New Zealand Division

958:. Several battalions were unable to reach their starting positions by the scheduled time and, once the attack began, they were held up by the mud and German defensive positions. For the sake of a few hundred metres, there were 5,700 casualties. Despite this, Godley, keen for Passchendaele to fall to his II ANZAC Corps, pushed ahead with the 12 October attack. Haig, misled by erroneous reports from Godley's headquarters that the Poelcappelle attack had achieved similar gains to those made on 4 October, concurred. Once Haig discovered the error, Godley reassured him that Passchendaele could still fall to his corps. Needing to restore Haig's faith in his leadership, Godley disregarded the warnings of his senior artillery and engineer officers that ground conditions were not favourable; the winter rain had set in following Broodseinde and, together with the time constraints, had been a key factor in the compromised preparations for the Poelcappelle attack. The Passchendaele attack, scheduled for 12 October, would likewise be hampered by limited preparation time and boggy terrain. 916:

fire, were swiftly dealt with by the advancing New Zealanders. Despite the presence of pillboxes, the Red Line was reached on schedule, with some limited mopping up operations conducted forward of the line by parties from the advancing battalions. Having moved up to the Red Line behind the attacking forces, at 8:10 am, the next phase of the advance began as infantry from the remaining battalions of 1st and 4th Brigades moved forward to the Blue Line. Despite some resistance from machine gun nests and pockets of infantry sheltering in shell holes, the Blue Line was reached at 9:30 am. Rain began to fall later that afternoon, and the ground quickly became boggy. For the next two days, under the protection of heavy artillery support, both brigades consolidated their positions and established trench lines. The Germans mounted some small-scale counterattacks but these were easily dealt with. From 5 October, the rain began to set in, making movement of men and equipment to the front line difficult. On 6 October, the New Zealanders were relieved by the

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forward and formed a series of outposts, some of which were close to the Green Line. They were well dug in by midday, and handily placed to fend off German counterattacks. At 3:00 pm, the advance was continued by the 4th Australian Division, supported by the New Zealand artillery. The 1st Brigade in the meantime consolidated its positions. That evening, aware that the Germans were likely to lay down a retaliatory artillery barrage, Russell ordered that only a minimum number of troops were to remain in Messines and most personnel moved back to their original positions. The next day, the expected barrage began. The New Zealanders remained in position until 9 June, when they were relieved by the 4th Australian Division.

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9th (Scottish) Division had managed to reach its final objective. Godley issued new instructions to the New Zealand Division; abandoning any hope of getting to the Green Line, it was to push on to the Blue Line in an attack timed for 3:00 pm. However, by the early afternoon the flanking Scots had been pushed back while the Australians had failed to make further gains and were withdrawing due to enfilade gunfire on the flanks. Braithwaite, warned by his battalion commanders that capturing the Blue Line was impossible, twice pushed Russell for a cancellation of the attack. Russell's initial response was to instruct the Rifle Brigade to continue, but shortly before the attack was to begin, it was abandoned.

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defences rearward of the front line to avoid the German artillery, the forward areas had to be constantly patrolled as a deterrent to an attack and to give the impression they were fully manned. The static nature of the war meant that the Divisional Mounted Troops, intended to be used as scouts, were redundant and, along with two Light Horse squadrons from the Australian infantry divisions, were soon transferred to a new formation designated 1st ANZAC Light Horse Regiment. In July, the New Zealand Division was transferred to the newly arrived II ANZAC Corps while I ANZAC moved south to

570: 1191:, felt that New Zealand was already contributing more than its fair share to the war effort, and he determined that no additional reinforcements would be sent to maintain the brigade; if needed, it would be broken up to supply divisional replacements. Consequently, the brigade's personnel were redistributed amongst the remaining formations to bring them up to strength. The surplus troops formed the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Entrenching Battalions, one for each brigade, and this provided a pool of trained reinforcements for the division. In other organisational changes, a divisional 970:

to its starting positions and the placement of the supporting artillery. The muddy ground did not provide a stable platform for the guns and howitzers. Furthermore, the artillery barrage targeting the barbed wire emplacements protecting the strongpoints on the slopes of Belluvue Spur failed to destroy them, a fact determined by scouts on 11 October. Once this information reached the brigade commanders, Braithwaite and A. E. Stewart, the commander of the Rifle Brigade following Young's wounding, they pressed Russell for cancellation of the attack; this was refused.

912:(of XVIII Corps) was to the left of the 1st Brigade. Together with the 1st Brigade, the 4th Brigade was tasked with two objectives, the Red Line and the Blue Line. The 1st Auckland and Wellington battalions of 1st Brigade, together with the 3rd Auckland and Canterbury battalions of 4th Brigade, were to advance to and secure the Red Line, running along the crest of the ridge. The other two battalions of the respective brigades would then leapfrog their predecessors through the Red Line to take the Blue Line, at the bottom of the Belluvue Spur. 1433: 671:

7:50 am. The tanks followed on, and one was knocked out of action by artillery fire. The remaining tanks moved onto the Blue Line. The advance, now led by the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the Rifle Brigade, was beginning to slow. The preparatory bombardment had failed to clear barbed wire ahead of the Flers trench and the infantry had gone to ground to await the tanks. Arriving at 10:30 am, they crushed the wire and allowed the 3rd Battalion to clear the trenches of its garrison, the 5th Bavarian Regiment; 145 were taken prisoner.

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battalion's advance from Flers Village, Grove Alley was captured. That evening the weather deteriorated and over the next few days rain filled trenches and shell holes, and turned the ground to thick mud. The New Zealanders were continually harassed by German artillery and localised attacks from the spur overlooking Grove Alley. Despite the conditions, the 1st Brigade carried out operations to strengthen the division's exposed left flank, but it remained vulnerable to enfilade fire from the German positions.

635:. The attack, as planned, was to capture a number of German-held trench systems in successive advances by alternating battalions; the first objective was the Switch trench complex, designated as the Green Line, with the next two being the Brown and Blue Lines. The Blue Line included the Flers trench network. The final objective was the Grove Alley trench complex, designated Red Line. The attack was to be preceded by a three-day preparatory bombardment and the division was also to be supported by 900: 994:. The division suffered heavy losses on 12 October: about 845 men were killed and a further 1,900 wounded in the worst defeat in New Zealand military history. Although Russell blamed himself for the outcome of the attack and wrote to politicians in New Zealand stating so, in his private correspondence he made it clear that planning and preparation by Godley and his staff at II ANZAC Corps was inadequate and did not take into account the poor ground conditions at Passchendaele. 59: 852:

captured ground. These casualties were inflicted despite Russell's attempts to keep the number of soldiers in the front line defences to a minimum and to rely on artillery and machine guns as his primary means for defending against counterattacks. The day after the battle, Russell was visiting the Le Moulin de l'Hospice, captured by 1st Brigade, when an artillery barrage opened up. This killed the brigade's commander, Brigadier General

683:, the senior surviving officer in this area of Grove Alley, gave orders to strengthen the corresponding section of the line. When a platoon began moving to effect the order, this was misinterpreted as a withdrawal and the remaining elements of the battalion began to pull out to Flers village. Inglis was able to check the withdrawal, but with only 120 men, he opted to dig in where they were rather than try to reoccupy Grove Alley. 1170:. The renamed corps returned to the Ypres salient in mid-November 1917, holding a five-mile front along Broodseinde Ridge from the village of Tiber to the Reutelbeek stream. The New Zealand Division took the right sector of this front which was overlooked by a spur topped by the ruined Polderhoek Chateau, occupied by the Germans. On 3 December, the 1st Canterbury and 1st Otago Battalions of the 2nd Brigade mounted 675:

also hampered attempts to shore up their positions. The 1st Battalion of the Rifle Brigade began an attack on the final objective, Red Line, at 10:50 am and secured a portion of the Grove Alley trenches by midday despite heavy casualties. However, the 47th Division had still not been able to secure its first objective while the 41st Division had to withdraw from Flers village. This left the New Zealanders in a

1285:'s Third Army. The New Zealand Division would continually be at the forefront of the advance of the Third Army for the remainder of the offensive. At this stage of the war, the New Zealand Division was still one of the strongest infantry divisions of the Dominion serving on the Western Front. It numbered 12,243 men and there were 15,000 reinforcements in England. Aided by the fact that New Zealand introduced 974:

Zealanders completed their barrage at 5:25 am and began moving forward. Their advance was slowed by ground conditions and machine gun fire from both their front and flanks. They stalled after reaching the wire, arranged in two belts. The following battalions began to catch up to the leading unit, the 2nd Otago Battalion, filling its depleted ranks, but were also held up by the wire. Some parties, led by

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early 1917, there was a reserve of around 10,000 men available with which to draw upon for the new brigade without adversely affecting the ability to replace existing troops in the field, in the short term at least. The brigade's core units were four infantry battalions designated as the 3rd Battalions of the Auckland, Wellington, Canterbury and Otago Regiments. Newly promoted Brigadier General

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a creeping barrage. Two days later, Factory Corner formed the launchpad for a further attack by the brigade and the neighbouring 55th Division on two more trenchlines, designated Gird Trench and Gird Support. This time, the attack was not as straightforward and it took an extra day before the entire objective was in New Zealand hands. On 1 October, as a preliminary to the

1359:, to which the Germans had withdrawn after they abandoned their defences along the St. Quentin Canal. The New Zealand Division's contribution was from the 2nd and Rifle Brigades, both of which easily achieved their objectives. In advance of their flanking units, they were handily placed to intervene when the Germans mounted a counterattack against the adjacent 881:(also known as the Third Battle of Ypres). Haig wanted Passchendaele Ridge in British hands by winter through a series of limited actions to be carried out across September and October. The initial role of the New Zealand Division was to launch an attack on Gravenstafel Spur, running off the Passchendaele Ridge, as part of what would become known as the 856:, the first general officer of the NZEF to be killed in action. On 12 June, the division was back manning the front lines to the southeast of Messines, mounting raids and pushing outposts forward into German territory and generally consolidating their positions. It was finally withdrawn from the sector at the end of the month for rest and recuperation. 609:(BEF), called for diversionary actions to attract the attention of the German High Command away from the Allied preparations for the forthcoming offensive on the Somme. To achieve this, the New Zealanders mounted several trench raids. By the time the New Zealand Division was relieved in August, it had incurred 2,500 casualties, including 375 dead. 561:, under the command of Godley. In early March, the New Zealand Division assumed responsibility for the section of the Suez Canal guarded by the 2nd Division, which began to embark for France. After three weeks of sentry duty, the New Zealand Division returned to its Moascar base before it too was shipped to France in early April. 1420:

leave the division was the Pioneer Battalion, and additional men were sent to England on leave. They remained there until transportation to New Zealand could be arranged. Russell had taken ill in late January and departed for the warmer climate of Southern France, leaving the division's artillery commander, Brigadier General

828:. This marked the first time the Australians and New Zealanders had fought alongside each other in a major engagement on the Western Front. The 2nd and Rifle Brigades quickly moved forward; the surviving German soldiers encountered initially were still dazed from the detonation of the mines and were quickly subdued and made 1445:, are located at Passchendaele, Messines, Le Quesnoy and the Somme. Each memorial includes the words "From the Uttermost Ends of the Earth". In contrast to other Dominions, the names of New Zealand soldiers with no known grave, of which there are about 4,180, are not listed on the Memorials to the Missing at 953:

Godley's II ANZAC Corps had limited time to prepare for the Battle of Poelcappelle, which was intended to set a good base for an attack on Passchendaele itself by capturing the Belluvue Spur. Its attack proved to be a failure, with no significant advancement of the front lines made by the two British

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It was a successful operation for the division; all objectives were achieved on schedule, with over 400 Germans, several field guns, and numerous machine guns and trench mortars being captured. Losses in the division amounted to 3,700 casualties, most of which were actually incurred while holding the

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The plan of attack, broken into three phases, called for the 2nd and Rifle Brigades to carry out an initial advance to the trenches on the western slopes of the Messines ridge as well as the village itself. The 1st Brigade was then to take over for the second phase and advance to the eastern slope of

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By mid-1917, Haig was planning an offensive in the heavily defended Ypres region of Flanders. His plan involved a series of steps, the first of which was the capture of Messines Ridge by II ANZAC Corps. The New Zealand Division, already in the Messines sector, was given the task of capturing Messines

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formation fighting in France with 20,000 personnel. However, Russell did not like his division's four-brigade structure (the remainder of the British and Dominion infantry divisions had three brigades) as he continually had to fend off requests to use the extra brigade for labouring work in the corps

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to the New Zealand government for another infantry division. Although their numbers were insufficient for a new division, personnel from New Zealand were arriving in the various NZEF depots in Europe at a much higher rate than they were being lost from the division due to casualties and attrition. By

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at Sailly. It remained here, patrolling the sector and mounting raids, into February 1917. The men of the division had become fatigued through their service on the Western Front. While the 2nd and Rifle Brigades soon recovered, the 1st Brigade, having many Gallipoli veterans, continued to struggle as

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An attack had been planned for 18 September but was postponed due to the poor weather. On 25 September, the attack went ahead. It was intended to extend the front to high ground that was known as Factory Corner. The high ground was undefended, and the 1st Brigade easily captured it under the cover of

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and extending the front line past the town. The Rifle Brigade encircled and, through the achievement of its 4th Battalion in scaling the ramparts that surrounded the town, pushed into Le Quesnoy by the close of the day while the 1st Brigade had established a line to the east. This was the division's

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By 9 April, the pressure was decreasing on the New Zealand positions as the Germans shifted their offensive north to the area around Armentières. While the bulk of the New Zealand Division remained on the Somme and consolidated its defences, some of its artillery went to reinforce the British forces

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At this stage of the war, Braithwaite, a popular commander, was temporarily in charge of the division while Russell was on leave. The last of the brigade commanders who had embarked with the NZEF in 1914, he was worn out and in January was evacuated to England for treatment. On recovery, Braithwaite

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The attack was to involve the New Zealand Division's 2nd and Rifle Brigades, with 4th Brigade in reserve, attacking along Belluvue Spur and onto Goudberg Spur while the 3rd Australian Division, on the right of the New Zealanders, attempted to take Passchendaele itself. On the division's left was the

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The attack was a success with the brigades taking all their objectives on schedule. The 4th Brigade captured 700 prisoners of war, for the loss of 130 men killed, and over 600 wounded. In the 1st Brigade, 192 were killed along with 700 wounded. From its starting positions, the division made gains of

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the ridge, an objective designated the Black Line. The final phase was also to involve the 1st Brigade, which was to push the front line out 270 metres (300 yd) via a series of outposts, designated the Dotted Black Line. This outpost line would serve as the starting point for the advance of the

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Efforts were made to consolidate the newly captured positions. The 41st Division, on the right flank, had reached its portion of the Blue Line and captured Flers but the 47th Division lagged behind. The New Zealanders remained exposed to enfilade fire along their left flank and German artillery fire

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The New Zealanders' defensive positions had been improved despite the weather and the harassment from German artillery, which killed Fulton, the original commander of the Rifle Brigade, when a barrage targeted his headquarters. The division undertook the first offensive action by the British forces

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The New Zealanders had a number of preparatory hurdles to overcome before the battle. The men of the Rifle Brigade had, for the previous few weeks, been carrying out engineering work for II ANZAC Corps and were fatigued. The ongoing rainfall affected both the roads by which the division had to move

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As planned, the 1st Brigade reached the Black Line shortly after 5:00 am and began preparing for the next phase of the advance, the establishment of the Dotted Black Line. By 9:00 am, under the cover of a creeping artillery barrage, platoons from the brigade's 2nd Auckland Battalion moved

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By the time of its withdrawal from the front lines on 4 October, the New Zealand Division had suffered 7,000 casualties (killed in action, wounded and missing), 1,500 of them fatal, since 15 September. On the opening day of the battle alone, there were 2,050 casualties from the 6,000 men who joined

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where it arrived on 20 December. Billeted in the city's suburbs, the division remained on active duty when not sightseeing. Educational programs were also implemented. Demobilisation began towards the end of December with the departure of those who had enlisted in 1914 or 1915. The first unit to

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By mid-morning, it was apparent that the failure of the New Zealanders to advance their section of the front exposed the left flank of the neighbouring 3rd Australian Division, which had secured its first objective and was pushing on to its second. Likewise, on the New Zealand Division's left, the

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during the afternoon, the New Zealanders managed to hold their front line, including the village of Flers, although both flanks remained exposed due to the failure of 41st and 47th Divisions to reach or hold their frontage of the Blue Line. It was a successful day for the division; it had captured

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The New Zealand Division officially came into being at Moascar, Egypt, on 1 March 1916, when the New Zealand and Australian Division was so renamed. Russell, a well regarded senior officer of the Territorial Force who had performed well during the Gallipoli Campaign, was appointed the commander of

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The day after the fall of Le Quesnoy, elements of the division moved through the Mormal Forest with the 1st Canterbury and 2nd Otago Battalions of the 2nd Brigade leading the way. As well as covering over 6 kilometres (3.7 mi), they attacked and captured two houses occupied by German forces.

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The New Zealand Division's initial involvement in the offensive was on 21 August, when it joined four other divisions of the Third Army in an attack across a 15-kilometre (9.3 mi) front from Puiseux towards the Albert-Arras railway. Its role was relatively minor in this action but a few days

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in August 1916, the continuous supply of reinforcements prevented it from suffering the reduction in the number of battalions that affected the British and Australian divisions as their manpower reserves dried up. As the division advanced, it usually did so along a brigade-sized front, with three

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On 8 August 1918, the last major offensive of the Western Front commenced. It began with an attack by the Canadian and Australian Corps at Amiens, which rolled the German lines back 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) that day. The advance petered out after four days after the Germans began to regroup and

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In the weeks leading up to the battle, the division repeatedly practiced the tactics it would employ in its attack on Gravenstafel Spur. When it moved into the front line, its frontage was approximately 2,000 metres (2,200 yd). The 4th Brigade moved into the southern portion of the line on 2

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battalions (2nd Auckland and 2nd Wellington) of the 2nd Brigade. This placed all the North Island battalions in the 1st Brigade while all the South Island formations were in the 2nd Brigade. The four artillery brigades were reduced to three by distributing the batteries of the fourth amongst the

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that had been laid down by the divisional guns, the 2nd Brigade's Auckland and Otago Battalions advanced on their first objective, the Switch trench complex, and seized it within an hour. Losses were heavy on the left side of the advance; the forward movement of the 47th Division was held up and

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On 4 October, preceded by an artillery barrage beginning at 6:00 am, the division began its offensive with the infantry advancing behind a creeping barrage, which caught a mass of German troops, preparing for their own attack, out in the open. The German infantry, battered by the artillery

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It was planned for the 4th Battalion of the Rifle Brigade, with the benefit of tank support, to leapfrog the 2nd Brigade and move onto the next objective. However, the tanks suffered mechanical problems and failed to arrive on time. The battalion moved on regardless and secured the Brown Line by

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The New Zealand Division continued to man its trenches along its section of the Somme front and regularly mounted trench raids. To the amusement of the New Zealanders, the German soldiers manning the trenches opposite were warned to avoid being captured because they might be eaten. In June, the

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at the old Somme battlefield. After moving rapidly to the front, it was positioned at Hamel by 26 March and from there linked up with the 4th Australian Division. For the next several days, the New Zealanders dug in while fending off multiple advances by the Germans. They were initially without

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Nevertheless, it was not an easy introduction to the front for the New Zealanders. On arriving in their sector, they found the defensive arrangements to be poor and immediately set about improving the trenches and wire emplacements. Although the bulk of the division's personnel manned secondary

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rotation; those not in the trenches spent their time training. During this period, the New Zealanders captured the village of La Basseville but subsequently lost it to a German counterattack. At the end of the month, 2nd Wellington Battalion, 1st Brigade, retook the village with Lance-Corporal

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The Germans launched a renewed effort to push through to Amiens on 5 April, two armies attacking across the front of the British Third Army. The New Zealanders experienced a heavy bombardment which began at 5:00 am which cut off communications and later that day suffered two separate but

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Early in the morning of 12 October, the Germans, already on the alert, bombarded the areas where the New Zealand infantry were assembling prior to commencing their advance. This, along with several rounds of New Zealander artillery that fell short, inflicted numerous casualties until the New

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The division returned to the area in mid-July, tasked with minor operations intended to keep German attention away from the sector north of Ypres, which was to be the focus of renewed fighting as Haig continued with his planned offensive. Russell had his brigades man the division's section in

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was formed from the companies belonging to each brigade while the New Zealand Pioneer Battalion divested itself of its squadron of Otago Mounted Rifles to leave a unit with solely Māori personnel, apart from its senior officers. This was designated the New Zealand Māori (Pioneer) Battalion.

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playing a key role in the action; he was later awarded the VC for his efforts. Over the following few weeks the men of the division worked to consolidate their positions in waterlogged trenches, rain having set in. Casualties were still incurred during this period including Brigadier General

1314:. Progress was delayed by heavy machine gun fire and artillery took its toll on supporting tanks. On 29 August, Bapaume itself was captured by the New Zealanders when, after a heavy artillery barrage, they attacked into the town at the same time the Germans were withdrawing. The village of 694:

To strengthen the division's positions, the 1st Brigade was brought forward into the front lines overnight. The next day, an attack was launched by the brigade's 1st Wellington Battalion. Supported by artillery, which suppressed an attack made by the Germans minutes before the start of the

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After the war, the New Zealand government instituted four national battlefield memorials to honour the New Zealand soldiers who died on the Western Front. The overwhelming majority of these fatalities, around 12,400, were men from the New Zealand Division. The memorials, designed by

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sector where they would undergo intensive training in trench warfare on the Western Front. The Armentières front line was regarded by the Allies as a nursery sector where new units could undergo familiarisation without being called upon for intensive offensive operations.

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Each brigade had four battalions; the 1st and 2nd Brigades included a battalion formed from personnel drawn from each of the military districts of New Zealand: Auckland, Wellington, Canterbury and Otago. The four battalions of the Rifle Brigade had no such regional

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Twenty men were killed in this last contact with the enemy, which marked the last offensive action of the division; it was relieved that night. During the Hundred Days' Offensive, it had advanced 100 kilometres (62 mi) in 75 days. It was moving into reserve at

1621:, a member of the trapped platoon, earned the VC, the last of the war for the New Zealand Division, for his efforts in relaying messages between his companions and his company commander. He also defused demolition charges on the bridge spanning the Scheldt River. 1179:

dealt with a machine gun post that was holding up the advance of his company, and won the VC. Having advanced its front by 180 metres (200 yd), the brigade consolidated its positions until it was withdrawn two days later and replaced by units from IX Corps.

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disorganised attacks by infantry. The first was fended off but the second recaptured La Signy farm. An attempt to push on to the main trenches of the New Zealanders was rebuffed with heavy losses inflicted by the Wellington Company of the Machine Gun Battalion.

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Village and it began intensive training for the forthcoming battle under the close supervision of Russell. Extensive preparatory work was carried out, with transportation infrastructure laid down and ample supplies of shells brought forward for the artillery.

966:. The plan required both New Zealand brigades to advance with a one-battalion frontage, with three battalions of each brigade leapfrogging each other in sequence to capture objectives designated Red, Blue and Green lines, the last of which was Goudberg Spur. 1229:

artillery support; the infantry had been able to move much more quickly to the front. The artillery began arriving by the evening of 27 March. Supplies took longer to arrive and as rain began to fall on 28 March, many soldiers were without wet weather gear.

317:. The New Zealand government, initially concerned by the prospect of maintaining three infantry brigades, concurred after Murray reassured it that the number of personnel in Egypt were sufficient to keep the new division up to strength in the short term. 752:

was appointed by Godley as the brigade's commander, and after a rigorous training programme, curtailed by orders to report to France, it embarked for the front on 29 May 1917. With four infantry brigades, the New Zealand Division was now the strongest

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which had been dug under the German lines. Over a million pounds (about 450 tonnes) of explosive were used, and the tremors were felt as far away as London. The New Zealanders were in the centre of the II ANZAC front, flanked by the British

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rejoined his original British Army regiment rather than returning to the division. There were rumours amongst the soldiers of the division that this was a punishment for his refusal to carry on with the 12 October attack at Passchendaele.

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the most ground of all the divisions of XV Corps involved in the battle. It had also reached all four of its objectives although it ended the day in possession of three plus Flers itself, which was actually in 41st Division's sector.

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Since the deployment of the main body of the NZEF, the numbers of volunteers had steadily increased to the point that they could no longer be integrated into either of the two existing brigades. In January 1916, the commander of the

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during the Spring Offensive when three battalions seized the high ground of La Signy farm on 30 March. This success, although relatively trivial to the New Zealanders, was a morale booster for the rest of the beleaguered Third Army.

982:, managed to breach the wire and attack the German pillboxes beyond, but when their leaders were killed, the survivors began to dig in. It was 8:00 am and the front line had been advanced by barely 320 metres (350 yd). 1219:

through which the Germans penetrated. The New Zealand Division was out of the line, recuperating following its tour of duty in the trenches over the winter months, and was deployed to cover a gap which had developed between

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On 1 November 1917, II ANZAC Corps' 3rd Australian Division was transferred to I ANZAC Corps. As this left the New Zealand Division as the sole representative of the ANZAC divisions in II ANZAC Corps, it was renamed to

931:, by a day, to 9 October. The British divisions of Godley's II ANZAC Corps were to be involved in the initial attack, which was to be followed by an advance on Passchendaele by the New Zealand Division on 12 October. 1174:

against the chateau. The attack, launched at midday in an attempt to surprise the Germans, proved a relative failure; although some ground was taken, the chateau remained in enemy hands. During this action, Private

313:, proposed the number of available New Zealand personnel warranted the establishment of two new brigades which, together with the existing brigade, would form a New Zealand infantry division for service on the 989:

The 4th Brigade moved up to the line to relieve the 2nd and Rifle Brigades and remained there until the division was withdrawn to a training area in late October, following the relief of II ANZAC Corps by the

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bearing the brunt of the renewed German attacks. Casualties for this period of the war were high; nearly 1,000 of the division's personnel were killed through March and April and almost 2,700 were wounded.

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On 21 March, the Germans launched their Spring Offensive which involved 60 divisions advancing across a front of 80 kilometres (50 mi). The Allies were quickly pushed back and a gap formed between the

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Soldiers with a corrugated iron sign reading 'The Cannibals Paradise Supply Den Beware', 10 August 1918. The sign was created in response to German propaganda that the New Zealanders ate their captured

639:, which were being used for the first time. Four tanks were assigned to the division's sector. The advance of the New Zealanders was to be flanked by corresponding movements of the neighbouring British 1424:, in charge of the division. The artillery was demobilised on 18 March 1919, with the division formally disbanded on 25 March 1919. Its occupation duties were taken up by the British 2nd Division. 840:, were soon dealt with and the outskirts of Messines village were within sight. The Rifle Brigade's 3rd Battalion was attacking the village when it was slowed by two machine gun posts. Corporal 1340:

After two weeks out of the line, the division attacked the Hindenburg Line itself on 29 September, easily achieving its objectives and capturing 1,000 prisoners. With the New Zealanders on the

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performed actions that led to a posthumous award of the VC; he was killed the next day. A prominent soldier and renowned for his scouting skills, his death was mourned across the division.

1367:, and had captured 1,400 prisoners and 13 field guns. Its own casualties amounted to 536 men. It withdrew from the front line for a brief rest before returning to the front on 20 October. 4110: 518:, who had led the original brigade at Gallipoli. The 2nd Brigade was formed from reinforcements currently in Egypt; this was commanded by another Gallipoli veteran, Brigadier General 1453:. Instead, it was the policy of the New Zealand government to establish smaller Memorials to the Missing in cemeteries near where the soldiers went missing, one of which is at the 293:. Although there were concerns that the Turks might attack the canal, it was envisaged that the division would soon be called upon to serve elsewhere. Commanded by Major General 654:

Infantry from the 2nd Brigade's Auckland Battalion, New Zealand Division, in the Switch Line near Flers, taken some time in September 1916, after the Battle of Flers-Courcelette

1526:(VC) for his actions in dealing with machine gun posts that briefly delayed the advance. He was subsequently killed in action later in the Somme Offensive, on 1 October 1916. 4120: 3652: 1574:

The battle was fought from 21 August to 2 September; the British Battles Nomenclature Committee designated the fighting that took place from 21 August to 29 August as the

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battalions forward of a field artillery brigade. This allowed for rapid artillery support as the need arose. The brigades would leapfrog each other as they moved forward.

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By February 1918, the losses in the New Zealand Division resulted in the disbandment of the 4th Brigade. When it was originally formed, New Zealand's prime minister,

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around 1,000 metres. Both Godley and Russell were pleased with the outcome and pushed for further involvement by the New Zealand Division in the ongoing offensive.

1482:

Earlier in 1916, the Australian components of the old New Zealand and Australian Division, 1st Light Horse and 4th Brigade, had been attached to the newly formed

1262:

that included Rossignol Wood. As with the division's previous stint on the Somme, trench raids were often carried out. During a raid mounted on 23 July, Sergeant

1352:. However, it became pinned down until the 1st Auckland and 2nd Wellington Battalions of the 1st Brigade managed to cross the next day and capture the village. 4047: 523: 404: 573:

Major General Andrew Hamilton Russell, seen here at divisional headquarters on 21 May 1918, commanded the New Zealand Division for the duration of the war

1403: 4082: 3762: 534:; one squadron was designated as the Divisional Mounted Troops while the remaining two squadrons were integrated into a pioneer battalion alongside 4105: 4077: 885:. The attack was part of an overall strategy to capture the ridges running in front of Passchendaele, prior to an attack on the village itself. 815:

Following a preparatory artillery barrage which began on 3 June, the battle commenced in the early hours of 7 June with the explosion of several

1281:

shore up their defences. Haig recognised that it was time to put pressure elsewhere on the German front and for this, decided to use General

1337:, the New Zealanders attacked the spur on 12 September. The crest of the spur was captured, although not the trench system on the far side. 511:

The former New Zealand Infantry Brigade was to be the first of three infantry brigades of the division. The 1st Brigade was commanded by

3827: 289:

In December 1915, the much depleted New Zealand and Australian Division was evacuated from Gallipoli, and was placed in reserve near the

1415:, to the displeasure of some personnel who had expected to return home. By mid-December it had begun moving through Belgium towards 606: 469: 865:

Johnston, killed by a sniper on 7 August while inspecting his new command, the Rifle Brigade. His replacement, Brigadier General

227:

in early November 1918. During the latter stages of the war, the New Zealand Division was one of the strongest divisions of the

1552:

Passchendaele Ridge eventually fell to the Canadians after they mounted a series of attacks between 26 October and 10 November.

1360: 1282: 3791: 3741: 3737: 3696: 3631: 3590: 3527: 3508: 3489: 3467: 3448: 1297:

New Zealand gunners with a captured German anti-tank rifle, in a German trench near the village of Grévillers, 26 August 1918

679:

exposed to heavy machine gun fire on both flanks. At 2:00 pm Germans were spotted advancing from the northeast. Captain

949:

New Zealand engineers resting in a large shell hole at Spree Farm during the First Battle of Passchendaele, 12 October 1917

917: 578: 204:

throughout 1916 and 1917. All were notable successes for the New Zealanders but the division suffered a serious defeat at

3822: 2895: 2773: 2041: 1595:

earned a posthumous VC when he led a party in the capture of a strongpoint that was delaying the advance past Grévillers.

372: 366: 275: 163: 4057: 4052: 4042: 903:

New Zealand infantry marching up to the Ypres sector in anticipation of the attack on Gravenstafel Spur, September 1917

740: 385: 354: 263: 3677: 3612: 3571: 3549: 2900: 2778: 2046: 360: 302: 3642: 297:, it was replenished with reinforcements from Australia and New Zealand and began a program of intensive training. 267: 244: 1293: 3768: 3756: 3728: 1458: 804:, which was to continue the attack to what was designated as the Green Line, a mile from the crest of the ridge. 248: 151: 1306:. The battle began on 24 August with a nighttime advance by the 1st and 2nd Brigades to clear the approaches to 1349: 1334: 1330: 955: 821: 640: 631:. On 15 September, the 2nd Brigade and the Rifle Brigade, with the 1st Brigade in reserve, participated in the 378: 1392: 1192: 1171: 1091: 940: 909: 833: 531: 223:

and advanced 100 kilometres (62 mi) in 75 days. The division's last major engagement of the war was at

1379: 837: 644: 426: 259: 224: 167: 1363:. By 12 October, the division had advanced nearly 20 kilometres (12 mi), including a crossing of the 908:

October. On its right was the 3rd Australian Division, while on its left flank was the 1st Brigade. The

3873: 1454: 1412: 1375: 1216: 1212: 1167: 1017: 632: 519: 220: 201: 181: 112: 1275: 1001: 216: 193: 4037: 3774: 1221: 790: 624: 197: 1539:

for his actions during the battle. He also served in the Second World War and briefly commanded the

1370:

By the end of October, the New Zealand Division was positioned to the west of the fortified town of

1325:

on 3 September following a failed attempt the previous day. It moved onto the outer defences of the

3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 1618: 1579: 1540: 1487: 1356: 1303: 1225: 979: 825: 801: 724:

did Johnston, its commander. Consequently, Russell sent him on leave and reorganised the brigades.

720: 554: 550: 258:, for service abroad. By October 1914, there were sufficient volunteers to form two brigades, the 170:, together with reinforcements from New Zealand, as the basis of the division. It was commanded by 1388: 1258:. The New Zealanders returned to the Somme front in early July, and settled into a sector east of 324: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 1575: 1364: 1205: 963: 878: 623:

After a period of refit and training, in September 1916 the New Zealand Division was assigned to

294: 271: 212: 205: 174: 131: 3706: 1561:

This united all five Australian divisions in a single formation, which was later designated the

1519: 1483: 1421: 928: 866: 844:

led his section on a successful foray to deal with them for which he was later awarded the VC.

778: 680: 3414: 927:

Buoyed by the success of 4 October, Haig brought forward the next phase of the offensive, the

3646: 3460:

From the Uttermost Ends of the Earth: The New Zealand Division on the Western Front 1916–1918

894: 882: 832:. They continued to advance into stiffening resistance, but these opponents, soldiers of the 700: 664: 515: 1407:

Soldiers of the New Zealand Division marching over the Hohenzollern Bridge, Cologne, Germany

899: 719:

The division, now reattached to II ANZAC Corps, moved north in mid-October and replaced the

30: 1176: 975: 704: 266:. These two formations formed the main body of the NZEF and, together with the Australian 945: 650: 8: 3721: 3600: 1442: 853: 749: 628: 618: 314: 1509:

Godley also retained overall command of the NZEF and did so for the duration of the war.

1329:, including Trescault Spur, which overlooked the German positions. In conjunction with 676: 595: 306: 279: 1608:

earned the VC for his exploits in leading a patrol that captured a company of Germans.

1432: 3692: 3673: 3656: 3627: 3608: 3586: 3567: 3545: 3523: 3504: 3485: 3463: 3444: 3420: 1450: 1341: 841: 816: 512: 231:

serving on the Western Front. After the armistice, it served on occupation duties in

3605:

On the Fringe of Hell: New Zealanders and Military Discipline in the First World War

3806: 1562: 659: 310: 255: 79: 1236: 877:

In September, II ANZAC Corps was detailed for the ongoing offensive in Ypres, the

807: 1326: 829: 762: 539: 155: 107: 535: 75: 3801: 3714: 1592: 1536: 1523: 1302:

afterwards, the division played a significant part in what is now known as the

1263: 1188: 991: 601:

The New Zealanders would follow in due course but in the meantime, General Sir

582: 283: 3689:

Shattered Glory: The New Zealand Experience at Gallipoli and the Western Front

1321:

The New Zealand Division continued to advance, with the 2nd Brigade capturing

586: 4099: 3796: 3424: 1605: 1255: 861: 687: 558: 340: 252: 171: 2890: 2768: 1315: 1311: 215:

at the Somme, before the Allies went on the offensive in August. During the

3660: 3559: 3537: 2036: 1286: 732: 728: 703:, 2nd Brigade's Otago and Canterbury battalions captured strongpoints near 602: 527: 3583:

ANZACS on the Western Front: The Australian War Memorial Battlefield Guide

3441:

New Zealand's Great War: New Zealand, the Allies & the First World War

1259: 569: 3477: 1322: 64: 1006: 811:

New Zealand troops manning the trenches in the Messines sector, May 1917

3501:

On My Way to the Somme: New Zealanders and the Bloody Offensive of 1916

1446: 1371: 766: 744: 290: 3670:

Western Front: The New Zealand Division in the First World War 1916–18

2561: 2559: 2208: 2206: 2204: 736:

others, one of which came under the direct control of II ANZAC Corps.

166:

was renamed after the detachment of its Australian personnel left the

1374:. On 4 November, the next phase of the Allied advance began with the 3001: 2989: 577:

The divisions of I ANZAC Corps, now commanded by Lieutenant General

2556: 2201: 754: 543: 329: 228: 147: 89: 3736: 1416: 1345: 1307: 232: 189: 3482:

Dark Journey: Three Key New Zealand Battles of the Western Front

3025: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 185: 2438: 2436: 2434: 869:, was severely wounded by another sniper just two days later. 3156: 3154: 3105: 3103: 2809: 2807: 2588: 2586: 2274: 2272: 2176: 2174: 1348:, a platoon had managed to cross it and reach the village of 774: 770: 159: 3190: 2598: 2072: 2060: 2004: 4111:

Military units and formations of New Zealand in World War I

3564:

New Zealand Battlefields and Memorials of the Western Front

3365: 3363: 3278: 3276: 3274: 2943: 2941: 2664: 2431: 1992: 1804: 636: 546:. In total, the division had some 15,000 men in its ranks. 36: 3380: 3378: 3288: 3235: 3151: 3100: 3073: 3049: 2953: 2804: 2583: 2571: 2484: 2460: 2395: 2359: 2335: 2323: 2289: 2287: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2171: 2137: 2135: 1939: 1738: 1736: 1634: 3653:

Official History of New Zealand's Effort in the Great War

3090: 3088: 1958: 1956: 1954: 743:

in England, in response to a request made by the British

3360: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3211: 3139: 3127: 3115: 2938: 2858: 2846: 2792: 2748: 2700: 2147: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2016: 1905: 1903: 1816: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1411:

The New Zealand Division was chosen to form part of the

16:

Infantry division of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force

3390: 3375: 2736: 2637: 2625: 2544: 2532: 2520: 2508: 2496: 2472: 2419: 2311: 2299: 2284: 2254: 2230: 2159: 2132: 1980: 1968: 1927: 1915: 1852: 1792: 1753: 1751: 1733: 1721: 731:

battalions (1st Canterbury and 1st Otago) with the two

219:

that followed, it was one of the lead divisions of the

3348: 3312: 3223: 3178: 3166: 3085: 3061: 3037: 3013: 2977: 2965: 2914: 2836: 2834: 2819: 2724: 2654: 2652: 2615: 2613: 2448: 2371: 2347: 2242: 1951: 1780: 1646: 3416:

The Official History of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade

2383: 2191: 2189: 1900: 1888: 1876: 1840: 1828: 1763: 1699: 1697: 1682: 1670: 1658: 1436:

The New Zealand Memorial at Passchendaele, in Belgium

4121:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1919

3542:

The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History

3336: 3324: 3300: 2926: 2870: 2407: 1748: 1398: 1007:

Order of Battle, New Zealand Division (January 1918)

208:

on 12 October 1917, its most costly day of the war.

3522:. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins Publishers. 3503:. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins Publishers. 3484:. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins Publishers. 2831: 2712: 2688: 2676: 2649: 2610: 243:Following the outbreak of the First World War, the 3624:The New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I 3566:. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press. 3544:. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press. 2218: 2186: 1864: 1694: 707:, which fell to the 47th Division two days later. 4116:Military units and formations established in 1916 3763:Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force 3607:. Auckland, New Zealand: Hodder & Stoughton. 2882: 1709: 35:Soldiers from the Pioneer Battalion performing a 4097: 3655:. Auckland, New Zealand: Whitcombe & Tombs. 3438: 3031: 3007: 2995: 2565: 2212: 934: 761:In the meantime, the division had been moved to 3626:. Men-at-Arms. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey. 557:, the New Zealand Division was to form part of 330:Order of Battle, New Zealand Division (c. 1916) 769:, the following month it shifted north to the 538:personnel. There were also three brigades of 3722: 627:which, at the time, was participating in the 211:In early 1918, the division helped blunt the 3585:. Milton, Australia: John Wiley & Sons. 3439:Crawford, John; McGibbon, Ian, eds. (2007). 2760: 1582:covered the period 31 August to 3 September. 522:. The third infantry brigade, known as the 3828:Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division 3462:. Christchurch, New Zealand: Wilson Scott. 2028: 3729: 3715: 3419:. Wellington, New Zealand: L. T. Watkins. 1383:most successful day on the Western Front. 1269: 739:This period also saw the formation of the 3517: 3498: 3413:Austin, Lieutenant-Colonel W. S. (1924). 2888: 2798: 2754: 2706: 2604: 2592: 2577: 2526: 2502: 2236: 2153: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1986: 1974: 1945: 1933: 1858: 1798: 1391:, in the rear area of IV Corps, when the 3691:. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. 3580: 3558: 3536: 3396: 3384: 3369: 3265: 3217: 3205: 3145: 3133: 3121: 2947: 2742: 2670: 2478: 2442: 2305: 2141: 1962: 1810: 1652: 1640: 1431: 1402: 1292: 1235: 1110:3rd Brigade, New Zealand Field Artillery 1107:2nd Brigade, New Zealand Field Artillery 1104:1st Brigade, New Zealand Field Artillery 944: 898: 888: 806: 663:this exposed the 2nd Otago Battalion to 649: 568: 450:3rd Brigade, New Zealand Field Artillery 447:2nd Brigade, New Zealand Field Artillery 444:1st Brigade, New Zealand Field Artillery 4106:Divisions of New Zealand in World War I 3641: 3599: 3520:Passchendaele: The Anatomy of a Tragedy 2825: 2813: 2730: 2490: 2466: 2454: 2401: 2377: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2278: 2248: 2180: 1894: 1882: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1786: 1774: 1757: 1742: 1727: 1688: 1676: 1664: 4098: 3686: 3667: 3476: 3412: 3354: 3318: 3294: 3241: 3229: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3109: 3094: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3019: 2983: 2971: 2959: 2920: 2514: 2425: 2413: 2389: 2317: 2293: 2263: 2165: 1921: 1909: 667:as they continued onto Switch trench. 612: 3792:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 3738:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 3710: 3672:. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Books. 3621: 3330: 2195: 2034: 1703: 1155:New Zealand Mobile Veterinary Section 1129:New Zealand (Māori) Pioneer Battalion 1121:Divisional Train, Army Service Corps 1005: 784: 765:in February 1917. Initially based at 526:, was commanded by Brigadier General 497:New Zealand Mobile Veterinary Section 461:Divisional Train, Army Service Corps 328: 3457: 3342: 3306: 3282: 3253: 2932: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2718: 2694: 2682: 2658: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2550: 2538: 2224: 1870: 1715: 4074:Military history during World War I 3823:New Zealand and Australian Division 3638:(has detailed drawings of uniforms) 2896:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 2774:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 2766: 2042:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 1378:. The division was tasked with the 1199: 1116:Three Light Trench Mortar Batteries 276:New Zealand and Australian Division 164:New Zealand and Australian Division 13: 4058:New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade 3648:The New Zealand Division 1916–1919 1413:Allied occupation force in Germany 1113:Two Medium Trench Mortar Batteries 1054:2nd Battalion, Canterbury Regiment 1051:1st Battalion, Canterbury Regiment 1043:2nd Battalion, Wellington Regiment 1040:1st Battalion, Wellington Regiment 872: 396:2nd Battalion, Canterbury Regiment 393:2nd Battalion, Wellington Regiment 14: 4132: 3443:. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle. 2901:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 2779:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 2047:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 1399:Occupation duties and disbandment 997: 954:divisions involved, the 49th and 530:. The division also included the 303:Mediterranean Expeditionary Force 1611: 1598: 1585: 1568: 1096:Divisional Machine Gun Battalion 1077:4th Battalion, The Rifle Brigade 1074:3rd Battalion, The Rifle Brigade 1071:2nd Battalion, The Rifle Brigade 1068:1st Battalion, The Rifle Brigade 1037:2nd Battalion, Auckland Regiment 1034:1st Battalion, Auckland Regiment 727:The 1st Brigade swapped its two 714: 564: 390:2nd Battalion, Auckland Regiment 247:authorised the formation of the 235:before being disbanded in 1919. 180:The division saw service on the 74: 57: 29: 4048:3rd New Zealand (Rifle) Brigade 3769:New Zealand Expeditionary Force 1555: 1546: 1529: 1512: 1503: 1493: 1476: 1459:Messines Ridge British Cemetery 1149:3rd New Zealand Field Ambulance 1146:2nd New Zealand Field Ambulance 1143:1st New Zealand Field Ambulance 658:At 6:20 am, following the 491:3rd New Zealand Field Ambulance 488:2nd New Zealand Field Ambulance 485:1st New Zealand Field Ambulance 249:New Zealand Expeditionary Force 192:, fighting in major battles at 152:New Zealand Expeditionary Force 585:, were initially based in the 433:New Zealand Machine Gun Corps 1: 3757:1st Australian Imperial Force 3405: 2891:"William Garnett Braithwaite" 1604:During this action, Sergeant 1535:Inglis was later awarded the 1310:, including Loupart Wood and 1092:New Zealand Machine Gun Corps 1060:2nd Battalion, Otago Regiment 1057:1st Battalion, Otago Regiment 941:First Battle of Passchendaele 935:First Battle of Passchendaele 532:Otago Mounted Rifles Regiment 470:New Zealand Pioneer Battalion 399:2nd Battalion, Otago Regiment 251:(NZEF), under the command of 238: 177:for the duration of the war. 3032:Crawford & McGibbon 2007 3008:Crawford & McGibbon 2007 2996:Crawford & McGibbon 2007 2566:Crawford & McGibbon 2007 2213:Crawford & McGibbon 2007 1427: 1152:New Zealand Sanitary Section 494:New Zealand Sanitary Section 458:Divisional Ammunition Column 418:4th Battalion, Rifle Brigade 415:3rd Battalion, Rifle Brigade 412:2nd Battalion, Rifle Brigade 409:1st Battalion, Rifle Brigade 320: 260:New Zealand Infantry Brigade 168:New Zealand Infantry Brigade 7: 1455:Buttes New British Cemetery 1395:was signed on 11 November. 633:Battle of Flers-Courcelette 607:British Expeditionary Force 520:William Garnett Braithwaite 436:Three Machine Gun Companies 264:New Zealand Mounted Brigade 80:New Zealand Military Forces 10: 4137: 3518:Macdonald, Andrew (2013). 3499:Macdonald, Andrew (2005). 1273: 1254:division was withdrawn to 1203: 938: 892: 788: 660:creeping artillery barrage 616: 549:Along with the Australian 423:Divisional Mounted Troops 154:raised for service in the 4070: 4030: 3909: 3902: 3882: 3836: 3815: 3784: 3775:Samoa Expeditionary Force 3749: 2769:"Andrew Hamilton Russell" 1522:won the division's first 1088:3rd Entrenching Battalion 1085:2nd Entrenching Battalion 1082:1st Entrenching Battalion 1024: 1012: 980:non-commissioned officers 791:Battle of Messines (1917) 773:area, which was south of 347: 335: 125: 120: 103: 95: 85: 70: 52: 44: 28: 23: 3687:Wright, Matthew (2010). 3668:Wright, Matthew (2005). 3581:Pedersen, Peter (2012). 2037:"Lindsay Merritt Inglis" 1580:Second Battle of Bapaume 1541:2nd New Zealand Division 1464: 1457:while another is at the 1318:fell the following day. 1304:Second Battle of Bapaume 838:3rd (Bavarian) Divisions 581:with Godley taking over 274:, were the basis of the 1488:Australian 4th Division 1355:On 8 October, IV Corps 1276:Hundred Days' Offensive 1270:Hundred Days' Offensive 1206:German spring offensive 964:9th (Scottish) Division 879:Battle of Passchendaele 826:3rd Australian Division 802:4th Australian Division 721:5th Australian Division 605:, the commander of the 295:Andrew Hamilton Russell 272:1st Light Horse Brigade 217:Hundred Days' Offensive 213:German spring offensive 175:Andrew Hamilton Russell 162:in early 1916 when the 3458:Gray, John H. (2010). 1484:ANZAC Mounted Division 1437: 1408: 1298: 1242: 950: 929:Battle of Poelcappelle 904: 812: 655: 574: 453:4th (Howitzer) Brigade 278:, which fought in the 245:New Zealand government 3622:Stack, Wayne (2011). 2889:Tonkin-Covell, John. 1435: 1406: 1389:Beauvois-en-Cambrésis 1380:capture of Le Quesnoy 1296: 1239: 1193:machine gun battalion 1135:Three Field Companies 1132:Divisional Engineers 1101:Divisional Artillery 1048:2nd Infantry Brigade 1031:1st Infantry Brigade 948: 902: 895:Battle of Broodseinde 889:Battle of Broodseinde 883:Battle of Broodseinde 810: 701:Battle of Le Transloy 653: 572: 516:Francis Earl Johnston 477:Three Field Companies 474:Divisional Engineers 441:Divisional Artillery 4053:4th Infantry Brigade 4043:2nd Infantry Brigade 4038:1st Infantry Brigade 3890:New Zealand Division 3750:Expeditionary Forces 3601:Pugsley, Christopher 1376:Battle of the Sambre 1361:British 2nd Division 1333:and elements of the 1177:Henry James Nicholas 427:Otago Mounted Rifles 386:2nd Infantry Brigade 355:1st Infantry Brigade 268:4th Infantry Brigade 144:New Zealand Division 24:New Zealand Division 3297:, pp. 157–158. 3285:, pp. 372–373. 3256:, pp. 367–368. 3244:, pp. 435–436. 3208:, pp. 512–513. 3163:, pp. 145–147. 3112:, pp. 332–333. 3082:, pp. 347–348. 3058:, pp. 271–272. 3010:, pp. 281–282. 2998:, pp. 278–280. 2962:, pp. 127–129. 2867:, pp. 163–164. 2855:, pp. 159–161. 2816:, pp. 328–329. 2673:, pp. 283–284. 2646:, pp. 141–142. 2634:, pp. 138–140. 2607:, pp. 180–181. 2568:, pp. 260–263. 2553:, pp. 130–135. 2541:, pp. 128–130. 2469:, pp. 236–237. 2445:, pp. 603–604. 2404:, pp. 190–191. 2368:, pp. 208–209. 2344:, pp. 203–204. 2332:, pp. 201–202. 2281:, pp. 179–181. 2215:, pp. 250–253. 2183:, pp. 168–169. 2081:, pp. 112–113. 2069:, pp. 105–106. 2013:, pp. 101–102. 1813:, pp. 202–203. 1643:, pp. 365–366. 1443:Samuel Hurst Seager 750:Herbert Ernest Hart 619:Battle of the Somme 613:Battle of the Somme 508:the new formation. 373:Canterbury Regiment 367:Wellington Regiment 158:. It was formed in 2493:, p. 243–244. 2001:, pp. 99–100. 1438: 1409: 1299: 1243: 1138:One Signal Company 951: 905: 813: 785:Battle of Messines 656: 575: 480:One Signal Company 307:Lieutenant General 280:Gallipoli campaign 4091: 4090: 4066: 4065: 3898: 3897: 3698:978-0-14-302056-1 3633:978-1-84908-539-7 3592:978-1-74216-981-1 3529:978-1-77554-030-4 3510:978-1-86950-554-7 3491:978-1-86950-579-0 3469:978-1-877427-30-5 3450:978-0-908988-85-3 2595:, pp. 52–55. 2580:, pp. 52–53. 2517:, pp. 41–44. 2428:, pp. 96–98. 2320:, pp. 93–94. 2296:, pp. 91–92. 2266:, pp. 88–90. 2168:, pp. 82–83. 2035:Goldstone, Paul. 1948:, pp. 94–95. 1924:, pp. 74–76. 1825:, pp. 11–12. 1745:, pp. 10–11. 1730:, pp. 15–16. 1344:and the adjacent 1342:St. Quentin Canal 1162: 1161: 842:Samuel Frickleton 777:, to relieve the 705:Eaucourt L'Abbaye 513:Brigadier General 504: 503: 361:Auckland Regiment 202:Broodseinde Ridge 137: 136: 4128: 3907: 3906: 3834: 3833: 3807:Australian Corps 3731: 3724: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3683: 3664: 3637: 3618: 3596: 3577: 3555: 3533: 3514: 3495: 3473: 3454: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3373: 3367: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3098: 3092: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2767:Pugsley, Chris. 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2282: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2199: 2193: 2184: 2178: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1761: 1755: 1746: 1740: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1622: 1615: 1609: 1602: 1596: 1589: 1583: 1576:Battle of Albert 1572: 1566: 1563:Australian Corps 1559: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1533: 1527: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1500:differentiation. 1497: 1491: 1480: 1357:attacked Cambrai 1200:Spring Offensive 1003: 1002: 830:prisoners of war 686:Despite several 579:William Birdwood 326: 325: 311:Archibald Murray 256:Alexander Godley 150:division of the 78: 63: 61: 60: 33: 21: 20: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4087: 4062: 4026: 4022:5th Light Horse 4017:4th Light Horse 4012:3rd Light Horse 4007:2nd Light Horse 4002:1st Light Horse 3894: 3878: 3832: 3811: 3780: 3745: 3735: 3705: 3699: 3680: 3634: 3615: 3593: 3574: 3552: 3530: 3511: 3492: 3470: 3451: 3429: 3427: 3408: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3376: 3372:, pp. 6–7. 3368: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2285: 2277: 2270: 2262: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2202: 2194: 2187: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1961: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1789:, pp. 7–9. 1785: 1781: 1773: 1764: 1756: 1749: 1741: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1695: 1691:, pp. 6–7. 1687: 1683: 1679:, pp. 5–6. 1675: 1671: 1667:, pp. 1–2. 1663: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1626: 1625: 1616: 1612: 1603: 1599: 1590: 1586: 1573: 1569: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1534: 1530: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1494: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1430: 1401: 1327:Hindenburg Line 1278: 1272: 1208: 1202: 1163: 1158: 1124:Three Companies 1020: 1008: 1000: 943: 937: 897: 891: 875: 873:Ypres Offensive 793: 787: 717: 629:Somme Offensive 621: 615: 567: 540:field artillery 505: 500: 464:Three Companies 377:1st Battalion, 371:1st Battalion, 365:1st Battalion, 359:1st Battalion, 343: 331: 323: 241: 156:First World War 140: 127: 108:First World War 58: 56: 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4134: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3802:II ANZAC Corps 3799: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3719: 3711: 3704: 3703: 3697: 3684: 3678: 3665: 3639: 3632: 3619: 3613: 3597: 3591: 3578: 3572: 3556: 3550: 3540:, ed. (2000). 3534: 3528: 3515: 3509: 3496: 3490: 3474: 3468: 3455: 3449: 3436: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3389: 3374: 3359: 3357:, p. 160. 3347: 3345:, p. 378. 3335: 3323: 3321:, p. 159. 3311: 3309:, p. 377. 3299: 3287: 3270: 3268:, p. 609. 3258: 3246: 3234: 3232:, p. 283. 3222: 3220:, p. 527. 3210: 3189: 3187:, p. 150. 3177: 3175:, p. 148. 3165: 3150: 3148:, p. 498. 3138: 3136:, p. 511. 3126: 3124:, p. 605. 3114: 3099: 3097:, p. 323. 3084: 3072: 3070:, p. 343. 3060: 3048: 3046:, p. 270. 3036: 3034:, p. 285. 3024: 3022:, p. 139. 3012: 3000: 2988: 2986:, p. 134. 2976: 2974:, p. 133. 2964: 2952: 2950:, p. 606. 2937: 2935:, p. 178. 2925: 2923:, p. 119. 2913: 2881: 2879:, p. 165. 2869: 2857: 2845: 2843:, p. 175. 2830: 2828:, p. 298. 2818: 2803: 2801:, p. 235. 2799:Macdonald 2013 2791: 2759: 2757:, p. 242. 2755:Macdonald 2013 2747: 2745:, p. 271. 2735: 2733:, p. 250. 2723: 2721:, p. 158. 2711: 2709:, p. 201. 2707:Macdonald 2013 2699: 2697:, p. 145. 2687: 2685:, p. 147. 2675: 2663: 2661:, p. 143. 2648: 2636: 2624: 2622:, p. 141. 2609: 2605:Macdonald 2013 2597: 2593:Macdonald 2013 2582: 2578:Macdonald 2013 2570: 2555: 2543: 2531: 2527:Macdonald 2013 2519: 2507: 2503:Macdonald 2013 2495: 2483: 2481:, p. 604. 2471: 2459: 2457:, p. 237. 2447: 2430: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2392:, p. 222. 2382: 2380:, p. 206. 2370: 2358: 2356:, p. 207. 2346: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2308:, p. 181. 2298: 2283: 2268: 2253: 2251:, p. 236. 2241: 2237:Macdonald 2013 2229: 2217: 2200: 2185: 2170: 2158: 2156:, p. 109. 2154:Macdonald 2005 2146: 2144:, p. 602. 2131: 2129:, p. 146. 2127:Macdonald 2005 2119: 2117:, p. 139. 2115:Macdonald 2005 2107: 2105:, p. 122. 2103:Macdonald 2005 2095: 2093:, p. 119. 2091:Macdonald 2005 2083: 2079:Macdonald 2005 2071: 2067:Macdonald 2005 2059: 2027: 2025:, p. 103. 2023:Macdonald 2005 2015: 2011:Macdonald 2005 2003: 1999:Macdonald 2005 1991: 1987:Macdonald 2005 1979: 1975:Macdonald 2005 1967: 1950: 1946:Macdonald 2005 1938: 1934:Macdonald 2005 1926: 1914: 1912:, p. 190. 1899: 1887: 1875: 1863: 1859:Macdonald 2005 1851: 1839: 1827: 1815: 1803: 1799:Macdonald 2005 1791: 1779: 1762: 1747: 1732: 1720: 1708: 1693: 1681: 1669: 1657: 1655:, p. 359. 1645: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1619:James Crichton 1610: 1597: 1593:Samuel Forsyth 1584: 1567: 1554: 1545: 1537:Military Cross 1528: 1524:Victoria Cross 1511: 1502: 1492: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1429: 1426: 1400: 1397: 1274:Main article: 1271: 1268: 1264:Richard Travis 1204:Main article: 1201: 1198: 1189:William Massey 1160: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1065:Rifle Brigade 1063: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1009: 999: 998:Winter 1917–18 996: 992:Canadian Corps 956:66th Divisions 939:Main article: 936: 933: 893:Main article: 890: 887: 874: 871: 789:Main article: 786: 783: 716: 713: 711:the fighting. 688:counterattacks 681:Lindsay Inglis 645:47th Divisions 617:Main article: 614: 611: 583:II ANZAC Corps 566: 563: 502: 501: 499: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 482: 481: 478: 472: 467: 466: 465: 459: 456: 455: 454: 451: 448: 445: 439: 438: 437: 431: 430: 429: 421: 420: 419: 416: 413: 410: 402: 401: 400: 397: 394: 391: 383: 382: 381: 379:Otago Regiment 375: 369: 363: 351: 349: 345: 344: 339: 337: 333: 332: 322: 319: 240: 237: 138: 135: 134: 132:Andrew Russell 129: 123: 122: 118: 117: 116: 115: 105: 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 72: 68: 67: 54: 50: 49: 46: 42: 41: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4133: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4094: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3797:I ANZAC Corps 3795: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3679:0-7900-0990-0 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3614:0-340-53321-8 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3573:0-19-558444-9 3569: 3565: 3561: 3560:McGibbon, Ian 3557: 3553: 3551:0-19-558376-0 3547: 3543: 3539: 3538:McGibbon, Ian 3535: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3399:, p. 30. 3398: 3397:McGibbon 2001 3393: 3387:, p. 16. 3386: 3385:McGibbon 2001 3381: 3379: 3371: 3370:McGibbon 2001 3366: 3364: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3333:, p. 21. 3332: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3267: 3266:McGibbon 2000 3262: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3219: 3218:Pedersen 2012 3214: 3207: 3206:Pedersen 2012 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3186: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3147: 3146:Pedersen 2012 3142: 3135: 3134:Pedersen 2012 3130: 3123: 3122:McGibbon 2000 3118: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3081: 3076: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3040: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2948:McGibbon 2000 2944: 2942: 2934: 2929: 2922: 2917: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2800: 2795: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2756: 2751: 2744: 2743:Pedersen 2012 2739: 2732: 2727: 2720: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2696: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2672: 2671:Pedersen 2012 2667: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2529:, p. 49. 2528: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2505:, p. 46. 2504: 2499: 2492: 2487: 2480: 2479:McGibbon 2000 2475: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2443:McGibbon 2000 2439: 2437: 2435: 2427: 2422: 2416:, p. 96. 2415: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2391: 2386: 2379: 2374: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2307: 2306:Pedersen 2012 2302: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2250: 2245: 2239:, p. 30. 2238: 2233: 2227:, p. 85. 2226: 2221: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2167: 2162: 2155: 2150: 2143: 2142:McGibbon 2000 2138: 2136: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2080: 2075: 2068: 2063: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2012: 2007: 2000: 1995: 1989:, p. 98. 1988: 1983: 1977:, p. 97. 1976: 1971: 1965:, p. 77. 1964: 1963:Pedersen 2012 1959: 1957: 1955: 1947: 1942: 1936:, p. 93. 1935: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1897:, p. 35. 1896: 1891: 1885:, p. 23. 1884: 1879: 1873:, p. 52. 1872: 1867: 1861:, p. 38. 1860: 1855: 1849:, p. 11. 1848: 1843: 1837:, p. 14. 1836: 1831: 1824: 1819: 1812: 1811:McGibbon 2000 1807: 1801:, p. 35. 1800: 1795: 1788: 1783: 1777:, p. 15. 1776: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1729: 1724: 1718:, p. 33. 1717: 1712: 1706:, p. 10. 1705: 1700: 1698: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1654: 1653:McGibbon 2000 1649: 1642: 1641:McGibbon 2000 1637: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1614: 1607: 1606:Harry Laurent 1601: 1594: 1588: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1564: 1558: 1549: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1506: 1496: 1490:respectively. 1489: 1485: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1434: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1405: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1346:Scheldt River 1343: 1338: 1336: 1335:38th Division 1332: 1331:37th Division 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1277: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1247: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1207: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1004: 995: 993: 987: 983: 981: 977: 971: 967: 965: 959: 957: 947: 942: 932: 930: 925: 921: 919: 918:49th Division 913: 911: 910:48th Division 901: 896: 886: 884: 880: 870: 868: 863: 862:Leslie Andrew 857: 855: 854:Charles Brown 849: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 822:25th Division 818: 809: 805: 803: 797: 792: 782: 780: 779:36th Division 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 756: 751: 746: 742: 737: 734: 730: 725: 722: 715:Restructuring 712: 708: 706: 702: 696: 692: 689: 684: 682: 678: 672: 668: 666: 665:enfilade fire 661: 652: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 620: 610: 608: 604: 599: 597: 591: 588: 584: 580: 571: 565:Western Front 562: 560: 559:I ANZAC Corps 556: 555:2nd Divisions 552: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 524:Rifle Brigade 521: 517: 514: 509: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 479: 476: 475: 473: 471: 468: 463: 462: 460: 457: 452: 449: 446: 443: 442: 440: 435: 434: 432: 428: 425: 424: 422: 417: 414: 411: 408: 407: 406: 405:Rifle Brigade 403: 398: 395: 392: 389: 388: 387: 384: 380: 376: 374: 370: 368: 364: 362: 358: 357: 356: 353: 352: 350: 346: 342: 341:I Anzac Corps 338: 334: 327: 318: 316: 315:Western Front 312: 308: 304: 298: 296: 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 254: 253:Major General 250: 246: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 209: 207: 206:Passchendaele 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 182:Western Front 178: 176: 173: 172:Major General 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 139:Military unit 133: 130: 124: 119: 114: 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