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921:, some slave ships carried un-hulled rice, and enslaved African women were tasked with using mortars and pestles to prepare it for consumption. In both colonial North and South America, rice continued to be primarily milled by hand in this way until around the mid-1700s when mechanical mills became more widespread.
972:
Rough ceramic mortar and pestle sets can be used to reduce substances to very fine powders, but stain easily and are brittle. Porcelain mortars are sometimes conditioned for use by grinding some sand to give them a rougher surface which helps to reduce the particle size. Glass mortars and pestles are
523:
is described and pictured as flying through the forest standing inside a large wooden mortar (stupa), holding the long wooden pestle in one hand to remove obstacles in front of her, and using the broom in her other hand to sweep and remove her traces behind her. This seems as a trace of some ancient
402:
Since the 14th century, bronze mortars became more popular than stone ones, especially for use in alchemy and early chemistry. Bronze mortars would become more elaborate than stone ones, had the advantage to be harder, and were easily cast with handles, knobs for handling, and spouts for easier
289:
A key advantage of the mortar is that it presents a deeper bowl for confining the material to be ground without the waste and spillage that occur with flat grinding stones. Another advantage is that the mortar can be made large enough for a person to stand upright and adjacent to it and use the
360:
Mortars and pestles were invented in the Stone Age when humans found that processing food and various other materials by grinding and crushing into smaller particles allowed for improved use and various advantages. Hard grains could be cooked and digested more easily if ground first, grinding
1000:. Mortar and pestle sets made from the wood of old grape vines have proved reliable for grinding salt and pepper at the dinner table. Uncooked rice is sometimes ground in mortars to clean them. This process must be repeated until the rice comes out completely white. Some stones, such as
398:
Ancient
Africans, Sumerians, Egyptians, Thai, Laos People, Polynesians, Native Americans, Chinese, Indians, Greeks, Celts, and countless other people used mortars and pestles for processing materials and substances for cooking, arts, cosmetics, simple chemicals, ceramics and medicine.
247:; today they are typically associated with the pharmacy profession due to their historical use in preparing medicines. They are used in chemistry settings for pulverizing small amounts of chemicals; in arts and cosmetics for pulverizing pigments, binders, and other substances; in
933:
either, or they will break during the pounding and grinding. The material should also be cohesive so that small bits of the mortar or pestle do not mix in with the ingredients. Smooth and non-porous materials are chosen that will not absorb or trap the substances being ground.
403:
pouring. However, the big disadvantage was that bronze would react with acids and other chemicals and corrode easily. Since the late 17th century, glazed porcelain mortars became very useful, since they would not be damaged by chemicals and would be easy to clean.
361:
potsherds into grog would vastly improve fired clay, and larger objects such as blocks of salt would be much easier to handle and use. Various stone mortars and pestles have been found, while wooden or clay ones would perish much more easily over time.
481:
cannon was called "mortar" in French because the first versions of these cannons looked like big metal mortars of the
Medieval Ages and they required to be filled with gunpowder, like a mortar would be full of powdered material.
916:
Large wooden mortars and pestles have been used to hull grain in West Africa for centuries. When enslaved
Africans were brought to the Americas, they brought this technology—and knowledge of how to use it—with them. During the
294:
for better stamping. Large mortars allow some individuals with several pestles to stamp the material faster and more efficiently. Working over a large mortar that a person can stand next to is physically easier and more
240:) is a blunt, club-shaped object. The substance to be ground, which may be wet or dry, is placed in the mortar where the pestle is pounded, pressed, or rotated into the substance until the desired texture is achieved.
767:, it is used extensively to make spice mixtures for various delicacies as well as day-to-day dishes. With the advent of motorized grinders, the use of the mortar and pestle has decreased. It is traditional in various
379:) from 22000 to 18000 BC to crush grains and other plant material. The Kebaran mortars that have been found are sculpted, slightly conical bowls of porous stone, and the pestles are made of a smoother type of stone.
1012:
Since the results obtained with hand grinding are not easily reproducible, most laboratories use automatic mortar grinders. Grinding time and pressure of the mortar can be adjusted and fixed, saving time and labor.
394:
around 10000 BC to grind cereals for brewing beer in the cavities. These rock mortars are large enough for a person to stand upright by them and crush the cereals inside the cavity with a long wooden pestle.
524:
rituals connecting the witch symbols of Baba Yaga with the use of mortars in alchemy, pharmacy, and early chemistry, which were all seen as magic by uneducated people in the
Medieval Ages.
1160:
299:(by ensuring a better posture of the whole body) than for a small quern, where a person has to crouch and use the uncomfortable, repetitive motion of hand grinding by sliding.
1089:
1611:
The
Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, Embracing the Whole Period of Spanish Rule
876:
Large mortars and pestles are still commonly used in developing countries to husk and dehull grain. These are usually made of wood, and operated by one or more persons.
442:, meaning, among several other usages, "receptacle for pounding" and "product of grinding or pounding"; perhaps related to Sanskrit "mrnati" - to crush, to bruise.
1665:
1183:
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3118:
3941:
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The use of mortar and pestle, pestling, offers the advantage that the substance is crushed with low energy so that the substance will not warm up.
957:
of a past ingredient to be tasted in food prepared later. Also, the food particles left in the mortar and on the pestle may support the growth of
3515:
3256:
2852:
4073:
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513:
In Indian mythology, Samudra
Manthan from Bhagavata Purana creates amrita, the nectar of immortality, by churning the ocean with a pestle.
474:
to articles used in the preparation of drugs, reflecting the early use of the mortar and pestle as a symbol of a pharmacist or apothecary.
477:
Mortar as a synonym for cement in masonry came from the use of mortars and pestles to grind the materials for creating cement. The short
3303:
2754:
1035:
1202:
1066:
929:
Good mortar and pestle-making materials must be hard enough to crush the substance rather than be worn away by it. They cannot be too
310:
and can be described as having the function of small, mobile, hand-operated mills that do not require electricity or fuel to operate.
1559:
4310:
3624:
834:. The chobek is shaped like a deep saucer or plate. The ulekan is either pistol-shaped or ovoid. It is often used to make fresh
4320:
1136:
1532:
259:
and other types of construction requiring pulverized materials. In cooking, they are typically used to crush spices, to make
1750:
1051:
1501:
973:
fragile, but stain-resistant and suitable for use with liquids. However, they do not grind as finely as the ceramic type.
580:
Mortars and pestles were traditionally used in pharmacies to crush various ingredients before preparing an extemporaneous
4285:
286:
of stone or wood to process food and plant materials, clay, or minerals by stamping, crushing, pulverizing and grinding.
607:
mortar and pestle and originated in 1759. Today the act of mixing ingredients or reducing the particle size is known as
1297:
707:
4367:
4265:
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from cream or milk in a wooden container with a long wooden stick, very like the use of wooden mortars and pestles.
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1730:
1302:
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denotes its process using pestle. It is also used to grind peanuts and other ingredients to make peanut sauce for
3500:
2891:
1929:
1743:
1016:
The first automatic Mortar
Grinder was invented by F. Kurt Retsch in 1923 and named the "Retschmill" after him.
1148:
364:
Scientists have found ancient mortars and pestles in
Southwest Asia that date back to approximately 35000 BC.
4377:
4372:
3113:
2643:
1903:
17:
1971:
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4357:
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2121:
1691:
1666:"Kitchen Essentials for Southeast Asian Cooking Basic tools and equipment for cooking Southeast Asian food"
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2074:
1120:
950:
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Since medieval times, mortars would be placed or carved on the gravestones of pharmacists and doctors.
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3182:
2997:
588:, the Green Cross, and others, is one of the most pervasive symbols of pharmacology, along with the
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2008:
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The antiquity of the mortar and pestle is well documented in early writing, such as the
Egyptian
31:
267:, which requires the gentle crushing of sugar, ice, and mint leaves in the glass with a pestle.
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686:(which derives its name from the pestle pounding), as well as grinding spices into powder. The
1415:
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2700:
1325:"The Origins and Development of Ground Stone Assemblages in Late Pleistocene Southwest Asia"
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8:
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2018:
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Large wooden mortars and wooden pestles would predate and lead to the invention of
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or other hardwood. It is pounded by two or three people. The name for the mortar,
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For pharmaceutical use, the mortar and the head of the pestle are usually made of
548:
Modern pharmacies, especially in
Germany, still use mortars and pestles as logos.
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1004:, need to be seasoned first before use. Metal mortars are kept lightly oiled.
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of around 1550 BC (the oldest preserved piece of medical literature) and the
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Mortars are also used in cooking to prepare wet or oily ingredients such as
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27:
Equipment consisting of a bowl in which substances are ground using a pestle
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and other nuts. Many such depressions can be found in their territories.
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527:
In various Asian mythologies and folklores, there is a common theme of a
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82:
1502:"www.usip.edu The mortar and pestle from the renaissance to the present"
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531:, making use of a mortar and pestle to process the ingredients for the
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127:
909:, is the origin of the name of the largest island in the Philippines,
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872:. It was found in the rice loft and presumably used for dehulling.
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may interact or mix, contaminating the currently used ingredients.
868:
A wooden mortar and pestle was discovered at Briar's plantation in
811:
799:
776:
756:
604:
391:
164:) is characteristically a bowl, typically made of hardwood, metal,
131:
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2357:
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2216:
2079:
1998:
1951:
1939:
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1232:
930:
883:, mortar and pestles are specifically associated with de-husking
748:
463:
303:
256:
248:
169:
165:
123:
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417:
30:"Pestle" redirects here. For words with a similar spelling, see
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283:
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119:
667:) for unpolished rice", an ancient mortar and pestle from the
390:, which are natural cavities in the cave floors, used by Late
278:
The invention of mortars and pestles seems related to that of
232:
194:
156:
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989:
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887:. A notable traditional mortar and pestle is the boat-shaped
794:
mortars, with long (2–3 foot) wood pestles were used in
768:
764:
760:
734:
722:
715:
695:
683:
542:
456:
432:
317:, as domestication of livestock and use of dairy (during the
260:
1672:. Section 2. Mortar and Pestle to Make the Best Spice Pastes
630:
are used also if patients need artificial nutrition such as
150:
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884:
654:
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538:
223:
188:
103:
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321:) came well after the mortar and pestle. Butter would be
937:
243:
Mortars and pestles have been used in cooking since the
901:) for unpolished rice", usually carved from a block of
618:
to grind up pills to speed up absorption when they are
626:. To finely ground drugs, not available in the liquid
953:, a rough or absorbent material may cause the strong
702:, stretching back several thousand years, is made of
382:
Another Stone Age example is the rock mortars in the
367:
Stone mortars and pestles have also been used by the
226:
191:
1286:, large pestle and mortar used in the production of
229:
220:
185:
153:
1387:Metheny, Karen Bescherer; Beaudry, Mary C. (2015).
217:
182:
147:
144:
1627:"With grains in her hair: rice in colonial Brazil"
1625:
459:in Italian cuisine means created with the pestle.
4349:
1386:
290:combined strength of their upper body and the
3618:
1751:
706:and is used widely in Mexican cooking. Other
106:used to prepare ingredients or substances by
1539:. Museum of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society
599:, while the handle of the pestle is made of
486:The mortar and pestle in culture and symbols
1475:et quae iam ueteres sanant mortaria caecos.
1007:
446:
436:
3625:
3611:
1765:
1758:
1744:
1041:Mortar and pestle made from bronze alloy,
976:Other materials used include stone, often
725:, very large mortars are used with wooden
519:In Russian and Eastern European folklore,
353:, Israel, used for making beer during the
274:Guinean women stamping into a large mortar
43:
1557:
1477:(and the mortars that cure old blind men)
1393:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 46.
945:use a large mortar with multiple pestles
936:
863:
853:
653:
645:
560:
489:
455:. Stemming from the pistillum, the word
451:, meaning "pounder", led to the English
344:
332:
269:
1608:
1602:
1585:"The Mortar and Pestle in Thai Cuisine"
1142:Mortar used to pulverize plant material
14:
4350:
1731:Example of an automatic mortar grinder
1624:Carney, Judith A. (January 25, 2007).
1623:
1322:
1173:. Late 12th or early 13th century AD.
650:A traditional Indian mortar and pestle
3606:
2929:
2568:
1834:
1739:
1560:"The enduring symbol of Thai cuisine"
1413:
614:Mortars and pestles are also used as
4256:
2930:
1390:Archaeology of Food: An Encyclopedia
984:, wood (which is highly absorbent),
263:, and certain cocktails such as the
641:
510:(Numbers 11:8 and Proverbs 27:22).
337:Stone Age stone mortar and pestle,
302:Mortars and pestles predate modern
24:
1298:Household Stone tools in Karnataka
771:ceremonies (such as weddings, and
584:. The mortar and pestle, with the
569:mortar and pestle, displaying the
494:Baba Yaga flies in her mortar, by
25:
4394:
3632:
2882:Megalithic architectural elements
1724:
1414:Birch, Suzanne E. Pilaar (2018).
860:Husk § Husking and dehulling
690:, a version used by pre-Hispanic
49:Kitchen mortar with pestle inside
4255:
4239:
4238:
2569:
1558:Sukphisit, Suthon (2019-03-24).
1303:The Knight of the Burning Pestle
1201:
1182:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1119:
1104:
1088:
1065:
1050:
1034:
751:mortars and pestles are used in
213:
178:
140:
3501:Evolutionary origin of religion
1698:
1658:
1617:
1613:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
1577:
1551:
1525:
737:mortar and pestle are called a
712:mortars carved into the bedrock
1494:
1480:
1462:
1448:
1434:
1407:
1380:
1360:
1316:
13:
1:
3114:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2644:British megalith architecture
1309:
1019:
3109:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2649:Nordic megalith architecture
1189:A stone mortar unearthed at
798:to grind meat for a type of
415:derives from Middle English
406:
7:
1644:10.1080/0144039042000220900
1210:
924:
556:
10:
4399:
3257:British Isles and Brittany
3178:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1420:. Routledge. p. 546.
1371:Neolithic of the Near East
1154:A wooden mortar and pestle
1027:
965:, the previously prepared
857:
328:
29:
4234:
3700:
3675:Food preparation utensils
3640:
3459:
3272:
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2202:
2175:
2100:
2026:
2017:
1922:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1773:
1456:"Sanskrit root of Mortar"
75:
54:
42:
4368:Laboratory porcelainware
4311:Machine and metalworking
1690:: CS1 maint: location (
1533:"Pharmaceutical Symbols"
1417:Multispecies Archaeology
1130:‑style mortar and pestle
1008:Automatic mortar grinder
622:, or in preparation for
168:, or hard stone such as
4321:Measuring and alignment
4134:Salt and pepper shakers
3489:Evolutionary musicology
2892:Oldest extant buildings
2819:Archaeological features
2338:Prepared-core technique
1632:Slavery & Abolition
1346:10.3406/paleo.1991.4537
1083:for mortars and pestles
826:and pestle is known as
694:cultures including the
551:
426:
418:
102:is a set of two simple
32:Pestel (disambiguation)
3680:Food storage container
3451:Unchambered long cairn
3299:Mound Builders culture
2632:Neolithic architecture
1767:Prehistoric technology
1609:Foreman, John (1892).
1566:. No. B. Magazine
1273:Suribachi and surikogi
1111:Molcajete y tejolote,
946:
873:
671:
651:
577:
499:
447:
437:
357:
342:
275:
3655:Cookware and bakeware
3126:List of Stone Age art
2328:Microblade technology
2276:Langdale axe industry
1874:Ard / plough
1488:"Etymology of Mortar"
940:
867:
858:Further information:
854:Husking and dehulling
657:
649:
603:. This is known as a
575:medical prescriptions
564:
493:
348:
336:
273:
4378:Professional symbols
4373:Laboratory equipment
4286:Cutting and abrasive
3533:Prehistoric medicine
3528:Prehistoric counting
3511:Prehistoric religion
3506:Paleolithic religion
3484:Behavioral modernity
2841:Causewayed enclosure
2733:Abri de la Madeleine
1857:Neolithic Revolution
1442:"History of Mortars"
1375:Macmillan Publishers
961:. When dealing with
632:parenteral nutrition
445:The classical Latin
4358:Food grinding tools
3755:Cake and pie server
3572:Prehistoric warfare
2318:Magdalenian culture
2281:Levallois technique
2212:Earliest toolmaking
1706:"About Us: History"
1323:Wright, K. (1991).
1191:archaeological site
895:, literally "boat (
893:bangkang pangpinawa
818:mortar is known as
661:, literally "boat (
39:
3830:Mated colander pot
3523:Origin of language
3516:Spiritual drug use
3426:Rectangular dolmen
3328:Dartmoor kistvaens
3141:Carved stone balls
2853:Circular enclosure
2812:Other architecture
2755:Alp pile dwellings
2343:Solutrean industry
2254:Gravettian culture
1904:Secondary products
1175:Khalili Collection
947:
874:
779:in these mortars.
733:. A regular-sized
672:
652:
616:drug paraphernalia
578:
500:
423:, from old French
358:
343:
276:
37:
4345:
4344:
4169:Strawberry huller
4039:Mortar and pestle
3760:Candy thermometer
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3545:Prehistoric music
3494:music archaeology
3151:Cup and ring mark
2976:Clothing/textiles
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2363:Yubetsu technique
2348:Striking platform
2313:Lithic technology
2198:
2197:
2183:Game drive system
2102:Projectile points
1994:Mortar and pestle
1444:. 8 January 2021.
1099:mortar and pestle
844:sambal ulek/oelek
810:variety known as
806:, as well as the
786:, it is known as
431:, from classical
411:The English word
205:
114:them into a fine
100:mortar and pestle
96:
95:
38:Mortar and pestle
16:(Redirected from
4390:
4363:Alchemical tools
4266:Kitchen utensils
4259:
4258:
4242:
4241:
4002:Meat thermometer
3932:Grapefruit knife
3862:Edible tableware
3627:
3620:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3560:Divje Babe flute
3467:Archaeoastronomy
3210:Petrosomatoglyph
2944:
2943:
2927:
2926:
2776:Water management
2579:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2469:Denticulate tool
2291:Lithic reduction
2024:
2023:
1845:
1844:
1832:
1831:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1507:. Archived from
1506:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1384:
1378:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1329:
1320:
1268:Stone and muller
1205:
1186:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1123:
1108:
1092:
1069:
1057:Mitmita made in
1054:
1038:
951:food preparation
838:, a spicy chili
747:, respectively.
642:Food preparation
636:nasogastric tube
586:Rod of Asclepius
450:
440:
429:
421:
349:Rock mortars in
341:, 22000–18000 BC
292:force of gravity
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
212:
203:
201:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
47:
40:
36:
21:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4383:Kebaran culture
4348:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4230:
4189:Trussing needle
3997:Meat tenderizer
3987:Measuring spoon
3696:
3670:Eating utensils
3636:
3631:
3601:
3588:
3455:
3441:Stone box grave
3411:Megalithic tomb
3316:Cotswold-Severn
3268:
3173:Guardian stones
3101:Prehistoric art
3095:
2938:
2913:
2902:Timber trackway
2807:
2771:
2767:Wattle and daub
2620:
2599:Standing stones
2573:
2552:
2367:
2194:
2171:
2096:
2013:
1923:Food processing
1918:
1867:New World crops
1839:
1826:
1769:
1764:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1385:
1381:
1367:Mellaart, James
1365:
1361:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1187:
1178:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1093:
1084:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1022:
1010:
927:
889:bangkang pinawa
862:
856:
708:Native American
659:Bangkang pinawa
644:
559:
554:
488:
462:The Roman poet
409:
369:Kebaran culture
339:Kebaran culture
331:
216:
207:
206:
181:
177:
143:
139:
92:
71:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4396:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4276:Types of tools
4272:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4199:Weighing scale
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4119:Poultry shears
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4064:Pastry blender
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3967:Lemon squeezer
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3942:Gravy strainer
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:Cooking vessel
3641:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Alligator drum
3542:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3477:lunar calendar
3474:
3463:
3461:
3460:Other cultural
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3264:Venus figurine
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Megalithic art
3192:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3146:Cave paintings
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2948:Material goods
2940:
2939:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2664:Cliff dwelling
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Fire hardening
2246:
2241:
2239:Clovis culture
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2162:Manis Mastodon
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2041:throwing stick
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1853:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1725:External links
1723:
1720:
1719:
1697:
1657:
1616:
1601:
1589:Temple of Thai
1576:
1550:
1524:
1493:
1479:
1461:
1447:
1433:
1426:
1406:
1399:
1379:
1359:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1095:A traditional
1094:
1087:
1085:
1081:Dutch spelling
1071:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1009:
1006:
959:microorganisms
926:
923:
919:Middle Passage
870:South Carolina
855:
852:
753:Southeast Asia
643:
640:
558:
555:
553:
550:
534:Elixir of life
487:
484:
408:
405:
330:
327:
94:
93:
91:
90:
85:
79:
77:
73:
72:
70:
69:
64:
58:
56:
52:
51:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4395:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:Slotted spoon
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Roller docker
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Potato masher
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Nutmeg grater
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:Measuring cup
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:Fat separator
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:Egg separator
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Cutting board
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:Cookie cutter
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:Citrus reamer
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Cherry pitter
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:Cheese slicer
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Cheese cutter
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:Butter curler
3748:
3746:
3745:Browning tray
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Bottle opener
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3634:Kitchen tools
3628:
3623:
3621:
3616:
3614:
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3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Simple dolmen
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3421:Passage grave
3419:
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3409:
3405:
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3367:Gallery grave
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3297:
3293:
3290:
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3283:
3282:Burial mounds
3280:
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3258:
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3250:
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3242:Statue menhir
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3230:Stone carving
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3069:Sewing needle
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2999:
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2897:Timber circle
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2859:
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2846:Tor enclosure
2844:
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2834:fulacht fiadh
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2500:
2497:
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2237:
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2228:
2225:
2223:
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2210:
2209:
2207:
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2201:
2189:
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2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
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2112:
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2105:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:spear-thrower
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:Bow and arrow
2046:
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2034:
2032:
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2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
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2007:
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1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
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1965:
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1960:
1958:
1957:Grinding slab
1955:
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1946:
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1925:
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1889:Domestication
1887:
1885:
1884:Digging stick
1882:
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1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Founder crops
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1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:New Stone Age
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
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1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
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1761:
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1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
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1738:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1708:. Retsch GmbH
1707:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1605:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1514:on 2016-03-19
1510:
1503:
1497:
1489:
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1476:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1427:9781317480648
1423:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1400:9780759123663
1396:
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809:
805:
801:
797:
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789:
785:
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774:
770:
766:
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755:, as well as
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724:
719:
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713:
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568:
563:
549:
546:
544:
540:
536:
535:
530:
525:
522:
517:
514:
511:
509:
508:Old Testament
505:
504:Ebers Papyrus
497:
492:
483:
480:
475:
473:
469:
466:applied both
465:
460:
458:
454:
449:
443:
441:
439:
434:
430:
428:
422:
420:
414:
404:
400:
396:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
365:
362:
356:
352:
347:
340:
335:
326:
324:
320:
316:
315:butter churns
311:
309:
305:
300:
298:
293:
287:
285:
281:
272:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
237:
210:
199:
175:
171:
167:
161:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
78:
76:Related items
74:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
57:
53:
46:
41:
33:
19:
18:Mortar (bowl)
4260:
4243:
4209:Wooden spoon
4179:Tomato knife
4109:Potato ricer
4099:Pizza cutter
4074:Pastry wheel
4069:Pastry brush
4038:
4034:Milk watcher
4029:Milk frother
4017:Herb chopper
4007:Melon baller
3992:Meat grinder
3972:Lobster pick
3952:Honing steel
3947:Honey dipper
3927:Garlic press
3912:Flour sifter
3897:Fillet knife
3852:Crab cracker
3842:Cookie press
3790:Chef's knife
3775:Cheese knife
3709:Apple cutter
3377:wedge-shaped
3362:Funeral pyre
3355:Great dolmen
3311:Chamber tomb
3292:Round barrow
3247:Stone circle
3119:Blombos Cave
3047:Grooved ware
2971:Chalcolithic
2875:Thornborough
2793:Flush toilet
2728:Blombos Cave
2723:Rock shelter
2679:Quiggly hole
2571:Architecture
2546:illustration
2188:Buffalo jump
2009:Storage pits
1993:
1972:Aşıklı Höyük
1962:Ground stone
1798:Subdivisions
1710:. Retrieved
1700:
1674:. Retrieved
1669:
1660:
1635:
1631:
1619:
1610:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:
1579:
1568:. Retrieved
1564:Bangkok Post
1563:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:studylib.net
1536:
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1509:the original
1496:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1450:
1436:
1416:
1409:
1389:
1382:
1370:
1362:
1340:(1): 19–45.
1337:
1331:
1318:
1282:
1278:
1072:
1023:
1015:
1011:
975:
971:
948:
928:
915:
906:
896:
892:
888:
878:
875:
843:
842:, hence the
831:
827:
823:
819:
787:
781:
743:
739:
720:
710:nations use
692:Mesoamerican
673:
662:
658:
624:insufflation
613:
594:
582:prescription
579:
570:
547:
532:
526:
518:
515:
512:
501:
496:Ivan Bilibin
476:
471:
467:
461:
452:
444:
435:
424:
416:
412:
410:
401:
397:
384:Raqefet Cave
381:
366:
363:
359:
351:Raqefet Cave
312:
301:
288:
280:quern-stones
277:
242:
173:
135:
99:
97:
4336:Woodworking
4249:Kitchenware
4129:Rolling pin
4089:Pepper mill
3902:Fish scaler
3872:Egg poacher
3867:Egg piercer
3785:Cheesecloth
3740:Bread knife
3705:Apple corer
3665:Dishwashing
3645:Kitchenware
3399:unchambered
3394:Long barrow
3384:Grave goods
3340:Court cairn
3335:Clava cairn
3287:Bowl barrow
3225:Rock cupule
3168:Golden hats
3161:Hill figure
3062:Unstan ware
3042:Cord-marked
2907:Sweet Track
2829:Burnt mound
2750:Stilt house
2738:Sibudu Cave
2531:Tally stick
2499:Quern-stone
2484:Hammerstone
2474:Fire plough
2445:Pesse canoe
2403:Bannerstone
2373:Other tools
2286:Lithic core
2234:Aurignacian
2122:Bare Island
2004:Quern-stone
1638:(1): 1–27.
1263:Quern-stone
1258:Oralu kallu
963:medications
881:Philippines
788:batu lesung
775:) to crush
729:to prepare
669:Philippines
628:dosage form
609:trituration
573:symbol for
541:for making
529:Moon rabbit
251:for making
83:quern-stone
4352:Categories
4244:Categories
4114:Pot-holder
4059:Pastry bag
4054:Oven glove
4044:Nutcracker
4024:Microplane
3907:Fish slice
3882:Egg slicer
3805:Chopsticks
3765:Can opener
3538:trepanning
3431:Ring cairn
3389:Jar burial
3372:transepted
3304:U.S. sites
3205:Petroglyph
3131:Bird stone
3089:wine press
2762:Stone roof
2745:Roundhouse
2637:long house
2614:Stonehenge
2582:Ceremonial
2526:Stone tool
2353:Tool stone
2323:Metallurgy
2227:Mousterian
2204:Toolmaking
2142:Cumberland
2115:Transverse
2085:Schöningen
1977:Qesem cave
1945:Earth oven
1899:Irrigation
1810:Technology
1778:Prehistory
1712:19 January
1676:3 December
1670:about food
1594:3 December
1570:2019-03-24
1518:2007-04-12
1473:line 170:
1470:Satire VII
1333:Paléorient
1310:References
1077:Indonesian
1020:Advantages
943:Cape Verde
773:upanayanam
590:show globe
567:apothecary
373:the Levant
128:laboratory
4012:Mezzaluna
3977:Mandoline
3917:Food mill
3887:Egg timer
3847:Corkscrew
3725:Blowtorch
3685:Tableware
3582:symbolism
3446:Tor cairn
3404:Grønsalen
3345:Cremation
3237:Sculpture
3215:Pictogram
3200:Petroform
3020:amber use
2988:Cosmetics
2798:Reservoir
2783:Check dam
2713:Pueblitos
2708:Pit-house
2691:Longhouse
2625:Dwellings
2494:Microlith
2425:Bow drill
2420:Bone tool
2413:prismatic
2222:Acheulean
2137:Cresswell
2110:Arrowhead
2036:Boomerang
1952:Granaries
1914:Terracing
1793:Stone Age
1253:Molcajete
1243:Millstone
1228:Dolly pot
1002:molcajete
941:Women in
848:gado-gado
840:condiment
816:Indonesia
796:West Asia
740:suribachi
714:to grind
688:molcajete
676:guacamole
597:porcelain
521:Baba Yaga
472:pistillum
468:mortarium
448:pistillum
438:mortarium
407:Etymology
392:Natufians
355:Stone Age
319:Neolithic
297:ergonomic
245:Stone Age
4291:Forestry
4281:Cleaning
4139:Scissors
4094:Pie bird
3825:Colander
3815:Clay pot
3220:Rock art
3183:painting
3156:Geoglyph
2981:timeline
2961:Beadwork
2701:Mehrgarh
2696:Mudbrick
2604:megalith
2479:Fire-saw
2301:debitage
2296:analysis
2264:Hand axe
2244:Cupstone
1822:Glossary
1783:Timeline
1686:cite web
1543:28 March
1369:(1976),
1354:41492435
1218:Cupstone
1211:See also
1171:Khurasan
1079:word in
1059:Ethiopia
988:, iron,
925:Material
812:masabcha
800:meatloaf
790:. Large
777:turmeric
757:Pakistan
744:surikogi
735:Japanese
620:ingested
605:Wedgwood
557:Medicine
308:grinders
304:blenders
249:ceramics
132:pharmacy
112:grinding
108:crushing
67:grinding
62:crushing
4316:Masonry
4306:Kitchen
4261:Commons
4214:Scraper
4159:Spatula
3820:Cleaver
3800:Chinois
3720:Beanpot
3690:Teaware
3660:Cutlery
3577:Symbols
3188:pigment
3074:Weaving
3037:Cardium
3032:Pottery
3027:Mirrors
3015:Jewelry
2956:Baskets
2936:culture
2788:Cistern
2594:Pyramid
2536:Weapons
2514:Scraper
2504:Racloir
2464:Cleaver
2452:Chopper
2358:Uniface
2269:Grooves
2259:Hafting
2217:Oldowan
2176:Systems
2127:Cascade
2090:woomera
2080:harpoon
2053:history
2019:Hunting
1999:Pottery
1940:Cooking
1849:Farming
1815:history
1788:Outline
1652:3490844
1248:Muddler
1233:Makitra
1028:Gallery
931:brittle
879:In the
832:Oelekan
749:Granite
727:mallets
565:Iconic
479:bombard
464:Juvenal
427:mortier
329:History
323:churned
284:mallets
257:masonry
170:granite
166:ceramic
124:kitchen
122:in the
4326:Mining
4296:Garden
4226:Zester
4164:Spider
4084:Peeler
3937:Grater
3922:Funnel
3715:Baster
3555:flutes
3350:Dolmen
3274:Burial
3084:winery
3057:Linear
2887:Midden
2865:Cursus
2858:Goseck
2718:Pueblo
2669:Dugout
2654:Burdei
2333:Mining
2157:Lamoka
2152:Folsom
2132:Clovis
1989:Metate
1967:Hearth
1935:Basket
1909:Sickle
1650:
1424:
1397:
1352:
1238:Metate
1195:Israel
1113:Mexico
1097:Nepali
1075:, the
1073:Tjobek
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998:basalt
996:, and
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978:marble
955:flavor
907:lusong
903:molave
898:bangka
836:sambal
828:Ulekan
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808:hummus
804:kibbeh
716:acorns
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682:, and
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634:or by
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419:morter
413:mortar
388:Israel
265:mojito
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134:. The
130:, and
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4331:Power
4219:Dough
4204:Whisk
4194:Twine
4184:Tongs
4174:Tamis
4149:Sieve
4144:Scoop
3957:Ladle
3472:sites
3416:Mummy
3136:Cairn
3052:Jōmon
3003:shoes
2998:Hides
2870:Henge
2824:Broch
2686:Jacal
2541:Wheel
2489:Knife
2435:Canoe
2430:Burin
2408:Blade
2306:flake
2167:Plano
2075:baton
2065:Spear
2031:Arrow
1984:Manos
1837:Tools
1648:S2CID
1512:(PDF)
1505:(PDF)
1350:JSTOR
1328:(PDF)
1293:Yagen
1288:mochi
1223:Dheki
994:brass
990:steel
982:agate
967:drugs
911:Luzon
820:Cobek
814:. In
802:, or
792:stone
784:Malay
769:Hindu
765:India
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684:pesto
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377:Sinai
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104:tools
4301:Hand
4079:Peel
3962:Lame
3735:Bowl
3565:gudi
3323:Cist
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3079:Wine
3008:Ötzi
2993:Glue
2966:Beds
2934:and
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2803:Well
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2589:Kiva
2519:side
2509:Rope
2457:tool
2391:bone
2381:Adze
2147:Eden
2060:Nets
1930:Fire
1894:Goad
1879:Celt
1714:2020
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1596:2016
1545:2019
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1395:ISBN
1283:Kine
1281:and
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204:also
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1640:doi
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1279:Usu
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1128:Lao
980:or
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