866:
36:
854:
1511:
1547:
832:
1516:
847:
1542:
1506:
840:
797:
557:
Leonardo
Morlino (1995). "Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe". In Richard Gunther; Nikiforos P. Diamandouros;
1434:
929:
1211:
1141:
686:
A Natural
Experiment on Electoral Law Reform: Evaluating the Long Run Consequences of 1990s Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan
1552:
1023:
999:
917:
781:
750:
723:
693:
634:
607:
578:
534:
1428:
1387:
1335:
1276:
1182:
1106:
862:
1521:
1501:
1300:
1041:
398:
292:
195:
111:
1217:
1153:
993:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1147:
314:
171:
239:
After the election, the alliance was disbanded. The PPI suffered a split of those who wanted to join
Berlusconi's
1463:
1029:
882:
1252:
1159:
1094:
431:
240:
1306:
1124:
1065:
1059:
682:"Nominating Candidates Under New Rules in Italy and Japan: You Cannot Bargain with Resources You Do Not Have"
464:
276:
221:
279:
in support of The Olive Tree. The
Italian Republican Party and the Liberal Democratic Union joined the list
935:
252:
75:
1282:
1264:
1118:
900:
426:
233:
175:
1440:
1341:
1288:
1082:
244:
1446:
1422:
1223:
1047:
970:
923:
1481:
1194:
1100:
976:
354:
229:
187:
1487:
1035:
1011:
941:
888:
394:
225:
191:
1475:
1357:
964:
256:
767:
740:
713:
570:
1416:
1369:
1329:
1323:
1170:
1112:
1088:
1053:
894:
681:
624:
595:
524:
1469:
1005:
947:
558:
8:
1229:
1017:
819:
802:
320:
84:
1375:
1294:
600:
Italian
Institutional Reforms: A Public Choice Perspective: A Public Choice Perspective
280:
272:
147:
143:
116:
91:
777:
746:
719:
689:
630:
603:
574:
563:
530:
325:
264:
248:
210:
159:
106:
52:
565:
The
Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective
1381:
365:
214:
132:
1393:
1164:
406:
268:
402:
385:
374:
345:
183:
48:
1536:
206:
190:(PRI), alongside a certain number of independent politicians coming from the
593:
35:
1363:
1188:
260:
43:
469:
155:
1176:
380:
360:
334:
179:
80:
1399:
773:
255:(PDS). The remaining PPI joined the PDS in the centre-left coalition
202:
340:
140:
96:
679:
393:
The Pact was also joined by a number of former members of the
865:
151:
596:"A simulative assessment of the Italian electoral system"
594:
Guido Ortona; Stefania Ottone; Ferruccio
Ponzano (2007).
529:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 78.
798:"In cinque punti il programma del Patto per l'Italia"
688:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 83.
205:
was to also join the alliance, but Lega Nord leader
562:
251:) and those who wanted to ally with the left-wing
673:
587:
263:. Segni Pact become a minor force and formed the
1534:
684:. In Daniela Giannetti; Bernard Grofman (eds.).
665:Signore, Adalberto; Trocino, Alessandro (2008).
556:
707:
705:
622:
522:
711:
664:
598:. In Fabio Padovano; Roberto Ricciuti (eds.).
848:
742:Party Transformations in European Democracies
738:
401:(PSDI), now running as independents, such as
1512:Early 20th-century Italian political parties
1435:Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity
930:Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity
715:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture
702:
516:
224:, behind the centre-right Pole of Freedoms/
1548:Defunct political party alliances in Italy
855:
841:
817:"Tremonti e Martino: amici ma avversari".
765:
732:
550:
34:
769:Crisis and Transition in Italian Politics
680:Aldo di Virgilio; Steven R. Reed (2011).
220:The alliance finished third place in the
526:Changing Party Systems in Western Europe
232:. The alliance returned 33 seats in the
1212:Movement for the Independence of Sicily
987:Social-democratic and liberal-socialist
626:Italy: From the 1st to the 2nd Republic
616:
243:(breaking from the PPI and forming the
1535:
283:, also in support for The Olive Tree.
1543:Political parties established in 1994
1517:1950s–1990s Italian political parties
1507:19th-century Italian political groups
918:Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party
870:Historical political parties in Italy
836:
766:Bull, Martin; Rhodes, Martin (1997).
649:
1277:Christian Democrats for the Republic
412:
1107:Republican Democratic Concentration
174:(PPI), the main successor party to
13:
1502:List of political parties in Italy
1301:Christian Democracy for Autonomies
1042:Italian Democratic Socialist Party
399:Italian Democratic Socialist Party
196:Italian Democratic Socialist Party
182:, the Liberal Democratic Union of
14:
1564:
1522:Current Italian political parties
1218:Federalists and Liberal Democrats
1154:Democratic Union for the Republic
994:Italian Reformist Socialist Party
291:It was composed of the following
170:The alliance was composed of the
1247:Italian Catholic Electoral Union
1183:Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy
1148:Italian Democratic Liberal Party
864:
1464:Italian Nationalist Association
1142:Constitutional Democratic Party
810:
790:
759:
654:. Milan: BUR. pp. 394–395.
371:
351:
331:
311:
658:
643:
286:
1:
1307:Union of Democrats for Europe
1135:Centrist and centrist liberal
1060:Italian Democratic Socialists
669:. Milan: BUR. pp. 79–82.
509:
1553:1994 establishments in Italy
1388:Conservatives and Reformists
1336:National Democratic Alliance
936:Democratic Party of the Left
712:Gino Moliterno, ed. (2000).
253:Democratic Party of the Left
7:
1283:Christian Democratic Centre
901:Party of Italian Communists
745:. SUNY Press. p. 323.
652:I partiti politici italiani
10:
1569:
1289:United Christian Democrats
1205:Regionalist and federalist
1076:Radical and social-liberal
718:. Routledge. p. 852.
267:joint electoral list with
245:United Christian Democrats
165:
16:Italian electoral alliance
1497:
1456:
1429:People's Monarchist Party
1423:Monarchist National Party
1409:
1350:
1316:
1239:
1224:Federalist Italian League
1204:
1134:
1075:
986:
971:Federation of Green Lists
957:
910:
875:
629:. Routledge. p. 71.
430:
425:
422:
419:
300:
102:
90:
74:
66:
58:
42:
33:
21:
1482:Republican Fascist Party
1195:Liberal Popular Alliance
977:Federation of the Greens
623:Stephen P. Koff (2000).
602:. Springer. p. 34.
523:David Broughton (1999).
375:Liberal Democratic Union
355:Italian Republican Party
230:Alliance of Progressives
188:Italian Republican Party
1488:Italian Social Movement
1036:Italian Socialist Party
1030:Unified Socialist Party
1024:Unitary Socialist Party
1012:Labour Democratic Party
1000:Unitary Socialist Party
889:Italian Communist Party
883:Proletarian Unity Party
650:Galli, Giorgio (2001).
395:Italian Socialist Party
226:Pole of Good Government
192:Italian Socialist Party
92:Political position
1476:National Fascist Party
1271:Italian People's Party
1259:Italian People's Party
1253:Conservative Catholics
1160:Union for the Republic
924:Italian Workers' Party
739:André Krouwel (2012).
432:Senate of the Republic
315:Italian People's Party
241:centre-right coalition
172:Italian People's Party
136:
1410:National-conservative
1370:The People of Freedom
1330:Italian Liberal Party
1089:Italian Radical Party
1054:Democrats of the Left
895:Proletarian Democracy
569:. JHU Press. p.
277:1996 general election
222:1994 general election
1351:Liberal-conservative
1317:Conservative-liberal
1240:Christian-democratic
948:Left Ecology Freedom
911:Democratic socialist
776:. pp. 102–103.
186:and remnants of the
1342:Union of the Centre
1265:Christian Democracy
1119:Democratic Alliance
1018:Union of Socialists
820:Corriere della Sera
806:. 13 February 1994.
803:Corriere della Sera
427:Chamber of Deputies
321:Christian democracy
234:Chamber of Deputies
176:Christian Democracy
85:Christian democracy
1441:National Democracy
1417:Common Man's Front
1376:Future and Freedom
1295:European Democracy
281:Populars for Prodi
273:Italian Socialists
228:and the left-wing
148:electoral alliance
137:Patto per l'Italia
27:Patto per l'Italia
1530:
1529:
1470:Combatants' Party
1447:National Alliance
1048:Labour Federation
783:978-1-135-22274-1
752:978-1-4384-4481-9
725:978-1-134-75877-7
695:978-1-4419-7228-6
636:978-1-134-64369-1
609:978-0-387-72141-5
580:978-0-8018-4982-4
559:Hans-Jürgen Puhle
536:978-1-85567-328-1
507:
506:
413:Electoral results
391:
390:
326:Mino Martinazzoli
293:political parties
265:Pact of Democrats
249:Rocco Buttiglione
211:Silvio Berlusconi
160:Mino Martinazzoli
125:
124:
112:Political parties
107:Politics of Italy
53:Mino Martinazzoli
1560:
1382:New Centre-Right
1101:Social Democracy
1095:Democratic Party
869:
868:
857:
850:
843:
834:
833:
825:
824:
823:. 26 March 1994.
814:
808:
807:
794:
788:
787:
763:
757:
756:
736:
730:
729:
709:
700:
699:
677:
671:
670:
662:
656:
655:
647:
641:
640:
620:
614:
613:
591:
585:
584:
568:
554:
548:
547:
545:
543:
520:
499:
483:
417:
416:
366:Giorgio La Malfa
298:
297:
215:Pole of Freedoms
209:decided to join
38:
19:
18:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1493:
1452:
1405:
1394:Direction Italy
1346:
1312:
1235:
1200:
1165:Italian Renewal
1130:
1071:
982:
953:
942:Democratic Left
906:
871:
863:
861:
829:
828:
816:
815:
811:
796:
795:
791:
784:
764:
760:
753:
737:
733:
726:
710:
703:
696:
678:
674:
663:
659:
648:
644:
637:
621:
617:
610:
592:
588:
581:
555:
551:
541:
539:
537:
521:
517:
512:
500:
497:
484:
481:
415:
407:Giulio Tremonti
289:
269:Italian Renewal
168:
121:
83:
51:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1358:Economic Party
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
990:
988:
984:
983:
981:
980:
974:
968:
965:Rainbow Greens
961:
959:
955:
954:
952:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
914:
912:
908:
907:
905:
904:
898:
892:
886:
879:
877:
873:
872:
860:
859:
852:
845:
837:
827:
826:
809:
789:
782:
758:
751:
731:
724:
701:
694:
672:
657:
642:
635:
615:
608:
586:
579:
549:
535:
514:
513:
511:
508:
505:
504:
501:
496:
494:
491:
488:
485:
480:
478:
475:
472:
467:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
435:
434:
429:
424:
421:
414:
411:
403:Giuliano Amato
397:(PSI) and the
389:
388:
386:Valerio Zanone
383:
378:
372:
369:
368:
363:
358:
352:
349:
348:
346:Mariotto Segni
343:
338:
332:
329:
328:
323:
318:
312:
309:
308:
305:
302:
288:
285:
257:The Olive Tree
184:Valerio Zanone
167:
164:
129:Pact for Italy
123:
122:
120:
119:
114:
109:
103:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
78:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
49:Mariotto Segni
46:
40:
39:
31:
30:
26:
24:Pact for Italy
23:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1565:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:Liberal Union
1322:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:The Democrats
1169:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:Radical Party
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
991:
989:
985:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
962:
960:
956:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
915:
913:
909:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
880:
878:
874:
867:
858:
853:
851:
846:
844:
839:
838:
835:
831:
822:
821:
813:
805:
804:
799:
793:
785:
779:
775:
771:
770:
762:
754:
748:
744:
743:
735:
727:
721:
717:
716:
708:
706:
697:
691:
687:
683:
676:
668:
661:
653:
646:
638:
632:
628:
627:
619:
611:
605:
601:
597:
590:
582:
576:
572:
567:
566:
560:
553:
538:
532:
528:
527:
519:
515:
502:
495:
492:
489:
486:
479:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:
433:
428:
418:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
387:
384:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
306:
303:
299:
296:
294:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
207:Umberto Bossi
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
47:
45:
41:
37:
32:
20:
1364:Forza Italia
1189:Civic Choice
1083:Action Party
1006:Action Party
830:
818:
812:
801:
792:
768:
761:
741:
734:
714:
685:
675:
667:Razza padana
666:
660:
651:
645:
625:
618:
599:
589:
564:
552:
540:. Retrieved
525:
518:
392:
290:
261:Romano Prodi
238:
219:
200:
169:
154:launched by
128:
126:
62:January 1994
1490:(1946–1995)
1484:(1943–1945)
1478:(1921–1943)
1472:(1919–1923)
1466:(1910–1923)
1457:Nationalist
1449:(1995–2009)
1443:(1977–1979)
1437:(1959–1972)
1431:(1954–1959)
1425:(1946–1959)
1419:(1946–1949)
1402:(2019–2022)
1396:(2017–2019)
1390:(2015–2017)
1384:(2013–2017)
1378:(2010–2014)
1372:(2009–2013)
1366:(1994–2009)
1360:(1919–1924)
1338:(1953–1954)
1332:(1922–1994)
1326:(1913–1922)
1309:(1999–2013)
1303:(2005–2009)
1297:(2001–2002)
1291:(1995–2002)
1285:(1994–2002)
1273:(1994–2002)
1267:(1943–1994)
1261:(1919–1926)
1255:(1913–1919)
1249:(1906–1919)
1232:(2011–2013)
1230:Great South
1226:(1995–1996)
1220:(1994–1996)
1214:(1943–1951)
1197:(2015–2018)
1191:(2013–2019)
1185:(2002–2007)
1179:(1993–2003)
1173:(1999–2002)
1167:(1996–2002)
1156:(1998–1999)
1150:(1919–1926)
1144:(1913–1919)
1127:(1991–1999)
1125:The Network
1121:(1993–1997)
1115:(1955–1989)
1103:(1922–1926)
1097:(1913–1919)
1091:(1904–1922)
1085:(1853–1867)
1068:(2017–2023)
1066:Article One
1062:(1998–2007)
1056:(1998–2007)
1050:(1994–1998)
1044:(1947–1998)
1038:(1892–1994)
1032:(1966–1969)
1026:(1949–1951)
1020:(1948–1949)
1014:(1943–1948)
1008:(1929–1947)
1002:(1922–1930)
996:(1912–1926)
979:(1990–2021)
973:(1986–1990)
967:(1989–1990)
950:(2010-2016)
944:(2007–2010)
938:(1991–1998)
932:(1964–1972)
926:(1882–1892)
920:(1881–1893)
903:(1998–2014)
897:(1978–1991)
891:(1921–1991)
885:(1972–1984)
470:Mario Segni
287:Composition
201:Originally
156:Mario Segni
1537:Categories
1177:Segni Pact
510:References
490:5,519,090
474:6,019,038
381:Liberalism
361:Liberalism
335:Segni Pact
180:Segni Pact
81:Liberalism
70:March 1995
1400:Cambiamo!
876:Communist
774:Routledge
542:20 August
459:Position
447:Position
420:Election
304:Ideology
217:instead.
203:Lega Nord
162:in 1994.
144:political
117:Elections
67:Dissolved
561:(eds.).
498:31 / 315
341:Centrism
275:for the
271:and the
194:and the
141:centrist
139:) was a
76:Ideology
482:4 / 630
423:Leader
307:Leader
259:led by
166:History
133:Italian
59:Founded
1279:(1998)
1109:(1946)
780:
749:
722:
692:
633:
606:
577:
533:
493:16.69
477:15.63
456:Seats
450:Votes
444:Seats
438:Votes
377:(ULD)
357:(PRI)
317:(PPI)
301:Party
178:, the
97:Centre
44:Leader
958:Green
337:(PS)
152:Italy
778:ISBN
747:ISBN
720:ISBN
690:ISBN
631:ISBN
604:ISBN
575:ISBN
544:2012
531:ISBN
503:3rd
487:3rd
465:1994
405:and
158:and
146:and
127:The
571:378
247:of
213:'s
150:in
1539::
800:.
772:.
704:^
573:.
453:%
441:%
409:.
295::
236:.
198:.
135::
856:e
849:t
842:v
786:.
755:.
728:.
698:.
639:.
612:.
583:.
546:.
131:(
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