reciprocal (i.e. non-linear) relationship between cost (equivalently, volume of fuel consumed) per unit distance driven and MPG value means that

1391:(4.50 L/100 km) for the 105 bhp (78 kW) — and heavier — diesel engine. The higher compression ratio is helpful in raising the energy efficiency, but diesel fuel also contains approximately 10% more energy per unit volume than gasoline which contributes to the reduced fuel consumption for a given power output. 3305:, the ambient temperature of the test cell is raised to 35 °C. The vehicle's climate control system is then used to lower the internal cabin temperature. Starting with a warm engine, the test averages 35 km/h and reaches a maximum speed of 88 km/h. Five stops are included, with idling occurring 19% of the time. 3019:, as well as good fleet management, includes record-keeping of the fleet fuel consumption. Quality management uses those figures to steer the measures acting on the fleets. This is a way to check whether procurement, driving, and maintenance in total have contributed to changes in the fleet's overall consumption. 1237:'s 55 mph (89 km/h) speed limit was mandated from 1974 to 1995, there were complaints that fuel economy could decrease instead of increase. The 1997 Toyota Celica got better fuel-efficiency at 105 km/h (65 mph) than it did at 65 km/h (40 mph) (5.41 L/100 km (43.5 mpg 3968:

of 1970 prohibited states from establishing their own air pollution standards. However, the legislation authorized the EPA to grant a waiver to California, allowing the state to set higher standards. The law provides a “piggybacking” provision that allows other states to adopt vehicle emission limits

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SFTP US06 is a high speed/quick acceleration loop that lasts 10 minutes, covers 8 miles (13 km), averages 48 mph (77 km/h) and reaches a top speed of 80 mph (130 km/h). Four stops are included, and brisk acceleration maximizes at a rate of 8.46 mph (13.62 km/h)

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Starting on 7 April 2008 all cars of up to 3.5 tonnes GVW sold other than private sale need to have a fuel economy sticker applied (if available) that shows the rating from one half star to six stars with the most economic cars having the most stars and the more fuel hungry cars the least, along with

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Cooling. The older cooling systems used a constantly engaged mechanical fan to draw air through the radiator at a rate directly related to the engine speed. This constant load reduces efficiency. More modern systems use electrical fans to draw additional air through the radiator when extra cooling is

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The new labels also include for the first time an estimate of how much fuel or electricity it takes to drive 100 miles (160 km), providing US consumers with fuel consumption per distance traveled, the metric commonly used in many other countries. EPA explained that the objective is to avoid the

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EPA tests for fuel economy do not include electrical load tests beyond climate control, which may account for some of the discrepancy between EPA and real world fuel-efficiency. A 200 W electrical load can produce a 0.4 km/L (0.94 mpg) reduction in efficiency on the FTP 75 cycle test.

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and consist of 25 tests which cover idling, acceleration, steady running and deceleration, and simulate typical Japanese urban and/or expressway driving conditions. The running pattern begins with a warm start, lasts for 660 seconds (11 minutes) and runs at speeds up to 70 km/h (43.5 mph).

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The ASA have said that car manufacturers can use "cheats" to prepare their vehicles for their compulsory fuel efficiency and emissions tests in a way set out to make themselves look as "clean" as possible. This practice is common in gasoline and diesel vehicle tests, but hybrid and electric vehicles

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with automatic transmission, with one star, while the highest rated was the Toyota Prius hybrid. The Fiat 500, Fiat Punto and Fiat Ritmo as well as the Citroen C3 also received 5 stars. The greenhouse rating depends on the fuel economy and the type of fuel used. A greenhouse rating of 10 requires 60

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Since the total force opposing the vehicle's motion (at constant speed) multiplied by the distance through which the vehicle travels represents the work that the vehicle's engine must perform, the study of fuel economy (the amount of energy consumed per unit of distance traveled) requires a detailed

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Trucks are usually bought as an investment good. They are meant to earn money. As the Diesel fuel burnt in heavy trucks accounts for around 30% of the total costs for a freight forwarding company there is always a lot of interest in both the haulage industry and the truck builder industry to strive

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planned to roll back the 2012 federal standards and would also seek to curb California's authority to set its own standards. Although the Trump administration was reportedly considering a compromise to allow state and national standards to stay in place, on 21 February 2019 the White House declared

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simulates urban driving in stop-and-go traffic with an average speed of 34 km/h and a top speed of 90 km/h. The test runs for approximately 31 minutes and includes 23 stops. The test begins from a cold engine start, which is similar to starting a vehicle after it has been parked overnight

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Australia also uses a star rating system, from one to five stars, that combines greenhouse gases with pollution, rating each from 0 to 10 with ten being best. To get 5 stars a combined score of 16 or better is needed, so a car with a 10 for economy (greenhouse) and a 6 for emission or 6 for economy

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Ideally, a car traveling at a constant velocity on level ground in a vacuum with frictionless wheels could travel at any speed without consuming any energy beyond what is needed to get the car up to speed. Less ideally, any vehicle must expend energy on overcoming road load forces, which consist of

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in MPG values are not directly meaningful – only ratios are (in mathematical terms, the reciprocal function does not commute with addition and subtraction; in general, a difference in reciprocal values is not equal to the reciprocal of their difference). It has been claimed that many consumers are

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and uses a warmed-up engine and makes no stops, averaging 48 mph (77 km/h) with a top speed of 60 mph (97 km/h) over a 10-mile (16 km) distance. A weighted average of city (55%) and highway (45%) fuel economies is used to determine the combined rating and guzzler tax. This

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A new more demanding test, called the JC08, was established in December 2006 for Japan's new standard that goes into effect in 2015, but it is already being used by several car manufacturers for new cars. The JC08 test is significantly longer and more rigorous than the 10–15 mode test. The running

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Electrical systems. Headlights, battery charging, active suspension, circulating fans, defrosters, media systems, speakers, and other electronics can also significantly increase fuel consumption, as the energy to power these devices causes an increased load on the alternator. Since alternators are

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European-built cars are generally more fuel-efficient than US vehicles. While Europe has many higher efficiency diesel cars, European gasoline vehicles are on average also more efficient than gasoline-powered vehicles in the USA. Most European vehicles cited in the CSI study run on diesel engines,

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Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Without the

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The urban economy is measured using the test cycle known as ECE-15, first introduced in 1970 by EC Directive 70/220/EWG and finalized by EEC Directive 90/C81/01 in 1999. It simulates a 4,052 m (2.518 mile) urban trip at an average speed of 18.7 km/h (11.6 mph) and at a maximum

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simulates a mixture of open highway and rural road driving, with an average speed of 78 km/h and a top speed of 97 km/h. The test runs for approximately 13 minutes and does not include any stops. The test begins from a hot engine start. The ambient temperature of the test cell starts at

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Selected test vehicles are "run in" for about 6,000 km before testing. The vehicle is then mounted on a chassis dynamometer programmed to take into account the aerodynamic efficiency, weight and rolling resistance of the vehicle. A trained driver runs the vehicle through standardized driving

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Power steering. The older hydraulic power steering systems are powered by a hydraulic pump constantly engaged to the engine. Power assistance required for steering is inversely proportional to the vehicle speed so the constant load on the engine from a hydraulic pump reduces fuel efficiency. More

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footnoted an estimate that the 1974 National Maximum Speed Limit (NMSL) reduced fuel consumption by 0.2 to 1.0 percent. Rural interstates, the roads most visibly affected by the NMSL, accounted for 9.5% of the U.S' vehicle-miles-traveled in 1973, but such free-flowing roads typically provide more

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Fuel economy at steady speeds with selected vehicles was studied in 2010. The most recent study indicates greater fuel efficiency at higher speeds than earlier studies; for example, some vehicles achieve better fuel economy at 100 km/h (62 mph) rather than at 70 km/h (43 mph),

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which has a volume of twenty liters. When mpg is used, it is necessary to identify the type of gallon: the imperial gallon is 4.54609 liters, and the U.S. gallon is 3.785 liters. When using a measure expressed as distance per fuel unit, a higher number means more efficient, while a lower number

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In parts of Europe, the two standard measuring cycles for "litre/100 km" value are "urban" traffic with speeds up to 50 km/h from a cold start, and then "extra urban" travel at various speeds up to 120 km/h which follows the urban test. A combined figure is also quoted showing the total

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Vehicle manufacturers follow a controlled laboratory testing procedure to generate the fuel consumption data that they submit to the Government of Canada. This controlled method of fuel consumption testing, including the use of standardized fuels, test cycles and calculations, is used instead of

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The 2.2% drop figure was calculated by finding daily consumption to be 9,299,684 barrels of petroleum. Obtain 1973's petroleum consumption from transportation sector at 2.1e from the Energy Consumption by Sector section, then convert to barrels using A1 in the Thermal Conversion Factors section

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passenger cars or light trucks, manufactured for sale in the United States. Under Truck CAFE standards 2008–2011 this changes to a "footprint" model where larger trucks are allowed to consume more fuel. The standards were limited to vehicles under a certain weight, but those weight classes were

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Air conditioning. The power required for the engine to turn the compressor decreases the fuel-efficiency, though only when in use. This may be offset by the reduced drag of the vehicle compared with driving with the windows down. The efficiency of AC systems gradually deteriorates due to dirty

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Note: The amount of work generated by the vehicle's power source (energy delivered by the engine) would be exactly proportional to the amount of fuel energy consumed by the engine if the engine's efficiency is the same regardless of power output, but this is not necessarily the case due to the

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SFTO SC03 is the air conditioning test, which raises ambient temperatures to 95 °F (35 °C), and puts the vehicle's climate control system to use. Lasting 9.9 minutes, the 3.6-mile (5.8 km) loop averages 22 mph (35 km/h) and maximizes at a rate of 54.8 mph

1257:(4.47 L/100 km)) at only 25 mph (40 km/h). Other vehicles tested had from 1.4 to 20.2% better fuel-efficiency at 90 km/h (56 mph) vs. 105 km/h (65 mph). Their best economy was reached at speeds of 40 to 90 km/h (25 to 56 mph) (see graph). 6625:"Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011 (Text with EEA relevance.)" 2965:

exist that are purported to increase fuel economy; many of these claims have been discredited. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency maintains a list of devices that have been tested by independent laboratories and makes the test results available to the public.

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the fuel economy in L/100 km and the estimated annual fuel cost for driving 14,000 km (at present fuel prices). The stickers must also appear on vehicles to be leased for more than 4 months. All new cars currently rated range from 6.9 L/100 km (41 mpg

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pattern with JC08 stretches out to 1200 seconds (20 minutes), and there are both cold and warm start measurements and top speed is 82 km/h (51.0 mph). The economy ratings of the JC08 are lower than the 10–15 mode cycle, but they are expected to be more real world. The

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a day, representing a 2.2% drop from annualized 1973 gasoline consumption levels. This was partly based on a belief that cars achieve maximum efficiency between 40 and 50 mph (65 and 80 km/h) and that trucks and buses were most efficient at 55 mph (89 km/h).

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averages 78 km/h and reaches a top speed of 129 km/h. Four stops are included and brisk acceleration maximizes at a rate of 13.6 km/h per second. The engine begins warm and air conditioning is not used. The ambient temperature of the test cell is constantly

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Fuel efficiency directly affects emissions causing pollution by affecting the amount of fuel used. However, it also depends on the fuel source used to drive the vehicle concerned. Cars for example, can run on a number of fuel types other than gasoline, such as

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In the UK the ASA (Advertising standards agency) have claimed that fuel consumption figures are misleading. Often the case with European vehicles as the MPG (miles per gallon) figures that can be advertised are often not the same as "real world" driving.

73:. Consumption can be expressed in terms of the volume of fuel to travel a distance, or the distance traveled per unit volume of fuel consumed. Since fuel consumption of vehicles is a significant factor in air pollution, and since the importation of 3973:

rejected the state's bid to adopt global warming pollution limits for cars and light trucks. California and 15 other states that were trying to put in place the same emissions standards sued in response. The case was tied up in court until the

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values rose from around 8% in 2001 to 31% in 2013, and 45% for company cars in 2013. The report is based on data from more than half a million private and company vehicles across Europe. The analysis was prepared by the ICCT together with the

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Beginning with model year 2017 the calculation method changed to improve the accuracy of the estimated 5-cycle city and highway fuel economy values derived from just the FTP and HFET tests, with lower uncertainty for fuel efficient vehicles.

1687:) and gradually has increased since, as a result of higher fuel cost. A study indicates that a 10% increase in gas prices will eventually produce a 2.04% increase in fuel economy. One method by car makers to increase fuel efficiency is 1123:, this is not the only factor in fuel economy. The design of automobile as a whole and usage pattern affects the fuel economy. Published fuel economy is subject to variation between jurisdiction due to variations in testing protocols. 3385:

In the European Union, passenger vehicles are commonly tested using two drive cycles, and corresponding fuel economies are reported as "urban" and "extra-urban", in liters per 100 km and (in the UK) in miles per imperial gallon.

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the value, the more economic a vehicle is (the more distance it can travel with a certain volume of fuel). This measure is popular in the US and the UK (mpg), but in Europe, India, Japan, South Korea and Latin America the metric unit

5827:"The two earlier studies by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) indicate maximum fuel efficiency was achieved at speeds of 35 to 40 mph (55 to 65 km/h). The recent FHWA study indicates greater fuel efficiency at higher speeds." 3431:). Ireland has a very similar label, but the ranges are slightly different, with A: <= 120 g/km, B: 121–140, C: 141–155, D: 156–170, E: 171–190, F: 191–225, and G: 226+. From 2020, EU requires manufacturers to average 95 g/km CO 3411:)-emission and fuel consumption data in a clear way as described in the UK Statutory Instrument 2004 No 1661. Since September 2005 a color-coded "Green Rating" sticker has been available in the UK, which rates fuel economy by CO 3524:

test is the official fuel economy and emission certification test for new light duty vehicles in Japan. Fuel economy is expressed in km/L (kilometers per liter) and emissions are expressed in g/km. The test is carried out on a

92:, and others) encountered while propelling the vehicle, and in providing power to vehicle systems such as ignition or air conditioning. Various strategies can be employed to reduce losses at each of the conversions between the 56:

from 1916. Originally an experiment in creating a fuel-saving automobile in the United States, the vehicle weighed only 135 lb (61.2 kg) and was an adaptation of a small gasoline engine originally designed to power a

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Annex 1, Part A.6 NEDC2020, Fleet Target is 95 g/km. (45) Manufacturers whose average specific emissions of CO2 exceed those permitted under this Regulation should pay an excess emissions premium with respect to each calendar

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Because EPA figures had almost always indicated better efficiency than real-world fuel-efficiency, the EPA has modified the method starting with 2008. Updated estimates are available for vehicles back to the 1985 model year.

347:(mpg) are commonly used in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada (alongside L/100 km). Kilometers per liter (km/L) are more commonly used elsewhere in the Americas, Asia, parts of Africa and Oceania. In the 3938:

The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the United States, first enacted by Congress in 1975, are federal regulations intended to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks (trucks, vans and

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Officials hoped that the 55 mph (89 km/h) limit, combined with a ban on ornamental lighting, no gasoline sales on Sunday, and a 15% cut in gasoline production, would reduce total gasoline consumption by 200,000

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shows that 60,000 liters of fuel can be saved on tire pressure. The Anglian Water fleet of 4,000 vans and cars are now lasting their full lifetime. This shows the impact that tire pressures have on the fuel efficiency.

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Fuel-efficiency decreases from electrical loads are most pronounced at lower speeds because most electrical loads are constant while engine load increases with speed. So at a lower speed, a higher proportion of engine

6269:"TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD SPECIAL REPORT 286 TIRES AND PASSENGER VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences p.62-65 of pdf, p.39-42 of the report. Retrieved 22 October 2014" 3488:(ICCT), the gap between official and real-world fuel-economy figures in Europe has risen to about 38% in 2013 from 10% in 2001. The analysis found that for private cars, the difference between on-road and official CO 3615:

of 1978 in the US established a gas guzzler tax on the sale of new model year vehicles whose fuel economy fails to meet certain statutory levels. The tax applies only to cars (not trucks) and is collected by the

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emissions: A: <= 100 g/km, B: 100–120, C: 121–150, D: 151–165, E: 166–185, F: 186–225, and G: 226+. Depending on the type of fuel used, for gasoline A corresponds to about 4.1 L/100 km (69 mpg

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modern designs improve fuel efficiency by only activating the power assistance when needed; this is done by using either direct electrical power steering assistance or an electrically powered hydraulic pump.

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on new US cars displays the vehicle's fuel consumption in US gallons per 100 miles, in addition to the traditional mpg number. A lower number means more efficient, while a higher number means less efficient.

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the value, the more economic a vehicle is (the less fuel it needs to travel a certain distance); this is the measure generally used across Europe (except the UK, Denmark and The Netherlands - see below),

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emissions created during the drilling, pumping, transportation and refining steps required to produce the fuel. Additional measures to reduce overall emission includes improvements to the efficiency of

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For a vehicle whose source of power is a heat engine (an engine that uses heat to perform useful work), the amount of fuel energy that a vehicle consumes per unit of distance (level road) depends upon:

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and consists of starting with a cold engine and making 23 stops over a period of 31 minutes for an average speed of 20 mph (32 km/h) and with a top speed of 56 mph (90 km/h).

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Generally expressed in liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km), used in most European countries, China, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Irish law allows for the use of miles per imperial

2056:, will give the same efficiency as a pure manual gearbox plus the added bonus of intelligence selecting optimal shifting points, and/or automated clutch control but manual shifting, as with older 808: 303: 254: 6214:, Retrieved April 11, 2015, "...Automakers have been experimenting for decades with lightweighting... the effort is gaining urgency with the adoption of tougher gas mileage standards. ..." 3783:

recommended to use EPA's new vehicle fuel efficiency formula that gives different values depending on fuel used. In November 2010 the EPA introduced the first fuel economy ratings in the

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The distance of the cycle is 6.34 km (3.9 mi), average speed of 25.6 km/h (15.9 mph), and duration 892 seconds (14.9 minutes), including the initial 15 mode segment.

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analysis of the forces that oppose a vehicle's motion. In terms of physics, Force = rate at which the amount of work generated (energy delivered) varies with the distance traveled, or:

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The extra-urban driving cycle or EUDC lasts 400 seconds (6 minutes 40 seconds) at an average speed 62.6 km/h (39 mph) and a top speed of 120 km/h (74.6 mph).

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In August 2012, President Obama announced new standards for American-made automobiles of an average of 54.5 miles per gallon by the year 2025. In April 2018, EPA Administrator

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MPG values from real-world driving. Websites have been set up to show the real-world MPG figures, based on crowd-sourced data from real users, vs the official MPG figures.

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of up to 41% but more typically 30%, and petrol engines of up to 37.3%, but more typically 20%. A common margin is 25% more miles per gallon for an efficient turbodiesel.

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The evaluation criteria used in Japan reflects driving conditions commonly found, as the typical Japanese driver does not drive as fast as other regions internationally (

3732:(88.2 km/h). Five stops are included, idling occurs 19 percent of the time and acceleration of 5.1 mph per second is achieved. Engine temperatures begin warm. 1683:). Average fuel economy in the United States gradually declined until 1973, when it reached a low of 13.4 miles per US gallon (17.6 L/100 km; 16.1 mpg 6569: 3494: 6042:

IS 250 Kraftstoffverbrauch kombiniert 8,9 L/100 km (innerorts 12,5 L/ außerorts 6,9 L) bei CO2-Emissionen von 209 g/km nach dem vorgeschriebenen EU-Messverfahren

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announced new light-duty vehicle fuel economy standards in November 2014 which became effective 1 January 2016 and will be fully phased in by 1 January 2018 (

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per second. The engine begins warm and air conditioning is not used. Ambient temperature varies between 68 °F (20 °C) to 86 °F (30 °C).

3635:) did incur the tax when ordered with the four-speed automatic transmission, but did not incur the tax when ordered with the six-speed manual transmission. 7143: 7028: 6814: 6719: 3659:

Two separate fuel economy tests simulate city driving and highway driving: the "city" driving program or Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule or (UDDS) or

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cycles that simulate trips in the city and on the highway. Fuel consumption ratings are derived from the emissions generated during the driving cycles.

1326:. In the UK, a gallon of gas without tax would cost US$ 1.97, but with taxes cost US$ 6.06 in 2005. The average cost in the United States was US$ 2.61. 6225: 5616: 4033:

A kilogram of carbon, whether contained in petrol, diesel, kerosene, or any other hydrocarbon fuel in a vehicle, leads to approximately 3.6 kg of

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Lastly, a cold temperature cycle uses the same parameters as the current city loop, except that ambient temperature is set to 20 °F (−7 °C).

3363: 1919: 323:, alongside liters per 100 kilometers. Canadian law requires fuel economy to be measured in both liters per 100 kilometers and miles per imperial 6427: 2079:

Standby. The energy is needed to keep the engine running while it is not providing power to the wheels, i.e., when stopped, coasting or braking.

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filters etc.; regular maintenance prevents this. The extra mass of the air conditioning system will cause a slight increase in fuel consumption.

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is used by electrical loads. Hybrid cars see the greatest effect on fuel-efficiency from electrical loads because of this proportional effect.

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EU fuel consumption numbers are often considerably lower than corresponding US EPA test results for the same vehicle. For example, the 2011

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Different methods are used to approximate the actual performance of the vehicle. The energy in fuel is required to overcome various losses (

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with a six-speed manual transmission is rated 6.1/4.4 L/100 km in Europe and 7.6/6.4 L/100 km (31/37 mpg ) in the United States.

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aerodynamic drag, tire rolling resistance, and inertial energy that is lost when the vehicle is decelerated by friction brakes. With ideal

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The average fuel economy for all vehicles on the road is higher in Europe than the United States because the higher cost of fuel changes

819: 640: 552: 6046:"LEXUS – Lexus – IS – Sportlimousine – Cabriolet – Cabrio – Kabrio – Coupé – Coupe – Hochleistung IS F – High-Performance-Fahrzeug IS F" 3891:. The common fuel economy metric adopted to allow the comparison of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles with conventional 1791: 468: 383: 6875: 6755: 6456: 4047:; since diesel fuel is more energy dense per unit volume, diesel emits 2.6 kg/L (22.2 lb/US gal). This figure is only the CO 7011: 3263:

on-road driving to ensure that all vehicles are tested under identical conditions and that the results are consistent and repeatable.

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Roller type cam, low friction coating on piston skirt and optimizing load-bearing surface, e.g. camshaft bearing and connective rods.

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and is only sold by one company in the United States. Furthermore, the world record in fuel economy of production cars is held by the

6204: 3844:, with a separate rating for city and highway driving. This fuel economy equivalence is based on the energy consumption estimated in 1858: 6297:

An Overview of Current Automatic, Manual and Continuously Variable Transmission Efficiencies and Their Projected Future Improvements

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The major loopholes in the current EU tests allow car manufacturers a number of "cheats" to improve results. Car manufacturers can:

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The average economy of automobiles in the United States in 2002 was 22.0 miles per US gallon (10.7 L/100 km; 26.4 mpg

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emissions, new EU regulations are being introduced to reduce the average emissions of cars sold beginning in 2012, to 130 g/km of CO

7457: 5837:

Cowan, Edward (27 November 1973). "Politics and Energy: Nixon's Silence on Rationing Reflects Hope That Austerity Can Be Avoided".

3924: 3226:). Several other cars also received the same rating of 8.5 for greenhouse. The lowest rated was the Ferrari 575 at 499 g/km CO 1798: 1018: 7509: 3584:

regulation SASO-2864). A review of the targets will be carried by December 2018, at which time targets for 2021–2025 will be set.

1319:

full-size pickup with extended cabin only travels 13 mpg (US) (18 L/100 km) city and 15 mpg (US) (15 L/100 km) highway.

1218:)), and gets better economy at 105 km/h (65 mph) than at 72 km/h (45 mph) (9.4 L/100 km (25 mpg 6096: 3896: 3724:(SFTP) tests to include the influence of higher driving speed, harder acceleration, colder temperature and air conditioning use. 7218: 5793: 1383:

For example, the current model Skoda Octavia, using Volkswagen engines, has a combined European fuel efficiency of 41.3 mpg

7431: 5794:

Comparison of Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy and GHG Emission Standards Around the World at Pew Center on Global Climate Change

1394:

In 2002, the United States had 85,174,776 trucks, and averaged 13.5 miles per US gallon (17.4 L/100 km; 16.2 mpg

6904: 6546: 5853: 7548: 5928:

Bloomquist (1984) estimated that the 1974 National Maximum Speed Limit (NMSL) reduced fuel consumption by 0.2 to 1.0 percent.

1805: 2992:

and careful acceleration/deceleration habits. Keeping track of fuel efficiency stimulates fuel economy-maximizing behavior.

2947:

Vehicle electronic control systems that automatically maintain distances between vehicles on motorways/freeways that reduce

1699:

Identical vehicles can have varying fuel consumption figures listed depending upon the testing methods of the jurisdiction.

7634: 5961: 5664: 5395: 3841: 3822: 3803: 3780: 1398:). Large trucks, over 33,000 pounds (15,000 kg), averaged 5.7 miles per US gallon (41 L/100 km; 6.8 mpg 111: 7601: 6491: 2954:

Time-optimized piston path, to capture energy from hot gases in the cylinders when they are at their highest temperatures

7337: 6566: 5526: 2002:(20–30%), which varies with engine type, the mass of the automobile and its load, and engine speed (usually measured in 1787: 7115: 7050: 3856: 3169:

From October 2008, all new cars had to be sold with a sticker on the windscreen showing the fuel consumption and the CO

1943: 744: 7356: 6646: 6314: 6169: 6150: 6045: 5473:(assume "conventional motor gasoline" since ethanol-based or purportedly smog-reducing gas was not common in 1973). 5374: 2975: 2796:

Decreases fuel consumption by running the petrol engine only when needed, in this way also environmentally friendly.

1838: 279: 230: 6716:"ICCT: gap between official and real-world fuel economy figures in Europe reaches ~38%; call to implement WLTP ASAP" 6696: 6296: 5344: 1290:

travel at 5 L/100 km (47 mpg US/56 mpg imp) or 6.5 L/100 km in city traffic (36 mpg US/43 mpg imp), with

17: 6604: 6471: 6110: 3016: 2962: 2880:

Matches speed limits and vehicles allowed to join motorways with traffic density to maintain traffic throughput

5968: 4040:

emissions. Due to the carbon content of gasoline, its combustion emits 2.3 kg/L (19.4 lb/US gal) of

3933: 3686: 1776: 7482: 7412: 7276: 6388: 5915: 5410: 4012: 3965: 3201:

and 10 for emission, or anything in between would get the highest 5 star rating. The lowest rated car is the

2850: 2336: 2265: 2049: 1270: 6134: 5717: 5608: 1376:

generally achieve greater fuel efficiency than petrol (gasoline) engines. Passenger car diesel engines have

7296:"California's Global Warming Bill: Will Fuel Economy Preemption Curb California's Air Pollution Leadership" 6330: 5430: 3970: 2285: 1377: 1214:

2.2L engine, which has its best economy at 90 km/h (56 mph) (8.1 L/100 km (29 mpg

1107:

shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.

6989: 6624: 5512: 3899:(MPGe). A gallon of gasoline equivalent means the number of kilowatt-hours of electricity, cubic feet of 2057: 1939: 1812: 1411: 1245:)), although even better at 60 mph (97 km/h) than at 65 mph (105 km/h) (48.4 mpg 1211: 100:

of the vehicle. Driver behavior can affect fuel economy; maneuvers such as sudden acceleration and heavy

3627:

In some cases, this tax may apply only to certain variants of a given model; for example, the 2004–2006

1138:

numbers during a coast-to-coast test on real roads and with regular traffic and weather conditions. The

7081: 6025: 5883: 5595: 5400: 5384: 3986: 3975: 3892: 3357: 3337: 3190: 2891:

Vehicle electronic control systems that automatically maintain distances between vehicles on motorways

1234: 1116: 6929: 6284: 2750:

Lighter construction materials (aluminum, fiberglass, plastic, high-strength steel, and carbon fiber)

2281:

Optimizes airflow with adjustable vanes to regulate turbocharger's air intake and eliminate turbo lag

7659: 7638: 2595:

Sends more engine power to the transmission or reduces the fuel required for the same traction power

2194: 1315:

vary considerably; whereas a 4 cylinder-engined light pickup can achieve 28 mpg (8 L/100 km), a

1120: 1102: 110:

do not directly burn fuel, and so do not have fuel economy per se, but equivalence measures, such as

53: 6941: 6004: 5947: 5764: 5703: 5662: 3969:

that are the same as California's. California's waivers were routinely granted until 2007, when the

3500:

In 2018 update of the ICCT data the difference between the official and real figures was again 38%.

1703: 7664: 6739: 5364: 5339: 3788: 3617: 3543:

became the first car to meet Japan's new 2015 Fuel Economy Standards measured under the JC08 test.

3012: 2929: 2037: 1691:

in which lighter-weight materials are substituted in for improved engine performance and handling.

1207: 7644: 7024: 6840: 6759: 6585: 2592:

Electrifying engine accessories (water pump, power steering pump, and air conditioner compressor)

7669: 7054: 4023: 3577: 3214:. The highest greenhouse rating of any 2009 car listed is the Toyota Prius, with 106 g/km CO 1947: 1765: 1679:). By 2010 this had increased to 23.0 miles per US gallon (10.2 L/100 km; 27.6 mpg 1311:

usually travels 13 mpg (US) (18 L/100 km) city and 16 mpg (US) (15 L/100 km) highway.

1181:

fuel economy: for example, Australia's car fleet average in 2004 was 11.5 L/100 km (20.5 mpg

1143: 7139: 7025:"Volt receives EPA ratings and label: 93 mpg-e all-electric, 37 mpg gas-only, 60 mpg-e combined" 6444: 2793:

Using an electric motor for the base power and an IC engine for assists and boosts, when needed

1185:), compared with the average new car consumption in the same year of 9.3 L/100 km (25.3 mpg 7318: 6810: 6343: 5574: 5552: 3900: 3868: 2845: 2045: 2003: 7049: 6413: 3647:

The "city" or Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) used in the EPA Federal Test Procedure

6788: 6715: 6185: 5991: 5934: 5690: 5389: 3940: 3880: 3751: 3509: 2269: 2250: 6879: 6521: 5765:

Reducing CO2 emissions from passenger cars – Policies – Climate Action – European Commission

5663:

Paul R. Portney; Ian W.H. Parry; Howard K. Gruenspecht; Winston Harrington (November 2003).

3696:, adding a "hot start" cycle which repeats the "cold start" cycle after a 10-minute pause. 2823: 2030: 1992: 1708: 1387:(5.70 L/100 km) for the 105 bhp (78 kW) petrol engine and 52.3 mpg 32: 7590:"Emission Facts: Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions Resulting from Gasoline and Diesel Fuel" 2200:

Reduces throttling losses, heat rejection, chemical dissociation, and specific heat ratio

8: 7630: 7195: 6966: 6250: 5817: 5379: 5359: 4019: 3888: 3628: 3468:

Use special lubricants that are not used in production cars, in order to reduce friction;

2254: 2097: 2053: 2041: 1355: 6508: 6428:"'Woefully dirty': Government accused over Australia's failure to cut vehicle emissions" 5632:"Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition" 3368:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1359: 1227: 353: 7674: 7566: 5962:"Highway Statistics 1973 (Table VM-2: VEHICLE MILES, BY STATE AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM-1973)" 5425: 5405: 2935: 2909:

Technologies that may improve fuel efficiency, but are not yet on the market, include:

1974:

Fuel consumed while the engine is not providing power but still running, such as while

1964: 1932: 1323: 1112: 259: 7112:"Fact Sheet: New Fuel Economy and Environment Labels for a New Generation of Vehicles" 6088: 3680: 1304:

travels 21 mpg (US) (11 L/100 km) city, 27 mpg (US) (9 L/100 km) highway; a

7625: 7554: 7544: 6364:

Gas Saving and Emission Reduction Devices Evaluation | Cars and Light Trucks | US EPA

5575:"The Passenger Car (Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions Information) Regulations 2001" 5354: 3884: 3813: 3799: 3764: 3675:

The "highway" program or Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HWFET) is defined in

3668: 3655:

The Highway Fuel Economy Driving Cycle (HWFET) used in the EPA Federal Test Procedure

3202: 2985: 2663: 2426: 1999: 1127: 6861: 6268: 5908: 3320:

Tests 2, 4, and 5 are averaged to create the highway driving fuel consumption rate.

3317:

Tests 1, 3, 4, and 5 are averaged to create the city driving fuel consumption rate.

6908: 5743: 5638: 5329: 3876: 3864: 3784: 3756: 3713: 3497:(TNO), and the German Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg (IFEU). 2023: 2009: 1351: 332: 276:

is value of L/100 km. For miles per Imperial gallon (4.5461 L) the formula is

227:

The formula for converting to miles per US gallon (3.7854 L) from L/100 km is

122: 70: 40:. The displayed fuel economy is 18.1 km/L (5.5 L/100 km; 43 mpg 5862: 5861:(2007 ed.). Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration. Archived from 3947:. Historically, it is the sales-weighted average fuel economy of a manufacturer's 3721: 2809:

Lighter materials for moving parts (pistons, crankshaft, gears, and alloy wheels)

1986:

Energy dissipation in city and highway driving for a mid-size gasoline-powered car

7111: 6754: 6611: 6592: 6573: 6475: 6318: 6211: 6192: 6173: 6154: 5824: 5800: 5494: 5415: 4057: 3944: 3186: 2924: 1346:

three-cylinder 41 bhp (30 kW) Diesel engine. The Fortwo is produced by

1135: 93: 85: 6987: 5972: 5671: 3091:

35 mpg (6.7 L/100 km) (Model Year 2020, cars & light trucks)

2503:

Still largely theoretical, although prototypes have been produced by Dean Kamen

2259:

Alters valve lift timing and height for precise control over intake and exhaust

1126:

One of the first studies to determine fuel economy in the United States was the

7589: 7432:"Trump administration confirms it has ended fuel-economy talks with California" 7277:"Calling car pollution standards 'too high,' EPA sets up fight with California" 7272: 7166:"Not All Fuel Efficiency Is Equal: Understanding the Miles-Per-Gallon Illusion" 7058: 7012:

REPORT: EPA planning to address outlandish fuel economy claims of electric cars

6628: 6363: 5776: 5440: 5334: 3872: 3818: 3795: 3772: 3760: 3612: 3606: 3436: 3404: 2919: 2414: 2237: 2225: 1968: 1960: 1953: 1688: 1291: 97: 7558: 6953: 6811:"Prius Certified to Japanese 2015 Fuel Economy Standards with JC08 Test Cycle" 6076: 3855:(NHTSA) and EPA issued a joint final rule establishing new requirements for a 3708: 2405: 2184: 2163:

Injects fuel into cylinder just before ignition, increasing compression ratio

7653: 5461: 5420: 3948: 3632: 3521: 3243: 3000: 2537: 2013: 1975: 1373: 1305: 1298: 1283: 1197: 1150:(20 to 4.2 L/100 km) However, due to environmental concerns caused by CO 78: 37: 7540:

Commercial Vehicle Technology: Fuel consumption and consumption optimization

7375:"Obama Administration Finalizes Historic 54.5 MPG Fuel Efficiency Standards" 3298:, except that the ambient temperature of the test cell is set to −7 °C. 1177:

The average consumption across the fleet is not immediately affected by the

7538: 3982: 3837: 3826: 3720:

US EPA altered the testing procedure effective MY2008 which adds three new

3592: 3540: 3447:

are not immune as manufacturers apply these techniques to fuel efficiency.

2941: 2668:

Automatically shuts off engine when vehicle is stopped, reducing idle time

1343: 1338: 1312: 1301: 1131: 107: 6311: 6166: 6147: 6049: 4030:

or electricity which creates various quantities of atmospheric pollution.

3465:

Disconnect the alternator, thus no energy is used to recharge the battery;

2515:

Captures energy from gases in the cylinders at their highest temperatures

6932:. Auto.howstuffworks.com (7 September 2005). Retrieved 21 September 2011. 4008: 3830: 3776: 3526: 2944:– using the heat from the engine to spin a mini turbine to generate power 1130:, which was an event that took place every year from 1936 (except during 158: 134:

The fuel efficiency of motor vehicles can be expressed in multiple ways:

6697:"Cars and Garages: Diagnose Problems, Estimate Costs & Find Garages" 3863:

2013, and voluntary for 2012 models. The ruling includes new labels for

3477:

Tape up cracks between body panels and windows to reduce air resistance;

2980:

Governments, various environmentalist organizations, and companies like

6671: 6468: 5349: 3952: 3860: 3397: 2550:

Lower-friction lubricants (engine oil, transmission fluid, axle fluid)

2085: 2017: 1926: 1779: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1347: 1262: 309:

fuel consumed in divided by the total distance traveled in both tests.

190: 74: 4051:

emissions of the final fuel product and does not include additional CO

3859:

that is mandatory for all new passenger cars and trucks starting with

3328: 1982: 7645:

Fuel Efficiency in Electric, Hybrid and Petrol Cars – Model Year 2019

6203:

Dee-Ann Durbin of the Associated Press, June 17, 2014, Mercury News,

6120: 5642: 5369: 3007: 2988:

have historically urged drivers to maintain adequate air pressure in

2386:

Shuts off individual cylinders when their power output is not needed

1342:

cdi, which can achieve up to 3.4 L/100 km (69.2 mpg US) using a

1316: 994:{\displaystyle 1\;{\rm {mpg_{US}={\rm {0.8327\;{\rm {mpg_{Imp}}}}}}}} 327:. Liters per 100 kilometers may be used alongside miles per imperial 199:

is the distance travelled per unit volume of fuel used; for example,

178: 162: 147: 89: 48: 5501:. Vol. XXXIII. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. 1754: 6115: 5630:

Cazzola, Pierpaolo; Paoli, Leonardo; Teter, Jacob (November 2023).

5435: 3904: 2996: 2485:

Uses heat from the engine to spin a mini turbine to generate power

2308:

Combines a supercharger with a turbocharger to eliminate turbo lag

1334: 1287: 882:{\displaystyle {\frac {2000}{\rm {L/100\;km}}}={\rm {1\;km/20\;L}}} 707:{\displaystyle {\frac {282}{\rm {L/100\;km}}}={\rm {1\;mpg_{Imp}}}} 619:{\displaystyle {\frac {282}{\rm {mpg_{Imp}}}}={\rm {1\;L/100\;km}}} 358: 182: 174: 3928:

Curve of average car mileage for model years between 1978 and 2014

2372:

Uses multiple injections per engine cycle for increased precision

532:{\displaystyle {\frac {235}{\rm {L/100\;km}}}={\rm {1\;mpg_{US}}}} 447:{\displaystyle {\frac {235}{\rm {mpg_{US}}}}={\rm {1\;L/100\;km}}} 27:

Distance traveled by a vehicle compared to volume of fuel consumed

4027: 2292: 1734:(L/100 km) – 'combined' 8.9, 'urban' 12.5, 'extra-urban' 6.9 1722:(L/100 km) – 'combined' 9.1, 'urban' 12.7, 'extra-urban' 7.0 1715:, 204 hp (153 kW), 6 speed automatic, rear wheel drive 1333:

An example of European cars' capabilities of fuel economy is the

170: 101: 7413:"Quietly, Trump officials and California seek deal on emissions" 5615:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 12 December 2022. 3022: 2652:

Engine reaches its efficient operating temperature more quickly

2530:

Reduces engine displacement while maintaining sufficient torque

69:

relates to the distance traveled by a vehicle and the amount of

6287:. Virtual-car.org (3 August 2009). Retrieved 21 September 2011. 3693: 3660: 3366:

WLTP replaced NEDC for vehicles certified after September 2018.

3238:). The Bentley also received a zero rating, at 465 g/km CO 2981: 2567:

Reduces hydrodynamic friction and energy required to circulate

1899:{\displaystyle F={\frac {dW}{ds}}\propto {\text{Fuel economy}}} 1253:(5.41 L/100 km)), and its best economy (52.6 mpg 348: 344: 328: 324: 320: 209: 166: 127: 7483:"Trump rollback of mileage standards guts climate change push" 7458:"For first time in 5 years, US gas mileage down, emissions up" 6226:"Light-duty vehicle greenhouse gas and fuel economy standards" 5767:. Ec.europa.eu (9 December 2010). Retrieved 21 September 2011. 6375: 2230:

Lengthens power stroke to achieve greater thermal efficiency

1910:

operating characteristics of the internal combustion engine.

1286:

and many mid-size cars, including station wagons, may manage

1139: 1085:{\displaystyle 1\;{\rm {mpg_{Imp}=1.2001\;{\rm {mpg_{US}}}}}} 186: 143: 7140:"EPA, DOT unveil the next generation of fuel economy labels" 7082:"Nissan Says Its Electric Leaf Gets Equivalent of 99 M.P.G." 2679:

Downsized engines with an electric drive system and battery

2635:

Increasing the number of gearbox ratios in manual gearboxes

2439:

Compound engines (6-stroke engine or turbo-compound engine)

1740:(L/100 km) – 'combined' 9.8, 'city' 11.2, 'highway' 8.1 1728:(L/100 km) – 'combined' 9.6, 'city' 11.1, 'highway' 7.8 1115:(mechanical output to chemical energy in fuel) of petroleum 6016: 6014: 3651: 2989: 2913: 2894:

Reduces ripple back braking and consequent re-acceleration

2052:, which have the same mechanical internals as conventional 205: 141:

is the amount of fuel used per unit distance; for example,

6457:

Information on Green Vehicle Guide Ratings and Measurement

5601: 3771:

Following the efficiency claims made for vehicles such as

3643: 2397:

HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) combustion

1362:, consuming as little as 3 L/100 km (94 mpg 6022:"Lexus IS250 2.5L 6cyl, Auto 6 speed Sedan, 5 seats, 2WD" 5623: 4041: 4034: 3845: 3807: 3703: 3474:

Adjust brakes or even disconnect them to reduce friction;

3081:

24.6 mpg (9.5 L/100 km) (cars and trucks)*

2778:

Replacing tires with low rolling resistance (LRR) models

2033:

captures some of the energy that would otherwise be lost.

1308: 66: 7508:

Kaufman, Alexander; D'Angelo, Chris (20 December 2021).

6614:. Environ.ie (1 July 2008). Retrieved 21 September 2011. 6011: 3495:

Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research

3454:

MPG figures given by manufacturers do not represent the

2527:

Downsized engines with a supercharger or a turbocharger

1166:) for a diesel-fueled car, and 5.0 L/100 km (47 mpg 6459:. Australian Department of Infrastructure and Transport 6074:

2009 Lexus IS 250 6 cyl, 2.5 L, Automatic (S6), Premium

3210:

per km, while a rating of zero is more than 440 g/km CO

2624:

Increases the thermal efficiency of the cooling system

1712: 1354:, with special production models (labeled "3L") of the 1226:(11 L/100 km)). The proportion of driving on 81:, many countries impose requirements for fuel economy. 6988:

US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency.

6299:. SAE.org (1 March 1999). Retrieved 21 September 2011. 2324:

Allows for stratified fuel charge and ultra-lean burn

1935:

within the wheels and between the road and the wheels;

1134:) to 1968. It was designed to provide real, efficient 283: 234: 7510:"EPA Reverses Trump's Fuel Mileage Rules On New Cars" 6447:. Infrastructure.gov.au. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 5736: 3907:

that is equal to the energy in a gallon of gasoline.

3848:

per 100 miles, and also shown in the Monroney label.

3638: 3242:. The best fuel economy of any year is the 2004–2005 3173:

emissions. Fuel consumption figures are expressed as

2735:

Locking torque converters in automatic transmissions

2178:

Increases air/fuel ratio to reduce throttling losses

2133:

Reduces brake specific fuel consumption at lower RPM

2091: 1938:

Non-motive subsystems powered by the engine, such as

1861: 1230:

varies from 4% in Ireland to 41% in the Netherlands.

1021: 926: 822: 747: 643: 555: 471: 386: 282: 262: 233: 7396:

Fraser, Laura (Winter 2012–2013). "Shifting Gears".

5637:. Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). p. 3. 4711: 3978:

reversed the policy in 2009 by granting the waiver.

3294:, the same driving cycle is used as in the standard 2969: 2916:(Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) combustion 7507: 6478:. Green Vehicle Guide. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 3685:rating is what is also used for light-duty vehicle 3568:) and received respectively from 4.5 to 5.5 stars. 3471:

Turn off all electrical gadgets i.e. Air Con/Radio;

2864:Recaptures wasted energy in the vehicle suspension 2649:Reducing the volume of water-based cooling systems 1694: 214:, where 1 MPG (imperial) ≈ 0.354006 km/L. The 7219:"New Mileage Stickers Include Greenhouse Gas Data" 6205:Auto industry gets serious about lighter materials 6069: 6067: 3364:Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure 3008:Fuel economy as part of quality management regimes 1898: 1206:although not their best economy, such as the 1994 1201:1997 fuel economy statistics for various US models 1084: 993: 881: 802: 706: 618: 531: 446: 297: 268: 248: 117: 6873: 6760:"From 10•15 to JC08: Japan's new economy formula" 6321:. Spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 6186:How Do Gasoline Prices Affect Fleet Fuel Economy? 5629: 3624:confirms a portion of those tests at an EPA lab. 3423:) and G about 9.5 L/100 km (30 mpg 3360:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 3084:27 mpg (8.7 L/100 km) (cars only)* 1192: 803:{\displaystyle {\rm {8.5\;mpg_{US}=1\;km/20\;L}}} 7651: 7455: 6511:. Herkules.oulu.fi. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 5880:"55 Mile-per-hour Speed Limit Approved by House" 5493:Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Wilson (1916). 3959: 3840:EPA rated the combined fuel economy in terms of 3746: 3484:According to the results of a 2014 study by the 2723:Enables engine to run at its most efficient RPM 2682:Avoids low-efficiency idle and power conditions 2581:Avoids excessive flow rate at high engine speed 6956:. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 6878:. Orlando Sentinel via Cars.com. Archived from 6864:. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 6231:. International Council on Clean Transportation 6064: 5392:(vehicles with low power engines/low top speed) 2841:Recapturing waste heat from the exhaust system 2738:Reduces slip and power losses in the converter 1274:fuel-efficient travel than conventional roads. 298:{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {282.481}{x}}} 249:{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {235.215}{x}}} 7584: 7582: 7244:"CAFE Overview: "What is the origin of CAFE?"" 7216: 6647:"Why the EC figures do not represent true MPG" 6486: 6484: 6416:. Treehugger.com. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 6197: 3853:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 3836:For the fuel economy label of the Nissan Leaf 3403:In the European Union advertising has to show 2342:Combines direct injection with a turbocharger 2018:drag power goes by the cube of the car's speed 351:km/20 L is used, known as kilometers per 114:have been created to attempt to compare them. 7598:United States Environmental Protection Agency 7267: 7265: 6942:Gasoline Vehicles: Learn More About the Label 6899: 6897: 6713: 3871:vehicles available in the US market, such as 3794:For the fuel economy label of the Chevy Volt 3486:International Council on Clean Transportation 3023:Fuel economy standards and testing procedures 2692: 2130:Replacing petrol engines with diesel engines 2102: 7079: 7014:. Autoblog.com. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 6959: 6783: 6781: 6750: 6748: 6285:Wheels, online road load, and MPG calculator 6223: 5718:"Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report" 5609:"Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report" 3596:Motor vehicle fuel economy from 1949 to 2021 2844:Converts heat energy into electricity using 7579: 7395: 6481: 6077:http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm 6037: 6035: 5779:. Ptua.org.au. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 5777:Myth: Cars are becoming more fuel efficient 5744:"2019 Best and Worst Fuel Economy Vehicles" 3810:per 100 miles (160 km) is also shown. 3028:Gasoline new passenger car fuel efficiency 2406:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8CnYljXAS0 2185:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnNX6gtDyhg 1920:thermodynamic efficiency of the heat engine 1277: 1241:) vs 5.53 L/100 km (42.5 mpg 312:Fuel economy can be expressed in two ways: 126:Conversion from mpg to L/100 km: blue - US 7571:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7338:"California Sues EPA Over Emissions Rules" 7319:"EPA Denies California's Emissions Waiver" 7294:Giovinazzo, Christopher (September 2003). 7293: 7262: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7017: 6894: 6756:Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association 6595:. Dft.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 6389:"Anglian Water spot on with pressure test" 5670:. Resources for the Future. Archived from 3230:and 21.8 L/100 km (13.0 mpg 2812:Reduces the energy required to move parts 2400:Allows leaner and higher compression burn 2211:Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (diesel) 1249:(4.86 L/100 km) vs 43.5 mpg 1056: 1025: 960: 930: 873: 858: 840: 794: 779: 753: 679: 661: 607: 595: 507: 489: 435: 423: 7348: 7329: 7287: 6778: 6745: 6111:"U.S. 'stuck in reverse' on fuel economy" 5665:"The Economics of Fuel Economy Standards" 3993: 2720:Continuously variable transmission (CVT) 2146:Electronic control of the cooling system 2044:can be up to 94% efficient whereas older 1839:Learn how and when to remove this message 1158:, equivalent to 4.5 L/100 km (52 mpg 1119:has increased since the beginning of the 7594:Office of Transportation and Air Quality 7429: 7357:"EPA grants California emissions waiver" 7335: 7310: 6930:How the EPA Tests and Rates Fuel Economy 6341: 6312:Automotive Electrical Systems Circa 2005 6032: 5492: 3923: 3821:showing the EPA's combined city/highway 3812: 3750: 3707: 3650: 3642: 3591: 3560:) to 3.8 L/100 km (74 mpg 3327: 3246:, at 3.4 L/100 km (83 mpg 3189:83 and 101 – which are the based on the 2536: 2425: 2321:Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines 2291: 2236: 1981: 1744: 1196: 1101: 121: 47: 31: 7536: 7410: 7404: 7316: 7271: 7132: 7098: 7043: 6837:"Vehicle Fuel Economy Labelling – FAQs" 6672:"Real Life Fuel Economy (MPG) Register" 6366:. Epa.gov. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 6307: 6305: 6099:from the original on 18 September 2012. 5813: 5811: 5809: 3897:miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent 3218:and 4.4 L/100 km (64 mpg 2834:For use in hybrid or electric vehicles 14: 7652: 7430:Phillips, Anna M. (21 February 2019). 7073: 6740:From laboratory to road: A 2018 update 5789: 5787: 5785: 5652:from the original on 26 November 2023. 5619:from the original on 2 September 2023. 5460:Specifically, the production-weighted 4712:Conversion from km/L and L/100 km 4100: 4002: 3704:EPA testing procedure: 2008 and beyond 3145:8.08 L/100 km CAFE eq (2002) 2904: 2828:Captures kinetic energy while braking 2314:For use in small-displacement engines 2012:force, which increases roughly by the 1174:) for a gasoline (petrol)-fueled car. 7626:Real fuel consumption by user reports 7604:from the original on 28 February 2009 7532: 7530: 6576:. (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2011. 6135:"VW Lupo: Rough road to fuel economy" 5851: 5836: 5803:. (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2011. 5513:"What counts as 'good' MPG nowadays?" 3390:speed of 50 km/h (31 mph). 2149:Optimizes engine running temperature 1142:Oil Corporation sponsored it and the 340:Units of distance per fixed fuel unit 36:Fuel consumption monitor from a 2006 7635:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 7354: 7317:Tabuchi, Hiroko (19 December 2007). 6547:"2011 Honda CR-Z Specs and Features" 6302: 5909:"Special Report 254: Managing Speed" 5806: 5529:. Government of Canada. January 2011 5396:Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent 3943:) sold in the US in the wake of the 3842:miles per gallon gasoline equivalent 3804:miles per gallon gasoline equivalent 3781:National Renewable Energy Laboratory 3600: 3341: 2767:Lowers tire deformation underweight 2533:Saab, starting with the 99 in 1978. 2468:High-efficiency gas turbine engines 2214:Lowers peak combustion temperatures 1777:adding citations to reliable sources 1748: 112:miles per gallon gasoline equivalent 7631:Model Year 2014 Fuel Economy Guide 7456:Associated Press (6 January 2021). 7109: 6874:Steven Cole Smith (28 April 2005). 6714:Mike Millikin (28 September 2014). 6425: 6344:"More power from bumps in the road" 6342:Chandler, David (9 February 2009). 6251:"Lexus IS – Driving in every sense" 5782: 4063: 3722:Supplemental Federal Test Procedure 3132: 2264:William Howe and William Williams ( 24: 7527: 7336:Richburg, Keith (3 January 2008). 7116:US Environmental Protection Agency 7051:US Environmental Protection Agency 6167:Light Vehicles and Characteristics 6148:Heavy Vehicles and Characteristics 6119:. 28 February 2007. Archived from 3857:fuel economy and environment label 3692:The procedure has been updated to 3639:EPA testing procedure through 2007 3310:high speed/quick acceleration test 3287:20 °C and ends at 30 °C. 3076: 2092:Fuel economy-boosting technologies 1073: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028: 980: 977: 974: 970: 966: 963: 947: 944: 940: 936: 933: 874: 862: 859: 844: 841: 829: 795: 783: 780: 768: 765: 761: 757: 754: 697: 694: 691: 687: 683: 680: 665: 662: 650: 611: 608: 596: 579: 576: 573: 569: 565: 562: 522: 519: 515: 511: 508: 493: 490: 478: 439: 436: 424: 407: 404: 400: 396: 393: 77:can be a large part of a nation's 25: 7686: 7619: 7172:. 14 January 2014. Archived from 7080:Nick Bunkley (22 November 2010). 6224:Yang, Zifei; Bandivadekar, Anup. 6089:"Gas prices too high? Try Europe" 5375:Fuel efficiency in transportation 4080:1 mpg ≈ 1.201 mpg (imp) 3919: 3798:EPA rated the car separately for 3450:Car experts also assert that the 2976:Fuel economy-maximizing behaviors 2970:Fuel economy maximizing behaviors 2951:, and consequent re-acceleration. 7411:Tabuchi, Hiroko (5 April 2018). 5345:Car speed and energy consumption 4096:1 mpg ≈ 0.833 mpg (US) 3587: 3346: 2995:A five-year partnership between 2638:Lowers the engine rpm at cruise 2553:Reduces energy lost to friction 2497:Stirling hybrid battery vehicle 2471:Increases power to weight ratio 2456:Increases power to weight ratio 2419:Eliminates recompression losses 2278:Variable geometry turbocharging 1963:into waste heat, or losses from 1753: 1695:Differences in testing standards 316:Units of fuel per fixed distance 193:., as also in post-Soviet space. 7501: 7475: 7449: 7423: 7389: 7367: 7236: 7210: 7188: 7158: 7004: 6981: 6947: 6935: 6923: 6867: 6855: 6829: 6803: 6733: 6707: 6689: 6664: 6639: 6617: 6598: 6579: 6560: 6539: 6514: 6502: 6462: 6450: 6438: 6419: 6407: 6381: 6369: 6357: 6335: 6324: 6290: 6278: 6261: 6243: 6217: 6179: 6160: 6141: 6127: 6103: 6081: 5954: 5901: 5872: 5845: 5830: 5770: 5758: 5710: 5466: 5454: 3631:(captive import version of the 3622:Environmental Protection Agency 3571: 3292:cold temperature operation test 2957:sterling hybrid battery vehicle 2728:For use in automatic gearboxes 2578:Variable displacement oil pump 2369:Piezoelectric diesel injectors 2048:may be as low as 70% efficient 1764:needs additional citations for 118:Quantities and units of measure 7543:. Wilfried Achenbach. Berlin. 7217:John M. Broder (25 May 2011). 6445:Vehicles & the Environment 5969:Federal Highway Administration 5656: 5589: 5567: 5541: 5519: 5505: 5486: 5447: 3934:Corporate Average Fuel Economy 3687:corporate average fuel economy 3546: 3140: 3109:4.1 L/100 km (2020, 2050:Automated manual transmissions 1294:emissions of around 140 g/km. 1193:Speed and fuel economy studies 814:L/100 km → km/20 L: 13: 1: 7377:. White House. 28 August 2012 7355:Wang, Ucilia (30 June 2009). 6378:keep track of fuel efficiency 5916:Transportation Research Board 5886:. 4 December 1973. p. 30 5480: 5411:Vehicle Efficiency Initiative 4013:Vehicle Efficiency Initiative 3971:George W. Bush administration 3960:Federal and state regulations 3747:Electric vehicles and hybrids 3515: 2963:aftermarket consumer products 2861:Regenerative shock absorbers 2851:Jean Charles Athanase Peltier 2500:Increases thermal efficiency 2357:Increases injection pressure 2354:Common rail direct injection 2337:Turbocharged Direct Injection 2266:Robert Stephenson and Company 2160:Stratified Charge combustion 2143:Engine combustion strategies 1925:Frictional losses within the 1788:"Fuel economy in automobiles" 1282:A reasonably modern European 1271:Transportation Research Board 1097: 7010:Roth, Dan. (1 October 2009) 6331:Low-rolling resistance tires 5431:Low-rolling resistance tires 4090:1 mpg ≈ 0.354 km/L 4074:1 mpg ≈ 0.425 km/L 3435:emission or less, or pay an 3164: 2564:Lower viscosity engine oils 2058:semi-automatic transmissions 1978:, minus the subsystem loads. 130:; red - UK gallon (imperial) 7: 6567:Guidance notes and examples 6426:Cox, Lisa (30 March 2019). 5322: 3110: 3096: 2512:Time-optimized piston path 370: 201:kilometres per litre (km/L) 10: 7691: 6905:"Dynamometer Driver's Aid" 6862:Frequently Asked Questions 6376:https://onfuel.appspot.com 5884:United Press International 5596:The New Fuel Economy Label 5527:"Fuel Consumption Ratings" 5401:Passenger miles per gallon 5385:Gasoline gallon equivalent 4006: 3931: 3893:internal combustion engine 3885:hydrogen fuel cell vehicle 3604: 3338:New European Driving Cycle 3335: 3118: 3058:People's Republic of China 2973: 2877:Active highway management 2781:Lowers rolling resistance 2693:Other vehicle technologies 2618:Engine running conditions 2541:2014-Global-Turbo-Forecast 2453:Two-stroke diesel engines 2168:For use in petrol engines 2103:Engine-specific technology 2095: 1235:National Maximum Speed Law 631:L/100 km → Miles per 459:L/100 km → Miles per 7639:U.S. Department of Energy 7537:Hilgers, Michael (2021). 6944:. Retrieved 10 July 2020. 6414:Chinese Fuel Economy Laws 6093:Christian Science Monitor 5823:24 September 2012 at the 5818:Steady Speed Fuel Economy 5549:"FAQs – Transport Canada" 4077:235.2/mpg ≈ L/100 km 3789:plug-in electric vehicles 3323: 3257: 3038: 3035: 3032: 2930:Two-stroke diesel engines 2764:Increasing tire pressure 2609:Reduces engine frictions 2195:exhaust gas recirculation 2014:square of the car's speed 54:Briggs and Stratton Flyer 6907:. US EPA. Archived from 5365:Energy-efficient driving 5340:Battery electric vehicle 3763:showing fuel economy in 3716:highlights fuel economy. 3503: 3437:excess emissions premium 3332:Irish fuel economy label 3185:, measured according to 3155:none (as of March 2019) 3013:Environmental management 2442:Recovers exhaust energy 1956:from moving through air; 1594:26,001 – 33,000 lbs 1554:19,501 – 26,000 lbs 1534:16,001 – 19,500 lbs 1514:14,001 – 16,000 lbs 1494:10,001 – 14,000 lbs 1278:Discussion of statistics 1208:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 547:gallon → L/100 km: 378:gallon → L/100 km: 7246:. NHTSA. Archived from 7055:US Department of Energy 6954:Find a Car 1985 to 2009 6317:3 February 2009 at the 5897:(subscription required) 4093:282/mpg ≈ L/100 km 3903:(CNG), or kilograms of 3823:fuel economy equivalent 3578:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 3533: 3362:. The reason given is: 3193:; previously, only the 3131:6.7 L/100 km 3071:6.1 L/100 km 2790:Series parallel hybrid 2753:Reduces vehicle weight 2524:Engine internal losses 2488:Raymond Freymann (BMW) 2046:automatic transmissions 1454:6,001 – 10,000 lbs 1434:6,000 lbs and less 1429:Percentage of fuel use 1423:Average miles per truck 1144:United States Auto Club 739:gallon → km/20 L: 7462:Orange County Register 6967:"2008 Ratings Changes" 6591:14 August 2008 at the 5999:Cite journal requires 5942:Cite journal requires 5852:Staff (28 June 2008). 5698:Cite journal requires 5495:"Man and His Machines" 3994:Fuel economy of trucks 3941:sport utility vehicles 3929: 3901:compressed natural gas 3881:flexible-fuel vehicles 3869:alternative propulsion 3833: 3829:, in this case a 2010 3768: 3767:and gasoline-only mode 3717: 3656: 3648: 3597: 3333: 3191:European driving cycle 3161:* highway ** combined 3068:6.9 L/100 km 3065:6.9 L/100 km 2846:thermoelectric cooling 2831:Louis Antoine Kriéger 2542: 2431: 2297: 2242: 2136:Herbert Akroyd Stuart 1987: 1900: 1614:33,001 lbs and up 1202: 1108: 1086: 995: 883: 804: 708: 620: 533: 448: 299: 270: 250: 131: 58: 45: 7300:Ecology Law Quarterly 7059:"2011 Chevrolet Volt" 6789:"Japanese 10–15 Mode" 6572:13 April 2008 at the 6474:22 April 2006 at the 5868:on 26 September 2018. 5799:13 April 2008 at the 5390:Motorized quadricycle 4007:Further information: 3945:1973 Arab Oil Embargo 3927: 3816: 3754: 3711: 3654: 3646: 3595: 3510:Speed limits in Japan 3331: 3303:air conditioning test 2540: 2459:Charles F. Kettering 2429: 2295: 2270:variable timing valve 2268:) invented the first 2251:Variable valve timing 2240: 2175:Lean burn combustion 1985: 1901: 1745:Energy considerations 1574:Medium truck subtotal 1200: 1105: 1087: 996: 884: 805: 709: 621: 534: 449: 367:Conversions of units: 362:means less efficient. 300: 271: 251: 125: 51: 35: 6701:carsandgarages.co.uk 5971:: 76. Archived from 5855:Annual Energy Review 4060:, lights and tires. 3987:Trump administration 3976:Obama administration 3889:natural gas vehicles 3480:Remove Wing mirrors. 2824:Regenerative braking 2717:Transmission losses 2383:Cylinder management 2054:manual transmissions 2042:Manual transmissions 2031:regenerative braking 1993:regenerative braking 1965:regenerative braking 1959:Energy converted by 1859: 1773:improve this article 1634:Heavy truck subtotal 1474:Light truck subtotal 1019: 924: 820: 745: 641: 553: 469: 384: 280: 260: 231: 96:in the fuel and the 7342:The Washington Post 6610:7 July 2008 at the 6522:"News & Events" 6509:Vehicle test cycles 6469:Green Vehicle Guide 6123:on 6 December 2014. 5555:on 3 September 2012 5515:. 21 December 2016. 5380:Fuel saving devices 5360:Energy conservation 4101:Conversion from mpg 4003:Effect on pollution 3985:announced that the 3206:or less grams of CO 3029: 2949:ripple back braking 2936:gas turbine engines 2905:Future technologies 2874:Traffic management 2747:Rolling resistance 2422:Carmelo J. Scuderi 2255:variable valve lift 2098:Fuel saving devices 1407: 1406:Truck fuel economy 1228:high speed roadways 1009:gallon → Miles per 914:gallon → Miles per 628: 456: 7417:The New York Times 7323:The New York Times 7281:The New York Times 7250:on 3 February 2009 7223:The New York Times 7196:"The MPG Illusion" 7176:on 15 January 2014 7144:Green Car Congress 7085:The New York Times 7031:. 24 November 2010 7029:Green Car Congress 6876:"2005 Pontiac GTO" 6815:Green Car Congress 6720:Green Car Congress 6586:Fuel Economy Label 6210:2015-04-15 at the 6191:2012-10-21 at the 6172:2012-09-15 at the 6153:2012-07-23 at the 6095:. 26 August 2005. 5839:The New York Times 5677:on 1 December 2007 5598:at FuelEconomy.gov 5426:Low-carbon economy 5406:The Very Light Car 3956:expanded in 2011. 3930: 3834: 3769: 3718: 3657: 3649: 3598: 3334: 3270:THE 5 CYCLE TEST: 3203:Ssangyong Korrando 3197:number was given. 3027: 2621:Coolant additives 2543: 2432: 2298: 2243: 2029:Braking, although 1988: 1933:Rolling resistance 1896: 1405: 1324:consumer behaviour 1269:In 1998, the U.S. 1203: 1113:thermal efficiency 1109: 1082: 991: 879: 800: 704: 616: 529: 444: 295: 294: 266: 246: 245: 132: 59: 46: 7600:. February 2005. 7550:978-3-662-60841-8 7436:Los Angeles Times 7061:. Fueleconomy.gov 6773:Issue No. 2, 2009 6631:. 25 April 2019. 6605:Vehicle Labelling 6492:"5-cycle testing" 6395:. 29 October 2015 6028:on 4 August 2012. 5355:Emission standard 5320: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5016: 5015: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4405: 4404: 3877:electric vehicles 3851:In May 2011, the 3800:all-electric mode 3785:Monroney stickers 3765:all-electric mode 3601:US Energy Tax Act 3383: 3382: 3159: 3158: 2986:Shell Oil Company 2902: 2901: 2690: 2689: 2664:Start-stop system 2327:Leon Levavasseur 2016:, but notes that 2000:Engine efficiency 1961:frictional brakes 1894: 1886: 1849: 1848: 1841: 1823: 1673: 1672: 1378:energy efficiency 1128:Mobil Economy Run 1095: 1094: 848: 669: 585: 497: 413: 292: 269:{\displaystyle x} 243: 16:(Redirected from 7682: 7660:Energy economics 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7586: 7577: 7576: 7570: 7562: 7534: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7275:(2 April 2018). 7269: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7136: 7130: 7128:EPA-420-F-11-017 7126: 7124: 7122: 7110:EPA (May 2011). 7107: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7021: 7015: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6992:. Iaspub.epa.gov 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6911:on 30 March 2014 6901: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6839:. Archived from 6833: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6817:. 11 August 2007 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6785: 6776: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6762:. News from JAMA 6752: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6621: 6615: 6602: 6596: 6583: 6577: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6498:. 30 April 2018. 6488: 6479: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6339: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6309: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6230: 6221: 6215: 6201: 6195: 6183: 6177: 6164: 6158: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6085: 6079: 6071: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6048:. Archived from 6039: 6030: 6029: 6024:. Archived from 6018: 6009: 6008: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5977: 5966: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5945: 5940: 5938: 5930: 5925: 5923: 5913: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5860: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5834: 5828: 5815: 5804: 5791: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5676: 5669: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5643:10.7922/G2HM56SV 5636: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5551:. Archived from 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5499:The World's Work 5490: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5330:Automobile costs 5020: 5019: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4409: 4408: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4085:Imperial gallons 4064:Unit conversions 4058:air conditioners 3865:alternative fuel 3757:Monroney sticker 3714:Monroney sticker 3683: 3671: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3358:factual accuracy 3350: 3349: 3342: 3030: 3026: 2934:High-efficiency 2925:Compound engines 2697: 2696: 2107: 2106: 2024:Rolling friction 2010:Aerodynamic drag 1954:Aerodynamic drag 1940:air conditioning 1905: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1877: 1869: 1844: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1781: 1757: 1749: 1408: 1404: 1352:Volkswagen Group 1222:) vs 22 mpg 1091: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1049: 1048: 1000: 998: 997: 992: 990: 989: 988: 987: 986: 985: 984: 983: 951: 950: 888: 886: 885: 880: 878: 877: 869: 849: 847: 836: 824: 809: 807: 806: 801: 799: 798: 790: 772: 771: 713: 711: 710: 705: 703: 702: 701: 700: 670: 668: 657: 645: 625: 623: 622: 617: 615: 614: 603: 586: 584: 583: 582: 557: 538: 536: 535: 530: 528: 527: 526: 525: 498: 496: 485: 473: 453: 451: 450: 445: 443: 442: 431: 414: 412: 411: 410: 388: 371: 304: 302: 301: 296: 293: 285: 275: 273: 272: 267: 255: 253: 252: 247: 244: 236: 223:is used instead. 139:Fuel consumption 21: 18:Mileage standard 7690: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7679: 7665:Fuel technology 7650: 7649: 7622: 7617: 7607: 7605: 7588: 7587: 7580: 7564: 7563: 7551: 7535: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7489:. 31 March 2020 7481: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7454: 7450: 7440: 7438: 7428: 7424: 7409: 7405: 7394: 7390: 7380: 7378: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7361:Greentech Media 7353: 7349: 7334: 7330: 7315: 7311: 7292: 7288: 7273:Tabuchi, Hiroko 7270: 7263: 7253: 7251: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7227: 7225: 7215: 7211: 7201: 7199: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7164: 7163: 7159: 7149: 7147: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7120: 7118: 7108: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7078: 7074: 7064: 7062: 7048: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7009: 7005: 6995: 6993: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6936: 6928: 6924: 6914: 6912: 6903: 6902: 6895: 6885: 6883: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6846: 6844: 6843:on 10 July 2008 6835: 6834: 6830: 6820: 6818: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6787: 6786: 6779: 6765: 6763: 6758:(JAMA) (2009). 6753: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6724: 6722: 6712: 6708: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6655: 6653: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6612:Wayback Machine 6603: 6599: 6593:Wayback Machine 6584: 6580: 6574:Wayback Machine 6565: 6561: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6476:Wayback Machine 6467: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6424: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6398: 6396: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6325: 6319:Wayback Machine 6310: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6212:Wayback Machine 6202: 6198: 6193:Wayback Machine 6184: 6180: 6174:Wayback Machine 6165: 6161: 6155:Wayback Machine 6146: 6142: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6072: 6065: 6055: 6053: 6052:on 2 April 2010 6044: 6040: 6033: 6020: 6019: 6012: 6000: 5998: 5989: 5988: 5981: 5979: 5978:on 4 March 2013 5975: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5943: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5889: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5835: 5831: 5825:Wayback Machine 5816: 5807: 5801:Wayback Machine 5792: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5749: 5747: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5724:. November 2021 5716: 5715: 5711: 5699: 5697: 5688: 5687: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5416:Vehicle metrics 5325: 4714: 4103: 4066: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4038: 4015: 4005: 3996: 3962: 3936: 3922: 3873:plug-in hybrids 3749: 3706: 3676: 3664: 3641: 3609: 3603: 3590: 3582:Saudi Standards 3574: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3536: 3520:The 10–15 mode 3518: 3506: 3491: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3355:This section's 3351: 3347: 3340: 3326: 3260: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3234:; 10.8 mpg 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3187:ECE Regulations 3172: 3167: 3025: 3010: 2978: 2972: 2907: 2695: 2339:diesel engines 2233:James Atkinson 2105: 2100: 2094: 1969:hybrid vehicles 1891: 1878: 1870: 1868: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1845: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1782: 1780: 1770: 1758: 1747: 1706:– petrol 2.5 L 1697: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1386: 1369: 1365: 1356:Volkswagen Lupo 1280: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1195: 1188: 1184: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1136:fuel efficiency 1100: 1069: 1065: 1058: 1057: 1038: 1034: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1017: 1016: 973: 969: 962: 961: 956: 955: 943: 939: 932: 931: 925: 922: 921: 865: 854: 853: 832: 828: 823: 821: 818: 817: 786: 764: 760: 749: 748: 746: 743: 742: 690: 686: 675: 674: 653: 649: 644: 642: 639: 638: 599: 591: 590: 572: 568: 561: 556: 554: 551: 550: 518: 514: 503: 502: 481: 477: 472: 470: 467: 466: 427: 419: 418: 403: 399: 392: 387: 385: 382: 381: 359:metal container 331:in the UK. The 284: 281: 278: 277: 261: 258: 257: 235: 232: 229: 228: 150:(L/100 km) 120: 94:chemical energy 86:wind resistance 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7688: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7670:Green vehicles 7667: 7662: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7628: 7621: 7620:External links 7618: 7616: 7615: 7578: 7549: 7526: 7500: 7474: 7448: 7422: 7403: 7398:NRDC's OnEarth 7388: 7366: 7347: 7328: 7309: 7286: 7261: 7235: 7209: 7187: 7157: 7131: 7097: 7072: 7057:(4 May 2011). 7042: 7016: 7003: 6990:"Basic Search" 6980: 6958: 6946: 6934: 6922: 6893: 6882:on 11 May 2015 6866: 6854: 6828: 6802: 6777: 6744: 6732: 6706: 6688: 6663: 6638: 6629:European Union 6616: 6597: 6578: 6559: 6538: 6513: 6501: 6480: 6461: 6449: 6437: 6418: 6406: 6380: 6368: 6356: 6334: 6323: 6301: 6289: 6277: 6260: 6242: 6216: 6196: 6178: 6159: 6140: 6126: 6102: 6080: 6063: 6031: 6010: 6001:|journal= 5953: 5944:|journal= 5900: 5871: 5844: 5829: 5805: 5781: 5769: 5757: 5735: 5709: 5700:|journal= 5655: 5622: 5600: 5588: 5566: 5540: 5518: 5504: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5465: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5441:Plug-in hybrid 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5335:ACEA agreement 5332: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5026:L/100 km 5024: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4723:L/100 km 4713: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4421:L/100 km 4419: 4416: 4413: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4121:L/100 km 4119: 4116: 4113: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4036: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3961: 3958: 3932:Main article: 3921: 3920:CAFE standards 3918: 3819:Monroney label 3796:plug-in hybrid 3773:Chevrolet Volt 3761:plug-in hybrid 3748: 3745: 3705: 3702: 3663:is defined in 3640: 3637: 3613:Energy Tax Act 3607:Energy Tax Act 3605:Main article: 3602: 3599: 3589: 3586: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3545: 3535: 3532: 3517: 3514: 3505: 3502: 3489: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3405:carbon dioxide 3381: 3380: 3374:September 2018 3354: 3352: 3345: 3336:Main article: 3325: 3322: 3315: 3314: 3306: 3299: 3288: 3280: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097:European Union 3093: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3024: 3021: 3009: 3006: 2974:Main article: 2971: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2920:Scuderi engine 2917: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2806:Energy saving 2803: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2430:Scuderi engine 2423: 2420: 2417: 2415:Scuderi engine 2412: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2296:VNT Vanes Open 2289: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2241:Atkinson cycle 2234: 2231: 2228: 2226:Atkinson cycle 2223: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2104: 2101: 2096:Main article: 2093: 2090: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2036:Losses in the 2034: 2027: 2021: 2007: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1957: 1951: 1944:engine cooling 1936: 1930: 1923: 1907: 1906: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1847: 1846: 1761: 1759: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1735: 1732:European Union 1729: 1723: 1696: 1693: 1689:lightweighting 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1384: 1374:Diesel engines 1367: 1363: 1299:North American 1292:carbon dioxide 1279: 1276: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1121:automotive era 1099: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1014: 1002: 1001: 982: 979: 976: 972: 968: 965: 959: 954: 949: 946: 942: 938: 935: 929: 919: 907: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 890: 889: 876: 872: 868: 864: 861: 857: 852: 846: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 815: 811: 810: 797: 793: 789: 785: 782: 778: 775: 770: 767: 763: 759: 756: 752: 740: 732: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 715: 714: 699: 696: 693: 689: 685: 682: 678: 673: 667: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 636: 629: 626: 613: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 581: 578: 575: 571: 567: 564: 560: 548: 540: 539: 524: 521: 517: 513: 510: 506: 501: 495: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 464: 457: 454: 441: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 409: 406: 402: 398: 395: 391: 379: 364: 363: 341: 337: 336: 333:window sticker 317: 291: 288: 265: 242: 239: 225: 224: 194: 119: 116: 104:waste energy. 98:kinetic energy 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7687: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7646: 7643: 7641:, April 2014. 7640: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7574: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7533: 7531: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7407: 7400:. p. 63. 7399: 7392: 7376: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7351: 7343: 7339: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7306:(4): 901–902. 7305: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7268: 7266: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7224: 7220: 7213: 7198:. 3 June 2013 7197: 7191: 7175: 7171: 7170:Bloomberg.com 7167: 7161: 7146:. 25 May 2011 7145: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7086: 7083: 7076: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7013: 7007: 6991: 6984: 6968: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6943: 6938: 6931: 6926: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6898: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6858: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6774: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6749: 6741: 6736: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6635: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6601: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6563: 6548: 6542: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6510: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6465: 6458: 6453: 6446: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6410: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6365: 6360: 6345: 6338: 6332: 6327: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6308: 6306: 6298: 6293: 6286: 6281: 6270: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6182: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6144: 6136: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6070: 6068: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6036: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6006: 5993: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5957: 5949: 5936: 5929: 5917: 5910: 5904: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5864: 5857: 5856: 5848: 5841:. p. 30. 5840: 5833: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5778: 5773: 5766: 5761: 5745: 5739: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5705: 5692: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5576: 5570: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5528: 5522: 5514: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5485: 5469: 5463: 5462:harmonic mean 5457: 5453: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421:Green vehicle 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3966:Clean Air Act 3957: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3802:expressed in 3801: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3723: 3715: 3710: 3701: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3689:regulations. 3688: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3662: 3653: 3645: 3636: 3634: 3633:Holden Monaro 3630: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3608: 3594: 3588:United States 3585: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3564:; 62 mpg 3556:; 34 mpg 3544: 3542: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3522:driving cycle 3513: 3511: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3487: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3427:; 25 mpg 3419:; 57 mpg 3406: 3401: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3365: 3361: 3359: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3318: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3255: 3250:; 69 mpg 3245: 3244:Honda Insight 3222:; 53 mpg 3204: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3162: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3077:United States 3075: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3036:2004 average 3031: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3005: 3002: 3001:Anglian Water 2998: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2967: 2964: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2867:Levant Power 2866: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2482:Turbosteamer 2481: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2428: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2360:Robert Huber 2359: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2305:Twincharging 2304: 2302: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2127:Engine cycle 2126: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1984: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1843: 1840: 1832: 1829:November 2023 1821: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1790: – 1789: 1785: 1784:Find sources: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1762:This section 1760: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1739: 1738:United States 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1692: 1690: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1392: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366:; 78 mpg 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1313:Pickup trucks 1310: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1258: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1213: 1209: 1199: 1190: 1180: 1175: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1104: 1053: 1050: 1022: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003: 957: 952: 927: 920: 917: 913: 909: 908: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 891: 870: 866: 855: 850: 837: 833: 825: 816: 813: 812: 791: 787: 776: 773: 750: 741: 738: 734: 733: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 716: 676: 671: 658: 654: 646: 637: 634: 630: 627: 604: 600: 592: 587: 558: 549: 546: 542: 541: 504: 499: 486: 482: 474: 465: 462: 458: 455: 432: 428: 420: 415: 389: 380: 377: 373: 372: 369: 368: 360: 356: 355: 350: 346: 342: 339: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 315: 314: 313: 310: 306: 289: 286: 263: 240: 237: 222: 217: 213: 211: 207: 202: 198: 195: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 155: 151: 149: 145: 140: 137: 136: 135: 129: 124: 115: 113: 109: 108:Electric cars 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 82: 80: 79:foreign trade 76: 72: 71:fuel consumed 68: 64: 55: 50: 39: 38:Honda Airwave 34: 30: 19: 7606:. 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Retrieved 6526:www.honda.de 6525: 6516: 6504: 6495: 6464: 6452: 6440: 6432:The Guardian 6431: 6421: 6409: 6397:. Retrieved 6392: 6383: 6371: 6359: 6347:. Retrieved 6337: 6326: 6292: 6280: 6263: 6255:Lexus Canada 6254: 6245: 6233:. Retrieved 6219: 6199: 6181: 6162: 6143: 6129: 6121:the original 6114: 6105: 6092: 6083: 6073: 6054:. Retrieved 6050:the original 6041: 6026:the original 5992:cite journal 5982:17 September 5980:. Retrieved 5973:the original 5956: 5935:cite journal 5927: 5922:17 September 5920:. Retrieved 5903: 5888:. Retrieved 5874: 5863:the original 5854: 5847: 5838: 5832: 5772: 5760: 5748:. Retrieved 5738: 5726:. Retrieved 5721: 5712: 5691:cite journal 5679:. Retrieved 5672:the original 5658: 5625: 5612: 5603: 5591: 5579:. Retrieved 5569: 5557:. Retrieved 5553:the original 5543: 5531:. Retrieved 5521: 5507: 5498: 5488: 5468: 5456: 4032: 4016: 3997: 3983:Scott Pruitt 3980: 3963: 3937: 3912: 3909: 3895:vehicles is 3850: 3838:electric car 3835: 3827:electric car 3793: 3770: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3698: 3691: 3674: 3658: 3626: 3610: 3575: 3572:Saudi Arabia 3550: 3541:Toyota Prius 3537: 3519: 3507: 3499: 3483: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3402: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3371: 3356: 3319: 3316: 3309: 3302: 3295: 3291: 3284:highway test 3283: 3275: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3199: 3194: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3160: 3039:Requirement 3011: 2994: 2979: 2960: 2948: 2942:Turbosteamer 2908: 2706:Explanation 2116:Explanation 2082: 2038:transmission 1989: 1912: 1908: 1893:Fuel economy 1850: 1835: 1826: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1783: 1771:Please help 1766:verification 1763: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1674: 1426:fuel economy 1393: 1382: 1372: 1344:turbocharged 1339:Smart Fortwo 1337: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1302:mid-size car 1296: 1281: 1268: 1259: 1233:When the US 1232: 1204: 1178: 1176: 1132:World War II 1125: 1110: 1010: 1006: 915: 911: 736: 632: 544: 460: 375: 366: 365: 352: 311: 307: 226: 220: 215: 204: 200: 197:Fuel economy 196: 153: 142: 138: 133: 106: 83: 63:fuel economy 62: 60: 29: 7519:20 December 7381:28 November 7202:11 November 7180:11 November 7090:23 November 7035:24 November 6996:1 September 6886:21 February 6681:14 November 6676:Honest John 6656:14 November 6651:Honest John 6496:nrcan.gc.ca 5728:30 November 5581:11 November 5448:Annotations 4020:natural gas 4009:Gas-guzzler 3951:of current 3913:differences 3831:Nissan Leaf 3825:for an all- 3777:Nissan Leaf 3678:40 CFR 3666:40 CFR 3629:Pontiac GTO 3547:New Zealand 3527:dynamometer 3313:25 °C. 3179:extra urban 2703:Technology 2345:Volkswagen 2113:Technology 1297:An average 1179:new vehicle 159:New Zealand 7654:Categories 7559:1237865094 7487:Yahoo News 6915:11 January 6742:ICCT, 2019 6399:30 October 6235:1 December 5559:6 November 5481:References 5350:Car tuning 5032:mpg (imp) 4732:mpg (imp) 4415:mpg (imp) 4112:mpg (imp) 4069:US Gallons 3953:model year 3861:model year 3562:‑imp 3554:‑imp 3516:10–15 mode 3425:‑imp 3417:‑imp 3398:Honda CR-Z 3248:‑imp 3232:‑imp 3220:‑imp 3135:eq (2010) 2086:horsepower 1948:alternator 1946:, and the 1927:drivetrain 1799:newspapers 1685:‑imp 1681:‑imp 1677:‑imp 1657:85,174,776 1477:79,982,623 1457:28,041,234 1437:51,941,389 1420:Percentage 1400:‑imp 1396:‑imp 1364:‑imp 1348:Daimler AG 1111:While the 1098:Statistics 1005:Miles per 910:Miles per 735:Miles per 543:Miles per 374:Miles per 343:Miles per 191:Madagascar 169:. Also in 148:kilometres 75:motor fuel 67:automobile 7675:Car costs 7567:cite book 7467:7 January 6393:Tyrepress 6349:8 October 6176:Table 4.1 6157:Table 5.4 5681:4 January 5370:FF layout 5029:mpg (US) 4729:mpg (US) 4412:mpg (US) 4115:mpg (US) 3566:‑US 3558:‑US 3429:‑US 3421:‑US 3296:city test 3276:city test 3252:‑US 3236:‑US 3224:‑US 3165:Australia 3141:Australia 2709:Inventor 2286:Honeywell 2284:Garrett ( 2197:(petrol) 2181:Chrysler 2119:Inventor 2072:required. 1889:∝ 1720:Australia 1637:2,333,786 1617:2,153,996 1577:2,858,368 1557:1,709,574 1389:‑US 1385:‑US 1368:‑US 1306:full-size 1284:supermini 1255:‑US 1251:‑US 1247:‑US 1243:‑US 1239:‑US 1224:‑US 1220:‑US 1216:‑US 1210:with the 179:Guatemala 163:Australia 90:tire drag 42:‑US 7602:Archived 7514:HuffPost 6973:17 April 6969:. US EPA 6608:Archived 6589:Archived 6570:Archived 6472:Archived 6315:Archived 6208:Archived 6189:Archived 6170:Archived 6151:Archived 6116:NBC News 6097:Archived 6056:22 April 5821:Archived 5797:Archived 5746:. 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