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Traders of
Fajardo (ACOMPRO in Spanish), the Federation of Fisherpersons of Puerto Rico and Defenders of the Sea, Inc. (FEDEMAR in Spanish), Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón Cultural House, 4H Clubs, Fortuna Community, Defenders of Barrio Juan Martín and the Northeast Ecological Corridor, Allied Interdisciplinary Environmental Groups (GAIA in Spanish), Brotherhood of Eastern Artisans, Protecting Animals in Eastern Puerto Rico (PARE ESTE, Inc.), the Puerto Rico Chapter of Sierra Club, University of Puerto Rico at Carolina Chapter of Internal Tourism; while the Sustainable Development Initiative serves as an advisory group. There are also other private and professional organizations that have joined the coalition efforts, such as the Conservation Trust of Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rico Planning Society, the Camping Association of Puerto Rico, and the Ecumenical and Interfaith Coalition Puerto Rico. In 2008, the Coalition was recognized with the Miranda Foundation Award for Solidarity.
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Coalition's campaign strategies to assure that the Dos Mares and the San Miguel
Resorts did not acquire government permits to commence construction. All environmental or land use permits that were awarded by government agencies to these projects were challenged in courts that until January 2012 always ruled in favor of the Coalition. Until that date, both projects did not have a single environmental or land use permit approved due to, among other actions, a lawsuit filed by the non-profit Initiative for a Sustainable Development against the Puerto Rico Planning Board. On January 4, 2012, the Puerto Rico Appeals Court issued a ruling that temporarily bared any Commonwealth of Puerto Rico agency from issuing construction permits within the proposed Northeast Ecological Corridor. This decision was reversed by the
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2008 only to have it reversed in 2009. In
November 2010 the Puerto Rico Planning Board (PRPB) unveiled its plan for the Grand Northeast Ecological Corridor Reserve Special Planning Area, which according to its designation document would augment the protected area to 4,006.29 acres (1,621.29 hectares). Nevertheless, members of the Coalition for the Northeast Ecological Corridor have stated that some of the newly protected areas the PRPB would designate in its 2010 plan are susceptible to flooding, already enjoy protected status, or are already developed, making protection of these areas unnecessary. Meanwhile, the new plan, they contended, would leave unprotected 437.05 acres (176.87 hectares) of ecologically sensitive lands precisely where
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continuous, non-developed, largely forested remaining area in the northeast coast: the
Northeast Ecological Corridor. The two proposed projects: Dos Mares and Four Seasons resorts, they argued, would further compromise the ecological integrity of this area since both of projects' developers were requesting land use changes in certain areas to the PR Planning Board; specifically the request was for re-designation from "natural resource conservation" zoning district to "tourism development" zoning district.
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for signature on June 18, 2012. The bill was turned into law with the signature of the
Governor of Puerto Rico, becoming Law No. 126 of June 25, 2012, creating a nature reserve in all public lands within the Northeast Ecological Corridor, which cover 1,957 acres or 66% of its original designated area. Upon change of administration in the 2012 November elections, lobbying efforts for protection of the entire Corridor intensified, leading to the signing of Law No. 13 of April 13, 2013 by Governor
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448:(EIS's) and site permits, respectively, different stakeholders started exchanging contact information in order to collaborate in halting the approval of the project's EIS's and site permits. They considered that the official documents presented by the project's proponents were substantially weak and incomplete. For example, San Miguel Resort's EIS indicated that the NEC's rivers flowed into the "
502:(right), governor of Puerto Rico, signs the law to declare all lands within the Northeast Ecological Corridor a nature reserve. Speaking is Camilla Feibelman, former Coordinator for the Puerto Rico Chapter of the Sierra Club. To her left, Angie Colón-Pagán, President of the Coalition for the Northeast Ecological Corridor. Taken during the 8th Leatherback Turtle Festival on April 13, 2013.
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impacted by anthropogenic activities in Puerto Rico. Today, this physiographic zone is one of the least protected in the island. Therefore, proponents of protected status for the NEC contend that a nature reserve designation provides an opportunity to preserve the ecological integrity of this important ecosystem while preventing
2023:) regularly inhabit this vegetation association . This bird has not been documented within the NEC, so that the restoration of this ecosystem might provide an opportunity to reintroduce this and other species in the area, thereby enhancing connectivity between coastal and mountainous region east of the island.
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The rainforests on volcanic substrate are transition zones between wet and dry forests in the coastal valleys, which lie on alluvial and sandy substratum, similar to those found in the lowlands in the NEC; and lower montane wet forests and rainforests on volcanic substrate, such as those in El Yunque
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Since 2006 the
Coalition for the Northeast Ecological Corridor has held the Leatherback Turtle Festival at the Luquillo Town Square in April each year in order to celebrate the beginning of the leatherback turtle's nesting season. The festival has been used as an education and lobbying venue in order
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The
Coalition also had the support of numerous United States and international conservation NGOs. Their support was through personalized letters directed to local decision-makers, National Action Alerts, small grants for educational materials (brochures), and US press coverage, among others. Entities
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The
Coalition's main goals include designation of the NEC as a nature reserve with its development activities based on ecotourism and nature tourism. The organizations that originally made up the Coalition were: Ceiba Pro Development Alliance (APRODEC in Spanish), the Association of Professionals and
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Corridor in 2005 in order to better coordinate their efforts, adopting a formal structure in
October 2011. The Coalition's members have used an extensive media campaign and lawsuits in order to halt constructions and have the NEC designated as a nature reserve, achieving reserve status for the NEC in
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shortly thereafter, a decision that turned academic as a law signed in 2012 granted protection to those lands within the NEC that are of public domain (comprising 1,957 acres (792 hectares)), or two-thirds of its original designation and another law, signed in 2013, granted nature reserve status to
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The Puerto Rico GAP Analysis
Project identified within the NEC 29 of the 70 land cover classes defined for the island, of which 26 correspond to the major classes of natural vegetation. Importantly, ecosystems located on the coastal plains and low hills of the NEC, represent one of the regions most
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Since some of the proposed residential and tourist projects would be built in public lands, the members of the Coalition for the Northeast Ecological Corridor decided to shift their lobbying efforts towards the protection of these government-owned lands administered by the Puerto Rico Department of
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conducted from 1993 to 2007 shows a count of 3,188 nests with an average of 213 leatherback nests per year. The year with the lowest count was 1993, for a total of 79, and the year with the largest count was 2007, with 411 reported nests. San Miguel Beach was the site with the highest count, for a
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on January 23, 2012, although the lawsuit has turned mainly academic since passage of the law that designates all of the Corridor as a Nature Reserve. Under Law No. 13 of April 13, 2013, the Government of Puerto Rico has eight years to buy, acquire, or expropriate all private lands within the NEC.
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Since its establishment, the Coalition's litigation efforts have been directed by the University of Puerto Rico's Environmental Law Clinic under Pedro Saade Llorens, Esq., one of Puerto Rico's first environmental lawyers. The Clinic's free and volunteer legal services have been instrumental in the
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submitted on September 22, 2011, Senate Bill 2282 which was unanimously approved by the Senate on April 23, 2012, with all senators as co-authors. On May 21, 2012, the bill was approved by the House of Representatives with no opposition, and after some minor amendments, it was sent to the Governor
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In addition, both projects conducted deforestation and land movement activities without the required permits, resulting in changes to the natural patterns of runoff and direct impacts to important ecological zones. Construction of the Phase I of the Dos Mares project (adjacent to the NEC) impacted
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have the largest number of species. The first includes two geckos, and three salamanquita geckos, the second family consists of five lizard species. Of the total number of reptilian species documented at the NEC, 11 are endemic, five native and two introduced. An introduced iguana species and two
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Although there were plans to officially establish in the NEC a permanent reserve as well as plans to establish eco-hospices, bicycle trails and access to beaches, a proposed bill that would create a nature reserve (PR Bill 2105 of 2007) would give the government and concerned groups only eighteen
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study, 86% of all new urban areas established at El Yunque Special Planning Area between 1985 and 2001 did not comply with current land use zoning regulations, a situation that encouraged the urban sprawl that was eating away El Yunque's coastal buffer zone and enhanced the importance of the only
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was authorized by the national charter on February 19, 2005. The Sierra Club provided added capacity in community organization and campaign design and organized a number of workshops in order to formalize the Coalition's strategies and tactics, and the Coalition officially came into existence on
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identified in Puerto Rico are contained, a rare natural phenomenon. The changes in precipitation, elevation and temperature observed in this zone constitute one of the most eclectic environmental gradients in all of the Caribbean. This has fomented an extraordinary biodiversity in this region.
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occurred. Nevertheless, at a hill near El Convento Beach vegetation consistent with old-growth forest that is at least seventy years old is present. The NEC has various beaches, some of them coveted by those beach-goers looking for solace and surfers; these include: San Miguel, Las Paulinas, El
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On May 21, 2012, members of the Coalition for the Northeast Ecological Corridor celebrate in front of the Puerto Rican Legislature the passage of Senate Bill 2282 by the House of Representatives. The bill led to the designation of all public lands in the Northeast Ecological Corridor (66%) as a
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In the case of the region's limited water supplies, the Puerto Rican government had recently published the Puerto Rico Water Plan, which indicated that the region already had a water deficit of 3.6 million gallons per day (MGD). Regarding El Yunque's buffer zone, according to a 2004 U.S. Forest
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The Grand Northeast Ecological Reserve Special Planning Area. Proponents argued that this plan would protect a wider area in order to maintain connectivity with El Yunque National Forest. Detractors stated that while some of the "newly protected areas" already enjoyed protected status, were
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In the NEC three geoclimatic zones have been identified. These are the subtropical dry forest on alluvium and other unconsolidated sediments, subtropical moist forest on alluvium and other unconsolidated sediments and subtropical rainforest on volcanic rock altered by hydrothermal vents.
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Three geoclimatic zones have been identified within the NEC: these are the subtropical dry forest on alluvium soil and other unconsolidated sediments, subtropical moist forest on alluvium and other unconsolidated sediments and subtropical rainforest on volcanic rock that has been altered
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message focused on how the proposed residential and tourism projects were going to: (1) deplete the limited water supplies needed by local communities, affecting the quality of life of thousands of citizens in the eastern region of Puerto Rico; (2) promote more urban sprawl throughout
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point out that more than 437 acres of the originally designated areas had their protected status rescinded. Furthermore, some of the areas under the Special Planning Area constituted part of existing reserves or within floodplains where construction would be prohibited regardless.
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hydrothermically. According to the descriptions in Lugo, A. E., 2005, in the NEC there are four forest types: coastal dry forest on volcanic substrate, wet and dry forest in alluvial valleys, coastal rain forest on sandy substrate and lowland rainforest on the volcanic substrate.
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some tributaries to the Aguas Prietas Lagoon (located within the NEC) and increased sedimentation levels to this irreplaceable water body, where sporadic bioluminescence occurs. Dos Mares' proponents were fined $ 140,000 for these illegal activities by the PR DNER and
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maintenance practices would include the use of toxic substances such as herbicides, which could affect the water quality of surface, underground, and coastal waters. Further, it was argued that both projects would severely limit public access to the NEC's beaches,
1158:. Most forests in the NEC are relatively young (possibly between 20 and 60 years old) and have a composition of species that is characteristic of perturbed coastal rainforest in other parts of Puerto Rico. It is possible that anthropogenic activities such as
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Fifty-four critical, rare, endemic and endangered species reside in this area and depend on the natural integrity of this zone for their subsistence. The Corridor is also ecologically important because it guarantees the interrelation between the mountainous
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View of the Northeast Ecological Corridor and El Yunque National Forest as seen from Cabezas de San Juan Nature Reserve. In the forefront is Laguna Grande (bioluminiscent lagoon), followed by Seven Seas Beach cove, Aguas Prietas Lagoon, and El Convento
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development in the area. The new administration's land use vision for the NEC was approved in the 1996 Northeast Coast Tourism Development Conceptual Plan, which zoned the area to allow for massive residential and tourism developments and golf courses.
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The plan's detractors contended that over 80% of the units proposed by both projects were exclusively residential, which seriously undermined the developers' claim that these were tourism projects. They also argued that these projects would result in
2527:"Para dejar sin efecto la Resolución PU-02-2008-24(23), emitida el 6 de febrero de 2008 6 devolver al DRNA el "Plan Integral de Usos de Terrenos y Manejo de la Reserva Natural Corredor Ecológico del Noreste", y para otros propósitos relacionados"
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Towards the western part of the NEC in the segment known as El Convento there is a coastal forest older than seventy-years (rare, due to deforestation in this area) with all but one species being native. Some of the species found here are the
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with the greatest diversity of documented species are birds. This taxon is represented by 16 orders, 43 families, 123 species. Of the 123 species reported to date, 9 are endemic, 59 residents, 39 migratory and 16 introduced. The order
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and a 9-hole golf course, among other related facilities; and (2) San Miguel Four Seasons Resort – consisting of 1,450 residential and hotel units and two golf courses, of 18 holes and 9 holes respectively, among other amenities.
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announced plans to approve the Grand Northeast Ecological Corridor Reserve Special Planning Area. Although the Fortuño Administration insisted that it was protecting more areas than the original 2,970 acres included in the reserve,
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life zones. Importantly, all six ecological life zones identified in Puerto Rico are represented in a region just 13 miles (21 km) long, formed by the Northeast Ecological Corridor, Las Cabezas de San Juan Nature Reserve and
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months to acquire privately owned lands within the Corridor. In the case that the lands could not be acquired, the natural reserve designation would be rescinded. Considering these amendments to be "poison pills", former Governor
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There are approximately ten access routes and several dirt roads used, mostly by local residents, to enter the beaches or forest areas for recreation. Not all access routes are suitable for four-wheeled vehicles.
3385: – Progressive Ecology: Shifting the flow of conservation biology through involving communities in the Northeastern Ecological Corridor of Puerto Rico through research and its declaration of nature reserve
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Members of the Coalition for the Northeast Ecological Corridor in front of the Fajardo Courthouse in Puerto Rico, after presenting legal action to halt permits issued for the San Miguel Resort construction.
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Gould, W. (2008). "February 14 Letter to Mr. Vicente Quevedo, Auxiliary Secretary for Integral Planning at DNER, with comments on the Northeast Ecological Corridor Integral Land Use and Management Plan".
324:'s newly formed Puerto Rico Chapter and other member organizations since 2004, had as its goal the preservation of the NEC. These organizations banded together to form the Coalition for the Northeast
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After the 1996 Northeast Coast Tourism Development Conceptual Plan was approved, two megaresorts were proposed to be constructed in the NEC: (1) Dos Mares Marriott Resort – consisting of 3,450
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The NEC is a critical nesting habitat for the leatherback sea turtle and one of the three most important nesting sites for this species in the United States and its territories as confirmed by
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At El Convento Beach, along the miles-long undeveloped coastline stretching between Fajardo and Luquillo lies the governor's official beach house, Playa El Convento, a rustic wooden cottage.
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as it is carried by tradewinds. In the 13 miles (21 kilometers) region comprised by Northeast Ecological Corridor, Cabezas de San Juan Nature Reserve and El Yunque National Forest all six
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in October 2009, although he later passed a law in June 2012 re-designated as nature reserve two-thirds of its lands, after intense lobbying and public pressure. Later, in 2013, Governor
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found on its coastal foothills, through a passageway of just 21 kilometers (13 miles) in length. Such an occurrence, in a very limited area, is extremely rare in any location around the
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The NEC has been proposed to be designated as a nature reserve by the local and federal governments since 1978, as established in the Puerto Rico Coastal Management Program under the US
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and other public natural resources, as well as further depleting the limited water supplies needed by local communities, affecting the quality of life of thousands in the region.
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537:, among others) forged in 2004 what came to be known as the Coalition for the Northeast Ecological Corridor. As the Coalition was organizing, the Puerto Rico Chapter of the
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Declaración de Impacto Ambiental Estratégica Preliminar – Plan Integral de Usos de Terrenos y Manejo de la Reserva Natural Corredor Ecológico del Noreste
790:. Changes in precipitation, temperature and elevation are observed in the whole area constitute one of the most pronounced environmental gradients across the
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signed Executive Order OE-2008-22 which officially established the Northeast Ecological Corridor Nature Reserve. The decision was later reversed by Governor
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El Convento Beach within the Northeast Ecological Corridor (Fajardo, Puerto Rico) and panoramic view of El Yunque National Forest in the background.
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once comprised some of the lands which now lie within the NEC. After the abandonment of such lands, as the sugar industry decayed in Puerto Rico,
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to feed and breed in fresh water, and their larvae travel downstream to get to the estuaries or the ocean where they complete their development.
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to promote both the importance of protecting this endangered species and its most important nesting place in Northeast Puerto Rico, the NEC.
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National Forest. They have suffered great clearing in Puerto Rico, making it difficult to find natural stands. Endemic species like the
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The NEC lies north of El Yunque National Forest and it is surmised that it generates part of the humidity required so that it remains a
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collected originally in 1985 in Las Cabezas de San Juan Nature Reserve, near the NEC was confirmed to be a new species in 2010, named (
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events in this body of water. Laguna Grande (Lagoon), located outside of the NEC to its west, is bioluminescent year-round, due to the
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to establish a nature reserve, edit a draft for the Land Use and Management Plan as well as to delineate the reserve's borders. The
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Aerial photograph of Puerto Rico's Northeast Ecological Corridor Nature Reserve, with its main rivers and surrounding beaches.
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approved in its Resolution No. PU-02-2008-24(23) on February 6, 2008, the limits for the NEC and on April 24, 2008, Governor
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in some areas of the NEC, particularly in the hills and other areas of higher elevation. The branches of the needle bushes (
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flood-prone, or already constructed, on the other hand 437 acres (177 hectares) would have their protected status rescinded.
3265: – The Puerto Rico Gap Analysis Project: Volume 1: Land Cover, Vertebrate Species Distributions, and Land Stewardship
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The NEC contains a representation of all of the coastal wetlands found in PR, such as coral communities, sea grass beds,
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2770:. National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP), US Environmental Protection Agency. December 1992
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requested the Planning Board not to approve the designation of the NEC as a nature reserve as it wanted to promote
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brings highs in the lower 30s°C (90s°F), which descend down into the lower 20s°C (70s°F) at night. Throughout the
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types of boa have also been sighted. Two freshwater turtles and two species of sea turtles live in this area: the
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3174:. USGS, Moscow ID and the USDA FS International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, PR. p. 379.
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A leatherback turtle uses its rear fins to dig a nest in the sand prior to laying eggs in San Miguel Beach.
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Puerto Rico Governor's official beach house, located in El Convento Beach, in the municipality of Fajardo.
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Colorá Beach, Fajardo, Puerto Rico, located near the easternmost tip of the Northeast Ecological Corridor.
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have been described in the NEC. Nine of these are endemic, 400 are native and 77 introduced. The family
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total of 1,181 during the survey period, followed by Las Paulinas with 1,159 and El Convento with 848.
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makes Northeast Puerto Rico a relatively wet spot; November is when it rains the most and the driest
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2250:"Coalición Pro Corredor Ecológico dice que es una gran mentira el plan para los terrenos del Yunque"
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to the west and Seven Seas Beach to the east, being delineated by PR Route # 3 to its south and the
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in the NEC have been the most limiting factors regarding the development of mature forest in this
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with 41. Eleven species are classified as critical by DNER's Natural Heritage Program among them:
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2687:"Puerto Rico's Northern Coast Temporarily Protected From Development During Appeals Court Review"
2320:"Northeast Ecological Corridor, Puerto Rico Leatherback Turtle Nesting Site, Receives Protection"
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are represented by six species contained in six families. Three of these species are native: the
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along the banks of the Juan Martín River. At the mouth of this river is one of the few remaining
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in order to designate all the lands within the NEC as a nature reserve. Nevertheless, after the
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Plan Integral de Usos de Terrenos y Manejo de la Reserva Natural Corredor Ecológico del Noreste
2987:"Recovery Plan for Leatherback Turtles in US Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and Gulf of Mexico"
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3218:(1st ed.). San Juan, PR: Editorial Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. pp. 397–548.
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Leatherback turtle nesting at San Miguel Beach in Puerto Rico's Northeast Ecological Corridor.
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signed a law declaring all lands within the NEC a nature reserve. The area comprises 2,969.64
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Recovery Plan for Leatherback Turtles in US Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and Gulf of Mexico
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fish. This group has 36 native species of which four are freshwater and 32 marine. Some like
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typical of coastal areas. In the NEC's beaches also reside species such as some varieties of
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A grassroots campaign started in the late '90s by concerned citizens, and eventually led by
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Roselló; Burgos; Fortuño; Puerto Rico Planning Board; Puerto Rico Tourism Company (1996).
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3331: – Designation of Puerto Rico's Northeastern Ecological Corridor as a Nature Reserve
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Gould; Alarcón; Fevold; Jiménez; Martinuzzi; Potts; Quiñonez; Solorzano; Ventosa (2007).
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in the NEC have commercial and recreational value as the mangroves act as nurseries for
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lichens have been observed in natural areas within the NEC among which are a species of
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and the Puerto Rico Land Authority. To this effect, PR Senators Lorna Soto-Villanueva,
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3289: – Documento de Designación: Gran Reserva Natural Corredor Ecológico del Noreste
2992:. National Marine Fisheries Service and US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992. p. 6
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3259:– Official site of the Coalition for the Northeast Ecological Corridor (in Spanish)
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Convento (North), El Convento (South), La Selva, Escondida, Colorá and Seven Seas.
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850:
661:
575:
396:
278:
133:
3152:
Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales; Junta de Planificación (2008b).
3143:
Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales; Junta de Planificación (2008a).
2964:
2854:
1710:). Other prevalent bird species that can be observed at NEC's beaches include the
3936:
3873:
3848:
3768:
3435:
3403: – What Do NYC's Puerto Rican Day Parade and the Environment Have in Common?
2119:
2103:
1913:
1900:. It can easily be differentiated from other modern sea turtles by its lack of a
1809:
1747:
1623:
1615:
1537:
1384:
1177:
These factors have influenced the lichen flora of the area which is dominated by
941:
882:
770:
769:
and the Aguas Prietas Lagoon, where depending on the salinity, the phenomenon of
678:
Natural and Environmental Resources, the Puerto Rico National Parks Company, the
1146:
The Northeast Ecological Corridor's hot climate is an ideal breeding ground for
738:. The NEC's location within the foothills of El Yunque National Forest – a
646:
3957:
3920:
3899:
3778:
3379: – A Tale of Two Forests: Community Engagement in Vermont and Puerto Rico
3287:
Gobierno de Puerto Rico – Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales
2768:"Characterization of Use Impairments and of U.S. Virgin Islands of Puerto Rico"
2429:
2088:
1926:
1865:
1663:
1374:
1049:
687:
453:
216:
169:
165:
141:
3256:
3223:
National Marine Fisheries Service; US Fish and Wildlife Service, eds. (1992).
3073:. Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Puerto Rico en Humacao. 2 June 2010
4037:
3853:
3803:
3532:
1995:
1952:
1853:
1751:
1687:
1671:
1619:
1163:
1094:
957:
449:
433:
409:
76:
63:
3316:
3209:. New Haven: Yale University's School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.
3163:
Documento de Designación Gran Reserva Natural Corredor Ecológico del Noreste
2965:"Leatherback Critical Habitat Revisions to be Assessed During Status Review"
1558:), all from the family Leptodactylidae; while the second group included the
746:
system of National Forests – adds to its natural value and uniqueness.
28:
3808:
3773:
3527:
3234:
Plan conceptual de desarrollo turístico de la costa nordeste de Puerto Rico
2114:
1916:
1727:
1679:
1607:
1574:). All of these species are commonly found in the lowlands of Puerto Rico.
1522:
1395:
1283:
1246:
1240:
1128:
457:
426:
274:
270:
235:
3337: – Sustainable Development in the Northeast Ecological Corridor Forum
1646:. A total of 16 critical elements are counted in this group including the
606:
3607:
1991:
1901:
1711:
1602:), the latter which has become the emblematic species of the NEC. Of the
1479:
1471:
1459:
1407:
1314:
1299:
1273:
1234:
1159:
1111:
1083:
1054:
754:
551:
538:
421:
400:
358:. In 1992, the PR DNER presented an official designation document to the
321:
161:
145:
120:
39:
2564:. Junta de Planificación de Puerto Rico. 3 November 2009. Archived from
2532:. Junta de Planificación de Puerto Rico. 30 October 2009. Archived from
1383:, resides in Aguas Prietas Lagoon and may be responsible for stationary
806:; one of the main arguments that lead to nature reserve status in 2013.
3889:
1988:
1897:
1889:
1630:
1578:
1487:
1455:
1435:
1354:
1325:
1251:
1192:
1100:
917:
834:
830:
731:
723:
523:
334:
325:
290:
3325: – Northeast Ecological Corridor – Beaches, Turtles and More
3301: – Corredor Ecológico del Noreste: una franja llena de conflictos
2709:"Supremo revoca resolución en caso del Corredor Ecológico del Noreste"
1788:). The latter is a marine mammal threatened with extinction that uses
4049:
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests of the United States
3313: – United We Serve: Preserving the Northeast Ecological Corridor
2507:. La Fortaleza, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. 30 October 2009
2175:
2166:
2007:
1944:
1639:
1635:
1559:
1529:
1463:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1403:
1334:
1228:
1171:
842:
838:
791:
750:
526:
507:
363:
3319: – The La Selva Nature Reserve to Protect Turtle Nesting Sites!
2457:. La Fortaleza, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. 5 October 2007
1357:
call the Northeast Ecological Corridor home. Some of them, like the
312:
260:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
156:. Specifically, the lands that comprise the NEC are located between
3409: – Naturaleza, pan y belleza: entrevista con Camilla Feibelman
2482:. La Fortaleza, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. 24 April 2008
2044:
1905:
1789:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1350:
1256:
1216:
1186:
1134:
933:
925:
858:
530:
461:
247:
204:
196:
192:
173:
157:
1541:
1294:
1077:
901:), an endemic species whose distribution is currently limited to
3397: – One example of how political pressure can hurt ecotourism
3243:
Meteorological Impacts of Land Use Change in the Maritime Tropics
3216:
Biodiversidad de Puerto Rico Vertebrados Terrestres y Ecosistemas
1971:
Ecologically important lands in Northeast Puerto Rico to include
1919:
1893:
1859:
The leatherback turtle's "tears" are its way to shed excess salt.
1761:
1533:
1451:
1443:
1427:
1415:
1342:
1268:
1181:
followed by foliose species. Only one fruticose lichen, from the
912:
874:
862:
846:
762:
375:
345:
266:
223:
3207:
Puerto Rico's Northeast Ecological Corridor Campaign: 1998–2010
2098:
2080:
2056:
2052:
1483:
1467:
1399:
1262:
1198:
1155:
1147:
1137:
1120:
1117:
1103:
1086:
937:
758:
219:
200:
2903:
494:
4022:
Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources
3028:
3026:
2891:
2212:"Who is the Coalition for the Northeast Ecological Corridor?"
2048:
1938:
Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources
1726:). A great variety of ducks can also be found to include the
1643:
1582:
1346:
1182:
1151:
929:
854:
735:
417:
294:
252:
Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources
231:
227:
212:
208:
188:
3424: – Resumen de Hechos del Corredor Ecológico del Noreste
3367: – Amplio reclamo por el Corredor Ecológico del Noreste
2731:"Resolución del Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico CC-2012-021"
2406:
2394:
2382:
2276:"Gobernador firma la ley del Corredor Ecológico del Noreste"
3349: – Disappointment for environmentalists in Puerto Rico
2748:
2358:
1941:
1642:
has the largest number of species, including 15 species of
1494:
1167:
814:
620:
309:), which starts its nesting season around April each year.
298:
3391: – Halt to Puerto Rico's Northeastern Nature Preserve
3023:
2945:
2877:"Los líquenes de Puerto Rico: biodiversidad por descubrir"
2835:
2591:"Coalición pro CEN denuncia la "Gran Mentira del Noreste""
2334:
3214:
Lugo, A.E. (2005). "Los Bosques". In Joglar, R.L. (ed.).
3161:
Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (2010).
3004:
2823:
2641:
2346:
1821:
1813:
1475:
2811:
2192:
849:. Four hundred and eighty-eight species contained in 96
234:, of which 54 are considered critical elements, meaning
3335:
Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship
2230:
2736:. El Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico. 23 January 2012
861:
is the most diverse with 65 species, followed by the
3277: – Volume 76, Number 87 (Thursday, May 5, 2011)
2139:
1638:
comprises the majority of families while the family
1577:
Of the eight reptilian families present in the NEC,
2789:
2787:
2785:
2638:"Gobe firma Ley del Corredor Ecológico del Noreste"
1812:, has become a threat to native and endemic fauna.
1528:Three families of amphibians are found in the NEC:
112:
2008 (rescinded in 2009, re-established in 2012-13)
3465:
3418: – Sierra Club: Northeast Ecological Corridor
1410:) with 34 species of which three are endemic, and
574:. The NEC's campaign was also supported by actors
460:in Puerto Rico's northeast coast. The initial NEC
3307: – SEPRI.ORG: Corredor Ecológico del Noreste
2799:
2298:"Celebran ley del Corredor Ecológico del Noreste"
1058:forests in Puerto Rico, being dragonsblood tree (
4035:
3015:sfn error: no target: CITEREFvan_der_Molen2002 (
2782:
3430: – Viva el Corredor Ecológico del Noreste!
3295: Ambicioso plan para el Corredor Ecológico
3095:. bonitaradio. 22 November 2011. Archived from
3093:"De Película el Corredor Ecológico del Noreste"
3046:"Descubren nueva especie de molusco en Fajardo"
2967:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 4 August 2011
2711:. Archivo Digital El Nuevo Día. 23 January 2011
1955:in the world, and has been federally listed as
601:
179:in April 2008, a decision reversed by Governor
3271: – Protected Natural Areas of Puerto Rico
3231:
3204:
3119:"Puerto Rico: The Best Beaches in Puerto Rico"
2754:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
1828:) have also been observed within NEC grounds.
346:Preservation campaign and conservation efforts
140:) refers to an area designated as a protected
138:Reserva Natural Corredor Ecológico del Noreste
3999:Parque Nacional de las Cavernas del Río Camuy
3988:
3451:
3343: – 10 Endangered Vacations: 2009 Edition
3048:. Universia Noticias Puerto Rico. 11 May 2010
3010:
742:and the only tropical rain forest within the
3269:International Institute of Tropical Forestry
3263:International Institute of Tropical Forestry
3257:Coalición Pro Corredor Ecológico del Noreste
3169:
3151:
3142:
3032:
2951:
2897:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2214:. Sierra Club. December 2011. Archived from
2198:
475:International Institute of Tropical Forestry
289:. The beaches along the NEC, which are 8.74
130:Northeast Ecological Corridor Nature Reserve
22:Northeast Ecological Corridor Nature Reserve
3283: – Portal de la Junta de Planificación
3160:
2909:
2879:. Ecoturismo y Naturaleza. 28 December 2011
2593:. Archivo Digital El Nuevo Día. 7 July 2011
2236:
3458:
3444:
2618:. Senado de Puerto Rico. 22 September 2011
2559:"Primera Extensión a la PU-002-CEN-24(23)"
680:Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company
3361: – El Corredor Ecológico del Noreste
3355: – El Corredor Ecológico del Noreste
3240:
366:of 1992, the recently elected government
3068:"Nueva especie del quitón Lepidochitona"
2689:. HuffPost Latino Voices. 4 January 2012
2070:
2029:
1978:
1966:
1614:) stands out. This reptile is native to
1324:
1309:
1293:
911:
813:
711:
667:
645:
605:
506:More than 20 different interest groups (
493:
386:
311:
4059:Biosphere reserves of the United States
1521:species, meaning that juveniles travel
1321:) in the Northeast Ecological Corridor.
484:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
16:Protected Nature Reserve in Puerto Rico
4036:
3373: – Corredor Ecológico del Noreste
1983:Aerial photo of Northeast Puerto Rico.
1975:and the Northeast Ecological Corridor.
1951:The leatherback turtle is the largest
1333:, an endangered aquatic mammal of the
412:, land movement, filling of wetlands,
4099:2009 disestablishments in Puerto Rico
3439:
3305:Sociedad Espeleológica de Puerto Rico
3281:Junta de Planificación de Puerto Rico
3178:
3111:
3085:
3060:
3038:
2979:
2957:
2915:
2869:
2847:
2805:
2760:
2723:
2701:
2679:
2630:
2605:
2583:
2551:
1831:
1373:. It is also worth mentioning that a
1272:species has been observed growing on
489:
262:(IUCN). These include, among others,
4069:Nature reserves in the United States
3484:National Estuarine Research Reserves
3213:
2793:
2519:
2494:
2469:
2444:
2418:
2312:
1067:
643:via OE-2009-42 on October 30, 2009.
623:the law and instructed, by means of
4094:Protected areas established in 2008
2290:
2268:
2242:
2204:
1908:is covered by skin and oily flesh.
627:OE-2007-37 on October 4, 2007, the
222:. The Corridor is also home to 866
13:
4089:2008 establishments in Puerto Rico
4054:Tourist attractions in Puerto Rico
1792:for refuge and feeding. Among the
833:was classified as that typical of
582:, as well as environmental lawyer
382:
168:to its north. It was decreed as a
144:located on the northeast coast of
14:
4110:
3953:La Robleda Natural Protected Area
3250:
2181:List of Puerto Rico State Forests
1562:(also known as the marine toad) (
825:) at the Juan Martín river mouth.
3172:Puerto Rico Gap Analysis Project
2142:
2066:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1127:
1110:
1093:
1076:
932:resistant to salt winds such as
916:Northeast Ecological Corridor's
740:United Nations Biosphere Reserve
686:, Luz M. Santiago-González, and
254:(DNER), some even designated as
215:communities, and a sporadically
148:, between the municipalities of
27:
4044:National Forests of Puerto Rico
3520:National Wild and Scenic Rivers
3377:The University of Vermont Blogs
3205:Guerrero-Pérez, Carmen (2010).
2370:
1888:) is the largest of all living
446:environmental impact statements
3905:Palmas del Mar Tropical Forest
3467:Protected areas of Puerto Rico
2923:"WMF –Leatherback turtle"
2855:"Corredor Ecológico del Norte"
2101:were filmed at NEC including:
1892:and the fourth largest modern
1742:), besides the aforementioned
438:PR Environmental Quality Board
399:and tourist units, an 18-hole
333:had earlier intended to build
195:), which include such diverse
1:
3974:Mata de Plátano Field Station
3895:Foreman Conservation Easement
3829:Northeast Ecological Corridor
3136:
2322:. www.endi.com. 13 April 2013
2300:. www.endi.com. 13 April 2013
1758:) also resides in this area.
1700:Patagioenas inornata wetmorei
1398:group is represented by five
777:system, the NEC contains the
356:Coastal Barrier Resources Act
3864:San Juan Ecological Corridor
3353:Biodiversidad de Puerto Rico
2502:"Orden Ejecutiva OE-2009-42"
2477:"Orden Ejecutiva OE-2008-22"
2452:"Orden Ejecutiva OE-2007-37"
2278:. www.endi.com. 25 June 2012
1934:US Fish and Wildlife Service
928:to the east one may observe
773:may occur. According to the
701:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
602:Legislative and legal action
556:National Wildlife Federation
339:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
7:
3883:Conservation Easement Sites
2135:
2123:that premiered in 2012 and
765:, in addition to a coastal
352:Coastal Zone Management Act
121:Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
10:
4115:
4074:Puerto Rican moist forests
4064:Environment of Puerto Rico
4004:Julio Enrique Monagas Park
2931:World Wide Fund for Nature
2172:Puerto Rican Moist Forests
2038:
1786:Trichechus manatus manatus
1744:West Indian whistling duck
1648:West Indian whistling duck
1150:which, when combined with
1064:) the prevailing species.
707:
657:Puerto Rico Planning Board
372:Pedro J. Rosselló-González
96:2,970 acres (12.0 km)
4016:
3989:
3987:
3966:
3945:
3929:
3913:
3882:
3739:
3723:
3615:
3606:
3566:National Wildlife Refuges
3564:
3546:
3518:
3500:
3482:
3473:
2158:El Yunque National Forest
1973:El Yunque National Forest
1696:Puerto Rican plain pigeon
1629:The group of terrestrial
909:and the easternmost NEC.
788:El Yunque National Forest
728:El Yunque National Forest
684:Larry Seilhamer-Rodríguez
467:El Yunque National Forest
342:the NEC in its entirety.
116:
108:
100:
92:
55:
45:
35:
26:
21:
3749:Aguas Buenas Cave System
2186:
2163:Puerto Rican Dry Forests
1708:Patagioenas leucocephala
1556:Leptodactylus albilabris
1536:, and the most diverse,
1289:
809:
779:subtropical moist forest
693:Alejandro García-Padilla
688:Roger J. Iglesias-Suárez
500:Alejandro García-Padilla
185:Alejandro García-Padilla
4079:Ecological connectivity
3946:Protected Natural Areas
3824:Mona and Monito Islands
3383:96th ESA Annual Meeting
2933:(WWF). 16 February 2007
1962:
1936:. Data gathered by the
1766:velvety free-tailed bat
1668:Charadrius alexandrinus
1179:crustose lichen species
1061:Pterocarpus officinalis
662:environmental activists
104:Disputed Protected Area
3799:Humacao Nature Reserve
3789:Cuevas Las Cabachuelas
3359:Piedra, Papel y Tijera
3241:van der Molen (2002).
3192:Cite journal requires
2642:http://www.noticel.com
2076:
2035:
1984:
1976:
1881:leatherback sea turtle
1756:Pelecanus occidentalis
1592:Eretmochelys imbricata
1338:
1322:
1307:
1166:and the recurrence of
921:
826:
783:subtropical dry forest
718:
674:
652:
641:Luis G. Fortuño-Burset
617:Aníbal S. Acevedo-Vilá
611:
592:Alexis Massol-González
584:Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.
503:
392:
317:
303:leatherback sea turtle
181:Luis G. Fortuño-Burset
177:Aníbal S. Acevedo-Vilá
172:by former Puerto Rico
4084:Luquillo, Puerto Rico
3323:Puerto Rico Day Trips
2074:
2033:
1982:
1970:
1804:), introduced by the
1748:white-cheeked pintail
1656:white-cheeked pintail
1606:found in the NEC the
1507:Agonostomus monticola
1480:butterflies and moths
1328:
1313:
1297:
1250:. Several species of
1002:Laguncularia racemosa
924:In the NEC's coastal
915:
817:
804:habitat fragmentation
715:
671:
649:
609:
520:business associations
497:
390:
315:
297:) long are important
256:critically endangered
77:18.35000°N 65.65000°W
3859:San Cristóbal Canyon
3329:Surfrider Foundation
2426:"Miranda Foundation"
2094:Various scenes from
2091:Rufo M. Vega-Pagán.
1910:Dermochelys coriacea
1886:Dermochelys coriacea
1798:small Asian mongoose
1796:the presence of the
1778:Artibeus jamaicensis
1704:white-crowned pigeon
1600:Dermochelys coriacea
1552:white-lipped froglet
1389:Pyrodinium bahamense
1380:Pyrodinium bahamense
1279:Vachellia farnesiana
1202:and the very common
1038:Tabeuia heterophylla
775:Holdridge life zones
564:Surfrider Foundation
560:Waterkeeper Alliance
522:, recreationalists,
307:Dermochelys coriacea
283:hawksbill sea turtle
264:federally endangered
3299:Dialogo Digital.com
2912:, pp. Annexes.
2755:Guerrero-Pérez 2010
2571:on 22 December 2009
2539:on 29 November 2011
2413:Guerrero-Pérez 2010
2401:Guerrero-Pérez 2010
2389:Guerrero-Pérez 2010
2377:Guerrero-Pérez 2010
2365:Guerrero-Pérez 2010
2353:Roselló et al. 1996
2341:Guerrero-Pérez 2010
2085:Lepidochitona Rufoi
2004:tropical rainforest
1802:Herpestes javanicus
1782:West Indian manatee
1652:Dendrocygna arborea
1544:frog (of the genus
1363:West Indian manatee
1331:West Indian manatee
1319:Butorides virescens
1205:Physcia atrostriata
1014:buttonwood mangrove
1010:Avicennia germinans
899:Eugenia fajardensis
572:World Wildlife Fund
452:", instead of the "
444:for both projects'
287:West Indian manatee
117:Governing body
82:18.35000; -65.65000
73: /
3990:Parques Nacionales
3914:Conservation Zones
3814:La Cordillera Reef
3809:Inés María Mendoza
3794:Hacienda Belvedere
3407:Prensa Comunitaria
3389:The New York Times
3011:van der Molen 2002
2432:on 7 November 2011
2150:Puerto Rico portal
2077:
2043:The high level of
2036:
1985:
1977:
1832:Leatherback turtle
1774:Jamaican fruit bat
1740:Oxyura jamaicensis
1676:Charadrius melodus
1371:endangered species
1367:leatherback turtle
1339:
1323:
1308:
1018:Conocarpus erectus
922:
895:Fajardo guayabacón
879:Stahlia monosperma
871:Schoepfia arenaria
827:
719:
675:
653:
612:
580:Edward James Olmos
504:
490:Coalition building
393:
318:
250:classified by the
4031:
4030:
4012:
4011:
3967:Research Reserves
3869:Tortuguero Lagoon
3844:Punta Guaniquilla
3731:Bosque del Pueblo
3670:Los Tres Picachos
3602:
3601:
3347:Repeating Islands
3121:. Frommer's. 2011
3033:DRNA and JP 2008b
2952:DRNA and JP 2008a
2900:, pp. 68–71.
2898:DRNA and JP 2008b
2842:DRNA and JP 2008b
2830:DRNA and JP 2008b
2818:Gould et al. 2007
2665:External link in
2199:DRNA and JP 2008a
1826:Rattus norvegicus
1770:Molossus molossus
1547:Eleutherodactylus
1515:Sycidium plumieri
1068:Fungi and lichens
994:Rhizophora mangle
986:Coccoloba uvifera
942:white indigoberry
883:beautiful goetzea
823:Rhizophora mangle
767:old-growth forest
744:US Forest Service
633:PR Planning Board
629:PR Planning Board
535:conservation NGOs
442:PR Planning Board
360:PR Planning Board
126:
125:
46:Nearest city
4106:
3992:
3979:Sierra de Jájome
3819:Las Bocas Canyon
3759:Caño Martín Peña
3613:
3612:
3589:Laguna Cartagena
3548:Wilderness Areas
3502:National Forests
3480:
3479:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3317:El Yunque Hotels
3275:Federal Register
3246:
3237:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3148:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3099:on 26 April 2012
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2919:
2913:
2910:DRNA and JP 2010
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2668:|publisher=
2663:
2661:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2428:. Archived from
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2237:DRNA and JP 2010
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2218:on 13 March 2012
2208:
2202:
2196:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2126:Teen Beach Movie
2089:marine biologist
2021:Gymnasio nudipes
2017:Puerto Rican owl
1868:
1856:
1844:
1818:Felis domesticus
1728:blue-winged teal
1720:great blue heron
1692:Fulica americana
1684:Sterna dougallii
1572:Rana catesbeiana
1359:Puerto Rican boa
1341:Many species of
1131:
1114:
1097:
1080:
1046:Coccoloba rugosa
1030:Bursera simaruba
958:caterpillar tree
576:Benicio Del Toro
568:Coastal Alliance
542:April 25, 2005.
516:community groups
432:During the 1998
301:grounds for the
279:Puerto Rican boa
88:
87:
85:
84:
83:
78:
74:
71:
70:
69:
66:
31:
19:
18:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4008:
3983:
3962:
3941:
3937:Isla Verde Reef
3930:Marine Reserves
3925:
3909:
3878:
3874:Tourmaline Reef
3849:Puerto Mosquito
3834:Planadas-Yeyesa
3784:Cueva del Indio
3769:Cerro Las Tetas
3754:Caja de Muertos
3741:Nature Reserves
3735:
3719:
3598:
3560:
3542:
3514:
3496:
3469:
3464:
3341:The Daily Green
3311:United We Serve
3253:
3193:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3024:
3014:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2120:Treasure Island
2069:
2041:
1965:
1904:. Instead, its
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1834:
1660:Anas bahamensis
1538:Leptodactylidae
1503:mountain mullet
1385:bioluminescence
1292:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1070:
976:(also known as
960:(known also as
954:Randia aculeata
946:box briar plant
944:(also known as
891:Goetzea elegans
812:
771:bioluminescence
710:
673:nature reserve.
625:Executive Order
604:
492:
434:public hearings
385:
383:Initial efforts
348:
248:endemic species
81:
79:
75:
72:
67:
64:
62:
60:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4112:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3958:Sierra Pandura
3955:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3921:Northern Karst
3917:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3900:Montes Oscuros
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3839:Punta Cucharas
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3779:Condado Lagoon
3776:
3771:
3766:
3764:Caño Tiburones
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3538:Río de la Mina
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3492:Bahía de Jobos
3488:
3486:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3251:External links
3249:
3248:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3202:
3194:|journal=
3176:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3110:
3084:
3059:
3037:
3022:
3003:
2978:
2956:
2944:
2927:Marine Turtles
2914:
2902:
2890:
2868:
2846:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2781:
2759:
2747:
2722:
2700:
2678:
2644:. 25 June 2012
2629:
2604:
2582:
2550:
2518:
2493:
2468:
2443:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2311:
2289:
2267:
2241:
2229:
2203:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2137:
2134:
2129:shot in 2013.
2117:'s version of
2087:) in honor of
2068:
2065:
2040:
2037:
1964:
1961:
1927:Dermochelyidae
1870:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1794:exotic species
1724:Ardea herodias
1664:Kentish plover
1604:exotic species
1375:dinoflagellate
1291:
1288:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1050:gallery forest
1006:black mangrove
998:white mangrove
907:Culebra Island
903:Vieques Island
811:
808:
709:
706:
603:
600:
510:associations,
491:
488:
454:Atlantic Ocean
414:channelization
384:
381:
368:administration
347:
344:
217:bioluminescent
170:protected area
166:Atlantic Ocean
142:Nature Reserve
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4111:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:Punta Petrona
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Joyuda Lagoon
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:Other Forests
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:Nuevo Milenio
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3617:State Forests
3614:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:Sierra Club:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3186:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3120:
3114:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3069:
3063:
3047:
3041:
3035:, p. 76.
3034:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3012:
3007:
2988:
2982:
2966:
2960:
2954:, p. 71.
2953:
2948:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2878:
2872:
2856:
2850:
2844:, p. 73.
2843:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2732:
2726:
2710:
2704:
2688:
2682:
2674:
2659:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2614:
2608:
2592:
2586:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2503:
2497:
2478:
2472:
2453:
2447:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2415:, p. 16.
2414:
2409:
2403:, p. 15.
2402:
2397:
2391:, p. 13.
2390:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2321:
2315:
2299:
2293:
2277:
2271:
2256:. 5 July 2011
2255:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2113:, as well as
2112:
2111:
2110:The Rum Diary
2106:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:A species of
2073:
2067:Miscellaneous
2064:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1996:reforestation
1993:
1990:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:marine turtle
1949:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:behind three
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:brown pelican
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:American coot
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:piping plover
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:Passeriformes
1632:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:South America
1617:
1613:
1612:Iguana iguana
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:stick insects
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1372:
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1195:
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1184:
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1175:
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1169:
1165:
1164:deforestation
1161:
1157:
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1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:Plumeria alba
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
919:
914:
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547:
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525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
501:
496:
487:
485:
479:
476:
470:
468:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:Pacific Ocean
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:deforestation
405:
402:
398:
389:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
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343:
340:
336:
332:
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245:
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122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
4020:
3828:
3774:Cibuco Swamp
3700:San Patricio
3608:Commonwealth
3293:El Nuevo Día
3242:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3185:cite journal
3171:
3162:
3153:
3144:
3123:. Retrieved
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3097:the original
3087:
3075:. Retrieved
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3040:
3006:
2994:. Retrieved
2981:
2969:. Retrieved
2959:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2926:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2849:
2837:
2832:, p. 6.
2825:
2813:
2801:
2772:. Retrieved
2762:
2757:, p. 3.
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2681:
2646:. Retrieved
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2566:the original
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2534:the original
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2496:
2484:. Retrieved
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2430:the original
2420:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2379:, p. 12
2372:
2367:, p. 8.
2360:
2348:
2343:, p. 6.
2336:
2324:. Retrieved
2314:
2302:. Retrieved
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:Primera Hora
2253:
2244:
2239:, p. 1.
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2216:the original
2206:
2201:, p. 1.
2194:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2115:Syfy Channel
2108:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2061:
2042:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2001:
1986:
1959:since 1970.
1950:
1931:
1909:
1898:crocodilians
1885:
1879:
1877:
1825:
1817:
1801:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1760:
1755:
1739:
1732:Anas discors
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1680:roseate tern
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1640:Scolopacidae
1628:
1611:
1608:green iguana
1599:
1591:
1576:
1571:
1564:Bufo marinus
1563:
1555:
1545:
1527:
1514:
1506:
1492:
1396:invertebrate
1393:
1388:
1378:
1340:
1318:
1303:
1284:Graphidaceae
1277:
1267:
1261:
1260:and several
1255:
1247:Trypethelium
1245:
1241:Cryptothecia
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1145:
1059:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
990:red mangrove
985:
982:uva de playa
981:
977:
969:
965:
961:
953:
949:
945:
934:dwarf shrubs
923:
898:
890:
886:
878:
875:black cobana
870:
829:The natural
828:
822:
819:Red mangrove
800:
796:
748:
720:
697:
676:
655:In 2011 the
654:
637:Acevedo-Vilá
613:
596:
548:
544:
505:
480:
471:
458:water supply
436:held by the
431:
427:public lands
406:
394:
349:
319:
306:
275:snowy plover
271:plain pigeon
269:such as the
137:
129:
127:
3680:Monte Choca
3533:Río Mameyes
3428:Sierra Club
3422:Sierra Club
3416:Sierra Club
3401:Tree Hugger
2937:9 September
1992:plantations
1890:sea turtles
1808:to control
1712:great egret
1631:vertebrates
1596:leatherback
1519:amphidromic
1511:sirajo goby
1488:Echinoderms
1472:Hymenoptera
1448:cockroaches
1436:crustaceans
1408:Lepidoptera
1404:butterflies
1315:Green heron
1300:great egret
1274:leaf litter
1235:Chrysothrix
1160:agriculture
1084:Chrysothrix
1055:Pterocarpus
1034:white cedar
1026:gumbo-limbo
962:pagoda tree
893:), and the
755:pterocarpus
619:decided to
588:Casa Pueblo
552:Sierra Club
539:Sierra Club
508:fishermen's
422:golf course
401:golf course
397:residential
335:megaresorts
322:Sierra Club
162:town square
146:Puerto Rico
109:Established
101:Designation
80: /
56:Coordinates
40:Puerto Rico
4038:Categories
3890:El Rabanal
3710:Toro Negro
3635:Cambalache
3528:Río Icacos
3395:Terracurve
3137:References
3125:22 January
3103:14 January
3052:14 January
2996:13 January
2971:13 January
2883:19 January
2861:22 January
2857:. PRFROGUI
2806:Gould 2008
2774:6 February
2740:23 January
2715:23 January
2693:14 January
2622:13 January
2597:16 January
2575:13 January
2543:13 January
2511:13 January
2486:13 January
2461:13 January
2436:13 January
2260:16 January
2051:is March.
2008:life zones
1989:sugar cane
1957:endangered
1902:bony shell
1780:) and the
1718:) and the
1716:Ardea alba
1702:) and the
1644:shorebirds
1594:) and the
1566:) and the
1550:) and the
1456:Orthoptera
1440:millipedes
1355:amphibians
1304:Ardea alba
1252:saxicolous
1193:Parmotrema
1101:Parmotrema
1040:) and the
984:locally) (
968:locally) (
952:locally) (
918:vegetation
889:locally) (
835:dry forest
831:vegetation
732:dry forest
724:rainforest
550:included:
527:professors
524:university
473:Service's
462:campaign's
331:developers
326:Ecological
291:kilometers
244:endangered
240:threatened
68:65°39′00″W
65:18°21′00″N
3695:Río Abajo
3655:Guajataca
3650:Cerrillos
3574:Cabo Rojo
3510:El Yunque
3371:Wikimapia
2794:Lugo 2005
2326:21 August
2304:21 August
2176:Ecoregion
2167:Ecoregion
2096:Hollywood
1945:inventory
1806:Spaniards
1736:rudy duck
1588:hawksbill
1560:cane toad
1530:Bufonidae
1464:true bugs
1432:arachnids
1412:arachnids
1377:species,
1335:Caribbean
1229:Opegrapha
926:headlands
843:grassland
839:shrubland
792:Caribbean
757:forests,
751:mangroves
726:found at
512:residents
191:(1201.77
132:(NECNR) (
3665:Guilarte
3630:Boquerón
3584:Desecheo
2658:cite web
2222:17 April
2174: –
2165: –
2136:See also
2045:rainfall
1906:carapace
1790:seagrass
1746:and the
1568:bullfrog
1523:upstream
1499:juvenile
1484:mayflies
1452:termites
1428:annelids
1424:molluscs
1420:cnidaria
1365:and the
1351:reptiles
1257:Lecanora
1217:Arthonia
1187:Ramalina
1154:, forms
1135:Ramalina
978:baygrape
974:Seagrape
950:tintillo
887:matabuey
859:Fabaceae
851:families
781:and the
730:and the
590:founder
531:students
440:and the
364:election
285:and the
205:wetlands
197:habitats
193:hectares
174:Governor
158:Luquillo
150:Luquillo
50:Luquillo
36:Location
3690:Piñones
3675:Maricao
3660:Guánica
3625:Aguirre
3594:Vieques
3579:Culebra
3556:El Toro
3475:Federal
2648:25 June
2282:25 June
2039:Climate
1940:in its
1922:of the
1920:species
1912:is the
1894:reptile
1772:), the
1762:Mammals
1734:), the
1694:), the
1686:), the
1662:), the
1654:), the
1616:Central
1534:Ranidae
1468:beetles
1444:odonate
1416:sponges
1343:mammals
1269:Bacidia
1223:Glyphis
1211:Graphis
1156:lichens
1042:ortegon
1032:), the
1012:), and
972:), the
956:), the
881:), the
873:), the
863:Poaceae
847:wetland
763:marshes
708:Ecology
376:tourism
299:nesting
267:species
258:by the
224:species
209:beaches
154:Fajardo
134:Spanish
3640:Carite
3365:Atabey
3077:14 May
2099:movies
2081:chiton
2057:Winter
2053:Summer
1924:family
1917:extant
1820:) and
1750:. The
1583:anoles
1517:) are
1509:) and
1482:: 34,
1478:: 15,
1474:: 18,
1466:: 11,
1438:: 18,
1434:: 30,
1422:: 12,
1369:, are
1361:, the
1353:, and
1266:. One
1263:Pyxine
1244:, and
1199:Pyxine
1172:region
1138:Lichen
1121:Lichen
1118:Pyxine
1104:Lichen
1087:Lichen
940:, the
855:plants
759:swamps
717:Beach.
570:, and
533:, and
418:rivers
293:(5.43
281:, the
277:, the
273:, the
220:lagoon
201:forest
3705:Susúa
3645:Ceiba
3071:(PDF)
2990:(PDF)
2734:(PDF)
2616:(PDF)
2569:(PDF)
2562:(PDF)
2537:(PDF)
2530:(PDF)
2505:(PDF)
2480:(PDF)
2455:(PDF)
2187:Notes
2049:month
1987:Vast
1810:pests
1579:gecko
1542:coquí
1493:Most
1490:: 2.
1486:: 1,
1476:flies
1470:: 9,
1462:: 2,
1458:: 5,
1454:: 1,
1450:: 5,
1446:: 8,
1442:: 6,
1430:: 1,
1426:: 9,
1418:: 1,
1400:phyla
1347:birds
1290:Fauna
1183:genus
1168:fires
1152:algae
1148:fungi
966:alelí
938:cacti
930:flora
867:arana
810:Flora
736:world
498:Hon.
295:miles
232:fauna
228:flora
213:coral
189:acres
3715:Vega
3198:help
3127:2012
3105:2012
3079:2012
3054:2012
3017:help
2998:2012
2973:2012
2939:2007
2885:2012
2863:2012
2776:2012
2742:2012
2717:2012
2695:2012
2673:help
2650:2012
2624:2012
2599:2012
2577:2012
2545:2012
2513:2012
2488:2012
2463:2012
2438:2012
2328:2013
2306:2013
2284:2012
2262:2012
2224:2012
1963:Land
1942:nest
1914:only
1878:The
1822:rats
1814:Cats
1624:pest
1618:and
1581:and
1495:fish
1394:The
1329:The
885:(or
845:and
621:veto
586:and
578:and
246:and
236:rare
230:and
152:and
128:The
93:Area
2104:Che
1678:),
1670:),
1020:).
1004:),
996:),
980:or
964:or
948:or
853:of
416:of
370:of
226:of
199:as
160:'s
4040::
3189::
3187:}}
3183:{{
3025:^
2929:.
2925:.
2784:^
2662::
2660:}}
2656:{{
2640:.
2252:.
2107:,
1929:.
1626:.
1532:,
1391:.
1349:,
1345:,
1298:A
1286:.
1238:,
1232:,
1226:,
1220:,
1214:,
1196:,
1174:.
1162:,
905:,
841:,
837:,
794:.
761:,
753:,
695:.
566:,
562:,
558:,
554:,
529:,
518:,
514:,
486:.
242:,
238:,
211:,
207:,
203:,
136::
3459:e
3452:t
3445:v
3245:.
3236:.
3227:.
3200:)
3196:(
3165:.
3156:.
3147:.
3129:.
3107:.
3081:.
3056:.
3019:)
3013:.
3000:.
2975:.
2941:.
2887:.
2865:.
2820:.
2808:.
2796:.
2778:.
2744:.
2719:.
2697:.
2675:)
2671:(
2652:.
2626:.
2601:.
2579:.
2547:.
2515:.
2490:.
2465:.
2440:.
2355:.
2330:.
2308:.
2286:.
2264:.
2226:.
2019:(
1884:(
1824:(
1816:(
1800:(
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897:(
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305:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
