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128:. Linguistic knowledge preceded a wider study of cultures and history, and as Europe began to expand its influence in the region, political, and economic factors, that encouraged growth in its academic study. In the late 18th century, archaeology became a link from the discipline to a wide European public, as artefacts brought back through a variety of means went on display in museums throughout Europe.
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During the course of the century, Western archeology spread across the Middle East and Asia, with spectacular results. In the 1850s, for example, the French government was determined to mount large-scale operations in
Assyria and Mesopotamia to showcase its dominance in the region. An archaeological
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in his article "The Roots of Muslim Rage", which was written in 1990. Again, that was seen as a way of accounting for new forms and lines of division in international society after the Cold War. The clash of civilizations approach involved another characteristic of
Orientalist thought: the tendency
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and of Islam is a threat to that of the West. The essence of the debate reflects a presupposition for which
Orientalism has been criticized by the Orient being defined exclusively by Islam. Such considerations were seen to have occurred in the wider context of the way in which many Western scholars
779:
attitudes and stereotypes of Asian peoples and cultures, however, which frequently extended to local Jewish and Romani communities since they were also of
Oriental origin and widely recognized as such. Scholarship often was intertwined with prejudicial racist and religious presumptions to which the
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2006, p. 75 Giulio Busi, Freie
Universität Berlin. Institut für Judaistik - 2006 "According to the famous decision of the council of Vienne (1311–1312), Oxford was chosen as one of four universities (with Paris, Bologna and Salamanca) in which Hebrew, Arabic, Greek and Aramaic were to be
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of
Eastern societies. The study of Islam was particularly central to the field since most people living in the geographical area that was termed as the Orient were Muslims. The interest in understanding Islam was fueled partly by economic considerations of the growing trade in the
981:
was then considered the Orient. However, the use of the various terms and senses derived from "Orient" has greatly declined since the 20th century, especially since trans-Pacific links between Asia and
America have grown, and travel from Asia usually arrive in the
933:(1978), a critical history of that scholarly tradition. In contrast, the term has also been used by some modern scholars to refer to writers of the colonial era who had pro-Eastern attitudes, as opposed to those who saw nothing of value in non-Western cultures.
1102:
about the East with the concept of "the East" itself. The terms
Oriental/Eastern and Occidental/Western are both inclusive concepts that usefully identify large-scale cultural differences. Such general concepts do not preclude or deny more specific ones.
1017:. The generic concept of Oriental studies has to its opponents lost any use that it may have once had and is perceived as obstructing changes in departmental structures to reflect actual patterns of modern scholarship. In many universities, like the
774:
also developed, and by the mid-19th century, Oriental studies had become a well-established academic discipline in most
European countries, especially those with imperial interests in the region. Although scholastic study expanded, so did
515:, with the linguistic and religious aspects initially continuing to dominate. There was also a political dimension, as translations for diplomatic purposes were needed even before the West engaged actively with the East beyond the
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in the 18th and the 19th centuries. When used in that sense, the term often implies prejudiced outsider-caricatured interpretations of
Eastern cultures and peoples. That viewpoint was most famously articulated and propagated by
750:
and was published around 1867. New national museums provided a setting for important archaeological finds, most of which were then bought back to Europe, and they put Orientalists in the public spotlight as never before.
578:
During the 18th century, Western scholars reached a reasonable basic level of understanding of the geography and most of the history of the region, but knowledge of the areas least accessible to Western travelers, like
135:
attitudes and interests and by the fascination for the "exotic" East for Mediterranean and European writers and thinkers, and was captured in images by artists, which is embodied in a repeatedly-surfacing theme in the
103:
in Europe (Christianity, Judaism, and Islam) originated in the Middle East and because of the rise of Islam in the 7th century. Consequently, there was much interest in the origin of those faiths and of
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Various explanations for the change to "Asian studies" are offered; a growing number of professional scholars and students of Asian Studies are themselves Asian or from groups of Asian origin (like
30:
1346:
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began to accelerate in the 11th century, such contacts became rarer in Spain. Chairs of Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic were briefly established at Oxford and in four other universities after the
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With a great increase in knowledge of Asia among Western specialists, the increasing political and economic involvement in the region, and particularly the realization of the existence of
1251:
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to see the region as being one homogenous civilization, rather than as comprising various different and diverse cultures and strands. It was an idea that was taken on more famously by
812:
The participation in academic studies by scholars from the newly-independent nations of the region itself inevitably changed the nature of studies considerably, with the emergence of
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has come to acquire negative connotations in some quarters and is interpreted to refer to the study of the East by Westerners who are shaped by the attitudes of the era of European
1246:
1025:
may be linked with theological institutes, and the study of ancient civilizations in the region may come under a different faculty from that of the studies of modern periods.
627:
1098:
word for "East" (a more common derivation is from one or both of two Anatolian proper names). Replacing one word with another is to confuse historically objectionable
685:, there emerged more complex intellectual connections between the early history of Eastern and Western cultures. Some of the developments occurred in the context of
2225:
1770:
Vasiliev, Leonid. "Stages of the World Historical Process: an Orientalist's View." Electronic Science and Education Journal: "Istoriya" 3:2, 10 (2012).
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41:. In the 19th century, the placing of spectacular antiquities in the new museums brought unusual interest from the general public to Oriental studies.
1648:
56:
societies and cultures, languages, peoples, history and archaeology. In recent years, the subject has often been turned into the newer terms of
1939:
Lockman, Zachary. Contending Visions of the Middle East. The History and Politics of Orientalism. New York: Cambridge University Press 2004,
1067:). This change of labeling may be correlated in some cases to the fact that sensitivity to the term "Oriental" has been heightened in a more
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was founded in about 1643. Oxford followed for Hebrew in 1546 (both chairs were established by Henry VIII). One distinguished scholar was
1700:
1041:
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Said wrote his book, a detail that Said gets wrong. By some, the term "Oriental" has come to be thought offensive to non-Westerners.
532:
1986:
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Studies. That reflects the fact that the Orient is not a single monolithic region but rather a broad area, encompassing multiple
345:
into Latin was completed in 1143, but little use was made of it until it was printed in 1543. It was later translated into other
276:. Popular medieval European knowledge of cultures farther east was poor and depended on the widely-fictionalized travels of Sir
1636:
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528:
326:
109:
1920:
1909:
1866:
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Vasiliev, Leonid. "Stages of the World Historical Process: an Orientalist's View." Electronic Science and Education Journal:
1660:
959:(rising) and, equally likely, from the Greek word ('he'oros', the direction of the rising sun). "Orient" is the opposite of
99:" had primarily religious origins, which have remained an important motivation until recent times. That is partly since the
353:
and others based themselves in Andalusia to take advantage of its Arabic libraries and scholars. However, as the Christian
17:
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1915:
Wokoeck, Ursula. German Orientalism: The Study of the Middle East and Islam from 1800 to 1945. London: Routledge, 2009.
1712:
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responded to international politics after the Cold War, and they were arguably heightened by the terrorist attacks of
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led the way and, as with many other ancient cultures, provide linguists with new material for decipherment and study.
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1094:" is just as encompassing as "Oriental," and may well have originally had the same meaning, were it derived from an
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in international relations generally and within the 'West' particularly, which was brought about by the absence of
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Scholarly work was initially largely linguistic in nature, with primarily a religious focus on understanding both
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in scholarship on the Middle East was seen to have re-emerged and risen in prevalence again after the end of the
560:
322:
796:
2149:
1427:
Routledge, 2005, pp 40-41; Tanner, J.P., "Ancient Babylon: From Gradual Demise to Archaeological Rediscovery,"
1029:
738:), which was the first systematic excavation of the site. The expedition resulted in a pioneering publication,
455:
144:." Since the 20th century, scholars from the region itself have participated on equal terms in the discipline.
1547:
2018:
1452:
J. Go, "'Racism' and Colonialism: Meanings of Difference and Ruling Practice in America's Pacific Empire" in
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monarchy. An institutional distinction between East and West did not exist as a defined polarity before the
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as unchanging because of the economic narrowness of village economies and the state's role in production.
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was considered the Occident (the West) and its farthest-known extreme as the Orient (the East). From the
682:
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1965:"Enlightenment from the East: Early Nineteenth Century Russian Views of the East from Kazan University"
1858:
702:
342:
2189:
1761:
Knight, Nathaniel. "Grigor'ev in Orenburg, 1851–1862: Russian Orientalism in the Service of Empire?",
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1195:
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Lexicon Heptaglotton Hebraicum, Chaldaicum, Syriacum, Samaritanum, Aethiopicum, Arabicum, et Persicum
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thesis. That particular idea of a fundamental conflict between East and West was first advanced by
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523:, containing the complete existing texts in Hebrew and Aramaic, in addition to Greek and Latin. At
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308:
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1437:
https://www.iberlibro.com/buscar-libro/primera-edicion/tapa-dura/precio-min/30/vi/960590/sortby/1/
563:, who, like his father and his son, served as an Arabic interpreter to the King. The study of the
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had traveled to the East and wrote on the modern history and society of the Eastern peoples. The
444:
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of the period, which was to be an ever-more important aspect of the field in the next century.
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1001:. In many cases, the field has been localised to specific regions, such as Middle Eastern or
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of the Middle East over what they considered the intolerant Christian West. Many, including
416:, especially the sea routes, became intense, but most was pursued outside the universities.
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Wydział Orientalistyczny UW – Strona Wydziału Orientalistycznego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
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Symbolic of that type of response to the end of the Cold War was the popularization of the
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1902:Первый российский востоковед Дмитрий Кантемир / First Russian Orientalist Dmitry Kantemir.
8:
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was renamed the Faculty of Asian Studies. In 2007, the Faculty of Oriental Studies at
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thinkers characterized aspects of the pagan East as superior to the Christian West in
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in the 7th century established a sharp opposition or even a sense of polarity in the
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Katz, Elizabeth. Virginia Law. Democracy in the Middle East. 2006. September 9, 2006
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produced relatively little in the way of scholarly interchange, the eruption of the
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1976:
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by Holly Edwards (Editor). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000 (hardcover,
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followed suit in 2022, also renaming the former Faculty of Oriental Studies as the
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575:, and missionary motives were to remain important, at least in linguistic studies.
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The original distinction between the "West" and the "East" was crystalized by the
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by Victor Place and Felix Thomas, , Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris, 1857, Online:
1145:(mentions the beginnings and spread of Christianity in the Middle East and Asia)
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Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism
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was generally regarded in Europe as a major factor in the relative failure of
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universities, the field of Oriental studies has now been replaced by that of
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229:
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61:
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The late 18th century saw the start of a great increase in the study of the
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1981:
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333:, who translated 37 books, mostly medical texts, from Arabic to Latin, and
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region and by the changing cultural and intellectual climate of the time.
559:(The Youth of Languages), young linguists in the diplomatic service, like
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1851:
German Orientalism in the Age of Empire - Religion, Race and Scholarship
1807:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2001 (hardcover,
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atmosphere, although it began earlier: Bernard Lewis' own department at
531:
since 1540 (the fifth-oldest regular chair there), and the university's
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had Professors of Oriental Languages at least in the 1570s. In France,
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American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945
1508:
Oriental enlightenment the encounter between Asian and Western thought
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2441:
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2026:
1571:
Fleming, K.E. "Orientalism, the Balkans, and Balkan Historiography",
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was renamed the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, and the
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994:
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727:
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338:
81:
49:
1433:
Ninive et L'Assyrie, Consul General Avec Des Essais De Restauration,
1252:
Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences
429:
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Cold War Orientalism: Asia in the Middlebrow Imagination, 1945–1961
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393:
77:
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in 1732, is the oldest school of Sinology and Oriental Studies of
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1873:
Noble dreams, wicked pleasures: Orientalism in America, 1870–1930
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1112:
887:
781:
735:
616:
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1929:
1564:
Crawley, William. "Sir William Jones: A vision of Orientalism",
1247:
Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1087:
may also account for the hesitation to use the term "Oriental".
2160:
The impact of Edward Said's book on Middle Eastern studies, by
2123:
1640:
1410:
Volume 1, John Wiley & Sons, 2012, p. 51-52; Pouillon, F.,
1309:
Hebrew to Latin, Latin to Hebrew: the mirroring of two cultures
970:
943:
900:
is one of the earliest paintings from Western painters in the "
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698:
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and Voltaire, praised the high social status of scholarship in
381:
206:
162:
121:
96:
65:
2101:
1836:
India: The Seductive and Seduced "Other" of German Orientalism
1616:
1575:, Vol. 105, No. 4. (Oct., 2000), pp. 1218–1233.
1472:(Pluto Press/The Transnational Institute, London, 1995), p. 1.
832:. It is contended that was partly a response to "a lacuna" in
2096:
1742:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003 (hardcover,
1234:
1225:
952:
584:
580:
190:
73:
2128:
1767:, Vol. 59, No. 1. (Spring, 2000), pp. 74–100.
1568:, Vol. 27, Issue 2. (Jun. 1996), pp. 163–176.
2092:
2089:
The Faculty of Oriental Studies at the University of Warsaw
1704:
1485:(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004), pp. 223–233.
977:
to the Middle Ages, what is now in the West considered the
385:
327:
growth in translations of Arabic and Greek texts into Latin
321:, existed sporadically throughout the Middle Ages, and the
2086:
2046:
The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
2040:
1056:(only now referred to only by the acronym "SOAS"), and in
693:, denigrated Eastern civilizations as static and corrupt.
630:(English: University of Naples "L'Orientale"), founded in
303:, but there was also a wish to understand Arabic works on
1782:
1771:
1425:
The Near East: Archaeology in the Cradle of Civilization,
519:. A landmark was the publication in Spain in 1514 of the
511:
University Oriental studies became systematic during the
1676:
1408:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East,
1090:
Supporters of "Oriental Studies" counter that the term "
1021:, the faculties and institutions have been divided. The
848:
framing views on the extent to which the culture of the
95:
The European study of the region formerly known as "the
1587:
For lust of knowing: The Orientalists and their enemies
1548:"Princeton University, Near Eastern Studies department"
197:. The classical world had an intimate knowledge of its
689:
for the control of India. Liberal economists, such as
1792:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2004 (
1582:, Vol. 20, No. 2. (1993), pp. 145–163.
1044:. Elsewhere, names have remained the same, as in the
844:
caused an era that has been marked by discussions of
679:
close relations between Indian and European languages
209:" (Chinese). However, there was a substantial direct
1599:
Dangerous Knowledge: Orientalism and Its Discontents
1083:
that incorporate not only philological pursuits but
185:
in the late 3rd century AD, and the division of the
1441:
Dictionnaire des Orientalistes de Langue Française,
1412:
Dictionnaire des Orientalistes de Langue Française,
213:, unlike that with China, during the Roman Empire.
1838:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001 (hardcover,
1823:); London: I.B. Tauris, 2002 (new ed., hardcover,
1281:
205:of most of the world farther east, including the "
1578:Halliday, Fred. "'Orientalism' and Its Critics",
2705:
1397:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004:44
1028:In 1970, the Faculty of Oriental Studies at the
965:, a term for the Western world. In terms of the
76:, especially traditional China, is often called
68:is today generally focused on the discipline of
1589:. London: Penguin/Allen Lane, 2006 (hardcover,
2150:John E. Hill, translation in his e-edition of
628:Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale"
2233:
2219:
1601:. New York: Overlook Press, 2006 (hardcover,
1470:The Next Threat: Western Perceptions of Islam
806:Second International Congress of Orientalists
165:historians made a distinction between their "
726:, excavated the palace of the Assyrian King
587:, and their languages remained limited. The
2177:Edward Said and the Production of Knowledge
1962:
1042:Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies
458:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2226:
2212:
2186:
2129:Ancient Indian & Iran Trust, London UK
1431:Vol. 47 ,2002, pp 11-20; Library notes on
1429:Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin,
937:From "Oriental studies" to "Asian studies"
784:tended to contribute until the end of the
567:was pioneered by missionaries, especially
201:neighbours (and usually enemies) but very
1980:
1580:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
1257:International Institute for Asian Studies
478:Learn how and when to remove this message
181:-divided administration of Roman Emperor
2170:— an article by Austrian anthropologist
1288:. Oxford University Press. p. 426.
886:
824:in the sense used by Edward Said in his
795:
656:
501:(徐光啟) (right) in the Chinese edition of
489:
220:
29:
1468:Jochen Hippler and Andrea Lueg (eds.),
288:was much longer and was more accurate.
14:
2706:
1503:
754:The first serious European studies of
419:
2207:
2041:American Center for Oriental Research
1395:Contending Visions of the Middle East
2199:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2182:Orientalism as a tool of Colonialism
2146:China in Western Thought and Culture
2071:Institute for Research in Humanities
1526:For example, Thomas R. Trautmann in
1276:
1231:Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library
456:adding citations to reliable sources
423:
404:and for Europe itself, which led to
284:, but the equally-famous account by
2190:"Oriental Study and Research"
1957:, Mainz, Germany, 23(2006)8, 77–78.
1284:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
555:initiated a training programme for
400:had strategic implications for the
48:is the academic field that studies
24:
2142:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
1558:
1169:Orientalism in early modern France
343:earliest translation of the Qur'an
64:. Traditional Oriental studies in
27:Study of Asian history and culture
25:
2735:
2187:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2062:The Institute of Oriental Culture
2007:
2002:
380:from which luxury goods (notably
1989:from the original on 8 July 2019
1164:List of Islamic studies scholars
951:is a term that derives from the
879:, "The Clash of Civilizations?"
428:
372:of the complex civilisations of
337:, one of the translators of the
1540:
1520:
1497:
1488:
1475:
1462:
1184:
791:
652:
323:Renaissance of the 12th century
315:. That effort, also called the
152:
131:Modern study was influenced by
124:was an important factor in the
1573:The American Historical Review
1446:
1417:
1400:
1387:
1363:
1339:
1315:
1302:
1270:
1030:Australian National University
882:
392:) were imported. Although the
370:vague but increasing knowledge
216:
84:in general, especially in the
13:
1:
2012:
1263:
1201:Oriental Club of Philadelphia
1963:Smith-Peter, Susan. (2016),
1953:by Wolfgang G. Schwanitz in
1928:by Wolfgang G. Schwanitz in
1375:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
742:, which jointly authored by
406:extended diplomatic contacts
161:in the 5th century BC, when
7:
2134:
2102:Faculty of Oriental Studies
2080:
1855:German Historical Institute
1189:
1106:
840:as a global adversary. The
543:in 1669, and scholars like
260:, which stretched from the
10:
2740:
2115:Bulgarian National Library
2019:School of Oriental Studies
1859:Cambridge University Press
907:
703:Asiatic mode of production
701:origin, characterized the
561:François Pétis de la Croix
529:Regius Professor of Hebrew
147:
108:in general. Learning from
2635:
2242:
2055:
1969:Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie
1785:Accessed: March 19, 2014.
1774:Accessed: March 19, 2014.
1727:by Lawrence Rosen in the
1721:, November 12, 2006.
1703:by William Grimes in the
1669:, February 26, 2006.
1657:, February 26, 2006.
1645:, February 13, 2006.
1639:by Terry Eagleton in the
1327:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
1323:"Renaissance Orientalism"
1240:
1196:American Oriental Society
228:remits his report on the
189:into portions that spoke
2023:Universidad del Salvador
1733:, January/February 2007.
1709:, November 1, 2006.
1675:by Maya Jasanoff in the
1633:, February 6, 2006.
1621:, January 28, 2006.
1528:Aryans and British India
1494:Zachary Lockman, p. 233.
661:The old building of the
507:(幾何原本) published in 1607
110:medieval Arabic medicine
1857:, Washington, D.C. and
1627:by Allan Massie in the
1454:Qualitative Sociology'
1215:
1206:Smithsonian Institution
1143:History of Christianity
873:in his 1993 article in
800:Experts inspecting the
611:, praised the relative
603:'s ironic promotion of
549:University of Salamanca
412:, European interest in
331:Constantine the African
325:witnessed a particular
1982:10.17805/zpu.2016.1.29
1783:http://history.jes.su/
1772:http://history.jes.su/
1678:London Review of Books
1512:. Routledge. pp.
1443:KARTHALA, 2008, p. 924
1414:KARTHALA, 2008, p. 924
905:
862:clash of civilizations
809:
687:Franco–British rivalry
674:
571:and others during the
508:
237:
211:Roman trade with India
58:Middle Eastern studies
42:
2196:Catholic Encyclopedia
2036:University of Chicago
1849:Suzanne L. Marchand:
1694:Frankfurter Rundschau
1689:Wolfgang G. Schwanitz
1615:by Philip Hensher in
1504:Clarke, J.J. (1997).
1075:was renamed a decade
1019:University of Chicago
890:
826:book of the same name
814:post-colonial studies
799:
762:were by the scholars
660:
573:Jesuit China missions
557:Les jeunes de langues
553:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
493:
224:
140:in the West, called "
33:
2168:Frontier Orientalism
2158:Edward Said's Splash
2111:Oriental Collections
2106:University of Oxford
2093:Asiatica Association
1815:); 2002 (paperback,
1781:ya" 3:2, 10 (2012).
1715:by Michael Dirda in
1681:, June 8, 2006.
1651:by Bill Saunders in
1210:Freer Gallery of Art
1073:Princeton University
1038:University of Oxford
1034:Cambridge University
893:The Women of Algiers
871:Samuel P. Huntington
539:, who published his
525:Cambridge University
521:first Polyglot Bible
452:improve this section
388:textiles as well as
329:, with figures like
301:Christian literature
18:Near Eastern studies
2658:Culture by location
1934:, 12(2010)4, 225-7.
1834:Murti, Kamakshi P.
1790:German Orientalisms
1718:The Washington Post
1663:by Noel Malcolm in
1259:, Leiden University
1069:politically correct
842:end of the Cold War
820:. The influence of
782:biological sciences
740:Ninevah and Assyria
613:religious tolerance
527:, there has been a
420:Renaissance to 1800
335:Herman of Carinthia
295:and languages like
280:and the legends of
203:imprecise knowledge
101:Abrahamic religions
37:antiquities in the
2693:Vernacular culture
2417:Germanic languages
2120:Uppsala University
2050:Harvard University
2032:Oriental Institute
1738:Klein, Christina.
1406:Potts, D.T. (ed),
1371:"Castell, Edmund°"
1058:other universities
1023:Biblical languages
906:
855:September 11, 2001
846:Islamist terrorism
810:
707:Oriental despotism
675:
636:Continental Europe
509:
410:Age of Exploration
347:European languages
238:
167:Athenian democracy
159:Greco-Persian Wars
90:East Asian studies
88:, is often called
43:
2701:
2700:
2683:Political culture
1921:978-0-415-46490-1
1910:978-5-7873-0436-7
1867:978-0-521-51849-9
1803:Little, Douglas.
1481:Zachary Lockman,
1393:Zachary Lockman,
1347:"British Library"
1085:identity politics
834:identity politics
818:Subaltern Studies
504:Euclid's Elements
488:
487:
480:
402:Crusader kingdoms
363:Council of Vienne
359:Iberian Peninsula
351:Gerard of Cremona
252:between European
226:Hayton of Corycus
16:(Redirected from
2731:
2714:Oriental studies
2673:Official culture
2653:Cultural studies
2342:Central European
2236:cultural studies
2228:
2221:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2075:Kyoto University
2066:Tokyo University
1997:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1955:DAVO-Nachrichten
1861:, New York 2009
1697:, June 26, 2006.
1552:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1458:.1 (March 2004).
1450:
1444:
1439:; Pouillon, F.,
1421:
1415:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1274:
1123:Buddhist studies
1118:Biblical studies
898:Eugène Delacroix
838:Soviet communism
786:Second World War
597:Lettres Persanes
483:
476:
472:
469:
463:
432:
424:
318:Studia Linguarum
246:Muslim conquests
138:history of ideas
120:translations to
46:Oriental studies
35:Ancient Assyrian
21:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2631:
2592:Southeast Asian
2517:Native American
2238:
2232:
2137:
2083:
2058:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1992:
1990:
1898:Gusterin, Pavel
1654:The Independent
1585:Irwin, Robert.
1561:
1559:Further reading
1556:
1555:
1546:
1545:
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1525:
1521:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
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1476:
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1447:
1423:Maisels, C.K.,
1422:
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1109:
1065:Asian Americans
986:from the west.
939:
912:
885:
876:Foreign Affairs
808:in London, 1874
794:
770:. The academic
663:Asiatic Society
655:
607:. Others, like
533:chair in Arabic
484:
473:
467:
464:
449:
433:
422:
293:Biblical Hebrew
278:John Mandeville
242:spread of Islam
219:
199:Ancient Persian
155:
150:
106:Western culture
80:. The study of
72:; the study of
70:Islamic studies
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2737:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
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2670:
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2663:Ethnic studies
2660:
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2003:External links
2001:
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1975:(1): 318–338,
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1904:Moscow, 2008.
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991:North American
941:Like the term
938:
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908:Main article:
884:
881:
793:
790:
772:study of Islam
764:Eugene Burnouf
654:
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605:Zoroastrianism
545:Edward Pococke
537:Edmund Castell
517:Ottoman Empire
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1889:0-691-05004-X
1886:
1883:; paperback,
1882:
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1764:Slavic Review
1760:
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1756:0-520-23230-5
1753:
1750:; paperback,
1749:
1748:0-520-22469-8
1745:
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1730:Boston Review
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1607:1-58567-835-X
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1566:Asian Affairs
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1138:Hindu studies
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1015:civilizations
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1009:studies, and
1008:
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683:William Jones
680:
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671:William Jones
669:, founded by
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411:
408:. During the
407:
403:
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398:Mongol Empire
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258:Islamic world
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83:
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71:
67:
63:
62:Asian studies
59:
55:
51:
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40:
36:
32:
19:
2719:Area studies
2648:Area studies
2643:Anthropology
2557:Scandinavian
2526:
2487:Kremlinology
2407:Filipinology
2194:
2151:
2141:
2008:Institutions
1991:, retrieved
1972:
1968:
1954:
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1453:
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2362:Circumpolar
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930:Orientalism
925:Edward Said
920:imperialism
916:Orientalism
910:Orientalism
883:Orientalism
822:Orientalism
804:during the
643:archaeology
593:Montesquieu
513:Renaissance
497:(left) and
355:Reconquista
299:with early
262:Middle East
254:Christendom
250:Middle Ages
217:Middle Ages
142:Orientalism
133:imperialist
126:Middle Ages
54:Far Eastern
2708:Categories
2497:Macedonian
2477:Kartvelian
2392:Eskimology
2382:Egyptology
2377:East Asian
2322:Belarusian
2312:Australian
2255:Albanology
2152:Hou Hanshu
1869:(hardback)
1380:2023-06-09
1356:2023-06-09
1332:2023-06-09
1264:References
1222:Tōyō Bunko
1149:Iranistics
1052:, and the
1011:East Asian
995:Australian
896:(1834) by
850:Arab world
768:Max Müller
734:(formerly
691:James Mill
647:Egyptology
499:Xu Guangqi
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286:Marco Polo
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728:Sargon II
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468:July 2017
439:does not
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830:Cold War
760:Hinduism
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390:ceramics
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376:and of
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