1270:"The south-west corner of Western Australia provides a rare and celebrated instance of harmonious interaction that had lasting consequences. In King George Sound, explorers and early colonists owed the success of their missions to Nyungar traditions of diplomacy and hospitality. In 1803, Matthew Flinders had his marines perform a military salute to honour the Nyungar for their assistance over a three-week rest period (White 1980). For at least half a century or longer, the Nyungar would enact a variation of this ceremony, with Aboriginal men assembled in rows, military-style, with white pipe clay and red crosses painted on their chests, with sticks as guns — mimicking the 'redcoats'. By the early 1900s, however, this branch of the Nyungar clan had become extinct, victims of colonial expansion from the Swan River penal settlement and also of introduced diseases."
459:"pacify" the Aboriginal population, men were rounded up and chained for offences ranging from spearing livestock, burning the bush, or digging vegetables on what had been their own land. It quickly became a "place of torment, deprivation and death", and it has been estimated that there may be as many as 369 Aboriginal graves on the island, of which five were for prisoners who had been hanged. Except for a short period between 1849 and 1855, during which the prison was closed, some 3,700 Aboriginal men and boys, many of them Noongars, but also many others from all parts of the state, were imprisoned.
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most productive land was being taken, especially on the Upper Swan—led to sporadic clashes. An example of such misunderstandings was the
Noongar land-management practice of setting fires in early summer, mistakenly seen as an act of hostility by the settlers. Conversely, the Noongar saw the settlers' livestock as fair game to replace the dwindling stocks of native animals shot indiscriminately by settlers. The only area that successfully resisted the usurpation of native land for any time was the area around the
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353:, the Noongar population has been variously estimated at between 6,000 and some tens of thousands. Colonisation by the British brought both violence and new diseases, taking a heavy toll on the population. The Noongar, like many other Aboriginal peoples, saw the arrival of Europeans as the returning of deceased people, often imagining them as relatives who deserved accommodation. As they approached from the west, the newcomers were called
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415:. His father was caught and killed without trial by a military firing squad. Yagan himself, with a bounty on his head, was ambushed soon afterwards by an 18-year-old settler youth, after he had stopped two settlers and asked for flour. His corpse was decapitated, and the head was sent to England for display in fairgrounds. Yagan is now considered a Noongar hero, by many to have been one of the first indigenous
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forcing the
Aboriginal Cultural Material Committee to deregister 300 Aboriginal sacred sites in Western Australia. Although falling most heavily upon Pilbara and Kimberley sites this government policy also was having an impact on Noongar lands according to Ira Hayward-Jackson, Chairman of the Rottnest Island Deaths Group. The changes also removed rights of notification and appeal for
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252:(a dialect of the English language) laced with Noongar words and occasionally inflected by its grammar. Most contemporary Noongar trace their ancestry to one or more of these groups. In the 2011 Australian census, 10,549 people identified as indigenous in the south-west of Western Australia. By 2021, this number had increased to 14,355.
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Gave a most particular catalogue of the names, places & manner of death, & by whom killed, whether by soldier or otherwise. He complained greatly of our encroachments and interference; that they were straightened for subsistence, treated with rudeness, & prevented from walking with liberty in their own country."
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by relatively infertile soil. The north is characterized by casuarina, acacia, and melaleuca thickets, and the south by mulga scrubland, but it also supports dense forest stands. Several rivers run to the coast, and lakes and wetlands provided the
Noongar people with their distinctive food and vegetation resources.
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documents enabled
Justice Wilcox to find that laws and customs governing land throughout the whole Single Noongar Claim (taking in Perth, and many other towns in the greater South West) were those of a single community. The claimants shared a language and had extensive interaction with others in the claim area.
738:. A highlight of the Festival was the unveiling of the monumental "Ngallak Koort Boodja – Our Heart Land Canvas". The 8-metre (26 ft) canvas was commissioned for the festival by representatives of the united elders and families from across the Noongar nation. It was painted by leading Noongar artists
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The
Noongar themselves are tackling their own issues; for example, the Noongar Patrol, which is an Aboriginal Advancement Council initiative. It was set up to deter Aboriginal young people from offending behaviour and reduce the likelihood of their contact with the criminal justice system. The patrol
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Yagan's brother Monday later deposed that their resistance stemmed from the many deaths the
Whadjuk had suffered and their loss of access to elementary means of survival. "He stated that the number of men belonging to his tribe that were killed several times since we came to the settlement to be 16.
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Many of these issues are not unique to the
Noongar but in many cases they are unable to receive appropriate government-agency care. The report that was produced after this gathering also stated that Noongar men have a life expectancy of 20 years less than non-Aboriginal men, and go to hospital three
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Many local governments in the southwest have developed "compacts" or "commitments" with their local
Noongar communities to ensure that sites of significance are protected and that the culture is respected. At the same time, the Western Australian Barnett government, also from November 2014, had been
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which has been a source of contention between local
Noongar groups (who would like to see the land, which was reclaimed from the river in the late 19th century, "restored" to them) and the title-holders who wished to develop the site. A Noongar protest camp existed here for several years in the late
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recognised the success of his three-week sojourn as due in good part to
Noongar diplomacy, and Noongar rituals celebrated their reception of the newcomers in a ceremonial form. When settlement became more firmly established, however, misunderstandings over the obligations of reciprocity—some of the
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whose time frame is defined by specific observable changes to the environment, with a dry period varying from as few as three to as many as eleven months. Tribes are spread over three different geological systems: the coastal plains, the plateau, and the plateau margins; all areas are characterized
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was an important site for the Noongar. It was a hunting site where kangaroos were herded and driven over the edge to provide meat for gathering clans. In this context, the "clan" is a local descent group – larger than a family but based on family links through common ancestry. At the base of Mount
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describes itself as the response to the Aboriginal community's need for positive self-enhancement through artistic expression. It is a theatre company that strives for community development and which also has the drive to create "exciting, authentic and culturally appropriate indigenous theatre".
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Justice Wilcox's judgment is noteworthy for several reasons. It highlights Perth's wealth of post-European settlement writings which provide an insight into Aboriginal life, including laws and customs, around the time of settlement in 1829 and also into the beginning of the last century. These
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was subsequently lodged and was heard in April 2007. The remainder of the larger "Single Noongar Claim" area, covering 193,956 km (74,887 sq mi) of the south-west of Western Australia, remains outstanding, and will hinge on the outcome of this appeal process. In the interim, the
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announced in June 1839 that the island would become a penal establishment for Aboriginal people and was officially designated as such in 1841. From that time until 1903, when the indigenous section was closed, Rottnest Island was used as a prison to transfer Aboriginal prisoners "overseas". To
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Contemporary usage tends to aggregate these into three major sub-identities: (1) the Wardandi of the coastal zone from Augusta to Bunbury; (2) the Pindjarup (Binjarub) from north Bunbury to Mandurah and Pinjarra, both coastally and inland; and (3) the Perth metropolitan and surrounding area's
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Since the Noongar are largely urbanised or concentrated in major regional towns, studies have shown that the direct economic impact of the Noongar community on the WA economy was estimated to range between five and seven hundred million dollars per year. Exit polls of tourists leaving Western
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At the time of European settlement, it is believed that the peoples of what became the Noongar community spoke thirteen dialects, of which five still have speakers with some knowledge of their respective versions of the language. No speakers use it over the complete range of everyday speaking
435:. Notwithstanding this violence, extraordinary acts of goodwill existed. In the same year, 1834, the Swan River Noongar couple, Migo and Molly Dobbin, alerted to the fact a European child had gone missing, covered 35 kilometres (22 mi) in 10 hours tracking his
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animals and non-endemic plants is also severe, and has resulted in a high proportion of plants and animals being included in the categories of rare, threatened and endangered species. In modern times many Aboriginal men were employed intermittently as rabbiters, and
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became an important part of Noongar diet in the early 20th century. The Noongar territory also happens to conform closely with the south-west Indian Ocean Drainage Region, and the use of these water resources played a very important seasonal part in their culture.
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Australia have consistently shown that "lack of contact with indigenous culture" has been their greatest regret. It has been estimated that this results in the loss of many millions of dollars worth of foregone tourist revenue.
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and he defended many on charges of theft, arguing from church doctrine that theft was not criminal if dictated by dire necessity. While intent on converting, he encouraged the Noongars to maintain their traditional culture.
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and brother Monday, declared an outlaw after undertaking a series of food raids and a retaliatory murder. Caught and imprisoned, he escaped and was let alone, as though informally reprieved as a native version of
406:, formerly of good standing among the settler authorities and known in the colony for his handsome bearing, "tall, slender, well-fashioned..of pleasing countenance", was, together with his father
490:) became the home of up to one-third of the population. It is estimated that 10 to 25% of Noongar children were forcibly "adopted" during these years, in part of what has become known as the
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in Western Australia. The Western Australian government has dedicated several areas for the purpose of building communities specifically for the Noongar people, such as the (now closed)
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925:(October/November) – A definite warming trend is accompanied by longer dry periods and fewer cold fronts crossing the coast. The height of the wildflower season.
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From 1890 to 1958, the lives and lifestyles of Noongar people were subject to the Native Welfare Act. By 1915, 15% of Perth's Noongar had been thrust north and interned at the
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seeking to protect their heritage. A legal ruling on 1 April 2015 overturned the government's actions on some of the sites deregistered which were found to be truly sacred.
913:(June/July) – Cold fronts that have until now brushed the lower south-west coast begin to cross further north. This is usually the wettest part of the year.
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In April 2008 the Full Bench of the Federal Court upheld parts of the appeal by the Western Australian and Commonwealth governments against Justice Wilcox's judgment.
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uses mediation and negotiation with indigenous youth in an attempt to curb anti-social and offending behaviour of young people who come into the city at night.
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flexible wood bent around the head and with the arms tied together with sinew or fibre cord to ... known as the kodj or kodja and restricted in distribution
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Importantly, Justice Wilcox found the Noongar community constituted a united society which had continued to exist despite the disruption resulting from
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and wallabies; for people close to the coastal zone or riverine systems, spear-fishing or culling fish in traps was customary. An extensive range of
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919:(August/September) – Often the coldest part of the year, with clear, cold nights and days, or warmer, rainy and windy periods.
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3041:"Challenging the 'offshore hypothesis' for fossiliferous chert artefacts in southwestern Australia and consideration of inland trade routes"
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895:(December/January) – Dry and hot. Noongar burned sections of scrubland to force animals into the open for easier hunting.
1927:
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Incarcerating Indigenous people of the Wongatha lands in the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia: Indigenous leaders' perspectives
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and people being forced off their land and dispersed to other areas as a result of white settlement and later Government policies.
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In recent years there has been considerable interest in Noongar visual arts. In 2006, Noongar culture was showcased as part of the
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in Noongar culture, that meandered over the land creating rivers, waterways, and lakes. It is thought that the Wagyl created the
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Eliza is a sacred site where the Wagyl is said to have rested during its journeys. This site is also the location of the former
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454:, possibly meaning "place across the water"). After a short period when both settlers and prisoners occupied the island, the
1385:"2021 South-Western WA, Census Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics"
1360:"2011 South-Western WA, Census Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics"
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than most other regions in Australia. The ecological damage done to this region through clearing, introduced species, by
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O'Leary, Michael J.; Ward, Ingrid; Key, Marcus M.; Burkhart, Mackenze S.; Rawson, Chris; Evans, Noreen (January 2017).
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534:. Many country Noongar people have developed long-standing relationships with non-Noongar farmers and continue to hunt
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in 1846. Salvado was an advocate for the humane treatment of the Australian Aboriginals at the mission he created at
542:(food) as well as teach their children stories about the land. In a few areas in the south-west, visitors can go on
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The Noongar still have large extended families and many families have difficulty accessing available structures of
392:
3259:"WGAR News: WA Government Deregisters World's Oldest Rock Art Collection As Sacred Site: Amy McQuire, New Matilda"
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907:(April/May) – Cooler weather begins. Fishing continued and bulbs and seeds were collected for food.
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Noongar people live in many country towns throughout the south-west as well as in the major population centres of
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Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
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3129:"Towards a Phen(omen)ology of the Seasons: The Emergence of the Indigenous Weather Knowledge Project (IWKP)"
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that corresponded with moving to different habitats and feeding patterns based on seasonal foods. They are:
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of Western Australia, and made sustainable use of seven biogeographic regions of their territory, namely:
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The Noongar thus have a close connection with the earth and, as a consequence, they divided the year into
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The Stolen Generations – the separation of Aboriginal Children from their Families in Western Australia
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677:, a documentary on the history of Aboriginals in WA, was first produced in 1979. Other plays include:
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773:, West Australian Young Voices, Noongar Children's Choir and the Western Australian Youth Orchestra.
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flint for spear and knife edges when the chert deposits were submerged by sea level rise during the
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A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language in Common Use Amongst the Aboriginals of Western Australia
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731:", and the first steps of teaching the Noongar language in the general curriculum have been made.
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Generally, Noongar made a living by hunting and trapping a variety of game, including kangaroos,
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Clarke, Philip A. (August 2007). "Indigenous Spirit and Ghost Folklore of "Settled" Australia".
1954:
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For Their Own Good: Aborigines and Government in the South West of Western Australia 1900–1940
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2796:. Federation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages. December 2000. Archived from
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A notable incident for the Noongar people in the Western Australian Colony was the arrival of
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2516:"WA Whistleblower 1: Allegations of Bullying, Intimidation in WA Dept of Aboriginal Affairs"
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1766:"Observations on edge-ground stone hatchets with hafting modifications in Western Australia"
901:(February/March) – Hottest part of the year, with sparse rainfall throughout.
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situations, and the full resources of the language are available only to a few individuals.
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2118:"How Indigenous Australians rely on subtle changes in the environment to track the seasons"
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Noongar people together will continue to be involved in native title negotiations with the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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are on the school syllabus in several Australian states. Davis' first full-length play
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2840:"Pre-Macassans at Dholtji? Exploring one of north-east Arnhem Land's great conundrums"
2674:. Cultural studies of natures, landscapes and environments. Bristol: Intellect Books.
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Yagan's head was returned and given proper burial in 2010, 177 years after his death.
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Gnaala Karla Booja: the headwaters of the Murray and Harvey Rivers to the Indian Ocean
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3074:"A Study of the Impact of the Noongar Community on the Western Australian Economy"
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The South West Boojarah: Lower course of the Blackwood and adjacent coastal areas
866:
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1498:"Nyungar Tradition: Glimpses of Aborigines of South Western Australia 1829–1914"
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on the south coast. There are 14 different groups in the Noongar cultural bloc:
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society, many difficult issues face the present day Noongar. For example, the
319:, and for women, they may have had a contraceptive effect. As early as 10,000
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people in the Avon Valley continued until violently suppressed by Lieutenant
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descend from people who spoke several languages and dialects that were often
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Callinan, Tara (presenter); Quartermaine, Craig (reporter) (14 April 2015).
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2055:"Indigenous languages being taught to 10,000 Western Australian school kids"
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Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star translated and sung in Noongar – music video
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Southern Noongar Wagyl Kaip: The South Coast to the Blackwood Tributaries
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3097:"Unlocking the economic potential of an indigenous Australian community"
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Jennie Buchanan, Len Collard, Ingrid Cumming, David Palmer, Kim Scott,
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of the Noongar comes from a word originally meaning "man" or "person".
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The Archaeology of Market Capitalism: A Western Australian Perspective
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gathering in 1996 identified major community problems associated with
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Broken spears: Aborigines and Europeans in the Southwest of Australia
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The contemporary Noongar calendar divides the year into six seasons:
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fighters. Matters escalated with conflicts between the settlement of
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on 21 March 2012 – via Health Department of Western Australia.
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1998:
1920:
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is a traditional cloak of the Noongar people made of kangaroo skin.
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Keeping Languages Alive: Documentation, Pedagogy and Revitalization
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Lord abbot of the wilderness: the life and times of Bishop Salvado
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Noongar culture is particularly strong with the written word. The
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Olman Walley, a Noongar performer, in traditional Noongar clothing
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International Handbook of Research on Indigenous Entrepreneurship
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Far From Home: Aboriginal Prisoners of Rottnest Island, 1838–1931
2569:"Closing the gap - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples"
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1928:"What was the weapon of choice for the Aborigines of Australia?"
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Elders are increasingly asked on formal occasions to provide a "
395:, which effectively blocked expansion of the tiny settlement at
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season (April–May) required extensive treatment to remove their
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of Australia that disappeared between 15 and 50,000 years ago.
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Group of Aboriginal peoples on the southwest coast of Australia
3373:, Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1976.
2993:. South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Council. Archived from
2587:. South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Council. Archived from
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3613:
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861:
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No Sugar, The Dreamers, Barungin: Smell the Wind, In Our Town
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Strangers on the Shore: Early Coastal Contact in Australia
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3358:, Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1992.
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2004:
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October 2021 saw the opening of the first Noongar opera
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From August 1838, ten Aboriginal prisoners were sent to
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The Aboriginal Languages of the South-West of Australia
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Stepping Off: Rewilding and Belonging in the South-West
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visitor centre, in Kojonup, are named after the kodj.
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Other native title claims on Noongar lands include:
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Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia
2874:"WA Government 'moving to deregister sacred sites'"
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Sprinter and Sprummer: Australia's Changing Seasons
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46:
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3127:Ryan, John Charles (2013). Backhaus, Gary (ed.).
3099:. In Dana, Léo-Paul; Anderson, Robert B. (eds.).
3076:. University of Western Australia. Archived from
1709:
1613:
4186:
3020:
2717:"Language documentation and community interests"
2382:Henry Prinsep's Empire: Framing a distant colony
852:These seven regions have been acknowledged as a
2283:
1426:
1029:The Harris Family: The coasts of the area from
856:hot-spot, having a generally greater number of
830:– Whadjuk, Binjareb, Balardong, Wilman, Ganeang
786:The Noongar people occupied and maintained the
2974:. South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Council
2815:"West Australian Opera: Koolbardi Wer Wardong"
2462:"Biodiversity Hotspots – Australia – Overview"
1945:
1340:. South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Council
3420:
3103:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 508–524.
2705:
2648:
2475:"Essays about quilts: Aboriginal skin cloaks"
2301:
1739:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1045:The Ballardong Lands: The interior Wheatbelt.
386:Initially, relations were generally cordial.
360:
354:
224:
2741:
2719:. In Jones, Mari C.; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.).
2464:. Conservation International. Archived from
248:language family. Contemporary Noongar speak
223:. The Noongar people refer to their land as
3094:
3004:
2776:. PANDORA electronic collection. Canberra:
2756:
2325:
2103:
1727:
1418:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBirdsall1987 (
765:and Guy Ghouse, the opera was performed at
423:and the Pindjarup people, resulting in the
3427:
3413:
2794:"Language of the month series (number 11)"
2109:
1003:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
3344:, Perth: Focus Education Services, 1984.
3257:
2714:
2696:
2028:
1703:
1444:
980:brought down a judgment which recognised
2837:
2615:
2378:
2344:"Warrior reburied 170 years after death"
2241:
1576:
1549:
1408:
1320:
639:
631:
501:
439:, and saved him, at the point of death.
367:
303:were also available, including yams and
27:
4200:Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia
3190:
2966:
2871:
2667:
2595:
2497:
2444:
2429:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2040:
1763:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1643:
1631:
1308:
598:In Perth, the Noongar believe that the
345:Aboriginal history of Western Australia
4187:
3277:
3008:. Quaalup Homestead Wilderness Retreat
2972:Kaartdijin Noongar – Noongar Knowledge
2941:
2598:"Yagan: an Aboriginal resistance hero"
2530:
2052:
1607:
1561:
1525:
1483:
1456:
1338:Kaartdijin Noongar – Noongar Knowledge
232:The members of the collective Noongar
3408:
3117:
2950:Springer Science & Business Media
2888:
2571:. Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet
2403:
2368:"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia"
2341:
2115:
2061:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2046:
1880:
1781:Australian Archaeological Association
1715:
1619:
1537:
1067:and problems integrating with modern
618:. The Wagyl has been associated with
338:
282:
3202:Australian National University Press
3169:
3126:
2849:; Veth, Peter; Neale, Margo (eds.).
2792:
2772:
2706:Haebich, Anna; Delroy, Anne (1999).
2697:Green, Neville; Moon, Susan (1997).
2387:Australian National University Press
2225:
2209:
2193:
2177:
2161:
2145:
1595:
1495:
1471:
1432:
990:Bennell v State of Western Australia
939:
3218:
3095:Ord, Duncan; Mazzarol, Tim (2007).
3071:
2876:. National Indigenous Radio Service
2596:Cormick, Craig (9 September 1997).
2366:
2314:Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet
2289:
2126:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
602:is said to represent the body of a
13:
3319:
2778:Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology
2671:Black Swan Lake: Life of a Wetland
2585:"Commitment to a New Relationship"
2438:Edith Cowan University M.A. thesis
936:South West Native Title Settlement
776:
372:Carrolup River Native Settlement,
14:
4216:
3387:
3173:Outlaw Heroes in Myth and History
2872:McMahon, Kristy (24 March 2015).
1883:"To Imagine an Australian Museum"
1146:History of Indigenous Australians
1058:
736:Perth International Arts Festival
3331:Kaya Wandjoo Ngala Noongarpedia.
2017:Callinan & Quartermaine 2015
1982:Australian Museums and Galleries
944:
402:In June 1832, a Whadjuk leader,
240:. What is now classified as the
123:
75:
42:
3065:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.016
1489:
1283:
1273:
1264:
1219:
999:Government of Western Australia
929:
824:– Balardong, Nyakinyaki, Wilman
433:Henry William St Pierre Bunbury
3304:"Yirra Yaakin Noongar Theatre"
2774:"Indigenous Weather Knowledge"
2668:Giblett, Rodney James (2013).
1881:Carty, John (2 October 2019).
1789:10.1080/03122417.2014.11682030
1377:
1352:
1326:
1199:
1189:
1:
2988:"Noongar history and culture"
2813:Limelight Arts Media (2021).
2410:The Passing of the Aborigines
2334:
2116:Logan, Tyne (31 March 2023).
2053:Bourke, Keane (4 July 2022).
1899:10.1080/00664677.2019.1706038
1862:. ABC Education. 27 June 2023
1129:Swan Valley Noongar Community
1099:without medical supervision,
1001:, and are represented by the
880:Indigenous Australian seasons
484:Moore River Native Settlement
474:. He provided refuge for the
373:
287:The Noongar peoples have six
250:Australian Aboriginal English
3235:"Wadjemup (Rottnest Island)"
3200:. Canberra, ACT, Australia:
3072:Ord, Duncan (19 June 2006).
2855:National Museum of Australia
2710:. Western Australian Museum.
2430:Bedells, Stephen J. (2010).
2005:Yirra Yaakin Noongar Theatre
1296:
1151:History of Western Australia
1115:Father-and-son relationships
1073:Noongar Men of the SouthWest
1049:
988:and its surrounds, known as
984:in an area over the city of
842:– Wilmen, Goreng and Wudjari
836:– Bibbulmun/Bibulmun, Mineng
546:walks, trying foods such as
427:. Similarly, struggles with
365:), meaning "white spirits".
7:
3220:"Tindale Tribal Boundaries"
2655:. Tourism Western Australia
2446:Bennell v Western Australia
1514:Noongar history and culture
1138:
681:and for younger audiences,
486:. Carrolup (later known as
267:
10:
4221:
3045:Quaternary Science Reviews
2725:Cambridge University Press
2616:Entwisle, Timothy (2014).
2507:Federal Court (Full Court)
2452: (19 September 2006),
2379:Allbrook, Malcolm (2014).
2092:Conservation International
1978:"The Kodja Place, Kojonup"
978:Federal Court of Australia
933:
877:
873:
781:
610:creature that is a common
589:Kojonup, Western Australia
497:
470:, in the territory of the
399:for almost half a decade.
342:
271:
18:
4205:Native title in Australia
4134:
4108:
3446:
3133:Environment, Space, Place
2545:10.1080/00155870701337346
2503:[2008] FCAFC 63
2473:Blacklock, Fabri (n.d.).
2450:[2006] FCA 1243
2080:Limelight Arts Media 2021
1963:Western Australian Museum
1834:Western Australian Museum
1740:Haebich & Delroy 1999
976:On 19 September 2006 the
953:This section needs to be
687:Moorli and the Leprechaun
244:is a member of the large
3335:Cultural Science Journal
2838:McIntosh, Ian S (2008).
2715:Henderson, John (2013).
2342:AAP; AG (12 July 2010).
1656:www.creativespirits.info
1182:
1063:As a consequence of the
580:) or kodja is a Noongar
21:Noongar (disambiguation)
3278:Wilson, Thomas (2017).
3192:Tindale, Norman Barnett
2479:National Quilt Register
1752:National Quilt Register
1728:Ord & Mazzarol 2007
1334:"Connection to Country"
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1176:Prehistory of Australia
1156:Australian history wars
703:and the 2011 award for
662:1990s and early 2000s.
578:"to be hit on the head"
451:
361:
355:
333:Flandrian transgression
255:
225:
151:people who live in the
4121:Forrest River massacre
3118:Russo, George (1980),
3022:"Nyoongar Health Plan"
2505: (23 April 2008),
2415:University of Adelaide
1959:visitWAnderland.com.au
1932:calendar-australia.com
1773:Australian Archaeology
1161:List of Noongar people
1077:cultural dispossession
649:
637:
625:, part of the extinct
507:
383:
349:Before the arrival of
323:local people utilised
33:
4139:By state or territory
3170:Seal, Graham (2011).
2942:Nayton, Gaye (2011).
2890:George Fletcher Moore
2407:(17 December 2014) .
2348:Australian Geographic
1887:Anthropological Forum
1764:Akerman, Kim (2014).
1704:Green & Moon 1997
1085:chemical dependencies
934:Further information:
878:Further information:
788:Mediterranean climate
771:West Australian Opera
767:His Majesty's Theatre
759:Koolbardi wer Wardong
643:
635:
566:pâté and bush honey.
505:
371:
238:mutually intelligible
163:on the west coast to
149:Aboriginal Australian
31:
4116:Flying Foam massacre
3689:Mantjintjarra Ngalia
3369:Douglas, Wilfrid H.
3000:on 18 February 2006.
2900:Wm. S. Orr & Co.
2857:. pp. 165–180.
2819:Limelight Arts Media
2526:– via YouTube.
2468:on 11 February 2006.
1323:, p. 146, n. 4.
1231:(December–January):
1109:Language and culture
886:six distinct seasons
799:Geraldton Sandplains
792:south-west ecoregion
695:Miles Franklin Award
19:For other uses, see
3263:Indymedia Australia
3145:10.7761/ESP.5.1.103
3122:, The Polding Press
3057:2017QSRv..156...36O
2650:"Executive Summary"
2591:on 20 October 2004.
2485:on 12 February 2014
2413:. South Australia:
2374:. 10 November 2022.
1528:, pp. 141–161.
1216:word for "country".
1166:Noongar kin systems
1083:Alcohol and drugs (
311:, eaten during the
307:seeds. Nuts of the
4148:Northern Territory
3436:Aboriginal peoples
2800:on 4 December 2002
2743:"Heritage Library"
1984:. 23 December 2016
1237:(February–March);
1208:, sometimes spelt
1120:times more often.
1106:Diet and nutrition
1065:Stolen Generations
805:Swan Coastal Plain
746:, Yvonne Kickett,
729:Welcome to Country
722:traditional owners
706:That Deadman Dance
650:
638:
508:
492:Stolen Generations
456:Colonial Secretary
384:
339:History of contact
301:edible wild plants
283:Ecological context
34:
4182:
4181:
4173:Western Australia
4126:Pinjarra massacre
3440:Western Australia
3333:Special issue of
3295:978-1-925-16435-0
3229:. September 2016.
3211:978-0-708-10741-6
3183:978-0-857-28792-2
3154:978-6-068-26658-9
3110:978-1-781-95264-1
3082:on 21 August 2006
3006:"Noongar Seasons"
2959:978-1-441-98318-3
2864:978-1-876-94488-9
2825:on 5 October 2021
2760:. Nyoongar Patrol
2734:978-1-107-65552-2
2681:978-1-841-50704-0
2633:978-1-486-30204-8
2602:Green Left Weekly
2396:978-1-925-02161-5
2302:Executive Summary
1955:"The Kodja Place"
1620:AAP & AG 2010
1540:, pp. 28–29.
1486:, pp. 12–13.
1125:sheltered housing
1112:Domestic violence
974:
973:
801:– Amangu and Yued
644:Swan River, with
425:Pinjarra massacre
157:Western Australia
153:south-west corner
4212:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3396:
3340:Green, Neville,
3314:
3312:
3310:
3299:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3241:. Archived from
3239:Creative Spirits
3230:
3224:
3215:
3187:
3176:. Anthem Press.
3166:
3123:
3114:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3068:
3035:
3033:
3027:. Archived from
3026:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2963:
2938:
2935:Internet Archive
2885:
2883:
2881:
2868:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2821:. Archived from
2809:
2807:
2805:
2789:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2738:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2645:
2624:Csiro Publishing
2612:
2610:
2608:
2592:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2564:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2509:
2499:Bodney v Bennell
2494:
2492:
2490:
2481:. Archived from
2469:
2456:
2441:
2426:
2400:
2375:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2350:. Archived from
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2207:
2201:
2191:
2185:
2175:
2169:
2159:
2153:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1496:Tilbrook, Lois.
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1101:solvent sniffing
969:
966:
960:
948:
947:
940:
846:Esperance Plains
388:Matthew Flinders
378:
375:
364:
358:
274:Noongar language
242:Noongar language
228:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
65:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
48:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4158:South Australia
4143:New South Wales
4130:
4104:
3442:
3433:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3354:Haebich, Anna,
3322:
3320:Further reading
3317:
3308:
3306:
3296:
3286:Fremantle Press
3268:
3266:
3248:
3246:
3222:
3212:
3184:
3155:
3111:
3085:
3083:
3031:
3024:
3011:
3009:
2997:
2990:
2977:
2975:
2960:
2879:
2877:
2865:
2842:
2828:
2826:
2803:
2801:
2763:
2761:
2747:
2745:
2735:
2682:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2634:
2606:
2604:
2574:
2572:
2521:
2519:
2488:
2486:
2397:
2357:
2355:
2354:on 23 June 2013
2337:
2332:
2326:Nyoongar Patrol
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2224:
2220:
2208:
2204:
2192:
2188:
2176:
2172:
2160:
2156:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2114:
2110:
2104:Noongar Seasons
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1809:
1807:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1583:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1224:
1220:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1141:
1097:self medicating
1061:
1052:
970:
964:
961:
958:
949:
945:
938:
932:
882:
876:
858:endemic species
784:
779:
777:Noongar ecology
652:Also in Perth,
593:The Kodja Place
558:jam or relish,
500:
464:Rosendo Salvado
444:Rottnest Island
413:William Wallace
376:
347:
341:
285:
276:
270:
258:
126:
122:
78:
74:
45:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4218:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3900:Pitjantjatjara
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
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3756:
3751:
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3741:
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3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
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3581:
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3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
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3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3389:
3388:External links
3386:
3382:
3381:
3367:
3352:
3338:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3300:
3294:
3275:
3255:
3231:
3216:
3210:
3188:
3182:
3167:
3153:
3139:(1): 102–130.
3124:
3115:
3109:
3092:
3069:
3036:
3018:
3002:
2984:
2964:
2958:
2939:
2886:
2869:
2863:
2835:
2810:
2790:
2770:
2754:
2739:
2733:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2680:
2665:
2646:
2632:
2613:
2593:
2581:
2565:
2539:(2): 141–161.
2528:
2511:
2495:
2470:
2458:
2442:
2427:
2401:
2395:
2376:
2364:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2218:
2202:
2186:
2170:
2154:
2138:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2045:
2033:
2029:WGAR News 2015
2021:
2009:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1974:
1944:
1919:
1893:(4): 384–396.
1873:
1847:
1820:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1730:, p. 514.
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1610:, p. 115.
1600:
1581:
1566:
1554:
1552:, p. 175.
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1488:
1476:
1474:, p. 123.
1461:
1449:
1445:Henderson 2013
1437:
1425:
1401:
1389:www.abs.gov.au
1376:
1364:www.abs.gov.au
1351:
1325:
1313:
1300:
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1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1093:dual diagnoses
1060:
1059:Current issues
1057:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1027:
1014:mixed marriage
972:
971:
952:
950:
943:
931:
928:
927:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
875:
872:
850:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
822:Avon Wheatbelt
819:
802:
783:
780:
778:
775:
769:by members of
697:for his novel
636:The Swan River
606:, a snakelike
564:witchetty grub
499:
496:
343:Main article:
340:
337:
284:
281:
272:Main article:
269:
266:
257:
254:
226:Noongar boodja
32:Noongar groups
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4217:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4174:
4171:
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4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
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4086:
4083:
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4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
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4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
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3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
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3926:
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3903:
3901:
3898:
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3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
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3842:
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3837:
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3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Ngaatjatjarra
3752:
3750:
3749:Ngaanyatjarra
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
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3600:
3597:
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3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:Jabirr Jabirr
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
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3500:
3497:
3495:
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3462:
3460:
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3455:
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3451:
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3441:
3437:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3380:
3379:0-85575-050-2
3376:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:1-875560-14-9
3361:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3350:0-9591828-1-0
3347:
3343:
3339:
3337:Vol 9, No. 1.
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3245:on 6 May 2009
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3019:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2973:
2969:
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2955:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2847:Sutton, Peter
2841:
2836:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2759:
2755:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2622:. Melbourne:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:Federal Court
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
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2373:
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2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2244:, p. 25.
2243:
2242:Entwisle 2014
2238:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1861:
1860:First Weapons
1857:
1851:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1694:, p. 23.
1693:
1688:
1682:, p. 24.
1681:
1676:
1670:, p. 22.
1669:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1646:, p. 18.
1645:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1598:, p. 70.
1597:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1579:, p. 49.
1578:
1577:Allbrook 2014
1573:
1571:
1564:, p. 16.
1563:
1558:
1551:
1550:McIntosh 2008
1546:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1459:, p. 12.
1458:
1453:
1447:, p. 58.
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1409:Birdsall 1987
1405:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1321:Allbrook 2014
1317:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1286:
1276:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1243:(April–May),
1241:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1192:
1188:
1177:
1174:
1172:
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1167:
1164:
1162:
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1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:comorbidities
1086:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:FCA 1243. An
991:
987:
983:
979:
968:
956:
951:
942:
941:
937:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
890:
889:
887:
881:
871:
868:
863:
859:
855:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
828:Jarrah Forest
826:
823:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:
800:
797:
796:
795:
793:
790:lands of the
789:
774:
772:
768:
764:
763:Gina Williams
761:. Written by
760:
755:
753:
749:
748:Alice Warrell
745:
741:
740:Shane Pickett
737:
732:
730:
725:
723:
717:
714:
710:
708:
707:
702:
701:
696:
693:won the 2000
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
660:
655:
648:in light blue
647:
646:Canning River
642:
634:
630:
628:
624:
623:naracoutensis
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:Darling Scarp
596:
594:
590:
586:
583:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
561:
560:bush tomatoes
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
504:
495:
493:
489:
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418:
414:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
389:
382:
370:
366:
363:
357:
352:
346:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
290:
280:
275:
265:
263:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:cultural bloc
230:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
144:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
99:
73:
69:
66:, also spelt
63:
39:
30:
26:
22:
4085:Yindjibarndi
3960:Unggarranggu
3838:
3779:Ngarlawangga
3739:Nangatadjara
3674:Mandjildjara
3383:
3370:
3355:
3341:
3334:
3327:John Hartley
3309:20 September
3307:. Retrieved
3280:
3267:. Retrieved
3265:. 9 May 2015
3262:
3247:. Retrieved
3243:the original
3238:
3196:
3172:
3136:
3132:
3119:
3100:
3086:20 September
3084:. Retrieved
3079:the original
3048:
3044:
3029:the original
3010:. Retrieved
2995:the original
2976:. Retrieved
2971:
2944:
2933:– via
2894:
2878:. Retrieved
2850:
2827:. Retrieved
2823:the original
2818:
2804:20 September
2802:. Retrieved
2798:the original
2762:. Retrieved
2746:. Retrieved
2720:
2707:
2698:
2670:
2657:. Retrieved
2618:
2607:20 September
2605:. Retrieved
2601:
2589:the original
2573:. Retrieved
2536:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2498:
2487:. Retrieved
2483:the original
2478:
2466:the original
2445:
2432:
2409:
2381:
2356:. Retrieved
2352:the original
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2278:AustLII 2008
2273:
2266:AustLII 2006
2261:
2256:, p. 5.
2254:Giblett 2013
2249:
2237:
2221:
2205:
2189:
2173:
2157:
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2121:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2058:
2048:
2041:McMahon 2015
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1986:. Retrieved
1981:
1966:. Retrieved
1958:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1890:
1886:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1859:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1832:
1829:"Kodj (axe)"
1823:
1815:
1808:. Retrieved
1776:
1772:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1692:Bedells 2010
1687:
1680:Bedells 2010
1675:
1668:Bedells 2010
1663:
1651:
1644:Bedells 2010
1639:
1632:Cormick 1997
1627:
1615:
1603:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1503:. p. 3.
1491:
1479:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1412:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1337:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1285:
1275:
1266:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1171:Noongarpedia
1133:
1122:
1118:
1072:
1062:
1053:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1007:
989:
982:native title
975:
962:
954:
930:Native title
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
883:
854:biodiversity
851:
785:
758:
756:
733:
726:
718:
713:Yirra Yaakin
711:
704:
698:
686:
682:
678:
674:
664:
659:Swan Brewery
651:
619:
597:
592:
575:
568:
509:
481:
461:
441:
401:
393:Murray River
385:
348:
327:, replacing
312:
294:
286:
277:
259:
246:Pama–Nyungan
231:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
71:
67:
37:
35:
25:
3940:Tjeraridjal
3935:Tjalkadjara
3849:Nyangumarta
3759:Ngadjunmaia
3694:Mardudunera
3269:22 February
2978:17 December
2880:22 February
2518:. NITV News
2405:Daisy Bates
1783:: 137–145.
1608:Wilson 2017
1562:Nayton 2011
1526:Clarke 2007
1484:Nayton 2011
1457:Nayton 2011
1411:, p. 1
1394:24 November
1369:24 November
1309:SWAL&SC
1069:westernised
752:Sharyn Egan
744:Tjyllyungoo
654:Mount Eliza
544:bush tucker
540:bush tucker
538:and gather
421:Thomas Peel
408:Midgegooroo
377: 1951
4189:Categories
4153:Queensland
4095:Yinikutira
4070:Yawijibaya
3975:Walmadjari
3945:Tjurabalan
3824:Njakinjaki
3789:Ngolibardu
3679:Mandjindja
3639:Maduwongga
3604:Kartudjara
3534:Ildawongga
3524:Gooniyandi
3484:Ballardong
3249:24 January
2898:. London:
2764:23 October
2642:1097134622
2575:23 October
2423:Q128080416
2335:References
1716:Russo 1980
1538:Moore 1842
683:Honey Spot
671:Jack Davis
616:Swan River
576:The kodj (
468:New Norcia
429:Ballardong
417:resistance
309:zamia palm
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3925:Thalandji
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3814:Nimanburu
3769:Ngarinjin
3744:Nangatara
3724:Murunitja
3624:Kurajarra
3609:Keiadjara
3594:Karajarri
3539:Inawongga
3509:Duulngari
3051:: 36–46.
2968:"Noongar"
2786:224508417
2690:828419017
2561:161063585
2230:Kambarang
2226:ABOM 2016
2210:ABOM 2016
2194:ABOM 2016
2178:ABOM 2016
2162:ABOM 2016
2146:ABOM 2016
1907:0066-4677
1797:0312-2417
1596:Seal 2011
1472:Ryan 2013
1433:LOTM 2000
1297:Citations
1258:Kambarang
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1079:such as:
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1031:Busselton
965:July 2017
923:Kambarang
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627:megafauna
608:Dreamtime
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488:Marribank
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4168:Victoria
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3804:Ngurrara
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4109:History
4065:Yamatji
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3809:Niabali
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2766:2013
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