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further discussion about elections until
September 1850, when the government submitted a new proposal for a twenty-four member chamber elected using the Prussian three-class franchise, modelled on the Erfurt Parliament. There was no further consultation with Parliament about the new elections, since the Duke dissolved Parliament on 2 April 1851. On 25 November, the Duke finally brought regulations into effect for the election of a Parliament similar to the bicameral system that existed before 1848. The political groups and the few remaining societies made no attempt at campaigning. On 14 and 16 February 1852 the landowners and merchants in the highest tax-bracket (less than a hundred people in the whole duchy) voted first for the six members of the upper chamber. The electoral college for the lower house was elected on 9 February and the elected college met on 18 February. The eligible voters for the lower chamber numbered 70,490. Voter turnout was between 3–4%. In some areas, lack of interest meant that the elections could not take place at all. Unlike the previous Parliament, farmers were the largest group in the new lower house.
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liberals in parliament argued that the sale of the Abbey should not be completed. They argued that the buildings and estate were worth more than the price that they had been sold for, and that
Parliament had a right to veto sales of land. The government's officials denied that Parliament had any such right and stressed the social value that the structure would have after its sale. In the course of the debate, which continued over several sittings, a fierce war of words developed between the pro- and anti-clerical members of Parliament. The anti-clerical members disapproved of giving the Catholic church oversight of children. In the end, the sale went ahead despite Parliament's opposition.
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1479:. As the reaction against the revolution began, there were many new foundations, so that by the end of 1848, there were around fifty organisations in the Kirberger Union, many with their own sub-organisations. In the following months however, the democratic movement collapsed rapidly. After the middle of 1849, there were no active democratic societies. A few societies were formed, supporting constitutional monarchy. They gained an over-arching structure on 19 November 1848, when the Nassau and Hessian constitutional societies named themselves the Deutsche Vereine (German Society) as an umbrella organisation with its base in Wiesbaden.
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previous regimes and the new subjects. According to the reports of Nassau officials, the new administrations were welcomed, or at least accepted without protest, in most regions, since the Nassau principalities were considered very liberal, compared to the former ecclesiastical rulers. Between
December 1802 and September 1803, the wealth monasteries and religious communities were disbanded. The closures of monasteries without possessions continued until 1817 since the state had to provide pensions to monks and converses after disbanding their communities. Between October 1803 and February 1804, the territories of many
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1679:, the city of Frankfurt, and Nassau. Both houses were asked to give their assent to a law bringing the Prussian constitution into force in those territories on 1 October 1867. The law was passed by both houses of the Prussian Landtag on 20 September 1866 and was published in the gazette. The next step was the publication of the notice of annexation, which made the citizens of the nine annexed regions into citizens of Prussia. After these official actions, further practical actions were taken to bring the annexed regions into full union with the rest of Prussia.
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1324:(20–23%). Turnout varied by region from very low to nearly full participation, but there was a tendency for higher participation in the cities than in the countryside. Many procedural irregularities were reported from the electoral assemblies. Ideological programmes played a minor role in the selection of electors. Promises of lower rates of taxation were thrown around in many of the hustings during the assemblies. In most cases they elected people who were already socially prominent, like mayors, teachers, forest rangers, or clergymen (especially in the
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two districts had a turnout of more than 60%. In some places, the only participants were the polling officials themselves. In at least 27 of the 132 electoral districts, the vote could not take place at all because of low turnout and had to be rescheduled for 27 January. The men chosen to be members of the electoral colleges were all civil servants. In the following days, the constitutional monarchists nominated candidates to be elected as representative. On 31 January, the electoral colleges chose Carl Wirth, a local official in
1308:, began to encourage Catholic societies in rural areas. They had the clearest programme of any of the parties, with 21 core principles, which the Bishop had promulgated on 9 March. Additionally, pastoral letters and religious services provided a platform for propagating ecclesiastical politics. On 4 April, a radical liberal pamphlet was distributed in Wiesbaden, announcing the "Committee of the Republican Society" as the first party that stood against the Catholic political agitation. The next day, a special issue of the
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1249:. A draft bill was presented on 20 March and finally passed on 28 March. They decided in favour of an electoral college by 18 votes to three. On 5 April the electoral law came into effect. It stated that every hundred people would choose an elector, who in turn would meet in one of 14 electoral colleges, each of which would choose one member of parliament. The right to vote was extended to several groups that had hitherto been excluded, such as noblemen, officials, pensioners, and
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point, drafted several reform proposals, few of which were accepted. The issue of the Domain thus progressed to burning point. On 24 March, the deputies of the lower chamber put forward a proposal for the Domain to become property of the populace. The government forbade a public assemblies on this issue and announced the opposite opinion. To suppress any revolt following this decision, several hundred troops were called in from the neighbouring
1320:. Since this was the first time that such a task had been attempted, it was an incredibly difficult process in many areas to create the lists of voters. There were protests by the populace and newspapers against limitations on the right to vote that were considered unfair. In particular, they pushed back against the fact that the adult sons of artisans and farmers would not be allowed to vote if they worked in their father's business.
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Duke to veto decisions of
Parliament. While the left wing in the Parliament did not recognise this power, the right wing and the Ducal government insisted on it. Soon this dispute led to unrest among the general population. Finally, Hergenhahn called in Prussian and Austrian troops from Mainz, who put down the riots in Wiesbaden. In September, after fighting in the streets in Frankfurt, Federal troops occupied part of the Taunus.
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1280:. In Wiesbaden, a central safety committee for the whole of Nassau under the leadership of Augustus Hergenhahn was established and came to enjoy a level of authority throughout the Duchy. Hergenhahn developed into the moderate liberal leading light of the revolution and also secured the trust of Duke Adoplhe. After Emil August von Dungern resigned as Chief Minister, the Duke appointed Hergenhahn as his replacement on 16 April.
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lords sought to discuss voting rights as well, there were protests among the populace of
Wiesbaden. Around 500 people gathered in Wiesbaden in the evening to publicly debate the question of voting rights. Smaller meetings occurred in other cities of nassau. By the middle of the month however, these public discussions had faded away. Meanwhile, the lower chamber agreed that the future parliament should be
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lords voted down a targeted action of the bourgeois against
Bieberstein. In the following months, there were ever more assemblies, rallies, newspaper articles (especially from outside Nassau), and pamphlets by the different parties of the conflict. Officials who had expressed sympathies for the bourgeois were reprimanded or fired and liberal newspapers from outside Nassau were banned.
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of the people, they were mainly peasants, armed with scythes, cudgels, and axes, seeking the abolition of old Feudal impositions and an easing of forest and hunting laws. As the crowd moved restlessly through the city, the Duke announced from the balcony of his residence that he would meet all their demands. Then the crowd happily dispersed.
976:(cultivation ordinance) promoted the autonomous management of soil and land. After a transitional period with four districts, the new Duchy was consolidated into three districts on 1 August 1809: Wiesbaden, Weilburg, and Ehrenbreitstein. In turn, these were abolished in 1816, with the establishment of Wiesbaden as sole capital. The number of
1189:. The government attempted some tentative reforms in 1845 with a somewhat more liberal municipalities law and with a law about district courts in 1846. In 1847, Parliament drafted laws on press freedom and damage to the land by animals, in response to complaints from the rural population about the consequences of Ducal hunts.
1535:, where they were stationed as representatives of the German Federation to prevent revolutionary movements. Beyond that, they wanted the reconstitution of a German parliament with full powers. The Catholic political societies had already disappeared by this point. The church itself made no effort to influence the election.
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743:(1792–1797), Nassau-Dietz lost its possessions in Belgium and the Netherlands, while Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg lost all their territories west of the Rhine to France. On the other hand, like other German secular principalities, the Nassaus gained territory that had formerly belonged to the church as a result of
1608:. It had been secularised in 1803 and passed into private ownership. In 1841 the site was put up for sale and the government made plans to turn the abbey into the first state-run home for the elderly and poor in Nassau. The Minister of Construction estimated the costs for the required renovations at 34,000
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Preparation for elections to the Erfurt
Parliament began in December 1849. On 20 January 1850, the initial election of the electoral college took place in Nassau. Due to the higher voting age, the number of voters participating was a bit lower than in 1848. The turnout varied between 1% and 20%. Only
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all sought a high voter turnout in the hope that this would add legitimacy to the
Prussian plans for a monarchist Germany. The so-called Gotha Post-Parliament, an informal successor of the Frankfurt Parliament, came decisively under the influence of Max van Gagern. August Hergenhahn also participated
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won with 82% of the vote. Von Gagern had been approached to be a candidate by the liberals, but was also a devoted
Catholic and close confidant of the Duke. This position between the camps provided opportunities for Catholics and Liberals to attack him, but these attacks ultimately had little impact,
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In accordance with a proclamation of
Hergenhahn, around 40,000 men assembled in Wiesbaden on 4 March. There was a clear conflict in this action, which would shape the subsequent development of events: while the circle around Hergenhahn hoped to receive confirmation of their demands by the acclamation
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In March 1832, there was a new election for the lower chamber. However, the bourgeois deputies demanded that the house of lords were reduced to their previous numbers. Since the government refused this, the deputies ended the session and left the chamber on 17 April. The three ecclesiastical members,
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of 1830 sparked unrest in neighbouring countries. In 1831, the government prevented the submission of petitions to the Duke on the subject and held a joint manoeuvre in Rheingau with Austrian troops from the fortress in Mainz. At its next sitting, Parliament, which had not been very active up to this
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Only four years after the establishment of the constitution, in 1818, did the first election in the Duchy take place. As a result, Parliament was prevented from playing a role in the establishment of the Duchy. The electorate consisted of 39 nobles, 1448 owners of substantial amounts of land, and 128
998:, who originally came from Nassau and had substantial holdings there. The princes encouraged his involvement because he was part of the class of Imperial Knights who had been dispossessed by them and due to his involvement, the opposition of the Knights was diminished. However, the legislation of the
880:
Even before the actual Imperial Recess, in September and October 1802, both principalities deployed troops in the territories of Cologne and Mainz that they had received. In November and December, after civilian officials had taken possession of the territory, new oaths were sworn by officials of the
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announced a Democratic-Monarchist opposition party, which was formally founded on 7 April. On 5 April, there were significant protests calling for the establishment of a Wiesbaden committee for electoral preparation. In the morning, the Liberals called for a public assembly to take place at 1 pm, at
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subdivisions was slowly reduced, from sixty-two in 1806 to forty-eight in 1812. Due to the religious heterogeneity of the territory, a system of "combined schools" was introduced on 24 March 1817. On 14 March 1818, a state-wide public health system was established – the first such system in Germany.
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were occupied and annexed. Only in August/September 1806 were these acquisitions confirmed by edict, affirmed by the treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine. This process encountered considerable resistance, led by the Imperial Knights, but this resistance had no serious consequences and ultimately
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In 1849, the government submitted a proposal for new elections to Parliament, which were to elect a bicameral system in which the upper chamber would be elected by wealthy citizens. This proposal was opposed by the Liberals, while the constitutional monarchists supported it. After that there was no
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on 21 October 1831. At the end of 1831, the Nassau court began investigations against Herber. On 3 December 1832, Herber was finally sentenced to three years in prison for 'Abuse of the sovereign' and 'libel' against Bieberstein. On the night of 4 December, the president of the chamber was arrested
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On 2 September 1814, a constitution was promulgated. It was the first modern constitution in any of the German states. Because there was (very limited) parliamentary involvement in government, especially in taxation, it was considered to be a "Parliamentary Constitution" in the language of the day.
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were another religious society, which soon took charge of care for the sick within the diocese. After some initial problems at lower levels, they were tolerated by the government of the Duchy and even tacitly supported, because they had received enthusiastic commendation by doctors. In many places
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Shortly before this, in the 25 November 1863 elections, the liberals had won a large majority in the lower chamber of Parliament. Their manifesto had proposed, among other things, that the privileges held by the Catholic church should also be extended to other religious groups. On 9 June 1864, the
1411:. As the Frankfurt Parliament collapsed, Max von Gagern resigned his position along with 65 other monarchist representatives on 21 May 1849. He was followed shortly after by Hergehahn, Schepp and Schenk. Hehner and Schulz remained members until the final dissolution of the Parliament in June 1849.
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The Ducal government had already prepared to expand the house of lords in the course of 1831 and this was effected by an edict on 29 October 1831. The bourgeois were thus put into a minority and failed in their attempt to prevent the levying of taxation in November 1831. Additionally, the house of
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At its foundation in 1806, the Duchy had 302,769 inhabitants. The citizens were mostly farmers, day labourers, or artisans. In 1819, 7% of Nassauers lived in settlements with more than 2,000 inhabitants, while the rest lived in 850 smaller settlements and 1,200 isolated homesteads. Wiesbaden, with
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The Nassau Parliament met for the first time on 22 May 1848. Over the summer, groupings based on the Left-Right schema began to appear in the parliament. The unrest in Nassau was not calmed after the elections. In July 1848, it reached a new crisis point, with physical clashes on the right of the
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In the election for the Nassau parliament on 1 May, which was also carried out by the 4,000 members of the electoral colleges, local interests played a much larger role than in the elections for the Frankfurt Parliament. The parties and societies did not have a serious impact. The majority of the
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From the second week of March, electoral reform took centre stage in the political scene. The most important demand of the liberals was that the right to vote should no longer be tied to a minimum property requirement. On 6 March, the lower chamber held a debate on this subject. When the house of
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The 4,000 electors chose the six representatives of Nassau for the Frankfurt Parliament on 25 April. It proved difficult to find suitable and willing candidates. Only with difficulty did the Wiesbaden electoral committee (as representatives of the moderate liberals, the Catholic church and its
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Finally, on 18 April, the election of the electoral colleges took place. In each town and region they were chosen by assemblies of voters. The total number of the 420,000 inhabitants of the Duchy who voted could not be determined for certain. Estimates varied between 84,000 and 100,000 people
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As a result, chaotic conditions developed in rural areas. Many officials had lost their jobs at the beginning of the revolution, so there was no ordered administration. The farmers completely stopped paying taxes and drove out the forest rangers. Many young officials and teachers proved to be
736:), which prevented further splitting of territories and enabled general political co-ordination between the branches. In this context, the administrative subdivisions of the individual territories were adjusted, laying the foundations for the later unification of the territories.
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which the electoral college would be chosen for which they had already prepared a list of candidates. In midmorning, the Moderates secured a two hour postponement, which they used to draft their own list, which secured a large majority of the votes when the meeting took place.
1965:. However, settlements with more than one religion were unusual. Most villages and cities were clearly dominated by the members of one of the two major Christian groups. As was common in Protestant parts of Germany, the constitution placed the church under state control. The
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In foreign affairs, the Duchy's geographic location and economic weakness greatly limited its room to manoeuvre – in the Napoleonic period, it had no autonomy at all. The Nassau 'army' was at the beck and call of Napoleon. In 1806, they were stationed as occupation troops in
1923:. In order to finance schools and university scholarships, on 29 March 1817, Duke William established the Nassau Central Study Fund, which still exists today, by consolidating a number of older secular and religious funds, and endowed it with farmland, forests, and bonds.
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in that Post-Parliament in June 1849. On 16 December, the constitutional monarchists organised a large electoral assembly in Wiesbaden, at which nominations took place. By contrast, the democrats tried to ensure a low voter turnout and sought the implementation of the
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At the foundation of the Duchy, Minister von Bieberstein established a strong fiscal distinction between the treasury of the general domain and that of the regional taxes. The domain, which included court estates and land, and mineral water springs, as well as the
1876:
Nassau's military policy was shaped by Duchy's membership of the German Confederation. Like the rest of the administration, the military was reformed in order to unite the various military forces inherited from Nassau's predecessor states into a single body.
1585:, who took his position on 7 February 1852. With his help, the Duke reduced the freedoms that had been granted over the following years and began to remove liberal officials from office. By the middle of 1852, nearly all political societies had been banned.
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and other feudal dues was the property of the Ducal House, which could not be used for paying state expenses and which Parliament had no power over. Even in the very earliest years of the Duchy, this system was loudly criticised. The parliamentary president
1383:, who pushed a reformist line, which in his opinion would lead to a Republic. For this ambitious plan, which was criticised as "fantastical", Schulz was criticised by the liberals. But in the end, Schulz secured 85% of the vote in his district. District 5 (
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joined the Confederation of the Rhine. Prince Frederick Augustus, the senior member of the House of Nassau received the title of Sovereign Duke of Nassau, while Frederick William was granted the title of Sovereign Prince of Nassau. Under pressure from
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revolutionary agitators for a radical democracy. The Ducal government contributed to this situation with hectic actions to calm the rural population, like amnesties (particularly for poaching, rural, and forest crimes), conceding free elections of the
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as only a transitional stage and kept his main focus on a Republic. Probably because of this radical position, he secured only 61% of the vote in his district. In District 6 (Wiesbaden), Augustus Hergenhahn himself stood and won with 80% of the vote.
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of the Princely house was considerably extended to more than 52,000 hectares of forests and agricultural land. These domains encompassed 11.5% of the flat land and yielded around a million guilders per year – the largest part of their total income.
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After the collapse of the Frankfurt Parliament, there was conflict between Prussia, Austria, and the smaller German states. The Duchy of Nassau was among the small German principalities which supported the Prussians and their plans to convoke a
1184:
From 1844, there was a wave of community foundations in Nassau, especially trade and athletic associations. These were initially apolitical, but they would play a role in the upcoming Revolution. Wiesbaden was additionally one of the centres of
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In parallel with the Parliament, the landscape of political societies and publications also began to develop a firmer ideological divide and became increasingly active. Many petitions and rallies took place in the second half of the year. The
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on 30 August 1806, under the joint rule of Frederick Augustus and Frederick William. This decision was encouraged by the fact that Frederick Augustus had no male heirs and Frederick William was thus in line to inherit his principality anyway.
1226:, who immediately approved the formation of a citizens' militia, freedom of the press, and the convocation of the lower chamber of Parliament to discuss electoral reform. Decisions on the other demands were reserved for the Duke, who was in
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began to be interested in acquiring it, in order to make it into an orphanage. The government was also interested in selling it because of the costs of maintaining the unused complex. The abbey was sold on 18 May 1864 for 20,900 guilders.
1085:
In the following years, there was more debate with and within Parliament, as well as with the government, about the division between Ducal and state funds. The conflict only came out into the open, however, in the course of the
2398:, which had little agricultural value and represented a substantial barrier to internal transport. Even so, more than a third of the population worked on their own farmland, which was broken up into small areas as a result of
1253:. Those who received poor relief or were bankrupt were not allowed to vote. All citizens were eligible to serve as members of Parliament except for the highest administrative officials, military officers, and court officials.
2244:
1328:). The Catholics provided their followers with pre-prepared ballot papers with the Catholic candidates marked on them. This was explicitly forbidden by the electoral law and was strongly criticised by the liberals.
1118:, later the revolutionary Chief Minister of Nassau, attempted to get him a reduced sentence, but he was prevented. However, the sentence was never enforced, because Herber, who was very sick, died on 11 March 1833.
1612:. In 1842, the Duchy bought the Abbey for 19,500 guilders. Shortly after that it was reported the buildings were in too bad a condition for the project. By the 1860s, the buildings had declined even further. The
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Since the elections for the Parliament of Nassau were drawing near, political societies began to form and these eventually consolidated into true political parties. From the end of March, the Bishop of Limburg,
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1268:. Fifteen of its deputies were drawn from the lower chamber of the Nassau parliament and two from the Nassau house of lords. There were another nine citizens of the Duchy in the Pre-Parliament as well.
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Hotel in Wiesbaden to present a list of moderate liberal nationalist demands to the government. This list included civil freedoms, a German national assembly, and a new electoral law. The next day, the
1237:
With the advent of press freedom, thirteen political newspapers appeared within weeks, including five in Wiesbaden alone. Numerous local gazettes in rural areas also began to print political texts.
1082:
in particular complained about this in letters to Bieberstein and petitions to the Duke, with ever greater frequency. His hostile position was one of the justifications for his impeachment in 1821.
1276:, the abolition of the last feudal dues, and the removal of various unpopular administrative officials. In the cities, the people often reacted to the general lawlessness by establishing their own
1336:
1041:). The eleven members of the house of lords were all princes of the House of Nassau or representatives of the nobility. The twenty-two members of the chamber of deputies were mostly elected by
577:
still uses "Duke of Nassau" as his secondary title, and "Prince" or "Princess of Nassau" is used as a title by other members of the grand ducal family. Nassau is also part of the name of the
1245:
with 40–60 members and that the property requirement for voting should be abolished. Most controversial was whether the members of the new parliament should be elected directly or by an
1395:
and had been temporarily expelled from state service in 1831 for his political views, but had risen by March 1848 to one of the highest positions in the government. Hehner considered a
1456:
all papers ceased publishing in the second half of the year, because sales rapidly dropped and the Ducal government began to suppress the press. As a result of these developments, the
1415:
successful candidates were civil servants and mayors, with a couple of merchants, industrialists, and farmers. Noticeably few Catholics and absolutely no Catholic clergy were elected.
732:(later Orange-Nassau), with large, scattered territories in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium. From 1736, many treaties and agreements were made between the different lines (The
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1095:. However, no revolt actually broke out. In the press within the state and in the neighbouring principalities, articles in newspapers and pamphlets supported both sides of the issue.
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Alongside the actual church policy, there were other points of interaction between state politics and ecclesiastical matters. The relocation of a religious society, the order of the
1957:
As a result of the disparate territories that were joined together to form the Duchy, Nassau was not a religiously unified state. In 1820, the breakdown of religious groups was: 53%
2217:
3844:
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In the course of 1848, the Nassau deputies in the Frankfurt Parliament aside from Schenk developed into factions. Von Gagern, Hergenhahn and Schep joined the moderate liberal
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was elected in the former with 76% of the vote, while Friedrich Schepp, a member of the governing council, was chosen in the latter with 90% of the vote. In District 2 (
1930:, meaning 'someone who partakes of a privilege they are not entitled to' is said to derive from this practice, although etymologists report that the word is actually a
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became the mouthpiece of the left wing of the National assembly over the course of the summer and frequently criticised the governments of Prussia and Nassau. The
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1519:. In June 1849, the organised people's assemblies all over Nassau for this purpose. The largest assembly, with around 500 participants, took place on 10 June in
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838:; and several cloisters were received from Mainz. Thus Nassau-Usingen regained its lost population and increased its annual income by around 130,000 guilders.
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Although the political movements had passed their peak, there was even so an electoral campaign for the positions. Constitutionalists, the government and the
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680:, with around 2,600 inhabitants, was the second-largest. By 1847, Wiesbaden had grown to 14,000 inhabitants and Limburg to 3,400. The third-largest city was
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This article is about the former state in present-day Germany. For its ruling family, including its branches in present-day Netherlands and Luxembourg, see
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The majority of the troops consisted of two regiments of infantry, created in 1808/09. During the Napoleonic Wars, these were supported by squadrons of
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2473:, valued at a quarter of a kreutzer, was introduced as the smallest denomination. After the Vienna Currency Treaty of 1857, the Duchy also minted the
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societies, and the various ideological newspapers) find candidates for the six vacancies. Everyone in the committee's list was a government employee.
849:, and its third of Saarwerden (15,500 inhabitants and 178,000 guilders in revenue). For these, it received many small possessions of Trier, including
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The political societies, which had formed by autumn 1848, mostly took up democratic positions, including explicitly political clubs, but also many
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of 162 kreutzer (i.e. 2.7 guilders). Between 1816 and 1828, the mint of the Duchy was located in buildings in Limburg, which are now the Bishop's
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After a brief period of calm, Duke Adolphe began a reactionary programme. There were ever more conflicts between the Duke and the Chief Minister
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the member for teachers and one other deputy declared that the rest had forfeited their right to participate and approved the Ducal tax levy.
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as Nassau's deputies to the Erfurt Parliament. Although a nobleman, the Prince of Wied was the most liberal of the elected representatives.
2481:(500 g) of silver was equivalent to 52.5 guilder or 30 taler. The Heller was replaced by the Pfennige, also worth a quarter of a Kreutzer.
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1888:, the Duchy raised an artillery company, which became an artillery division with two companies in it after 1833. Further units were added (
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In Göttingen, non-Nassau students occasionally participated illicitly in a free dinner funded by the Central Study Fund. The German term
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The ancestral and core coat of arms of Nassau, which formed the heart shield of the greater coat of arms. It is almost identical to the
918:, there was a further territorial expansion. When the Orange-Nassau line received the Dutch crown on 31 May, they had to surrender the
1892:, Jägers, baggage trains, reserves). Further contingents were added as required during wartime. The whole military was placed under a
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2402:. This smallholdings generally had to supplement their income from other sources – often in the Westerwald, this was by service as a
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Brigitte Meier-Hussing: "Das Volksbegehren von 1956 zur Rückgliederung des Regierungsbezirk Montabaur/Rheinland-Pfalz nach Hessen."
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In the following weeks, the Ducal government began preparations for the Parliamentary elections and for elections to the Pan-German
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rather than Nassau was its capital. In 1865, the Duchy of Nassau had 465,636 inhabitants. After being occupied and annexed into the
1637:
on 3 July and the "victory" of Nassau over Prussia at the Battle of Zorn near Wiesbaden on 12 July 1866 did nothing to prevent the
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became increasingly dependent on the Ducal government for money and content. From the end of 1849, there was again a comprehensive
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On 28 December 1849, the constitution was replaced by a reformed constitution which took account of the democratic demands of the
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wealthy city dwellers. Given that the population of the Duchy at the time was about 287,000, this was a tiny number of electors.
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in the course of its nearly one-thousand-year history. Up to the 18th century, the three main lines were the small princedoms of
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largely accorded with the desires of Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg. Orange-Nassau had already agreed separate terms with
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1974:
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85:
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is the last patrilineal descendant of the House of Nassau though she descends from a family considered to be non-dynastic
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in 1835, which Bieberstein had energetically resisted. In 1839, Duke William also died and his twenty-two-year-old son
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After the Domain Dispute, the politics of Nassau became quiet. After the death of von Bieberstein, Nassau entered the
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2105:
1158:
1010:
345:
132:
2469:
was also legal tender and was minted in small quantities. Two dollars were equivalent to 3.5 guilders. In 1842, the
3615:
3460:
3217:
2111:
66:
1643:
2177:
1045:
but had to be land owners, except for three representatives of ecclesiastics and one representative of teachers.
950:
696:
99:
771:
2325:
2012:
1569:
1505:
1504:. On 3 December 1849, the Ducal government oversaw elections for this body in the four Nassau districts, using
1444:
abandoned strict neutrality and transformed into a supporter of a constitutional monarchy, as did the Weilburg
70:
17:
2433:
1712:
In 1868, Nassau, along with Frankfurt and the Electorate of Hesse were united in the new Prussian province of
3132:
3127:
3013:
1540:
1079:
919:
760:
466:
176:
787:
608:, residence of the Princes of Nassau-Weilburg before 1816, and a residence of the Dukes of Nassau thereafter
81:
2394:
The economic situation of the small Duchy was precarious. The majority of the land area of the country was
1423:
835:
717:
601:
543:
681:
3681:
3333:
3195:
1958:
578:
287:
188:
3668:
3205:
3023:
2861:
2829:
2462:
2271:
1845:
1749:
1664:
748:
740:
700:
531:
239:
2997:
1920:
3849:
3750:
3232:
2478:
2414:
The Duchy belonged the south German currency area. The most important denomination was therefore the
2134:
2016:
1740:. Wiesbaden remained an administrative region within Hesse until 1968, when it was incorporated into
1634:
1213:
in France in 1848. On 1 March a liberal group headed by the jurist August Hergenhahn gathered at the
1210:
846:
3368:
2898:
1720:, which had previously been the capital of the Electorate of Hesse. Nassau and Frankfurt became the
3819:
3722:
3630:
3425:
3170:
3163:
2992:
1729:
1653:
850:
574:
559:
1102:
was the main figure on the side of the deputies, especially in a polemical piece published in the
643:
river separated the two mountain ranges. The neighbouring territory to the east and south was the
3277:
2454:
2082:
1837:
1544:
1396:
1186:
957:. Von Gagern resigned in 1811, after which von Bieberstein served alone until his death in 1834.
930:
333:
297:
59:
35:
2583:
1702:
1682:
Duke Adolphe, the last Duke of Nassau, received 15,000,000 guilders as compensation, as well as
1384:
791:
3775:
3745:
3712:
3227:
3158:
2526:
Provinzial-Correspondenz vom 12. September 1866: Die Erweiterung des preußischen Staatsgebietes
2356:
2149:
1856:
farm which hold out against Napoleon, 1/1 rgt. was heavily battered after the French taking of
1745:
1660:
1555:
1516:
652:
582:
382:
593:
3704:
3610:
3552:
3180:
3153:
3018:
2971:
2011:
led to conflict between the state and the Bishop. The Redemptorists stayed in Bornhofen. The
1978:
1840:. Two regiments of infantry and two cavalry squadrons fought for more than five years in the
1696:
1629:
When the Austro-Prussian War broke out on 14 June 1866, the Duchy of Nassau took the side of
1476:
1391:, who held the most radical views of any of the representatives. He was a former member of a
1162:
1138:
1013:. On 25 November 1851, this constitution was repealed and the old constitution was restored.
968:
in 1810, and a fundamental tax reform in 1812, which replaced 991 direct taxes with a single
807:
106:
2550:
1949:
1896:
command structure. At its head was the Duke, but day-to-day operations were organised by an
3737:
3560:
3544:
3430:
3405:
3400:
3222:
3212:
3059:
3054:
2919:
2914:
2399:
2298:
1865:
1753:
1600:
Bitter political strife returned once more in 1864, when the Government made plans to sell
1524:
1317:
1303:
1113:
1092:
991:
945:
Ernst Franz Ludwig Freiherr Marschall von Bieberstein, Chief Minister of Nassau (1806–1834)
933:
who became the first sole Duke of Nassau after Frederick Augustus' death on 24 March 1816.
775:
644:
535:
519:
251:
890:
failed since the Nassau princes' seizures were enforced by French officials and soldiers.
8:
3568:
3384:
3064:
2987:
2744:
1916:
1532:
1376:
1277:
1025:
The City School in Marktplatz, Wiesbaden, seat of the Nassau Parliament from 1818 to 1844
965:
756:
752:
677:
555:
1915:
The Duchy could not afford its own university, so Duke William I made a treaty with the
1881:
1574:
who was only moderately conservative and resigned at the end of 1851. His successor was
1379:, in the centre of the duchy). He was a deputy headmaster in Weilburg and editor of the
990:
The constitution guaranteed the freedom of the individual, religious tolerance, and the
3450:
3363:
3353:
3348:
3137:
2888:
2785:
2759:
2458:
1997:
1889:
1885:
1861:
1849:
1741:
1725:
1668:
1649:
1613:
1528:
960:
A series of reforms were carried out in the first years of the Duchy: the abolition of
915:
886:
795:
733:
567:
551:
386:
2658:
2461:, which set the silver mark (233.855 g) at 24.5 guilders. After the conclusion of the
3528:
3455:
3358:
3046:
2893:
2807:
2717:
2683:
2617:
2579:
1733:
1601:
1265:
1246:
1107:
as he slept in his bed. On 7 January 1833, he was released on bail. Herber's lawyer,
999:
866:
831:
619:, seat of the Dukes of Nassau from 1817 to 1841 and their summer residence thereafter
2065:
2020:'hospitals' or mobile medical stations were established, the fore-runners of modern
1471:
and workers' clubs. On 12 November, the democratic societies joined together as the
1448:. Even in 1848, an abatement of the revolutionary force was notable. Except for the
3648:
3483:
3200:
2430:. Small change was minted in silver and copper, at 6, 3, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 grammes.
2026:
1897:
1721:
1687:
1372:
1003:
926:
842:
616:
605:
3515:
3115:
2484:
Banknotes, known as Landes-Credit-Casse-Scheine were produced at Wiesbaden by the
2183:
1559:
August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Chief Minister of Nassau (1852–1866)
3854:
3658:
3638:
3620:
3499:
3491:
3323:
3239:
3190:
3105:
3100:
2230:
2130:
1970:
1683:
1630:
1335:
1087:
1042:
969:
882:
815:
751:(1797) and in Paris, in order to secure the territories of the Prince-Bishops of
725:
713:
563:
539:
507:
438:
157:
31:
2806:. Limburg-Weilburg: Der Kreisausschuss des Landkreises Limburg-Weilburg: 65–67.
2644:
Konrad Fuchs (1968). "Die Bergwerks- und Hüttenproduktion im Herzogtum Nassau".
1903:
After the annexation of the Duchy, most of the officers and soldiers joined the
810:
some districts on the east bank of the Rhine; from Bavaria, the sub-district of
3770:
3576:
3536:
3473:
3069:
2470:
2419:
2138:
1857:
1841:
1427:
The ministerial buildings in Wiesbaden, seat of the Nassau Parliament from 1844
1404:
1392:
1367:
823:
721:
656:
452:
2488:
from 1840. They had a face value of one, five, ten, and twenty-five guilders.
1756:. In 1956, a referendum on joining the state of Hesse was rejected by voters.
3813:
3689:
3605:
3600:
3507:
3185:
3175:
3110:
3079:
2474:
2395:
1931:
1904:
1141:, built in 1841, which replaced Biebrich as the residence of the Nassau Dukes
1065:
648:
514:) was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the
2731:
Winfried Schüler (1980). "Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Herzogtum Nassau".
2441:
1985:, making it the first united Protestant church in the German Confederation.
1273:
2450:
1713:
1676:
1523:
and formulated ten demands, including the withdrawal of Nassau troops from
1497:
1352:
1257:
1209:
Like most of Europe, Nassau was engulfed in a revolutionary wave after the
1099:
729:
632:
479:
404:
2279:
2137:(Nassau-Weilburg). The reigning Grand Duke still uses Duke of Nassau as a
1348:
612:
3074:
2538:
Provinzial-Correspondenz vom 26. September 1866: Die neuerworbenen Länder
2423:
2145:
1468:
1174:
1145:
1134:
922:
to Prussia, which passed part of it to the Duchy of Nassau the next day.
782:, and some smaller territories (totalling 60,000 inhabitants and 447,000
2859:
1592:
1060:
3410:
2374:
2306:
2133:. Members of the Walram line of the House of Nassau still reign in the
1962:
1853:
1706:
1605:
1487:
1461:
1356:
1325:
1242:
1202:
1197:
1154:
972:
on land and trade. Degrading corporal punishment was abolished and the
628:
359:
2656:
1173:
in Wiesbaden. In 1842, Adolphe was one of the founding members of the
1006:
of 1819, marked a new restriction of freedoms in Nassau as elsewhere.
1935:
1833:
1363:, in the northwest), there had been a much more heated campaign, but
1360:
862:
854:
799:
779:
631:
mountain ranges. The southern and western borders were formed by the
547:
273:
2631:
Bernd von Egidy (1971). "Die Wahlen im Herzogtum Nassau 1848–1852".
1992:
of Nassau, but it was only in 1821 that the Duchy of Nassau and the
1860:. Of 7507 men inc. volunteers, 887 were killed in action. After the
1371:
since he retained the church's support. Controversy also surrounded
1288:
869:. This totalled 37,000 inhabitants and 147,000 guilders of revenue.
48:
3122:
2873:
1993:
1966:
1844:; only half of them came back. In November 1813, Nassau joined the
1728:. In 1945, the majority of the old Duchy of Nassau fell within the
1672:
1364:
1344:
903:
827:
819:
803:
764:
265:
3307:
2714:
Das Herzogtum Nassau 1806–1866. Deutsche Geschichte im Kleinformat
1543:, Max von Gagern, August Hergenhahn and the Duke's brother-in-law
1165:
in 1841 and in January 1845, he married the Russian Grand Duchess
205:
3780:
2823:
Forstorganisation und Forstverwaltung in Nassau von 1803 bis 1866
2427:
2415:
2403:
1989:
1982:
1938:
1893:
1609:
1520:
1222:(Nine Demands of the Nassauers) were presented to Chief Minister
1169:, who died in childbirth a year later. To honour her, he had the
961:
783:
691:
664:
660:
515:
2700:
Quellen und Abhandlungen zur mittelrheinischen Kirchengeschichte
1900:. Ordinarily, the Nassau army contained roughly 4,000 soldiers.
1800:
Boundary stone of the Duchy of Nassau and the Kingdom of Prussia
217:
2504:
Grand Duchess Charlotte abdicated in 1964, but she died in 1985
2466:
2088:
1829:
1717:
1501:
1227:
786:
of income per year). In compensation, it received: from Mainz,
624:
2437:
Memorial plaque in Limburg for the mint of the Duchy of Nassau
1667:, on 16 August 1866, the king announced to both houses of the
623:
The territory of the duchy was essentially congruent with the
2540:
zitiert nach Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin: Amtspresse Preußens.
2528:
zitiert nach Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin: Amtspresse Preußens.
1737:
1709:
in 1890 after the male line of Orange-Nassau became extinct.
1178:
1074:
636:
523:
2802:(2011). "Die Gründung des Nassauischen Feuerwehrverbandes".
2682:(2 ed.). Wiesbaden: Historische Kommission für Nassau.
2680:
Nassauische Biographie. Kurzbiographien aus 13 Jahrhunderten
2406:. Among tradesmen, the overwhelming majority were artisans.
2203:
941:
2597:
Nassauische Kunst- und Gewerbeausstellung in Wiesbaden 1863
2422:. Up to 1837, there were 24 guilders to the Cologne silver
1250:
858:
811:
640:
2660:
Statistische Beschreibung des Regierungs-Bezirks Wiesbaden
1663:
on 23 August 1866 and two days before the creation of the
699:
and is also included as the third and fourth field in the
562:. The area today is a geographical and historical region,
2614:
Herzogtum Nassau 1806–1866. Politik – Wirtschaft – Kultur
1988:
Even in 1804 there was an effort to establish a Catholic
1161:
replaced him as Duke. Adolphe moved his residence to the
977:
865:, Limburg an der Lahn, three abbeys, and the holdings of
2129:
The Dukes of Nassau derived from the Walram line of the
1848:
against Napoleon. Nassau troops fought at the battle of
1491:
The Erfurt Union Parliament at St. Augustine's Monastery
2697:
Klaus Schatz (1983). "Geschichte des Bistums Limburg".
1052:
The Parliament met for the first time on 3 March 1818.
224:
The Duchy of Nassau in the German Confederation in 1815
2616:. Wiesbaden: Historische Kommission für Nassau. 1981.
1744:. A small part of the Duchy of Nassau fell within the
1482:
1351:, southwest), there was not much conflict; Procurator
3845:
Former states and territories of Rhineland-Palatinate
2457:. From 1837, the Duchy was one of the members of the
1177:, which was intended to establish a German colony in
1033:) of Nassau had two chambers: a chamber of deputies (
1812:
Boundary column of the Duchy of Nassau in Dillenburg
925:
Frederick William died from a fall on the stairs at
659:
of the Kingdom of Prussia, which also controlled an
542:. The duchy was named for its historical core city,
2772:
2743:
2426:(233.856 grammes). The guilder was divided into 60
1919:, which allowed citizens of Nassau to study at the
639:, while in the northern part of the territory, the
597:
Declaration of Nassau's sovereignty, 30 August 1806
73:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
747:. The Nassaus participated in negotiations at the
676:5,000 inhabitants, was the largest settlement and
2245:Friedrich Anton Georg Karl von Bock und Hermsdorf
1996:came to an agreement on the establishment of the
1961:Protestant, 45% Catholic, 1.7% Jewish, and 0.06%
1941:and that this story was invented after the fact.
1852:: 1/2 rgt. was part of the crew of the fortified
1407:, while Schulz and Hehner joined the centre left
3811:
2798:
2730:
2716:. Wiesbaden: Historische Kommission für Nassau.
2711:
1292:Peter Joseph Blum, Bishop of Limburg (1842–1884)
1029:Under the constitution of 1814, the Parliament (
2657:Königliche Regierung zu Wiesbaden (1876–1882).
2630:
2152:, which split from the Walramian line in 1255.
1953:Map of majority religions in Nassau (1816–1866)
1784:East side of a boundary stone, inscribed with
1768:West side of a boundary stone, inscribed with
3293:
2845:
2674:
1576:August Ludwig von Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg
1347:, in the north of the duchy) and District 4 (
2820:
2804:Jahrbuch für den Kreis Limburg-Weilburg 2012
2696:
2643:
2344:August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg
2198:Ernst Franz Ludwig Marschall von Bieberstein
1375:, the committee's candidate for District 3 (
1129:
1068:, an important business of the Nassau domain
1055:
701:coat of arms of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg
655:were also to the east. To the west was the
538:. Its ruling dynasty, now extinct, was the
3300:
3286:
2852:
2838:
2825:. Wiesbaden: Georg-Ludwig-Hartig-Stiftung.
2790:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2764:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2373:
2355:
2305:
2278:
2229:
2202:
2182:
2110:
2087:
2064:
2000:, which was formally established in 1827.
212:The Duchy of Nassau and surrounding states
1973:churches agreed to unite into the single
996:Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein
872:In the course of these arrangements, the
133:Learn how and when to remove this message
3835:States of the Confederation of the Rhine
2440:
2432:
1948:
1748:and became the administrative region of
1648:of Nassau by Prussia. Nassau become the
1591:
1554:
1486:
1422:
1418:
1334:
1287:
1196:
1144:
1133:
1059:
1020:
940:
690:
611:
600:
592:
570:within the borders of the former duchy.
2669:Nassaus Beitrag für das heutige Hessen.
984:
14:
3812:
2551:"Image Gallery of the Coins of Nassau"
1716:. The capital of the new province was
929:on 9 January 1816, and it was his son
663:in the eastern part of Nassau, called
3281:
2833:
2775:Geschichte von Nassau: Vol. 2. Teil:
2749:Geschichte von Nassau: Vol. 1. Teil:
2572:Verein für Nassauische Altertumskunde
2514:Clotilde Countess of Nassau-Merenberg
1192:
566:, and Nassau is also the name of the
1864:in 1815, Nassau was a member of the
899:Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg
895:Frederick Augustus of Nassau-Usingen
71:adding citations to reliable sources
42:
2123:20 August 1839 – 20 September 1866
1624:
1483:Elections for the Erfurt Parliament
24:
3840:States of the German Confederation
3309:States of the German Confederation
2155:
2148:derives from the Ottonian line of
1822:
1550:
955:Ernst Franz Ludwig von Bieberstein
216:
204:
25:
3866:
1283:
949:The Chief ministers in 1806 were
906:both counties merged to form the
3830:1866 disestablishments in Europe
3332:
2948:
2777:Kultur und Wirtschaftsgeschichte
1805:
1793:
1777:
1761:
936:
707:
484:
459:
445:
431:
187:
175:
47:
2606:
2178:Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern
2100:24 March 1816 – 20 August 1839
2077:30 August 1806 – 24 March 1816
1701:and Luxemburgisches Schloss in
994:. It was heavily influenced by
951:Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern
697:coat of arms of the Netherlands
558:, it was incorporated into the
58:needs additional citations for
3659:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf
2589:
2578:, Volume 111, Wiesbaden 2000,
2564:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2498:
2218:Carl Wilderich von Walderdorff
2013:Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ
1506:Prussian three-class franchise
1064:A flask of mineral water from
13:
1:
3825:1806 establishments in Europe
2491:
2418:. This was minted for use as
1659:Before the conclusion of the
1220:Neun Forderungen der Nassauer
1098:The president of the chamber
1080:Carl Friedrich Emil von Ibell
1016:
1011:German revolutions of 1848–49
964:in 1806, the introduction of
920:Principality of Orange-Nassau
670:
467:Principality of Orange-Nassau
2773:Christian Spielmann (1926).
2671:2nd edition. Wiesbaden 1994.
2663:. Wiesbaden: Verlag Limbart.
2599:; Seite: 43; Wiesbaden 1863.
1910:
1387:, the southeast) was won by
1256:Meanwhile, on 31 March, the
1149:Coat of arms of Nassau, 1846
1035:Landesdeputiertenversammlung
588:
7:
2449:From 1816, there were also
2409:
2321:Friedrich von Wintzingerode
1975:Protestant Church in Nassau
1944:
1871:
1817:
1565:Friedrich von Wintzingerode
1475:, which was to serve as an
10:
3871:
2862:Confederation of the Rhine
2463:Dresden Coinage Convention
2389:
1705:. He became Grand Duke of
1665:North German Confederation
1181:, but was not successful.
749:Second Congress of Rastatt
741:War of the First Coalition
686:
532:Confederation of the Rhine
240:Confederation of the Rhine
29:
27:European state (1806–1866)
3794:
3763:
3736:
3703:
3629:
3596:
3589:
3527:
3482:
3446:
3439:
3393:
3377:
3341:
3330:
3316:
3252:
3146:
3093:
3045:
3036:
3006:
2980:
2964:
2957:
2946:
2928:
2907:
2881:
2869:
2712:Winfried Schüler (2006).
2135:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
1671:that Prussia would annex
1633:. The war was won at the
1130:Accession of Duke Adolphe
1056:The Nassau Domain dispute
410:
400:
396:
379:
369:
365:
355:
351:
339:
327:
315:
311:
303:
293:
283:
261:
231:
201:
171:
166:
147:
2144:The royal family of the
2034:
1730:American occupation zone
1654:Province of Hesse-Nassau
1037:) and a house of lords (
893:On 17 July 1806, Prince
885:and other possessors of
770:Nassau-Usingen had lost
575:Grand Duke of Luxembourg
560:Province of Hesse-Nassau
2267:Emil August von Dungern
1921:University of Göttingen
1732:and became part of the
1545:Hermann, Prince of Wied
1397:constitutional monarchy
1224:Emil August von Dungern
1201:August Hergenhahn in a
1171:Russian orthodox church
1002:period, especially the
761:Imperial Recess of 1803
298:Constitutional monarchy
2459:Munich Currency Treaty
2446:
2438:
1954:
1836:were stationed at the
1746:French occupation zone
1597:
1560:
1517:Frankfurt Constitution
1512:Nassauische Allgemeine
1492:
1458:Nassauische Allgemeine
1442:Nassauische Allgemeine
1428:
1340:
1293:
1206:
1150:
1142:
1069:
1026:
946:
897:and his cousin Prince
704:
653:Free City of Frankfurt
647:. The Landgraviate of
620:
609:
598:
581:, which styles itself
554:in 1866 following the
221:
209:
34:. For other uses, see
2821:Stefan Wöhrl (1994).
2751:Politische Geschichte
2739:. Wiesbaden: 131–144.
2652:. Wiesbaden: 368–376.
2639:. Wiesbaden: 215–306.
2444:
2436:
1952:
1722:administrative region
1595:
1558:
1490:
1477:umbrella organisation
1426:
1419:End of the Revolution
1338:
1310:Nassauische Allgemein
1291:
1278:neighbourhood watches
1200:
1167:Elizabeth Mikhailovna
1163:Wiesbaden City Palace
1148:
1139:Wiesbaden City Palace
1137:
1063:
1024:
944:
841:Nassau-Weilburg lost
694:
615:
604:
596:
284:Common languages
220:
208:
3421:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3416:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3133:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3128:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2400:partible inheritance
1866:German Confederation
1754:Rhineland-Palatinate
1635:Battle of Königgrätz
1318:Frankfurt Parliament
1093:Grand Duchy of Hesse
992:freedom of the press
985:Constitution of 1814
645:Grand Duchy of Hesse
536:German Confederation
520:Rhineland-Palatinate
252:German Confederation
67:improve this article
3621:Waldeck and Pyrmont
2745:Christian Spielmann
2733:Nassauische Annalen
2646:Nassauische Annalen
2633:Nassauische Annalen
2576:Nassauische Annalen
2486:Landes-Credit-Casse
2445:Nassau Kronenthaler
1917:Kingdom of Hannover
1788:for Hesse-Darmstadt
1389:Karl Philipp Hehner
1211:February Revolution
966:freedom of movement
678:Limburg an der Lahn
556:Austro-Prussian War
371:• Established
2447:
2439:
2060:Frederick Augustus
1998:diocese of Limburg
1955:
1934:term derived from
1886:Battle of Waterloo
1862:Congress of Vienna
1692:Jagdschloss Platte
1669:Landtag of Prussia
1614:diocese of Limburg
1598:
1561:
1529:Schleswig-Holstein
1493:
1429:
1341:
1294:
1207:
1193:Revolution of 1848
1187:German Catholicism
1151:
1143:
1070:
1027:
947:
916:Congress of Vienna
887:Imperial immediacy
818:, the lordship of
734:Nassau Family Pact
705:
621:
610:
599:
579:Dutch royal family
568:Nassau Nature Park
552:Kingdom of Prussia
322:Frederick Augustus
288:Moselle Franconian
222:
210:
3805:
3804:
3759:
3758:
3685:
3672:
3585:
3584:
3529:Ernestine duchies
3275:
3274:
3248:
3247:
3032:
3031:
2944:
2943:
2813:978-3-927006-48-5
2667:Michael Hollman:
2387:
2386:
2370:August Hergenhahn
2294:August Hergenhahn
2127:
2126:
1772:for Orange-Nassau
1602:Marienstatt Abbey
1596:Marienstatt Abbey
1299:Peter Joseph Blum
1266:Frankfurt-am-Main
1262:St. Paul's Church
1247:electoral college
1215:Vier Jahreszeiten
1175:Mainz Adelsverein
1155:German Zollverein
1109:August Hergenhahn
1000:Concert of Europe
867:Limburg Cathedral
832:Sayn-Altenkirchen
534:and later of the
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
472:
471:
341:• 1839–1866
329:• 1816–1839
317:• 1806–1816
279:
271:
257:
245:
161:
143:
142:
135:
117:
82:"Duchy of Nassau"
16:(Redirected from
3862:
3850:Former countries
3729:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3696:
3695:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3649:Reuss-Lobenstein
3645:
3644:
3616:Schaumburg-Lippe
3594:
3593:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3484:Anhalt (Ascania)
3465:
3444:
3443:
3336:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3218:Schaumburg-Lippe
3043:
3042:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2879:
2878:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2800:Franz-Josef Sehr
2795:
2789:
2781:
2769:
2763:
2755:
2740:
2727:
2708:
2693:
2664:
2653:
2640:
2627:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2377:
2359:
2352:
2329:
2309:
2302:
2282:
2275:
2253:
2233:
2226:
2206:
2186:
2160:
2159:
2120:17 November 1905
2114:
2091:
2068:
2039:
2038:
2030:
1977:in 1817, at the
1898:Adjutant general
1838:Siege of Kolberg
1809:
1797:
1781:
1765:
1752:in the state of
1700:
1688:Schloss Weilburg
1650:Wiesbaden Region
1647:
1625:End of the Duchy
1584:
1573:
1498:Union Parliament
1373:Friedrich Schulz
1307:
1260:gathered in the
1230:at that moment.
1117:
1004:Carlsbad Decrees
974:Kulturverordnung
927:Schloss Weilburg
914:In 1815, at the
883:Imperial Knights
830:; from Prussia,
774:, two-thirds of
718:collateral lines
617:Schloss Biebrich
606:Schloss Weilburg
512:Herzogtum Nassau
488:
487:
476:
475:
463:
462:
449:
448:
435:
434:
428:
427:
412:
411:
277:
269:
255:
243:
225:
213:
191:
179:
155:
153:Herzogtum Nassau
145:
144:
138:
131:
127:
124:
118:
116:
75:
51:
43:
21:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3820:Duchy of Nassau
3810:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3790:
3755:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3675:
3674:
3662:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3639:Reuss-Ebersdorf
3625:
3581:
3571:
3563:
3561:Gotha-Altenburg
3555:
3547:
3545:Coburg-Saalfeld
3539:
3523:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3478:
3463:
3435:
3431:Weimar-Eisenach
3406:Hesse-Darmstadt
3389:
3373:
3337:
3328:
3312:
3306:
3276:
3271:
3244:
3142:
3089:
3085:Weimar-Eisenach
3060:Gotha-Altenburg
3055:Coburg-Saalfeld
3038:
3028:
3002:
2976:
2953:
2940:
2924:
2903:
2871:
2865:
2858:
2814:
2783:
2782:
2757:
2756:
2724:
2690:
2624:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2595:Otto Satorius:
2594:
2590:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2412:
2392:
2346:
2323:
2296:
2269:
2247:
2220:
2158:
2156:Chief ministers
2131:House of Nassau
2037:
2024:
2022:Sozialstationen
1947:
1913:
1874:
1846:Sixth Coalition
1825:
1823:Foreign affairs
1820:
1813:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1766:
1694:
1684:Biebrich Palace
1641:
1627:
1578:
1567:
1553:
1551:The Restoration
1485:
1473:Kirberger Union
1421:
1343:In District 1 (
1301:
1286:
1195:
1132:
1111:
1104:Hanauer Zeitung
1088:July Revolution
1058:
1043:census suffrage
1019:
987:
970:progressive tax
939:
908:Duchy of Nassau
851:Ehrenbreitstein
836:Sayn-Hachenburg
816:Hesse-Darmstadt
726:Nassau-Weilburg
714:House of Nassau
710:
689:
682:Höchst am Main.
673:
591:
540:House of Nassau
504:Duchy of Nassau
485:
460:
446:
439:Nassau-Weilburg
432:
389:
372:
342:
330:
318:
276:
272:
268:
254:
246:
242:
227:
226:
223:
214:
211:
197:
196:
195:
192:
184:
183:
180:
162:
150:
149:Duchy of Nassau
139:
128:
122:
119:
76:
74:
64:
52:
39:
32:House of Nassau
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3679:
3666:
3656:
3646:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3590:Principalities
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:Hildburghausen
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3150:
3148:
3147:Principalities
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3065:Hildburghausen
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3007:Principalities
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2959:
2958:States created
2955:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2860:States of the
2857:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2818:
2812:
2796:
2770:
2741:
2728:
2722:
2709:
2694:
2688:
2672:
2665:
2654:
2641:
2628:
2622:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2588:
2563:
2542:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2420:currency money
2411:
2408:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2353:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2303:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2276:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:Chief minister
2157:
2154:
2139:courtesy title
2125:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:20 August 1839
2095:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2036:
2033:
1946:
1943:
1932:Berlin dialect
1912:
1909:
1873:
1870:
1858:La Haye Sainte
1842:Peninsular war
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1626:
1623:
1552:
1549:
1484:
1481:
1420:
1417:
1405:Casino faction
1393:Burschenschaft
1368:Max von Gagern
1339:Max von Gagern
1285:
1284:1848 elections
1282:
1258:Pre-Parliament
1194:
1191:
1131:
1128:
1057:
1054:
1018:
1015:
986:
983:
938:
935:
824:Katzenelnbogen
745:secularisation
722:Nassau-Usingen
716:produced many
709:
706:
688:
685:
672:
669:
657:Rhine Province
590:
587:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
482:
473:
470:
469:
464:
456:
455:
453:Nassau-Usingen
450:
442:
441:
436:
424:
423:
418:
408:
407:
402:
398:
397:
394:
393:
392:23 August 1866
390:
380:
377:
376:
375:30 August 1806
373:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
357:
356:Historical era
353:
352:
349:
348:
343:
340:
337:
336:
331:
328:
325:
324:
319:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
301:
300:
295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
263:
259:
258:
233:
229:
228:
215:
203:
202:
199:
198:
193:
186:
185:
181:
174:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
163:
151:
148:
141:
140:
123:September 2014
55:
53:
46:
26:
18:Nassau (state)
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3867:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3808:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3751:Sondershausen
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3724:
3721:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3691:
3690:Reuss-Schleiz
3688:
3686:
3680:
3673:
3671:(Junior Line)
3667:
3660:
3657:
3650:
3647:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:Liechtenstein
3604:
3602:
3601:Hesse-Homburg
3599:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:Grand duchies
3392:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3233:Sondershausen
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Lippe-Detmold
3179:
3177:
3176:Liechtenstein
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:Other duchies
3092:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3047:Saxon duchies
3044:
3041:
3035:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Aschaffenburg
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:Grand Duchies
2979:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:Grand Duchies
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2870:Rank elevated
2868:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2723:3-930221-16-0
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2689:3-922244-90-4
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:Otto Renkhoff
2673:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2623:3-922244-46-7
2619:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2598:
2592:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2475:Vereinsthaler
2472:
2468:
2465:in 1838, the
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2396:Mittelgebirge
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2350:
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2015:, founded in
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2005:Redemptorists
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1832:. Then three
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1066:Niederselters
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937:Reform period
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708:Establishment
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583:Orange-Nassau
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84: –
83:
79:
78:Find sources:
72:
68:
62:
61:
56:This article
54:
50:
45:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3807:
3727:(until 1850)
3717:(until 1850)
3705:Hohenzollern
3694:(until 1848)
3684:(Elder Line)
3682:Reuss-Greiz
3653:(until 1824)
3643:(until 1824)
3572:(until 1826)
3564:(until 1826)
3553:Coburg-Gotha
3548:(until 1826)
3519:(until 1847)
3511:(until 1863)
3503:(until 1863)
3468:
3385:Hesse-Kassel
3154:Hohenzollern
3037:Pre-existing
2935:
2822:
2803:
2780:. Montabaur.
2778:
2774:
2754:. Wiesbaden.
2752:
2748:
2736:
2732:
2713:
2707:. Wiesbaden.
2704:
2698:
2679:
2668:
2659:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2613:
2607:Bibliography
2596:
2591:
2571:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2500:
2483:
2451:Kronenthaler
2448:
2413:
2393:
2143:
2128:
2117:24 July 1817
2094:14 June 1792
2002:
1987:
1979:Unionskirche
1956:
1927:
1925:
1914:
1902:
1884:. After the
1879:
1875:
1826:
1785:
1769:
1714:Hesse-Nassau
1711:
1681:
1677:Hesse-Kassel
1661:Prague Peace
1658:
1628:
1619:
1599:
1587:
1562:
1537:
1511:
1509:
1494:
1472:
1469:sports clubs
1466:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1413:
1402:
1380:
1353:Carl Schenck
1342:
1330:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1295:
1274:Schultheißen
1270:
1255:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1183:
1152:
1124:
1120:
1103:
1100:Georg Herber
1097:
1084:
1071:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1008:
988:
973:
959:
948:
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913:
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892:
879:
871:
840:
769:
738:
730:Nassau-Dietz
711:
674:
622:
572:
511:
503:
501:
480:Hesse-Nassau
421:Succeeded by
420:
415:
405:Kronenthaler
194:Coat of arms
152:
129:
120:
110:
103:
96:
89:
77:
65:Please help
60:verification
57:
40:
3764:Free cities
3738:Schwarzburg
3723:Sigmaringen
3676:(from 1848)
3669:Reuss-Gera
3663:(1824-1848)
3556:(from 1826)
3540:(from 1826)
3495:(from 1863)
3464:(from 1839)
3378:Electorates
3369:Württemberg
3311:(1815–1866)
3223:Schwarzburg
3164:Sigmaringen
2899:Württemberg
2864:(1806–1813)
2347: [
2324: [
2297: [
2270: [
2248: [
2221: [
2146:Netherlands
2025: [
1695: [
1642: [
1579: [
1568: [
1409:Westendhall
1302: [
1112: [
772:Saarbrücken
573:Today, the
546:, although
526:. It was a
416:Preceded by
278:(1816–1866)
270:(1806–1816)
256:(1815–1866)
244:(1806–1813)
3814:Categories
3746:Rudolstadt
3411:Luxembourg
3268:until 1811
3262:until 1809
3259:until 1810
3228:Rudolstadt
3201:Lobenstein
3024:Regensburg
2972:Westphalia
2492:References
1834:battalions
1707:Luxembourg
1703:Königstein
1639:annexation
1606:Westerwald
1533:Palatinate
1531:, and the
1462:censorship
1454:Allgemeine
1385:Königstein
1357:Dillenburg
1326:Westerwald
1243:unicameral
1203:lithograph
1039:Herrenbank
1031:Landstände
1017:Parliament
904:Napoleon I
792:Königstein
776:Saarwerden
739:After the
671:Population
629:Westerwald
518:states of
360:Modern era
294:Government
93:newspapers
3798:partially
3776:Frankfurt
3713:Hechingen
3577:Meiningen
3537:Altenburg
3474:Lauenburg
3451:Brunswick
3426:Oldenburg
3265:from 1809
3256:from 1810
3191:Ebersdorf
3159:Hechingen
3138:Oldenburg
3070:Meiningen
2993:Frankfurt
2786:cite book
2760:cite book
2584:0077-2887
2009:Bornhofen
1963:Mennonite
1936:Rotwelsch
1911:Education
1854:Hougemont
1750:Montabaur
1742:Darmstadt
1726:Wiesbaden
1652:into the
1381:Lahnboten
1361:Montabaur
1349:Nastätten
874:Kammergut
863:Montabaur
855:Vallendar
843:Kirchheim
800:Lahnstein
780:Ottweiler
589:Geography
548:Wiesbaden
274:Wiesbaden
167:1806–1866
3500:Bernburg
3456:Holstein
3342:Kingdoms
3171:Isenburg
3123:Arenberg
3106:Bernburg
3080:Eisenach
2998:Würzburg
2965:Kingdoms
2882:Kingdoms
2874:Napoleon
2747:(1909).
2678:(1992).
2428:kreutzer
2410:Currency
2017:Dernbach
1994:Holy See
1971:Reformed
1967:Lutheran
1945:Religion
1928:nassauer
1890:pioneers
1872:Military
1850:Waterloo
1818:Politics
1673:Hannover
1610:guilders
1464:regime.
1452:and the
1446:Lahnbote
1365:Freiherr
1345:Rennerod
828:Braubach
820:Eppstein
804:Rheingau
802:and the
796:Cronberg
784:guilders
765:Napoleon
651:and the
635:and the
401:Currency
266:Weilburg
3781:Hamburg
3461:Limburg
3440:Duchies
3364:Hanover
3354:Bavaria
3349:Prussia
3324:Austria
3317:Empires
3240:Waldeck
3206:Schleiz
2929:Duchies
2889:Bavaria
2556:5 April
2416:guilder
2404:peddler
2390:Economy
2342:Prince
2106:Adolphe
2083:William
1990:diocese
1983:Idstein
1939:Yiddish
1894:brigade
1631:Austria
1604:in the
1541:Selters
1521:Idstein
1377:Limburg
1159:Adolphe
962:serfdom
931:William
814:; from
808:Cologne
806:; from
687:History
665:Wetzlar
661:exclave
530:of the
387:Prussia
383:Annexed
381:•
334:William
262:Capital
250:of the
238:of the
107:scholar
3855:Taunus
3786:Lübeck
3771:Bremen
3516:Köthen
3508:Dessau
3492:Anhalt
3469:Nassau
3359:Saxony
3116:Köthen
3111:Dessau
3101:Anhalt
3075:Weimar
3039:states
2936:Nassau
2894:Saxony
2810:
2720:
2686:
2620:
2582:
2471:Heller
2467:Thaler
2172:Until
2054:Reign
1959:United
1830:Berlin
1718:Kassel
1502:Erfurt
1228:Berlin
1205:, 1848
826:, and
788:Höchst
759:. The
728:, and
625:Taunus
564:Nassau
544:Nassau
528:member
516:German
508:German
346:Adolph
307:
232:Status
158:German
109:
102:
95:
88:
80:
36:Nassau
3631:Reuss
3611:Lippe
3401:Baden
3196:Greiz
3186:Reuss
3019:Leyen
2920:Hesse
2915:Baden
2479:Pfund
2455:curia
2424:marks
2383:1866
2365:1866
2351:]
2337:1852
2328:]
2315:1849
2301:]
2288:1848
2274:]
2261:1843
2252:]
2239:1842
2225:]
2212:1834
2192:1811
2166:Image
2051:Death
2048:Birth
2045:Image
2035:Dukes
2029:]
2007:, to
1882:Jäger
1738:Hesse
1734:state
1699:]
1646:]
1583:]
1572:]
1525:Baden
1306:]
1179:Texas
1116:]
1075:tithe
847:Stauf
757:Trier
753:Mainz
637:Rhine
524:Hesse
248:State
236:State
114:JSTOR
100:books
3213:Salm
2988:Berg
2808:ISBN
2792:link
2766:link
2718:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2618:ISBN
2580:ISSN
2558:2017
2477:. A
2380:1866
2362:1852
2334:1849
2312:1848
2285:1843
2258:1842
2236:1834
2209:1806
2189:1806
2169:From
2042:Duke
1969:and
1251:Jews
953:and
859:Sayn
812:Kaub
755:and
712:The
641:Lahn
633:Main
627:and
522:and
502:The
304:Duke
182:Flag
86:news
2872:by
1981:in
1736:of
1724:of
1500:at
1355:of
1264:in
978:Amt
822:,
385:by
69:by
3816::
2788:}}
2784:{{
2762:}}
2758:{{
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2735:.
2705:48
2703:.
2650:79
2648:.
2637:82
2635:.
2574:,
2349:de
2326:de
2299:de
2272:de
2250:de
2223:de
2141:.
2031:.
2027:de
1907:.
1868:.
1786:HD
1770:ON
1697:de
1690:,
1686:,
1675:,
1656:.
1644:de
1581:de
1570:de
1527:,
1304:de
1114:de
861:,
857:,
853:,
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798:,
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767:.
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667:.
585:.
510::
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2768:)
2726:.
2692:.
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2586:.
2560:.
703:.
506:(
160:)
156:(
136:)
130:(
125:)
121:(
111:·
104:·
97:·
90:·
63:.
38:.
20:)
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