145:
113:
160:
124:
32:
945:
In order to ensure, in any given case, the rapid implementation of the alliance obligations of
Article III, the Governments of the two Contracting Parties will further intensify their cooperation in the military sphere and the sphere of war economy. Similarly the two Governments will keep each other
898:
Officially, the Pact of Steel obliged
Germany and Italy to aid the other country militarily, economically or otherwise in the event of war, and to collaborate in wartime production. The Pact aimed to ensure that neither country was able to make peace without the agreement of the other. The agreement
936:
If it should happen, against the wishes and hopes of the
Contracting Parties, that one of them becomes involved in military complications with another power or other Powers, the other Contracting Party will immediately step to its side as an ally and will support it with all its military might on
927:
In the event that the common interests of the
Contracting Parties be jeopardized through international happenings of any kind, they will immediately enter into consultation regarding the necessary measures to preserve these interests. Should the security or other vital interests of one of the
971:
This Pact comes into force immediately upon its signing. The two
Contracting Parties are agreed upon fixing the first period of its validity at 10 years. In good time before the elapse of this period they will come to an agreement regarding the extension of the validity of the
962:
The two
Contracting Parties are aware of the importance of their joint relations to the Powers which are friendly to them. They are determined to maintain these relations in future and to promote the adequate development of the common interests which bind them to these
765:. The pact consisted of two parts. The first section was an open declaration of continuing trust and co-operation between Germany and Italy. The second section, the "Secret Supplementary Protocol", encouraged a union of policies concerning the military and the economy.
2040:
834:
aimed against
Germany when Hitler came to power, Mussolini’s attitude changed. Fascism and Nazism shared similar principles and Hitler and Mussolini met on several state and private occasions in the 1930s. On 23 October 1936, Italy and Germany
946:
regularly informed of other measures necessary for the practical implementation of this Pact. The two
Governments will create standing commissions, under the direction of the Foreign Ministers, for the purposes indicated in Article I and II.
2045:
985:
The first section urged the countries to quicken their joint military and economic cooperation whilst the second section committed the two countries to cooperate in "matters of press, the news service and the
742:. Due to this disagreement, the pact was signed without Japan and as a result, it became an agreement which only existed between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, signed on 22 May 1939 by foreign ministers
1664:
688:
663:
1642:
886:
alliances instead of anti-Western alliances like Italy and
Germany. Germany, however, feared that an anti-USSR alliance would create the possibility of a two-front war before they could conquer
1001:. To aid in this, each country was to assign "one or several specialists" of their country in the capital city of the other for close liaisons with the Foreign Minister of that country.
928:
Contracting
Parties be threatened from outside, the other Contracting Party will afford the threatened Party its full political and diplomatic support in order to remove this threat.
1613:
954:
The Contracting Parties already at this point bind themselves, in the event of a jointly waged war, to conclude any armistice or peace only in full agreement with each other.
903:
on 1 September 1939 and war broke out on 3 September, Italy was not yet prepared for conflict and had difficulty meeting its obligations. Consequently, Italy did not enter
1707:
919:
The Contracting Parties will remain in permanent contact with each other in order to come to an understanding of all common interests or the European situation as a whole.
1009:
After being told the original name, "Pact of Blood", would likely be poorly received in Italy, Mussolini proposed the name "Pact of Steel", which was ultimately chosen.
2213:
1097:
644:
354:
1886:
2099:
1670:
982:
The secret supplementary protocols of the Pact of Steel, which were split into two sections, were not made public at the time of the signing of the Pact.
1648:
2198:
811:. His first actions made him immensely popular - massive programs of public works providing employment and transforming Italy's infrastructure. In the
1842:
1700:
1565:
Stumpf, Reinhard (2001). "From the Berlin–Rome Axis to the Military Agreement of the Tripartite Pact: The Sequence of Treaties from 1936 to 1942".
396:
1593:
1732:
2208:
637:
525:
2193:
1750:
1693:
402:
390:
408:
2183:
836:
591:
567:
455:
1985:
1724:
630:
2121:
443:
214:
1555:
1532:
1513:
1494:
1456:
1418:
1203:
2188:
2203:
1961:
1738:
579:
543:
1716:
1475:
1437:
1017:
According to Article VII, the pact was to last 10 years, but this did not happen. In November 1942, the Axis forces in
555:
501:
1973:
437:
2152:
2116:
1567:
867:
because of its rich grain fields and reserves of raw minerals. This, however, provoked a diplomatic clash with the
2033:
823:
372:
1033:
of the Gran Consiglio who voted in favour of the Ordine Grandi. The new Italian government, under Field Marshal
2218:
2147:
1931:
1107:
860:
336:
2075:
1997:
808:
716:
259:
2131:
2126:
1822:
1798:
1774:
420:
2009:
1919:
1022:
609:
585:
2081:
908:
431:
549:
2041:
Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China
2003:
1937:
1854:
1768:
360:
342:
226:
1573:
The Global War – Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943
1041:
in September and became a non-belligerent, thus effectively ending Italy's involvement in the pact.
2223:
2173:
1943:
1866:
1860:
1848:
1810:
1780:
1756:
1597:
875:
in 1936. The aim of the pact was to guard against any attack from Soviet Russia were it to move on
561:
479:
291:
253:
2087:
1872:
1836:
1804:
1045:
603:
1614:"The Pact of Steel: The Pact of Friendship and Alliance Between Germany and Italy, May 24, 1941"
2178:
2021:
2015:
1967:
1066:
1038:
747:
414:
277:
117:
99:
44:
2093:
1786:
739:
519:
513:
426:
220:
2228:
208:
816:
8:
2069:
2027:
1949:
1061:
872:
754:
461:
348:
899:
was based on the assumption that a war would not occur within three years. When Germany
1893:
1762:
1026:
900:
712:
615:
537:
485:
66:
2063:
2057:
1829:
1685:
1596:. United States Office of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality. Archived from
1551:
1544:
1528:
1509:
1490:
1487:
Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940–1943
1471:
1452:
1433:
1414:
1199:
1103:
844:
840:
831:
827:
708:
473:
449:
384:
247:
62:
2051:
1979:
1913:
1879:
1816:
1792:
1744:
848:
801:
797:
777:
773:
700:
675:
531:
467:
315:
303:
183:
1021:, were decisively defeated by the British and British Commonwealth forces at the
761:, the Pact of Steel was one of the three agreements forming the main basis of the
1991:
1955:
1669:(television documentary). United States: World Media Rights. 2009. Archived from
1647:(television documentary). United States: World Media Rights. 2009. Archived from
1193:
1071:
1034:
819:, larger than the combined might of the British and French Mediterranean fleets.
758:
730:, Italy and Germany. While Japan wanted the focus of the pact to be aimed at the
727:
692:
667:
179:
2046:
Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China
887:
883:
743:
735:
366:
271:
128:
36:
2167:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
812:
573:
265:
165:
49:
16:
Military alliance between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany during World War II
1049:
1018:
904:
868:
789:
731:
720:
378:
150:
88:
40:
1368:
998:
781:
762:
726:
The pact was initially drafted as a tripartite military alliance between
987:
839:
aligning their foreign policy for the first time on such issues as the
507:
309:
297:
284:
890:. So when Italy invited Japan to sign the Pact of Steel, it demurred.
1195:
Girding for Battle: The Arms Trade in a Global Perspective, 1815-1940
1030:
864:
495:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
784:. Popularity and support for radical political parties (such as the
1284:
807:
In 1922, Mussolini secured his position as Prime Minister of the
793:
31:
995:
785:
697:
Freundschafts- und BĂĽndnispakt zwischen Deutschland und Italien
84:
1641:
1381:
871:, which bordered Manchuria. To combat this Soviet threat, the
734:, Italy and Germany wanted the focus of it to be aimed at the
876:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1025:. In July 1943 the Western Allies opened up a new front by
991:
1262:
1260:
1258:
826:, Hitler initiated a huge wave of public works and secret
705:
Patto di amicizia e di alleanza fra l'Italia e la Germania
1339:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
684:
Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy
25:
Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy
1272:
1219:
1099:
History of World War II: Volume 1 – Origins and Outbreak
1052:, Italy continued as a member of the pact in name only.
1887:
United Nations Conference on International Organization
1506:
Samurai and Supermen: National Socialist Views of Japan
1411:
War, Massacre, and Recovery in Central Italy, 1943–1948
1356:
1255:
804:
had severely hampered the economies of both countries.
2100:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
1715:
1173:
1136:
1592:
1309:
1192:
Stoker, Donald J.; Grant, Jonathan (30 August 2003).
1243:
1231:
1327:
1315:
1161:
1543:
1044:Although a puppet government under Mussolini, the
977:
409:Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance
2165:
1701:
1612:
1350:
638:
2214:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
1663:
1430:Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings
1191:
1155:
1131:International Military Alliances, 1648–2008
397:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression
47:at the signing of the Pact of Steel in the
1708:
1694:
1133:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. pp. 326–327.
645:
631:
2199:Military alliances involving Nazi Germany
1616:. Historical Resources. 10 September 2008
1594:"The Italo-German Alliance, May 22, 1939"
1503:
1266:
592:Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations
403:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
141:
1843:Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference
1522:
1362:
990:" to promote the power and image of the
568:Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War
1427:
1237:
1048:, was established in Northern Italy by
156:
2166:
2122:Sino-American Cooperative Organization
1564:
1541:
1525:Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion
1465:
1249:
1225:
1179:
1167:
1029:. In the aftermath of this, Mussolini
830:. Although Italy initially signed the
550:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine
1689:
1446:
1408:
1321:
1278:
1095:
1089:
1575:. Clarendon Press. pp. 144–160.
1546:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
1484:
1333:
1198:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 180.
2209:Treaties entered into force in 1939
1986:German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship
1102:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 154.
909:delayed invasion of Southern France
873:Japanese signed a pact with Germany
544:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
13:
2194:Military alliances involving Italy
1717:Diplomatic history of World War II
1644:The Mediterranean and North Africa
1382:The Mediterranean And North Africa
526:Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War
14:
2240:
438:Remilitarization of the Rhineland
2153:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
2117:Anglo-French Supreme War Council
1962:Declaration of St James's Palace
1568:Germany and the Second World War
158:
143:
122:
111:
30:
2184:20th-century military alliances
2034:Declaration of the Four Nations
1037:, signed an armistice with the
373:Nazis' rise to power in Germany
215:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
2148:German Instrument of Surrender
1974:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre
1932:Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact
1751:Second Inter-Allied Conference
1185:
1123:
1012:
1004:
978:Secret supplementary protocols
337:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
194:Events leading to World War II
1:
1998:Declaration by United Nations
1769:Third Inter-Allied Conference
1739:First Inter-Allied Conference
1733:U.S.–British Staff Conference
1077:
780:fought against each other in
768:
556:German ultimatum to Lithuania
502:Polish ultimatum to Lithuania
2132:Council of Foreign Ministers
2127:European Advisory Commission
1823:Greater East Asia Conference
1775:Second Washington Conference
1449:Germany and Europe 1919–1939
1031:was overthrown by 19 members
937:land, at sea and in the air.
824:appointed Chancellor in 1933
456:Italo-German "Axis" protocol
421:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
7:
2010:Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942
1799:Third Washington Conference
1504:Maltarich, William (2005).
1055:
1023:Second Battle of El Alamein
586:Italian invasion of Albania
580:British guarantee to Poland
10:
2245:
2204:Treaties concluded in 1939
893:
882:Japan elected to focus on
432:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2140:
2109:
2004:Punishment for War Crimes
1938:Destroyers-for-bases deal
1904:
1855:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
1723:
1508:. Peter Lang Publishing.
1466:Knight, Patricia (2013).
1413:. University of Toronto.
1310:The Italo-German Alliance
1129:Gibler, Douglas M. 2008.
682:), formally known as the
361:Defense of the Great Wall
343:Pacification of Manchukuo
175:
134:
106:
94:
80:
72:
58:
29:
24:
1944:Franco-Italian Armistice
1867:Fourth Moscow Conference
1861:Second Quebec Conference
1849:Bretton Woods Conference
1781:Second Moscow Conference
1550:. Simon & Schuster.
1542:Shirer, William (1960).
1523:Nicholls, David (2000).
1489:. Cambridge University.
1485:Knox, MacGregor (2002).
1451:. Routledge Publishing.
1409:Belco, Victoria (2010).
907:until June 1940, with a
854:
837:signed a secret protocol
480:Second Sino-Japanese War
444:Arab revolt in Palestine
391:Inner Mongolian Campaign
292:Second Italo-Senussi War
2189:Germany–Italy relations
2088:Treaty of San Francisco
1920:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1837:Second Cairo Conference
1811:Third Moscow Conference
1805:First Quebec Conference
1757:First Moscow Conference
1428:Corvaja, Santi (2013).
1046:Italian Social Republic
861:Japanese forces invaded
610:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
604:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2076:United Nations Charter
2016:Armistice of Cassibile
1968:Anglo-Soviet Agreement
1067:Causes of World War II
975:
748:Joachim von Ribbentrop
704:
696:
679:
671:
278:Occupation of the Ruhr
260:Franco-Polish alliance
118:Joachim von Ribbentrop
45:Joachim von Ribbentrop
2219:World War II treaties
2094:Austrian State Treaty
1787:Casablanca Conference
1468:Mussolini and Fascism
913:
800:) exploded after the
514:Battle of Lake Khasan
427:December 9th Movement
227:Polish–Lithuanian War
2082:Paris Peace Treaties
1447:Hiden, John (2014).
562:Slovak–Hungarian War
209:Treaty of Versailles
2070:Potsdam Declaration
2028:Moscow Declarations
1950:Moscow Peace Treaty
1745:Atlantic Conference
1673:on 28 February 2015
1281:, pp. 187–188.
1228:, pp. 258–262.
1096:Cooke, Tim (2005).
1062:Anti-Comintern Pact
755:Anti-Comintern Pact
594:Apr.–Aug. 1939
576:Mar.–Aug. 1939
570:Mar.–Apr. 1939
516:July–Aug. 1938
462:Anti-Comintern Pact
349:January 28 incident
100:effectively in 1943
21:
1894:Potsdam Conference
1763:Arcadia Conference
1651:on 22 October 2014
815:, Mussolini built
753:Together with the
616:Invasion of Poland
606:May–Sep. 1939
538:First Vienna Award
415:He–Umezu Agreement
19:
2161:
2160:
2064:Potsdam Agreement
2058:Nuremberg Charter
2022:Cairo Declaration
1830:Tehran Conference
1557:978-0-671-62420-0
1534:978-0-87436-965-6
1515:978-3-03-910303-4
1496:978-1-139-43203-0
1458:978-1-317-89627-2
1420:978-0-8020-9314-1
1351:The Pact of Steel
1205:978-0-275-97339-1
1182:, pp. 68–69.
845:League of Nations
841:Spanish Civil War
832:Italo-Soviet Pact
715:alliance between
655:
654:
450:Spanish Civil War
385:Italo-Soviet Pact
355:Geneva Conference
254:Treaty of Rapallo
248:Treaty of Trianon
221:Polish–Soviet War
189:
188:
2236:
2052:Moscow Armistice
1980:Atlantic Charter
1914:Munich Agreement
1880:Yalta Conference
1873:Malta Conference
1817:Cairo Conference
1793:Adana Conference
1710:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1576:
1571:. Vol. VI:
1561:
1549:
1538:
1519:
1500:
1481:
1462:
1443:
1432:. Enigma Books.
1424:
1385:
1379:
1366:
1360:
1354:
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1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
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1247:
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1159:
1153:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1093:
849:Abyssinia Crisis
809:Kingdom of Italy
802:Great Depression
798:Benito Mussolini
691:
666:
647:
640:
633:
532:Munich Agreement
468:Suiyuan campaign
316:Great Depression
304:Locarno Treaties
191:
190:
168:
164:
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161:
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149:
147:
146:
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126:
125:
116:
115:
114:
34:
22:
18:
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2243:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2224:May 1939 events
2174:1939 in Germany
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2136:
2105:
1992:Paris Protocols
1956:Tripartite Pact
1906:
1900:
1719:
1714:
1676:
1674:
1666:The Road To War
1654:
1652:
1619:
1617:
1603:
1601:
1600:on 20 July 2011
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1224:
1220:
1210:
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1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1156:The Road To War
1154:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1072:Tripartite Pact
1058:
1035:Pietro Badoglio
1027:invading Sicily
1015:
1007:
980:
896:
857:
817:a powerful navy
771:
759:Tripartite Pact
687:
680:Patto d'Acciaio
662:
651:
622:
621:
482: 1937–1945
452: 1936–1939
446: 1936–1939
434: 1935–1936
393: 1933–1936
357: 1932–1934
345: 1931–1942
332:
331:
322:
321:
294: 1923–1932
280: 1923–1925
243:
242:
233:
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229: 1919–1920
223: 1919–1920
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203:
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159:
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2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
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1989:
1983:
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1814:
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1802:
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1586:
1578:
1577:
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1533:
1520:
1514:
1501:
1495:
1482:
1477:978-1136477508
1476:
1463:
1457:
1444:
1439:978-0982491164
1438:
1425:
1419:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1387:
1386:
1367:
1365:, p. 195.
1355:
1338:
1336:, p. 181.
1326:
1314:
1283:
1271:
1267:Maltarich 2005
1254:
1252:, p. 146.
1242:
1230:
1218:
1204:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1135:
1122:
1108:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1003:
979:
976:
974:
973:
969:
965:
964:
960:
956:
955:
952:
948:
947:
943:
939:
938:
934:
930:
929:
925:
921:
920:
917:
901:invaded Poland
895:
892:
888:Western Europe
863:the region of
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744:Galeazzo Ciano
736:British Empire
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1926:Pact of Steel
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1470:. Routledge.
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1363:Nicholls 2000
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766:
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714:
710:
706:
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677:
673:
669:
665:
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659:Pact of Steel
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626:
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611:
608:
605:
602:
600:May 1939
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598:Pact of Steel
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581:
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574:Danzig Crisis
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510:May 1938
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50:Reichskanzlei
46:
42:
38:
33:
28:
23:
20:Pact of Steel
1925:
1907:and treaties
1905:Declarations
1892:
1878:
1828:
1765:(1941– 1942)
1675:. Retrieved
1671:the original
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:the original
1643:
1632:
1618:. Retrieved
1602:. Retrieved
1598:the original
1583:
1572:
1566:
1545:
1527:. ABC-CLIO.
1524:
1505:
1486:
1467:
1448:
1429:
1410:
1399:
1392:Bibliography
1391:
1390:
1358:
1329:
1317:
1274:
1245:
1238:Corvaja 2013
1233:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1194:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1130:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1098:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1050:Nazi Germany
1043:
1019:North Africa
1016:
1008:
984:
981:
905:World War II
897:
881:
869:Soviet Union
858:
822:When he was
821:
806:
790:Adolf Hitler
772:
752:
750:of Germany.
732:Soviet Union
725:
683:
658:
656:
597:
487:
379:Tanggu Truce
283:
48:
41:Adolf Hitler
2229:Axis powers
1725:Conferences
1250:Stumpf 2001
1226:Shirer 1960
1180:Knight 2013
1168:Knight 2013
1013:Dissolution
1005:Name change
968:Article VII
933:Article III
884:anti-Soviet
782:World War I
330: 1930s
241: 1920s
202: 1910s
107:Signatories
76:22 May 1939
2168:Categories
1322:Belco 2010
1279:Hiden 2014
1115:28 October
1109:0761474838
1078:References
988:propaganda
959:Article VI
942:Article IV
924:Article II
828:rearmament
769:Background
508:May Crisis
492: 1937
476: 1936
470: 1936
464: 1936
458: 1936
440: 1936
423: 1935
417: 1935
411: 1935
405: 1935
399: 1934
387: 1933
381: 1933
375: 1933
369: 1933
363: 1933
351: 1932
339: 1931
318: 1929
312: 1929
310:Young Plan
306: 1925
300: 1924
298:Dawes Plan
288: 1925
285:Mein Kampf
274: 1923
268: 1922
262: 1921
256: 1920
250: 1920
217: 1919
211: 1919
95:Expiration
1334:Knox 2002
951:Article V
916:Article I
865:Manchuria
859:In 1931,
713:political
689:‹See Tfd›
672:Stahlpakt
664:‹See Tfd›
496:Anschluss
176:Languages
67:Political
53:in Berlin
1677:12 March
1655:12 March
1620:12 March
1604:12 March
1056:See also
847:and the
794:Fascists
792:and the
757:and the
709:military
707:) was a
490:incident
81:Location
63:Military
2141:Related
2030:(1943)
1211:27 July
963:Powers.
894:Clauses
774:Germany
721:Germany
701:Italian
676:Italian
184:Italian
151:Germany
135:Parties
89:Germany
2102:(1990)
2096:(1955)
2090:(1951)
2084:(1947)
2078:(1945)
2072:(1945)
2066:(1945)
2060:(1945)
2054:(1944)
2048:(1943)
2024:(1943)
2018:(1943)
2012:(1942)
2006:(1942)
2000:(1942)
1994:(1941)
1988:(1941)
1982:(1941)
1976:(1941)
1970:(1941)
1964:(1941)
1958:(1940)
1952:(1940)
1946:(1940)
1940:(1940)
1934:(1940)
1928:(1939)
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1916:(1938)
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1771:(1942)
1759:(1941)
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1741:(1941)
1735:(1941)
1584:Online
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996:Berlin
843:, the
740:France
693:German
668:German
180:German
163:
148:
98:1949 (
85:Berlin
73:Signed
1633:Media
1400:Print
1083:Notes
972:Pact.
877:China
855:Japan
786:Nazis
778:Italy
728:Japan
717:Italy
488:Panay
166:Italy
1679:2015
1657:2015
1622:2015
1606:2015
1552:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1213:2024
1200:ISBN
1117:2020
1104:ISBN
999:Axis
992:Rome
776:and
738:and
719:and
711:and
657:The
486:USS
59:Type
43:and
796:of
788:of
2170::
1370:^
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661:(
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