692:. The Constitution of 1946 granted French citizenship to all subjects of France's territories without having to renounce their personal status as natives. In 1945, a new Code of French Nationality was passed, which conferred once again automatic French nationality on foreign wives of French men, but allowed mothers who were French nationals to pass their nationality to children born outside of France. It expressly applied to Algeria, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and RĂ©union and was extended to the Overseas Territories in 1953, but in the case of the latter had distinctions for the rights of those who were naturalized. In 1951 the Jacquinot Decree strengthened the provisions in French West and Equatorial Africa of the Mandel decree removing women who were twenty-one years old, or divorced, from control by a father or guardian and establishing specific rules for the payment and determining the amount of a bride price.
737:); and foundlings automatically acquired Nigerien nationality. Children born to a Nigerien mother and unknown father, or foreign father whose nationality was unknown or who was stateless, could acquire nationality upon reaching majority and proving a habitual residence in Niger. The 1984 Code removed the automatic attribution of nationality upon a foreign woman who married a Nigerien husband, instead requiring her to apply for nationality within one year of marriage. A 1999 amendment allowed women to pass on their nationality to their children under the same terms as men, and reintroduced the provision in a new Article 20 that children who had been legitimized could acquire nationality from either Nigerien parent. In 2014, the Nationality Code (Loi No.2014-60 du 05 novembre 2014) was amended to allow women to pass on their nationality to a spouse and to allow for dual nationality.
645:
obtained a university degree, having rendered service to the nation, having attained the rank of an officer or received a medal from the French army, who had married a
Frenchwoman and established a one-year residency; or who had resided for more than ten years in a colony other than their country of origin. A 1918 decree written for French West Africa was aimed at decorated veterans of the war and their families, providing they had not previously been denied their rights nor participated in actions against French rule. In 1921, the name of the colony was changed to the Territory of Niger and the following year on 1 July, having finally subdued the northern nomadic populations, it officially became the
725:
naturalized. Children who were legally adopted by a
Nigerien or in the custody of Nigerien child services (public or private) for five years could claim nationality between their sixteenth and eighteenth birthdays. Foreign women automatically acquired the nationality of their Nigerien spouse, unless they officially chose to retain their nationality of origin prior to marriage. Nigerien women who married foreigners could retain their Nigerien nationality, unless they chose to renounce it. To be naturalized, an applicant must have established a five-year habitual residence in Niger or have provided exemplary service to the nation.
527:, French territories were to be governed by specific laws until the constitution was extended there. This provision laid the groundwork for nationality legislation based upon whether the native inhabitants were able to be assimilated by adopting European standards. From 1848, those persons who settled in the colonies and were from France were considered nationals who had full rights and were subject to French law. However, those born in the new territories were considered to be nationals without citizenship. Nationals in the older colonies of the
653:
France to native-born French women married to foreigners to acquire their nationality from their mothers. When it was implemented it included
Guadeloupe, Martinique and RĂ©union but was extended to the remaining French possessions for French citizens only in 1928. Under Article 26 of the 1928 decree was the stipulation that it did not apply to natives of the French possessions except Algeria, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and RĂ©union. In 1932, when Upper Volta was abolished the Cercles of
35:
700:
the 1958 French
Constitution, nationality provisions were standardized for France, Overseas Departments, and Overseas Territories. Article 86 excluded the possibility for independence of the colonies, but allowed them to become autonomous republics. In a September referendum where only thirty-eight percent of the population voted, Niger affirmed a wish to remain part of France. A constitution was drafted on 18 December for the Republic of Niger, as a member of the
5377:
548:
children were barred from inheritance and nationality could only be transmitted through a father. Non-citizen nationals were governed by traditional laws concerning marriage and inheritance which placed the well-being of the community above individual rights. These laws prevented a wife from being treated as a slave, required her husband to support her, and entitled her kin to a
567:. Under its terms, women who would become stateless by the rule to acquire their spouse's nationality were allowed to retain their French nationality upon marriage. In 1895, the French established the administration system that would govern its possessions in French West Africa for the next sixty years. A Governor-General was installed and a headquarters was founded in
158:, who are entitled to free movement among member states, are not typically required to obtain a residency permit, proving residency is difficult. There are no provisions for legally adopted children to acquire nationality in the Nationality Code. General provisions are that applicants have good character and conduct with no criminal convictions resulting in
154:
certificate of their original nationality and proof of a residency permit in Niger for ten years. Because people born in Niger to foreign parents, but who have always lived in the country; persons of Malian heritage, who live in Niger under the terms of a bilateral treaty; and persons who are citizens of one of the member states of the
591:. The Nationality Law was modified in 1897 when it was extended to the remainder of the French colonies. Clarification in the 1897 decree included that bestowing nationality by birth in French territory only applied to children born in France, restoring descent requirements for the colonies. Under the
724:
was
Nigerien, or in the case that the second filiated parent was Nigerien and the first parent to establish a relationship was stateless. Minor children who were legitimized, could acquire Nigerien nationality upon completion of the legal process if their father was Nigerien, or if their parents were
381:
with the intent of establishing commerce, but it failed in 1869. The loss of the trading center did not diminish interest in the area, and four trading firms – the West
African Company, Central African Company, Williams Brothers, and James Pinnock were operating along the Niger by 1878. The following
766:
These treaties had overlapping boundaries and confirm that authority on the left bank of the Niger, was unstable in the pre-colonial era. International boundaries were mostly solidified in the period between 1884 and 1919 without regard for the indigenous societies living there and their traditional
699:
issued on 23 June 1956, which granted internal self-governance and universal suffrage to French territories and expanded their
Territorial Assemblies. These changes led to an increase in political activity and a press for the dissolution of the Federation of French West Africa. With the passage of
300:
and Bornu
Empires. Hausa states had emerged as centers of power in the south through the expansion of trade. The Bornu Empire was weakened by several succession crises and neglect of its military's preparedness, but maintained a presence in the area over the next three centuries. In the seventeenth
728:
The
Nationality Code was modified (Loi No. 73-10) in 1973, repealing Articles 11 and 20 to 25, and modifying Articles 28 and 30. These changes were made to prevent foreign children from acquiring Nigerien nationality, and removed provisions for adopted children to acquire nationality and increased
627:
in the territory, they were able to read and write French; they were of good character and assimilated to French culture, or they engaged in a public or private French enterprise for a minimum or ten years; and they had sufficient means of self-support. The language requirement could be waived for
357:
was sent to the region to explore the possibilities for trade. Barth reported that wars between the Bornu and Sokoto
Empires had reduced the area into anarchy. He explored along the Middle Niger through 1855, reporting intact trade networks, but noted that internal strife and external attacks made
661:
were ceded to Niger Colony until the areas were returned to Upper Volta in 1947. In 1938, the legal incapacity of married women was finally invalidated for French citizens. In 1939, France determined that marriage and inheritance were too significant to continue being dealt with in native courts.
652:
In 1927, France passed a new Nationality Law, which under Article 8, removed the requirement for married women to automatically derive the nationality of a husband and provided that her nationality could only be changed if she consented to change her nationality. It also allowed children born in
153:
Naturalization can be granted to persons who have resided in the territory for a sufficient period of time to confirm they understand the customs and traditions of Niger and are integrated into the society. However, the residency requirement is restrictive, requiring that the applicant provide a
644:
on 25 March 1915 that allowed subjects or protected persons who were non-citizen nationals and had established domicile in a French territory to acquire full citizenship, including the naturalization of their wives and minor children, by having received the cross of the Legion of Honor, having
632:
or were in the French civil service. Upon application, subjects were required to acknowledge that they gave up their personal status under customary law and were to be governed by French laws. The decree noted that married women and minor children acquired the status of their husband or father
547:
was extended to all of the French citizens in the colonies. Under the Civil Code, women were legally incapacitated and paternal authority was established over their children. Upon marriage, a woman married to a French man automatically acquired the same nationality as her spouse. Illegitimate
539:
and parts of India and Senegal were granted political rights, but those in new colonies were confirmed by a decree on 14 July 1865 to be subjects and not citizens, unless they renounced their allegiance to native custom and possessed sufficient understanding of the obligations of citizenship.
552:, to compensate them for the loss of her fertility to their kinship group and secure the legality of the union. Having paid the price for the marriage contract, she and her offspring belonged to the kinship network of her husband and could be inherited if her husband died.
3308:
Merle, Isabelle (Summer 2002). "Retour sur le régime de l'indigénat: Genèse et contradictions des principes répressifs dans l'empire français" [The Indigenous Status Regime Revisited: Genesis and Contradictions of the Repressive Principles in the French Empire].
192:
in Niger for disloyalty to the state; committing crimes against the state or state security; or for committing ordinary crimes. Persons who previously had nationality, were not deprived of it, and wish to repatriate must request reinstatement, which is discretionary.
114:, i.e. by birth in Niger or abroad to parents with Nigerien nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization.
102:, as amended; the Nigerien Nationality Code, and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Niger. The legal means to acquire
502:
was settled with Britain in 1898 and in 1900, France conquered the Sultanate of Damagaram, claiming possession of all of the territory of Niger except those areas controlled by the Tuareg and Toubou in the northern part of the region.
110:. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the state under international law, whereas citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual within the nation. Nigerien nationality is typically obtained under the
729:
the residency period for naturalization to ten years. A new Nigerien Nationality Code (Ordonnance No. 84-33) was promulgated on 23 August 1984. Under its terms, legitimate children born to a Nigerien father or children who had been
328:
to its east. Conflict led to demographic shifts and a lack of confidence in Bornu rulers, and the break up of the empire into successor states. Around 1740, the Damagaram emerged as a small vassal state of the Bornu Empire.
3269:
622:
was issued specifically addressing the status of French West Africans. Under its terms, African subjects could acquire French citizenship if at the age of majority and having proved three years of established
677:. Under its terms child marriage was discouraged. It established the minimum age at marriage as fourteen for women and sixteen for men, invalidated marriages wherein spouses did not consent, and nullified
348:
European involvement in coastal Africa led to increasing interest in the last half of the eighteenth century to explore the interiors of Africa. In 1830, the course of the Lower Niger was traced. In 1849,
2674:
756:
an academic who studies nationality law, notes that children born within a marriage automatically acquire nationality, but those born illegitimately may only acquire nationality after an administrative
607:. The French West African Federation was founded that year with the existing five colonies, of Dahomey, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Senegal, and French Sudan, and was later expanded to include Mauritania, and
716:
Niger gained independence from France on 3 August 1960. The first law (Loi No.61-26) to determine Nigerien nationality was passed on 12 July 1961. Under its terms, Nigeriens by birth were those born
3627:
62:
Code de la nationalité nigérienne, de l'ordonnance no. 84-33 du 23 août 1984, modifiée par l'ordonnance no. 88-13 du février 1988, l'ordonnance no. 99-17 du 4 juin 1999, et Loi no. 2014-60 du 2014
472:, which was signed on 19 January 1898, granting the French the lands of the Kebbi, as well as its tributary chiefdoms of the Dendi, Maouri, and Zarma (or Djerma) peoples. Later that year, the
720:
to a Nigerien father or to a Nigerien mother if her spouse had unknown nationality. For those born illegitimately, acquisition at birth occurred if the parent who first established a
618:, which would remain in place until 1926. Niger was officially administered by Senegal, but did not formally become part of the West African Federation until 1912. On 25 May 1912, a
324:
Tuareg raids of the northern borders of the Bornu Empire intensified at the turn of the eighteenth century. Further pressure upon the empire was the result of the expansion of the
345:, which was aligned with the Sokoto Caliphate and a rival to the area trade networks. The rivalry between these groups dominated the territory throughout the nineteenth century.
4727:
4632:
429:
France set about negotiating treaties with local leaders in the area, securing signatures to establish protectorates. They first arrived in what is now Niger in 1891, when
2913:
3250:
188:
their nationality. Nigeriens of origin may lose their nationality for performing actions on behalf of another country without authorization. Naturalized persons may be
438:
4642:
4460:
4767:
3421:
3027:
2984:
263:
4757:
3700:
2654:
688:, a statute issued on 7 March 1944 granted French citizenship to those who had performed services to the nation, such as serving as civil servants or receiving
3401:
386:, which later became the National African Company. France continued to expand from Senegal and in 1882 having gained control of the territories along the
2751:
2711:
2458:
2803:
242:, by clashes between nomadic and sedentary life. The Tuareg established control over the northern two-thirds of the area, while on their borders the
4096:
106:, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as
599:
in 1904, nationals in the new colonies followed customary law. In 1902, the Military Territory of Niger became part of a new administrative unit
3577:
3392:
663:
2498:
4402:
3834:
3954:"Ordonnance n° 99-17 du 4 juin 1999 portant modification de l'ordonnance n° 84-33 du 23 août 1984 portant Code de la nationalite nigerienne"
5146:
2377:
5142:
3476:
3214:
2398:
3956:[Ordinance N° 99-17 of 4 June 1999 Amending the Ordinance N° 84-33 of 23 August 1984 Relating to the Nigerien Nationality Code]
2799:
4447:
4006:
155:
2542:(Summer–Fall 1999). "Intermarriage, Independent Nationality, and the Individual Rights of French Women: The Law of 10 August 1927".
4456:
3882:
289:
had also visited the region. From the fifteenth century, Europeans worked to develop political and commercial ties in West Africa.
733:
by their father; children born in Niger to a parent who was also born in Niger (unless the parent was a government servant or had
614:
The Military Territory of Niger was detached from Upper Senegal and Niger in 1911 and assigned to a new administration located in
4988:
4432:
4334:
4261:
3374:[International Court of Justice: Frontier Dispute Case (Benin / Niger)] (Report) (in French). The Hague, Netherlands:
5150:
3762:
3737:
3712:
3311:
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3263:
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3167:
3136:
3109:
3084:
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292:
In 1591, Moroccan invaders attacked the Songhai Empire, leading to its decline and a fracture in its structure into separate
2265:
3906:
3965:
3934:
3853:
4301:
2260:[Circular No. 3 / MJ regarding Law No. 1973-10 of February 27, 1973 which amends the Nigerian Nationality Code].
3384:
511:
On 20 December 1900, Niger was established as a military territory of France, with headquarters in Sorbon Haoussa, near
5018:
4687:
4374:
3205:
Maishanu, Hamza Muhammad; Maishanu, Isa Muhammad (Spring 1999). "The Jihad and the Formation of the Sokoto Caliphate".
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5113:
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633:
however, this was only the case if the marriage had been conducted under French law, rather than customary practice.
2702:
2449:
5241:
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in which the colonial powers designated portions of Africa into European spheres of influence. In the process,
4271:
4251:
4151:
3999:
3375:
234:
living in the area of what is now known as Niger were pushed south with the arrival in the 11th century of the
2258:"Circular No. 3/MJ regarding Loi n 1973-10 du 27 février 1973 quimodifie le Code de la Nationalité Nigérienne"
5138:
4702:
4587:
4452:
4266:
4111:
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2373:
5008:
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3441:
5359:
4712:
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2283:
2805:
A Collection of Nationality Laws of Various Countries as Contained in Constitutions, Statutes and Treaties
708:
even if they were independent republics, and the following month, Niger began preparing for independence.
309:. From these Senegalese bases, they expanded their influence in the region, establishing trading posts at
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5013:
4978:
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3754:
2594:
524:
473:
354:
185:
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443:
406:(Southern Rivers), now in Guinea. The next year, the French reached the Niger Basin and began occupying
301:
century, the Dutch replaced the Portuguese in West Africa, and the French developed a trading center at
166:
Children who have been legitimated by a Nigerien parent, at the time of completion of the legal process;
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5093:
5073:
5033:
4917:
4892:
4887:
4717:
4692:
4597:
4532:
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4512:
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4442:
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4422:
4397:
4379:
4311:
4241:
4211:
4101:
3786:
3586:
2961:
2240:
2234:
555:
The French Nationality Law of 1889 codified previous statutory laws, changing the French standard from
341:
to gain its independence and control over the eastern part of Niger, bringing it into contact with the
175:
Persons who have performed exceptional service to the nation may naturalize without a residency period.
3775:(May 2014). "'Evolution Revolution' and the Journey from African Colonial Subject to French Citizen".
2655:"Consortium pour la Recherche Appliquée sur les Migrations Internationales – Profil Migratoire: Niger"
452:. He obtained a series of treaties to establish protectorates with local leaders in 1895, such as the
5048:
4932:
4907:
4862:
4857:
4807:
4732:
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4652:
4622:
4577:
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4369:
4344:
4281:
4201:
4126:
4091:
4061:
4056:
4051:
3992:
572:
268:
42:
3467:[The Application of the Civil Code to Guadeloupe in the Context of the Napoleonic Reaction]
5403:
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5003:
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4106:
4086:
4046:
4036:
2320:
Anene, J. C. (December 1959). "The Foundations of British Rule in "Southern Nigeria" (1885–1891)".
704:. The French Constitution was amended in June 1960, to allow states to maintain membership in the
674:
465:
19:
5108:
5088:
5053:
5043:
5038:
5028:
4998:
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3000:
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2809:
2506:
717:
604:
2783:] (in French). Vol. 2. Afrique. Geneva, Switzerland: Librairie Droz. pp. 167–171.
2657:[Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration – Migratory Profile: Niger]
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940:
938:
338:
243:
3748:
3723:
3365:"Contre-memoire de la republique du niger [Counter-Memorial of the Republic of Niger]"
3360:
3070:
2853:
2281:
André, Marc (June 2016). "Algerian Women in France: What Kind of Citizenship? (1930s–1960s)".
5408:
5189:
4947:
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99:
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5283:
5174:
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3159:
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3035:
3008:
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600:
395:
302:
202:
3465:"L'application du Code civil à la Guadeloupe dans le contexte dela réaction napoléonienne"
668:
8:
5300:
5219:
4762:
3925:[Ordinance N° 84-33 of 23 August 1984 Relating to the Nigerien Nationality Code]
2644:
734:
411:
383:
259:
162:. Besides foreigners meeting the criteria, other persons who may be naturalized include:
74:
3872:
387:
337:. As Bornu began its decline, conflict between the empire and the Caliphate allowed the
262:
network, making cooperation between the border empires and traders imperative. In 1405,
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3822:
3806:
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3555:
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2573:
2423:
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2300:
696:
654:
608:
596:
564:
528:
520:
493:
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the political structures vulnerable. In 1863, the French extended their control in the
122:
Nationality can be acquired in Niger at birth or later in life through naturalization.
730:
403:
5341:
5293:
3826:
3814:
3798:
3772:
3758:
3733:
3708:
3682:
3663:
3647:
3614:
3598:
3563:
3547:
3488:
3451:
3413:
3405:
3348:
3332:
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3259:
3234:
3218:
3191:
3163:
3132:
3105:
3080:
3055:
3012:
2971:
2945:
2933:
2925:
2909:
2886:
2865:
2838:
2813:
2784:
2757:
2731:
2723:
2638:
2626:
2618:
2581:
2565:
2518:
2478:
2470:
2431:
2415:
2396:
Bousquet, G. H. (October 1953). "How the Natives of Algeria Became French Citizens".
2345:
2329:
2308:
2292:
2244:
678:
415:
333:
against the Hausa states in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries gave rise to the
141:
3933:(in French). Niamey, Niger: Government of Niger. 15 October 1984. pp. 833–835.
3530:
Verfassung und Recht in Ăśbersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America
169:
Minor children are automatically naturalized when their parent acquires nationality;
5224:
3790:
3639:
3590:
3537:
3480:
3324:
3155:
3047:
3004:
2917:
2715:
2610:
2557:
2539:
2510:
2462:
2407:
705:
701:
658:
353:, a German explorer from Hamburg, as part of an official British expedition led by
334:
286:
189:
239:
5305:
4015:
3729:
3542:
3525:
3128:
3101:
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2666:
2369:
2257:
646:
629:
544:
488:
457:
281:. The Portuguese extensively explored the western coast, and in 1445 reached the
94:
3898:
5336:
5236:
3953:
3923:"Ordonnance n° 84-33 du 23 aout 1984 portant code de la nationalite nigerienne"
3922:
3849:
3838:
3372:
Cour Internationale de Justice: Affaire du Differend Frontalier (Benin / Niger)
3328:
3320:
3177:
2561:
2553:
2291:(1). Translated by Tomlinson, Helen. Toulouse, France: Éditions Belin: 95–117.
624:
482:
448:
led an expedition from Dahomey with the intent of exploring the Niger River to
350:
247:
227:
3818:
3794:
3667:
3594:
3567:
3352:
3238:
2975:
2630:
2614:
2435:
2411:
2406:(4). London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law: 596–605.
2349:
2312:
5397:
5366:
5315:
5247:
4789:
3901:[Law No. 1961-26 of 12 July 1961, Determining Nigerien Nationality].
3839:
UNHCR Submission for the Universal Periodic Review – Niger – UPR 38th Session
3802:
3651:
3628:"Citizenship and Nationality: The Case of (Post-) Colonial France and Europe"
3618:
3602:
3551:
3492:
3417:
3409:
3336:
3280:
3246:
3222:
3187:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2858:
The End of Empire?: The Transformation of the USSR in Comparative Perspective
2817:
2735:
2727:
2622:
2585:
2569:
2482:
2474:
2419:
2333:
2296:
797:
753:
576:
532:
469:
282:
255:
235:
223:
111:
3964:(in French). Niamey, Niger: Government of Niger. 15 July 1999. p. 497.
595:(Code of Indigenous Status) promulgated for Algeria in 1881 and extended to
422:
gained control of the Upper Niger Valley, which encompasses areas of modern
5262:
3899:"Loi No. 1961-26 du 12 juillet 1961, determinant la nationalite nigérienne"
3877:
3455:
2861:
685:
588:
516:
453:
399:
342:
325:
314:
293:
231:
219:
3750:
Empire's Children: Race, Filiation, and Citizenship in the French Colonies
2719:
2466:
2248:
592:
362:
from Porto-Novo east to Appa. Fearful that the French might move to claim
184:
There are no provisions in the nationality laws for Nigerien nationals to
5320:
5278:
3696:
2756:(2nd ed.). Irvington-on-Hudson, New York: Transnational Publishers.
637:
580:
549:
543:
Also in 1848, slavery was abolished throughout the French Empire and the
477:
461:
391:
330:
297:
278:
251:
172:
The spouse of a Nigerien national after a three-year residency period; or
107:
103:
3810:
3659:
3559:
3344:
3230:
2653:
di Bartolomeo, Anna; Jaulin, Thibaut; Perrin, Delphine (February 2011).
2595:"Gender and Republican Citizenship in the French West Indies, 1848–1945"
2577:
2341:
2304:
1455:
1453:
1451:
273:(also d'Isalguier), a French explorer, traversed West Africa, reaching
34:
3284:
2860:. The International Politics of Russia. Vol. 9. Armonk, New York:
2821:
2171:
318:
53:
3610:
3484:
3371:
3181:
2445:"From Pastoralist to Politician: The Problem of a Fulbe 'Aristocracy'"
2427:
1716:
1714:
536:
3643:
2606:
1448:
1349:
721:
3701:"Nationality and Citizenship in a Changing European and World Order"
2895:
5288:
5254:
3984:
3575:
Plender, Richard (October 1974). "The New French Nationality Law".
1711:
449:
371:
213:
2800:"French Colonies (Other than Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Reunion)"
2698:"Colonialism and the Legal Status of Women in Francophonic Africa"
2038:
1888:
1743:
1741:
498:
set out to secure treaties over Southern Niger. The boundary with
306:
3905:(in French). Niamey, Niger: Government of Niger. 31 August 1961.
3833:
3443:
French-speaking West Africa: From Colonial Status to Independence
1912:
1792:
1597:
803:
584:
499:
434:
363:
359:
310:
137:
Children born in Niger to a parent who was also born in Niger; or
3722:
Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa; Diamitani, Boureima (2013).
402:
by establishing trading posts over the area, created the colony
1738:
1361:
1187:
1139:
1091:
615:
512:
419:
407:
378:
367:
159:
2328:(4). Ibadan, Nigeria: Historical Society of Nigeria: 253–262.
2062:
1436:
134:
Children born anywhere to at least one parent who is Nigerien;
1978:
1876:
1585:
1163:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
689:
628:
those who had received military medals or recognition of the
568:
91:
3215:
Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University
2236:
West Africa: The French Speaking Nations Yesterday and Today
2103:
1477:
1151:
575:. The Governor-General's authority was extended to Senegal,
2914:
International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies
1390:
1388:
423:
3536:(2). Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH: 139–153.
2459:
Editions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales
2091:
1966:
1816:
1204:
1202:
1175:
1016:
785:
3952:
3921:
2652:
2198:
2177:
2162:
1956:
1954:
1780:
1675:
1629:
1627:
1501:
1465:
1274:
944:
274:
250:
controlled territory to the west. The Tuareg, along with
3506:
3258:(3rd ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: African Minds.
2188:
2186:
2139:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2002:
1900:
1864:
1852:
1726:
1687:
1489:
1459:
1412:
1385:
1373:
1250:
1238:
1214:
468:
led another expedition securing a protectorate with the
305:
in 1659. In 1677, they captured the Dutch stronghold at
3753:. Translated by Goldhammer, Arthur. Chicago, Illinois:
2050:
1929:
1927:
1804:
1758:
1756:
1699:
1614:
1612:
1262:
1226:
1199:
1004:
970:
968:
3721:
3509:"International Boundary Study: Dahomey-Niger Boundary"
3402:
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
2854:"5. Decolonization: Britain, France, and the Cold War"
2115:
1990:
1951:
1663:
1624:
1525:
1355:
1337:
1315:
1313:
1115:
1081:
1079:
901:
899:
897:
895:
816:
814:
812:
437:. The treaty was reaffirmed in 1895. In 1894, Captain
3789:
for the American Society for Legal History: 267–307.
2183:
2074:
1828:
1768:
1651:
1639:
1573:
1549:
1513:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
882:
880:
867:
865:
506:
3707:. Turku, Finland: Turku Law School. pp. 30–60.
2896:"The Exception and the Rule: On French Colonial Law"
2798:
Flournoy, Richard W. Jr.; Hudson, Manley O. (1929).
2210:
2014:
1939:
1924:
1840:
1753:
1609:
1325:
1286:
992:
980:
965:
911:
826:
130:
Nigeriens who acquire nationality at birth include:
3119:Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Gavin H. (2008).
2127:
1561:
1537:
1424:
1400:
1310:
1103:
1076:
953:
923:
892:
809:
711:
366:, the British made treaties in Addo, Oke-Odan, and
3473:Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire de la Guadeloupe
3146:Kerr, Anne; Wright, Edmund, eds. (2015). "Niger".
2753:The Regulation of Nationality in International Law
2026:
1298:
1127:
1064:
1035:
877:
862:
850:
838:
2264:(in French). Niamey, Niger: Government of Niger.
5395:
3519:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of State: 1–2.
3475:(in French) (146–147). Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe:
3393:Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
3204:
3118:
3069:Houngnikpo, Mathurin C.; Decalo, Samuel (2013).
3068:
1720:
1367:
1145:
1097:
695:The legal framework of Niger was changed by the
214:African empires and outsider contact (1200–1900)
201:Since 2014, Niger has allowed nationals to hold
3897:
3578:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly
2109:
3681:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
3385:"Grids & Datums: Central African Republic"
2797:
2692:
1984:
1918:
1894:
1882:
1798:
1603:
1591:
144:born in the country whose parents are unknown.
4000:
3093:
2885:(1927 Reprint ed.). New York, New York:
2833:(3rd ed.). Haywards Heath, West Sussex:
2068:
2044:
1747:
1442:
1193:
1169:
1157:
1029:
673:was enacted in French West Africa as well as
377:In 1864, the British founded a settlement at
117:
5147:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
3871:
3526:"Traditional Law Under French Colonial Rule"
3507:Office of the Geographer (6 November 1973).
2856:. In Dawisha, Karen; Parrott, Bruce (eds.).
2712:École des hautes études en sciences sociales
2322:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
2204:
3286:Citizenship in Africa: The Law of Belonging
2893:
2442:
2399:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
1681:
1483:
1181:
4007:
3993:
3962:Journal Officiel de la RĂ©publique du Niger
3931:Journal Officiel de la RĂ©publique du Niger
3359:
3145:
2959:
2879:Geary, William Nevill Montgomerie (1965).
2538:
1906:
1870:
1858:
1394:
1379:
1343:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
33:
3541:
3176:
3094:Idrissa, Rahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012).
2443:Burnham, Philip C.; Last, Murray (1994).
1418:
156:Economic Community of West African States
3678:Dahomey: Between Tradition and Modernity
3625:
2828:
2395:
2356:
1810:
1579:
1471:
832:
3574:
3382:
3150:(Third ed.). Oxford, Oxfordshire:
2963:Prelude to the Partition of West Africa
2592:
2178:di Bartolomeo, Jaulin & Perrin 2011
2056:
1972:
1960:
1669:
1633:
1531:
5396:
3771:
3312:French Politics, Culture & Society
3025:
2982:
2770:
2749:
2545:French Politics, Culture & Society
2515:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.626
2497:Camara, Mohamed Saliou (29 May 2020).
2496:
2255:
2232:
2133:
2121:
2097:
1834:
1822:
1774:
1732:
1657:
1645:
1555:
1519:
1507:
1304:
1133:
1058:
804:UN High Commissioner for Refugees 2020
603:, and then in 1904 was transferred to
179:
3988:
3940:from the original on 17 November 2020
3746:
3725:Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso
3695:
3674:
3523:
3462:
3439:
3307:
3279:
3245:
3075:(Fourth ed.). Lanham, Maryland:
2894:Grandmaison, Olivier Le Cour (2006).
2878:
2383:from the original on 12 November 2020
2319:
2280:
2216:
2192:
2145:
2085:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1945:
1933:
1846:
1786:
1762:
1705:
1693:
1618:
1567:
1543:
1495:
1430:
1406:
1331:
1319:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1121:
1109:
1085:
1070:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
959:
929:
917:
905:
886:
871:
856:
844:
820:
791:
370:to cut off French advancement toward
4014:
3971:from the original on 4 December 2021
3909:from the original on 29 October 2017
3885:from the original on 29 January 2021
3859:from the original on 4 December 2021
3626:Reestman, Jan Herman (Autumn 1999).
3463:Niort, Jean-François (August 2007).
3160:10.1093/acref/9780199685691.001.0001
3052:10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001
3009:10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001
2781:The Nationality of the Married Woman
2680:from the original on 2 November 2018
2268:from the original on 29 October 2017
1356:Rupley, Bangali & Diamitani 2013
374:, creating tension with the French.
148:
3477:Société d'histoire de la Guadeloupe
3383:Mugnier, Clifford J. (March 2012).
2851:
2359:"Report on Citizenship Law: France"
2357:Bertossi, Christophe (April 2010).
2032:
258:, led the caravans involved in the
196:
13:
3728:(3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland:
3275:from the original on 26 June 2021.
3100:(4th ed.). Lanham, Maryland:
2831:Fransman's British Nationality Law
507:French colonial period (1900–1960)
476:(Mission Afrique Centrale) led by
14:
5420:
3835:UN High Commissioner for Refugees
3427:from the original on 19 July 2021
2256:Alidou, Barkire (12 March 1973).
382:year, these were joined into the
5376:
5375:
4097:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3585:(4). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire:
2777:La natinalité de la femme mariée
712:Post-independence (1960–present)
5242:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
3848:(Report). Geneva, Switzerland:
2593:Cottias, Myriam (August 2005).
2225:
760:
681:without approval of the woman.
5079:Federated States of Micronesia
4443:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
3705:Law Under Exogenous Influences
3376:International Court of Justice
3097:Historical Dictionary of Niger
3072:Historical Dictionary of Benin
747:
1:
3400:(3). Falls Church, Virginia:
3148:A Dictionary of World History
3125:Historical Dictionary of Mali
2671:European University Institute
2503:Oxford Research Encyclopedias
2374:European University Institute
1460:Office of the Geographer 1973
774:
460:(Caroumama) and Abdoulaye of
285:. By 1453, Venetian explorer
5360:British Overseas Territories
3881:. New York, New York. 2021.
3543:10.5771/0506-7286-1974-2-139
3513:International Boundary Study
2960:Hargreaves, John D. (1963).
2852:Fry, Michael Graham (1997).
2284:Clio. Women, Gender, History
1721:Imperato & Imperato 2008
1368:Houngnikpo & Decalo 2013
1146:Maishanu & Maishanu 1999
1098:Maishanu & Maishanu 1999
779:
7:
5230:Renunciation of citizenship
3873:"Nationality Laws Progress"
3755:University of Chicago Press
2703:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
2552:(3–4). New York, New York:
2450:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
525:French Constitution of 1848
523:. Under Article 109 of the
416:1884–1885 Berlin Conference
125:
10:
5425:
3787:Cambridge University Press
3747:Saada, Emmanuelle (2012).
3703:. In Suksi, Markku (ed.).
3587:Cambridge University Press
3329:10.3167/153763702782369803
3213:(1). Islamabad, Pakistan:
3183:Exterminate All the Brutes
3026:Heath, Elizabeth (2010b).
2983:Heath, Elizabeth (2010a).
2882:Nigeria under British Rule
2562:10.3167/153763799782378320
2457:(133–135). Paris, France:
2241:Holt, Rinehart and Winston
1895:Flournoy & Hudson 1929
1883:Flournoy & Hudson 1929
1799:Flournoy & Hudson 1929
246:ruled to the east and the
208:
118:Acquisition of nationality
43:National Assembly of Niger
17:
5355:
5329:
5271:
5212:
5165:
5066:
4956:
4783:
4776:
4545:
4470:
4327:
4320:
4029:
4022:
3795:10.1017/S0738248014000157
3785:(2). New York, New York:
3319:(2). New York, New York:
3252:Citizenship Law in Africa
2829:Fransman, Laurie (2011).
2615:10.1080/01440390500176400
2412:10.1017/S0020589300100028
2164:Official Journal of Niger
2069:Idrissa & Decalo 2012
2045:Idrissa & Decalo 2012
1748:Idrissa & Decalo 2012
1443:Idrissa & Decalo 2012
1194:Idrissa & Decalo 2012
1170:Idrissa & Decalo 2012
1158:Idrissa & Decalo 2012
1030:Idrissa & Decalo 2012
946:Official Journal of Niger
583:colonies, and in 1899 to
433:signed a treaty with the
80:
70:
48:
41:
32:
28:Nigerien Nationality Code
27:
4077:Central African Republic
2922:10.1177/0392192106070346
2771:Dutoit, Bernard (1976).
2233:Adloff, Richard (1964).
740:
675:French Equatorial Africa
563:and was extended to the
466:Marius Gabriel Cazemajou
410:. Conflicts during the '
20:Nigerian nationality law
18:Not to be confused with
5175:Commonwealth of Nations
3595:10.1093/iclqaj/23.4.709
3448:Oxford University Press
3152:Oxford University Press
3131:. pp. lxxi–xcvii.
3044:Oxford University Press
3042:. Oxford, Oxfordshire:
3001:Oxford University Press
2999:. Oxford, Oxfordshire:
2835:Bloomsbury Professional
2810:Oxford University Press
2694:Dobkin de Rios, Marlène
2648:(subscription required)
2599:Slavery & Abolition
2507:Oxford University Press
2505:. Oxford, Oxfordshire:
2499:"The History of Guinea"
1182:Burnham & Last 1994
605:Upper Senegal and Niger
474:Central African Mission
4989:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3778:Law and History Review
3440:Neres, Philip (1962).
3040:Encyclopedia of Africa
3032:Gates Jr., Henry Louis
2997:Encyclopedia of Africa
2989:Gates Jr., Henry Louis
2966:. New York, New York:
2808:. New York, New York:
2643: – via
2239:. New York, New York:
1344:Kerr & Wright 2015
794:, pp. 32–34, 135.
384:United African Company
339:Sultanate of Damagaram
5372:Partially recognized.
4237:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3636:Cork University Press
3524:Opoku, Kwame (1974).
3291:Bloomsbury Publishing
3036:Appiah, Kwame Anthony
2993:Appiah, Kwame Anthony
2750:Donner, Ruth (1994).
2720:10.3406/cea.1968.3134
2467:10.3406/CEA.1994.2055
767:ties and antagonists.
640:France passed a law,
636:Following the end of
439:Georges Joseph Toutée
431:Parfait-Louis Monteil
414:', culminated in the
238:, who settled in the
100:Constitution of Niger
5311:Second-class citizen
5284:Multiple citizenship
4753:United Arab Emirates
4387:(Kingdom of Denmark)
3634:(24). Togher, Cork:
3361:Mindaoudou, AĂŻchatou
3127:. Lanham, Maryland:
2864:. pp. 121–152.
2812:. pp. 257–268.
2645:Taylor & Francis
2110:Loi No. 1961-26 1961
2047:, pp. xxx–xxxi.
1897:, pp. 257, 268.
1825:, pp. 268, 282.
1789:, pp. 143, 144.
1283:, pp. 170, 174.
601:Senegambia and Niger
98:is regulated by the
5301:Permanent residency
5220:Loss of citizenship
5195:Caribbean Community
4448:Trinidad and Tobago
4433:St. Kitts and Nevis
4335:Antigua and Barbuda
3675:Ronen, Dov (1975).
2100:, pp. 167–170.
2011:, pp. 107–108.
1985:Dobkin de Rios 1968
1975:, pp. 717–718.
1921:, pp. 395–396.
1919:Dobkin de Rios 1968
1801:, pp. 270–271.
1696:, pp. 103–104.
1606:, pp. 392–393.
1604:Dobkin de Rios 1968
1592:Dobkin de Rios 1968
1510:, pp. 268–269.
1498:, pp. 100–101.
735:diplomatic immunity
593:Code de l'indigénat
412:Scramble for Africa
264:Anselme d'Ysalguier
260:Trans-Saharan trade
180:Loss of nationality
84:Current legislation
75:Government of Niger
4375:Dominican Republic
3773:Semley, Lorelle D.
2968:St. Martin's Press
2887:Barnes & Noble
2148:, pp. 51, 55.
1735:, pp. 2, 161.
1723:, p. lxxxiii.
1708:, pp. 91, 93.
1271:, pp. 35, 37.
1196:, pp. 5, 160.
697:Loi-cadre Defferre
597:French West Africa
565:French West Indies
521:French West Africa
360:Kingdom of Dahomey
244:Kanem–Bornu Empire
5391:
5390:
5365:Open border with
5208:
5207:
5062:
5061:
4541:
4540:
4461:US Virgin Islands
4388:
4112:Equatorial Guinea
3764:978-0-226-73307-4
3739:978-0-8108-6770-3
3714:978-951-29-0284-2
3485:10.7202/1040648ar
3300:978-1-5099-2078-5
3265:978-1-928331-08-7
3197:978-1-56584-359-2
3186:. New York City:
3169:978-0-19-968569-1
3138:978-0-8108-5603-5
3111:978-0-8108-6094-0
3086:978-0-8108-7171-7
3061:978-0-19-533770-9
3018:978-0-19-533770-9
2910:SAGE Publications
2844:978-1-84592-095-1
2790:978-2-600-05408-9
2763:978-0-941320-77-1
2540:Camiscioli, Elisa
2524:978-0-19-027773-4
2205:Equality Now 2021
1999:, pp. 68–69.
1750:, p. xxviii.
1486:, pp. 38–39.
1474:, pp. 18–19.
1124:, pp. 12–13.
1013:, p. 76, 78.
679:levirate marriage
573:Colony of Senegal
149:By naturalization
88:
87:
5416:
5379:
5378:
5225:Denaturalization
5114:Papua New Guinea
5099:Marshall Islands
4781:
4780:
4386:
4325:
4324:
4027:
4026:
4016:Nationality laws
4009:
4002:
3995:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3959:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3843:
3837:(October 2020).
3830:
3768:
3743:
3718:
3692:
3671:
3644:10.2307/29735938
3632:The Irish Review
3622:
3571:
3545:
3520:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3470:
3459:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3389:
3379:
3369:
3356:
3304:
3276:
3274:
3257:
3242:
3201:
3173:
3142:
3115:
3090:
3065:
3022:
2979:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2890:
2875:
2848:
2825:
2794:
2767:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2660:
2649:
2642:
2589:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2439:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2363:
2353:
2316:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2252:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1682:Grandmaison 2006
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1484:Grandmaison 2006
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1446:
1445:, p. xxvii.
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1033:
1027:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
963:
957:
951:
942:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
890:
884:
875:
869:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
807:
801:
795:
789:
768:
764:
758:
751:
706:French Community
702:French Community
672:
620:Décret N°. 27892
497:
486:
456:chiefs Aliou of
447:
355:James Richardson
335:Sokoto Caliphate
287:Alvise Cadamosto
272:
203:dual nationality
197:Dual nationality
37:
25:
24:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5404:Nationality law
5394:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5351:
5325:
5306:Right of return
5267:
5204:
5167:
5161:
5124:Solomon Islands
5058:
5024:Northern Cyprus
5019:North Macedonia
4952:
4787:
4772:
4537:
4466:
4316:
4018:
4013:
3983:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3957:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3926:
3912:
3910:
3888:
3886:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3841:
3765:
3740:
3730:Scarecrow Press
3715:
3689:
3497:
3495:
3468:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3387:
3367:
3363:(28 May 2004).
3301:
3272:
3266:
3255:
3207:Islamic Studies
3198:
3178:Lindqvist, Sven
3170:
3139:
3129:Scarecrow Press
3112:
3102:Scarecrow Press
3087:
3077:Scarecrow Press
3062:
3019:
2985:"CĂ´te d'Ivoire"
2950:
2948:
2872:
2845:
2791:
2764:
2740:
2738:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2667:Badia Fiesolana
2658:
2647:
2605:(2). Abingdon:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2487:
2485:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2370:Badia Fiesolana
2361:
2271:
2269:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2161:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2075:
2071:, p. xxxi.
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1907:Camiscioli 1999
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1871:Camiscioli 1999
1869:
1865:
1859:Camiscioli 1999
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1395:Mindaoudou 2004
1393:
1386:
1380:Mindaoudou 2004
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1257:Hargreaves 1963
1255:
1251:
1245:Hargreaves 1963
1243:
1239:
1233:Hargreaves 1963
1231:
1227:
1221:Hargreaves 1963
1219:
1215:
1209:Hargreaves 1963
1207:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1172:, p. xxvi.
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1036:
1028:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
966:
958:
954:
943:
936:
928:
924:
916:
912:
904:
893:
885:
878:
870:
863:
855:
851:
843:
839:
831:
827:
823:, pp. 6–7.
819:
810:
802:
798:
790:
786:
782:
777:
772:
771:
765:
761:
752:
748:
743:
714:
666:
662:That year, the
647:Colony of Niger
630:Legion of Honor
509:
491:
489:Julien Chanoine
480:
441:
435:Liptako Emirate
404:Rivières du Sud
266:
216:
211:
199:
182:
151:
128:
120:
95:nationality law
71:Enacted by
66:
63:
58:
57:
23:
12:
11:
5:
5422:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5373:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:Naturalization
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5190:Nordic Council
5187:
5182:
5180:European Union
5177:
5171:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5143:American Samoa
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5054:United Kingdom
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4957:Rest of Europe
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4823:Czech Republic
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4785:European Union
4778:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4302:Western Sahara
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4092:Congo Republic
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4012:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3989:
3982:
3981:
3950:
3919:
3895:
3869:
3850:United Nations
3831:
3769:
3763:
3744:
3738:
3719:
3713:
3693:
3687:
3672:
3623:
3572:
3521:
3504:
3460:
3437:
3380:
3357:
3321:Berghahn Books
3305:
3299:
3281:Manby, Bronwen
3277:
3264:
3247:Manby, Bronwen
3243:
3202:
3196:
3174:
3168:
3143:
3137:
3121:"Introduction"
3116:
3110:
3091:
3085:
3066:
3060:
3023:
3017:
2980:
2957:
2891:
2876:
2870:
2849:
2843:
2826:
2795:
2789:
2768:
2762:
2747:
2690:
2650:
2590:
2554:Berghahn Books
2536:
2523:
2494:
2440:
2393:
2354:
2317:
2278:
2253:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2195:, p. 104.
2182:
2170:
2168:, p. 833.
2150:
2138:
2126:
2124:, p. 167.
2114:
2102:
2090:
2088:, p. 379.
2073:
2061:
2059:, p. 192.
2049:
2037:
2035:, p. 147.
2025:
2023:, p. 109.
2013:
2001:
1989:
1987:, p. 396.
1977:
1965:
1963:, p. 713.
1950:
1948:, p. 151.
1938:
1936:, p. 101.
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1885:, p. 257.
1875:
1863:
1851:
1849:, p. 143.
1839:
1837:, p. 284.
1827:
1815:
1813:, p. 602.
1803:
1791:
1779:
1777:, p. 269.
1767:
1765:, p. 142.
1752:
1737:
1725:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1672:, p. 717.
1662:
1660:, p. 161.
1650:
1648:, p. 126.
1638:
1636:, p. 711.
1623:
1621:, p. 101.
1608:
1596:
1594:, p. 392.
1584:
1572:
1560:
1558:, p. 207.
1548:
1536:
1534:, p. 236.
1524:
1522:, p. 125.
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1421:, p. 157.
1419:Lindqvist 1997
1411:
1399:
1384:
1372:
1370:, p. 341.
1360:
1358:, p. 126.
1348:
1336:
1334:, p. 254.
1324:
1309:
1297:
1295:, p. 175.
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1198:
1186:
1184:, p. 313.
1174:
1162:
1160:, p. 160.
1150:
1148:, p. 120.
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1100:, p. 119.
1090:
1075:
1063:
1034:
1015:
1003:
1001:, p. 110.
991:
989:, p. 105.
979:
977:, p. 114.
964:
952:
950:, p. 497.
934:
922:
920:, p. 114.
910:
891:
876:
861:
849:
837:
825:
808:
796:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
770:
769:
759:
745:
744:
742:
739:
713:
710:
684:At the end of
642:"Décret N°. 24
515:, and part of
508:
505:
462:Gaya-sur-Niger
351:Heinrich Barth
248:Songhai Empire
215:
212:
210:
207:
198:
195:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
150:
147:
146:
145:
138:
135:
127:
124:
119:
116:
86:
85:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
65:
64:
61:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
39:
38:
30:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5421:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5384:
5383:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5367:Schengen Area
5364:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5316:Statelessness
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:Ius sanguinis
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5201:
5200:African Union
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:organizations
5166:International
5164:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5139:United States
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:Liechtenstein
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4790:Schengen Area
4786:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4453:United States
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Guinea-Bissau
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4005:
4003:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3688:0-8014-0927-6
3684:
3680:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3315:(in French).
3314:
3313:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3188:The New Press
3185:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:(4). London:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2871:1-56324-368-7
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2710:(31). Paris:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:(in French).
2664:
2663:cadmus.eui.eu
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:cadmus.eui.eu
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2219:, p. 76.
2218:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1909:, p. 56.
1908:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1873:, p. 57.
1872:
1867:
1861:, p. 53.
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1811:Bousquet 1953
1807:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1684:, p. 42.
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1580:Bertossi 2010
1576:
1570:, p. 32.
1569:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1546:, p. 31.
1545:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1472:Reestman 1999
1468:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1433:, p. 14.
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1409:, p. 18.
1408:
1403:
1397:, p. 34.
1396:
1391:
1389:
1382:, p. 33.
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1322:, p. 15.
1321:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1259:, p. 60.
1258:
1253:
1247:, p. 35.
1246:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1223:, p. 34.
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1112:, p. 12.
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1088:, p. 10.
1087:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
976:
971:
969:
962:, p. 67.
961:
956:
949:
947:
941:
939:
932:, p. 57.
931:
926:
919:
914:
908:, p. 93.
907:
902:
900:
898:
896:
889:, p. 51.
888:
883:
881:
874:, p. 55.
873:
868:
866:
859:, p. 48.
858:
853:
847:, p. 34.
846:
841:
834:
833:Fransman 2011
829:
822:
817:
815:
813:
805:
800:
793:
788:
784:
763:
755:
754:Bronwen Manby
750:
746:
738:
736:
732:
726:
723:
719:
709:
707:
703:
698:
693:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
670:
665:
664:Mandel Decree
660:
656:
650:
648:
643:
639:
634:
631:
626:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:French Guinea
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:jus sanguinis
553:
551:
546:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
504:
501:
495:
490:
484:
479:
475:
471:
470:Kebbi Emirate
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:, as well as
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
352:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
295:
294:vassal states
290:
288:
284:
283:Senegal River
280:
276:
270:
265:
261:
257:
256:Toubou people
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:AĂŻr Mountains
237:
236:Tuareg people
233:
232:Zarma peoples
229:
225:
221:
206:
204:
194:
191:
190:denaturalized
187:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
163:
161:
160:incarceration
157:
143:
139:
136:
133:
132:
131:
123:
115:
113:
112:jus sanguinis
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:
93:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
44:
40:
36:
31:
26:
21:
16:
5409:Law of Niger
5381:
5347:Soviet Union
5342:Ancient Rome
5337:Nazi Germany
5263:Repatriation
5253:
5246:
5213:By procedure
4748:Turkmenistan
4703:Saudi Arabia
4267:South Africa
4252:Sierra Leone
4221:
4057:Burkina Faso
4023:By continent
3973:. Retrieved
3961:
3942:. Retrieved
3930:
3911:. Retrieved
3902:
3887:. Retrieved
3878:Equality Now
3876:
3861:. Retrieved
3845:
3782:
3776:
3749:
3724:
3704:
3697:Rosas, Allan
3677:
3631:
3582:
3576:
3533:
3529:
3516:
3512:
3496:. Retrieved
3472:
3442:
3429:. Retrieved
3397:
3391:
3316:
3310:
3285:
3251:
3210:
3206:
3182:
3147:
3124:
3096:
3071:
3039:
2996:
2962:
2949:. Retrieved
2905:
2899:
2881:
2862:M. E. Sharpe
2857:
2830:
2820:– via
2804:
2780:
2776:
2752:
2739:. Retrieved
2707:
2701:
2682:. Retrieved
2662:
2602:
2598:
2549:
2543:
2530:11 September
2528:. Retrieved
2502:
2486:. Retrieved
2454:
2448:
2403:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2365:
2325:
2321:
2288:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2261:
2235:
2226:Bibliography
2212:
2200:
2180:, p. 7.
2173:
2163:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2064:
2057:Mugnier 2012
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1973:Plender 1974
1968:
1961:Plender 1974
1941:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1728:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1670:Plender 1974
1665:
1653:
1641:
1634:Plender 1974
1599:
1587:
1582:, p. 3.
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1532:Cottias 2005
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1462:, p. 1.
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1235:, p. 7.
1228:
1216:
1211:, p. 4.
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1073:, p. 9.
1066:
1032:, p. 5.
1006:
994:
982:
955:
945:
925:
913:
852:
840:
835:, p. 4.
828:
806:, p. 1.
799:
787:
762:
749:
727:
718:legitimately
715:
694:
690:recognitions
686:World War II
683:
651:
641:
635:
619:
613:
589:French Sudan
560:
556:
554:
542:
517:French Sudan
510:
428:
400:Tombo Island
396:Pongo Rivers
376:
347:
343:Kano Emirate
326:Wadai Empire
323:
315:Grand-Bassam
291:
217:
200:
183:
152:
129:
121:
90:
89:
81:
52:
15:
5321:Travel visa
5279:Citizenship
5104:New Zealand
4948:Switzerland
4903:Netherlands
4713:South Korea
4693:Philippines
4673:North Korea
4553:Afghanistan
4457:Puerto Rico
4380:El Salvador
4272:South Sudan
4157:Ivory Coast
3589:: 709–747.
3404:: 192–194.
3217:: 119–131.
2714:: 390–405.
2609:: 233–245.
2461:: 313–357.
2134:Alidou 1973
2122:Dutoit 1976
2098:Dutoit 1976
1835:Semley 2014
1823:Semley 2014
1775:Semley 2014
1733:Adloff 1964
1658:Adloff 1964
1646:Adloff 1964
1556:Donner 1994
1520:Adloff 1964
1508:Semley 2014
1305:Camara 2020
1134:Heath 2010a
1059:Heath 2010b
731:legitimated
667: [
638:World War I
609:Upper Volta
581:Ivory Coast
550:bride price
492: [
481: [
478:Paul Voulet
464:. In 1897,
442: [
426:and Niger.
331:Fula jihads
303:Saint-Louis
279:Niger River
267: [
108:citizenship
104:nationality
5398:Categories
5034:San Marino
5014:Montenegro
4979:Azerbaijan
4893:Luxembourg
4758:Uzbekistan
4728:Tajikistan
4633:Kyrgyzstan
4628:Kazakhstan
4588:East Timor
4563:Bangladesh
4385:Greenland
4360:Costa Rica
4262:Somaliland
4247:Seychelles
4212:Mozambique
4197:Mauritania
4182:Madagascar
4137:The Gambia
4072:Cape Verde
3975:4 December
3944:7 December
3913:7 December
3863:4 December
3819:7781124851
3668:5557043058
3568:7831297523
3446:. London:
3353:5792451223
3289:. Oxford:
3239:6015275976
2976:1088136898
2822:HeinOnline
2684:7 December
2631:6895438010
2488:5 December
2436:8271467775
2350:5545120186
2313:7290793879
2272:7 December
2217:Manby 2016
2193:Manby 2018
2146:Manby 2016
2086:Manby 2018
2021:Ronen 1975
2009:Ronen 1975
1997:Neres 1962
1946:Opoku 1974
1934:André 2016
1847:Opoku 1974
1787:Opoku 1974
1763:Opoku 1974
1706:Merle 2002
1694:Saada 2012
1619:Saada 2012
1568:Niort 2007
1544:Niort 2007
1496:Saada 2012
1431:Neres 1962
1407:Neres 1962
1332:Anene 1959
1320:Neres 1962
1293:Geary 1965
1281:Geary 1965
1269:Geary 1965
1122:Neres 1962
1110:Neres 1962
1086:Neres 1962
1071:Neres 1962
1011:Manby 2016
999:Manby 2016
987:Manby 2016
975:Manby 2016
960:Manby 2016
930:Manby 2016
918:Manby 2018
906:Manby 2016
887:Manby 2016
872:Manby 2016
857:Manby 2016
845:Rosas 1994
821:Manby 2016
792:Manby 2016
775:References
579:, and the
545:Civil Code
388:Mellacorée
319:Porto-Novo
142:foundlings
54:Long title
5272:By result
5074:Australia
4888:Lithuania
4718:Sri Lanka
4708:Singapore
4688:Palestine
4598:Indonesia
4533:Venezuela
4478:Argentina
4438:St. Lucia
4423:Nicaragua
4398:Guatemala
4202:Mauritius
3827:145771594
3803:0738-2480
3652:0790-7850
3638:: 18–30.
3619:769971121
3603:0020-5893
3552:0506-7286
3493:0583-8266
3479:: 19–45.
3418:780462390
3410:0099-1112
3337:1537-6370
3323:: 77–97.
3223:0578-8072
2946:220709847
2938:437606336
2930:0392-1921
2916:: 34–53.
2818:875321407
2736:772667063
2728:0008-0055
2639:144630105
2623:0144-039X
2607:Routledge
2586:205909023
2570:1537-6370
2556:: 52–74.
2483:769925159
2475:0008-0055
2420:0020-5893
2334:0018-2540
2297:1252-7017
780:Citations
722:filiation
571:, in the
5382:Category
5294:Internal
5289:Passport
5255:Ius soli
5185:Mercosur
5094:Kiribati
4933:Slovenia
4928:Slovakia
4918:Portugal
4808:Bulgaria
4738:Thailand
4683:Pakistan
4658:Mongolia
4653:Malaysia
4578:Cambodia
4523:Suriname
4513:Paraguay
4498:Colombia
4408:Honduras
4370:Dominica
4345:Barbados
4321:Americas
4312:Zimbabwe
4282:Tanzania
4127:Ethiopia
4122:Eswatini
4102:Djibouti
4067:Cameroon
4052:Botswana
3966:Archived
3935:Archived
3907:Archived
3903:RefWorld
3883:Archived
3854:Archived
3846:RefWorld
3811:43670704
3699:(1994).
3660:29735938
3560:43108378
3498:23 April
3422:Archived
3345:42843233
3283:(2018).
3270:Archived
3249:(2016).
3231:20837029
3180:(1997).
3038:(eds.).
2995:(eds.).
2912:for the
2901:Diogenes
2696:(1968).
2675:Archived
2578:42843081
2378:Archived
2342:41970637
2305:26242544
2266:Archived
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625:domicile
561:jus soli
529:Antilles
458:Karimama
450:Timbuktu
372:Abeokuta
186:renounce
140:Newborn
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5330:Defunct
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5067:Oceania
5049:Ukraine
5004:Moldova
4994:Georgia
4984:Belarus
4974:Andorra
4969:Armenia
4964:Albania
4923:Romania
4868:Ireland
4863:Iceland
4858:Hungary
4848:Germany
4838:Finland
4833:Estonia
4828:Denmark
4813:Croatia
4803:Belgium
4798:Austria
4763:Vietnam
4663:Myanmar
4648:Lebanon
4558:Bahrain
4528:Uruguay
4503:Ecuador
4483:Bolivia
4413:Jamaica
4393:Grenada
4340:Bahamas
4292:Tunisia
4257:Somalia
4242:Senegal
4227:Nigeria
4217:Namibia
4207:Morocco
4172:Liberia
4167:Lesotho
4117:Eritrea
4087:Comoros
4062:Burundi
4037:Algeria
3889:25 June
3456:4649994
3431:26 July
3028:"Niger"
2951:25 June
2773:"Niger"
2741:29 June
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364:Badagry
311:Assinie
296:of the
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209:History
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5044:Turkey
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5029:Russia
5009:Monaco
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4943:Sweden
4913:Poland
4908:Norway
4878:Latvia
4853:Greece
4843:France
4818:Cyprus
4777:Europe
4743:Turkey
4733:Taiwan
4638:Kuwait
4623:Jordan
4613:Israel
4573:Brunei
4568:Bhutan
4508:Guyana
4488:Brazil
4428:Panama
4418:Mexico
4355:Canada
4350:Belize
4307:Zambia
4297:Uganda
4232:Rwanda
4187:Malawi
4147:Guinea
4042:Angola
4030:Africa
3825:
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5119:Samoa
5109:Palau
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4898:Malta
4873:Italy
4768:Yemen
4723:Syria
4698:Qatar
4668:Nepal
4618:Japan
4593:India
4583:China
4493:Chile
4471:South
4403:Haiti
4328:North
4277:Sudan
4222:Niger
4177:Libya
4162:Kenya
4142:Ghana
4132:Gabon
4107:Egypt
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