438:
49:
542:
577:
497:
become his vassals in 1211. He finally destroyed
Western Karakhanids in 1212 and Ghurids in 1215 annexing with their remainder territories. During 1212 the city of Samarkand revolted killing 8,000–10,000 Khwarezmians living there. Muhammad, in retaliation, sacked the city and executed 10,000 citizens
593:
Trying to maintain diplomacy, Genghis sent an envoy of three men to the Shah, to give him a chance to disclaim all knowledge of the governor's actions and hand him over to the
Mongols for punishment. The shah executed the envoy (again, some sources claim one man was executed, some claim all three
413:
from the Ghurid rulers of
Bamiyan, but shortly recognized the authority of Ghiyath. Ghiyath, not glad about Tajuddin controlling Ghazni, and not daring to leave Ghur unprotected, requested help from the Muhammad II. Muhammad, however, instead invaded the domains of Ghiyath, capturing
563:
made contact with the Shah. Having only recently conquered two-thirds of what would one day be China, Genghis was looking to open trade relations, but having heard exaggerated reports of the
Mongols, the Shah believed this gesture was only a ploy to invade
568:
land. Genghis sent emissaries to
Khwarezm (reports vary – one stating a group of 100 Muslim merchants with a single Mongol leading them, others state 450) to emphasize his hope for a trade road. The Shah, in turn, had one of his governors
672:
Taksh's sucçessor, Alauddin
Muhammnad Khwarazm Shah, styled 'the Second Alexander' (1200-20), was the last of the old type of Emperor-Sultans, for Timur does not belong to this category
390:, who sent an army to aid Muhammad. Mu'izz, because of the pressure from the Kara-Khitans, was forced to relieve the siege and retreat. However, on his way to his domains in
437:
594:
were), and then immediately had the Mongol merchant party (Muslim and Mongol alike) put to death and their goods seized. These events led
Genghis to
48:
533:, the shah's army was caught in a blizzard. Thousands of warriors died. With the army decimated, the generals had no choice but to return home.
948:
595:
324:
266:
120:
559:
In 1218, a small contingent of
Mongols crossed borders in pursuit of an escaped enemy general. Upon successfully retrieving him,
17:
1062:
815:
374:
in 1203 after months of illness. Muhammad II used this opportunity to invade the domains of the Ghurid Empire, and besieged
398:
in 1204. Mu'izz al-Din was later assassinated in 1206, throwing the Ghurid Empire into a civil war. During the civil war,
426:. Thirteen months later, Muhammad was freed from captivity, and once again invaded the domains of Ghiyath, and captured
941:
854:
788:
692:
541:
934:
573:, his uncle) openly accuse the party of spying, their rich goods were seized and the party was arrested.
1067:
662:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 42.
339:
died, Muhammad succeeded him. Right after his accession, however, his domains were invaded by the two
1057:
1000:
344:
1016:
968:
918:
587:
226:
164:
110:
60:
780:
774:
704:
684:
367:, earning criticism from Ghiyath which led to the only reported quarrel between the brothers.
494:
399:
838:
1052:
1047:
582:
55:
576:
8:
872:
423:
387:
309:
246:
230:
957:
908:
305:
72:
992:
901:
850:
811:
784:
729:
A Comprehensive
History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century
688:
663:
406:
395:
336:
256:
159:
100:
622:
530:
352:
348:
289:
209:
805:
657:
656:(1992). "THE KHWARAZMIAN EMPIRE". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
834:
653:
434:, and captured Ghiyath. Ghiyath then agreed to recognize Muhammad's authority.
313:
188:
1041:
615:
525:
rejected his claim, Ala ad-Din
Muhammad gathered an army and marched towards
446:
716:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle
667:
560:
506:
378:. Mu'izz, however, managed to repel him from Herat and then pursued him to
839:"The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)"
770:
630:
490:
474:
462:
276:
144:
214:
547:
477:
from Western Karakhanids. He pursued expansionist policy and conquered
466:
363:, but he let his troops get out of control and got little further than
351:. Within weeks, the two brothers had moved their armies westwards into
195:
87:
984:
659:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
603:
502:
470:
458:
360:
293:
218:
626:
599:
570:
522:
478:
442:
379:
356:
320:
202:
634:
607:
552:
526:
518:
482:
419:
383:
316:
241:
926:
514:
486:
450:
410:
364:
340:
976:
611:
427:
415:
375:
371:
222:
181:
510:
431:
391:
386:, his capital. Muhammad desperately requested aid from the
301:
298:
Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Sanjar ibn Tekish
68:
580:
Muhammad II's death, depicted in a 1430 manuscript of the
319:
who eventually became a viceroy of a small province named
849:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202.
327:, which resulted in the utter destruction of his empire.
441:
A coin of 'Ala al-Din Muhammad II citing Abbasid caliph
718:, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 269.
422:. However, during his invasion he was captured by the
53:
Depiction of Muhammad II in a 1430 manuscript of the
359:, Mu'izz al-Din was sent on an expedition towards
758:Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia
742:The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History
685:History of civilizations of Central Asia, vol. IV
501:By 1217, he had conquered all the lands from the
1039:
596:retaliate with a force of 100,000 to 150,000 men
430:. Muhammad then invaded the Ghurid heartland of
529:to depose an-Nasir. However, when crossing the
752:
750:
652:
621:Ala ad-Din Muhammad fled and sought refuge in
942:
705:Enc. Islam, article: Muhammad, Mu'izz al-Din
769:
747:
949:
935:
807:Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection
47:
744:, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 70.
731:, (Dorling Kindersley Pvt., 2011), 53–54.
687:, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Pub. (1999)
551:of Ala ad-Din Muhammad II, struck at the
513:and demanded formal recognition from the
325:Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
833:
575:
540:
485:from Western Karakhanids and regions of
436:
779:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
185:: Ala ad-Din (shortly), Iskandar-i Sani
14:
1040:
930:
763:
614:and others. Muhammad's capital city,
734:
308:from 1200 to 1220. His ancestor was
803:
24:
827:
445:and minted in the newly conquered
405:However, Ghiyath's Turkic general
25:
1079:
956:
760:, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 43.
602:in 1219 and sacked the cities of
909:Shah of the Khwarezmian Empire
797:
721:
709:
698:
677:
646:
402:managed to emerge victorious.
13:
1:
1063:13th-century monarchs in Asia
847:The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
843:The Cambridge History of Iran
640:
292:: علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه;
142:1220 (aged 50–51)
7:
1030:usurpers or rival claimants
10:
1084:
457:Muhammad II then captured
323:. He was subjected to the
1028:
964:
915:
906:
898:
893:
866:
355:. Once they had captured
272:
262:
252:
240:
179:
174:
170:
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150:
138:
130:
126:
116:
106:
96:
86:
78:
67:
46:
39:
34:
868:Muhammad II of Khwarazm
841:. In Frye, R. N. (ed.).
683:Ahmad Hasan Dani et al.
330:
810:. Bantam. p. 176.
776:A History of Inner Asia
618:, followed soon after.
536:
165:Jalal ad-Din Manguberdi
18:Muhammad II of Khwarezm
727:Farooqui Salma Ahmed,
590:
588:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
556:
509:. He declared himself
454:
111:Jalal al-Din Mangburni
61:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
579:
544:
495:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
440:
400:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud
394:, he was defeated in
629:on an island in the
625:, and later died of
345:Ghiyath al-Din Ghori
286:Alā' al-Din Muhammad
41:The Second Alexander
873:House of Anushtegin
424:Kara-Khitan Khanate
388:Kara-Khitan Khanate
310:Anushtegin Gharchai
247:House of Anushtegin
1068:Anushtegin dynasty
804:Man, John (2005).
637:some weeks later.
591:
557:
521:. When the caliph
455:
306:Khwarazmian Empire
1035:
1034:
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
973:
925:
924:
916:Succeeded by
817:978-0-553-81498-9
633:near the port of
598:that crossed the
583:Jami' al-tawarikh
493:from Ghurids and
461:in 1207 from the
407:Taj al-Din Yildiz
396:Battle of Andkhud
335:After his father
282:
281:
236:
235:
154:Ay Chichek Khatun
56:Jami' al-tawarikh
16:(Redirected from
1075:
1019:
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
979:
971:
951:
944:
937:
928:
927:
899:Preceded by
889:
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864:
863:
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822:
821:
801:
795:
794:
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754:
745:
738:
732:
725:
719:
713:
707:
702:
696:
681:
675:
674:
650:
531:Zagros Mountains
370:Ghiyath died at
172:
171:
51:
32:
31:
21:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1058:Muslim monarchs
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1024:
960:
955:
921:
912:
904:
883:
877:
876:
869:
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845:. Vol. 5:
835:Bosworth, C. E.
830:
828:Further reading
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203:Turkic nickname
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894:Regnal titles
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824:
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796:
789:
762:
756:Rafis Abazov,
746:
740:Michel Biran,
733:
720:
708:
697:
676:
654:Mohammad Habib
644:
642:
639:
538:
535:
503:river Jaxartes
498:of Samarkand.
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980:(1127/8–1156)
978:
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958:Khwarazmshahs
952:
947:
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856:0-521-06936-X
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790:0-521-65704-0
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693:81-208-1409-6
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520:
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512:
508:
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484:
480:
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469:in 1210 from
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349:Mu'izz al-Din
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267:Terken Khatun
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58:
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50:
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42:
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27:Khwarazm Shah
19:
1008:
907:
885:
878:
871:
846:
842:
806:
799:
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757:
741:
736:
728:
723:
715:
711:
700:
679:
671:
658:
648:
620:
592:
581:
565:
561:Genghis Khan
558:
546:
507:Persian Gulf
500:
456:
404:
382:, besieging
369:
334:
297:
285:
283:
208:
201:
194:
187:
180:
54:
40:
29:
1053:1220 deaths
1048:1169 births
1020:(1220–1231)
1012:(1200–1220)
1009:Muhammad II
1004:(1172–1193)
1001:Sultan-Shah
996:(1172–1200)
988:(1156–1172)
972:(1097–1127)
771:Svat Soucek
631:Caspian Sea
491:Balochistan
475:Transoxiana
463:Kara Khitay
449:capital of
277:Sunni Islam
217:Tekish ibn
213:: Muhammad
192:: Abul-Fath
145:Caspian Sea
97:Predecessor
35:Muhammad II
1042:Categories
1017:Manguberdi
969:Muhammad I
919:Manguberdi
913:1200–1220
641:References
467:Tabaristan
300:) was the
231:Anushtegin
199:: Muhammad
196:Given name
88:Coronation
985:Il-Arslan
604:Samarkand
471:Bavandids
459:Samarkand
343:brothers
294:full name
219:Il-Arslan
107:Successor
82:1200–1220
837:(1968).
773:(2002).
668:31870180
627:pleurisy
623:Khorasan
600:Jaxartes
571:Inalchuq
523:an-Nasir
479:Tashkent
443:al-Nasir
380:Khwarezm
357:Nishapur
353:Khorasan
321:Khwarizm
273:Religion
227:Muhammad
206:: Sanjar
117:Co-ruler
73:Khwarezm
635:Abaskun
616:Urgench
608:Bukhara
553:Bukhara
527:Baghdad
519:Baghdad
505:to the
483:Fergana
420:Tirmidh
409:seized
384:Gurganj
304:of the
290:Persian
993:Tekish
902:Tekish
884:
853:
814:
787:
695:, p182
691:
666:
515:caliph
487:Makran
451:Ghazni
447:Ghurid
411:Ghazni
365:Gurgan
341:Ghurid
337:Tekish
317:Ghulam
314:Turkic
263:Mother
257:Tekish
253:Father
151:Spouse
101:Tekish
977:Atsiz
886:Died:
879:Born:
612:Otrar
548:dinar
545:Gold
428:Herat
416:Balkh
376:Herat
372:Herat
331:Reign
242:House
223:Atsiz
210:Nasab
189:Kunya
182:Laqab
175:Names
160:Issue
79:Reign
888:1220
881:1169
851:ISBN
812:ISBN
785:ISBN
689:ISBN
664:OCLC
555:mint
537:Fall
511:shah
489:and
481:and
473:and
432:Ghur
418:and
392:Ghur
347:and
312:, a
302:Shah
229:ibn
225:ibn
221:ibn
139:Died
134:1169
131:Born
92:1200
69:Shah
781:106
586:by
566:his
517:in
361:Ray
215:ibn
71:of
59:by
1044::
783:.
749:^
670:.
610:,
606:,
465:,
296::
950:e
943:t
936:v
859:.
820:.
793:.
569:(
453:.
288:(
284:'
20:)
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