1923:
470:
89:
2811:
2832:
1912:
154:
2821:
515:
and drowned over 100 designated tsunami evacuation sites. From historical records, there were three large tsunamis dating back as far as the 17th century, some producing waves dozens of meters high. However, the
Japanese based many of their tsunami-defense preparations on smaller tsunamis that had
127:
On the northern
Chilean coast, probable evidence of a tsunami exist as one boulder on the sand high above the Pacific can be found, dwarfing every other rock in view in a conspicuous manner. Based on the effects of a tsunami that hit Japan, a tsunami 20 m (66 ft) probably hit the Chilean
178:
In New
Zealand, large boulders have been found close to 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) inland. No tsunami appears in historical records, but it is estimated to have occurred around 1777 BC. It likely hit islands all across the South Pacific, including the
552:
billion years ago. The megatsunami could have reached 930 miles (1,500 km) from the impact site, well past Viking 1's landing site. The tsunami may have been 1,640 feet (500 m) high on the ocean, and perhaps 820 feet (250 m) on land.
246:
carried the story on in many oral traditions, though they left no written records. There are records of several paleotsunamis hitting the southwest coast of Canada, northwest coast of the United States through northern
California.
1117:
Shtienberg, Gilad; Yasur-Landau, Assaf; Norris, Richard D.; Lazar, Michael; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Tamberino, Anthony; Gadol, Omri; Cantu, Katrina; Arkin-Shalev, Ehud; Ward, Steven N.; Levy, Thomas E. (December 23, 2020).
309:
One-third of the East
Molokai volcano collapsed into the Pacific Ocean, generating a tsunami with an estimated local height of 2,000 feet (610 m). The wave traveled as far as California and Mexico.
1303:
Bondevik, S; Lovholt, F; Harbitz, C; Stormo, S; Skjerdal, G (2006). "The
Storegga Slide Tsunami â Deposits, Run-up Heights and Radiocarbon Dating of the 8000-Year-Old Tsunami in the North Atlantic".
215:, large rocks and coral have been deposited on the island far away from the coast which can be explained to be moved there due to the tsunami. The earthquake causing it was probably in the
64:
to identify and interpret paleotsunami deposits. There are several recorded paleotsunami records, but though some are known only by historical mentions, such as tsunamis resulting from the
524:, warning of tsunami danger. One reads "High dwellings are the peace and harmony of our descendants. Remember the calamity of the great tsunamis. Do not build any homes below this point."
49:
that occurs prior to written history where there are no documented observations. Paleotsunamis are evidenced by modern technology and scientific research. One of the largest was a
391:
of plant material in the sediment deposited by the tsunami, the latest incident occurred around 6225â6170 BC. In
Scotland, traces of the tsunami have been found in sediments from
1433:
672:
556:
What happened was possible via two different scenarios, one caused by a 5.6 miles (9.0 km) asteroid meeting "strong ground resistance," releasing 13 million megatons of
536:
once had oceans but is now dry, and a 2019 study found a paleotsunami may have ravaged some of the surface after a cosmic impact similar to the one that created the
150:. A tsunami with waves up to 4 metres (13 ft) high was registered. It had reached all coasts within a radius of 800 kilometres (500 mi), including Hawaii.
1029:
1543:
1553:
797:
387:. The collapse involved around 290 kilometres (180 mi) of coastal shelf, and a total volume of 3,500 km (840 cu mi) of debris. Based on
541:
2551:
1219:
243:
708:
Carballeira, R.; PeñaâMonne, J. L.; Otero, X. L.; SampietroâVattuone, M. M.; CastroâCorrea, C. P.; SotoâBauerle, M. V.; PĂ©rezâAlberti3, A. (2022).
521:
329:
A mega-tsunami had a run of at least 16 metres (52 ft) and traveled between 1.5 and 3.5 km (0.9 and 2.2 mi) inland from the ancient
1414:
2541:
1600:
875:
758:
124:
On the coast of Chile, boulders have been found that "suggest directionality from sea to land," and they "could not be transported by rolling."
1395:
1286:
1523:
1539:
Age determination of paleotsunami sediments around Lombok Island, Indonesia, and identification of their possible tsunamigenic earthquakes
2869:
1318:
Bondevik, S; Stormo, SK; Skjerdal, G (2012). "Green mosses date the
Storegga tsunami to the chilliest decades of the 8.2 ka cold event".
911:
1573:
987:
73:
1069:
1528:
1120:"A Neolithic mega-tsunami event in the eastern Mediterranean: Prehistoric settlement vulnerability along the Carmel coast, Israel"
2882:
2457:
146:, on April 11, 1819, there was a magnitude 8.5 earthquake. It lasted roughly 7 min and almost completely demolished the city of
2824:
1872:
1640:
1518:
1564:
Paleotsunami research along the Nankai Trough and Ryukyu Trench subduction zones â Current achievements and future challenges
690:
517:
2104:
1011:
1593:
1082:
Culliney, John L. (2006) Islands in a Far Sea: The Fate of Nature in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 17.
1994:
2699:
2126:
2014:
219:. Historical record show that earthquake activity was largely cut off and major activity did not resume for centuries.
2546:
1817:
930:"Coral boulders along the coast of the Lanyu Island, offshore southeastern Taiwan, as potential paleotsunami records"
778:
890:
2004:
1964:
593:
1568:
808:
2862:
2734:
1720:
2814:
2407:
1586:
598:
1558:
1490:
1471:
1022:
17:
3231:
1862:
500:
Scientists continue to find evidence of ancient tsunamis larger than those recorded in historical records.
153:
1563:
1548:
1186:
929:
352:
A series of giant rocks and cobblestones have been found 14 metres (46 ft) above mean sea level near
2966:
1533:
35:
1922:
1569:
Paleotsunami history of
Hachinohe, northern Japan: a multiproxy analysis and numerical modeling approach
1452:
664:
2855:
2059:
826:
709:
827:"Paleotsunami evidence in the BahĂa Inglesa coast (Atacama, Chile) based on a multiâapproach analysis"
710:"Paleotsunami evidence in the BahĂa Inglesa coast (Atacama, Chile) based on a multiâapproach analysis"
399:, up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) inland and 4 metres (13 ft) above current normal tide levels.
2594:
1999:
1959:
504:
2724:
2099:
2089:
2029:
1665:
1635:
968:
573:
481:
239:
100:
65:
31:
2761:
2744:
2581:
2074:
1939:
1877:
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1245:
1043:
520:. Over 15,000 people were killed. Not long before the TĆhoku earthquake, the Japanese had set up
191:. Paleotsunami researchers do not yet know the full scale of the destruction the tsunami caused.
166:
132:
548:
landed were many boulders, possible debris from a megatsunami, which may have struck perhaps 3.4
2756:
2694:
2121:
1807:
623:
507:
is a prime example of the dangers of ignoring evidence of past tsunamis. It was generated by a
1538:
1092:
2589:
2571:
2079:
1974:
1609:
1444:
869:
752:
583:
508:
330:
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1327:
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1201:
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941:
841:
724:
603:
384:
301:
1554:
Paleotsunami
History Recorded in Holocene Coastal Lagoon Sediments, Southeastern Sri Lanka
1061:
994:
446:
The volcanic eruption in Santorini, Greece triggered tsunamis which caused damage to some
8:
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2771:
2656:
2651:
2377:
2049:
2009:
1725:
1004:
447:
1331:
1264:
1205:
1135:
945:
928:
Yoko, Ota; Shyu, J. Bruce H.; Wang, Chung-Che; Chung, Ling-Ho; Shen, Chuan-Chou (2015).
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728:
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2427:
2417:
2382:
2282:
2267:
2164:
1162:
1119:
857:
740:
618:
235:
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energy, or a 1.8 miles (2.9 km) asteroid hitting the softer ground, releasing 0.5
376:
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2729:
2709:
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2357:
2292:
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2144:
1832:
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861:
744:
628:
1339:
683:
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3178:
3172:
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2689:
2498:
2483:
2352:
2287:
2179:
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2024:
1949:
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1700:
1630:
1625:
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1335:
1278:
1268:
1209:
1157:
1139:
949:
849:
732:
578:
537:
268:
61:
54:
1093:"Kalaupapa Settlement Boundary Study. Along North Shore to Halawa Valley, Molokai"
649:
3077:
2556:
2452:
2402:
2367:
2327:
2219:
2189:
2039:
1989:
1899:
1857:
1790:
1715:
1675:
1244:
Bondevik, Stein; Dawson, Sue; Dawson, Alastair; Lohne, Ăystein (August 5, 2003).
1243:
1144:
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613:
512:
438:
296:
212:
69:
3030:
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2397:
2337:
2332:
2064:
1954:
1775:
1710:
1685:
1544:
How Big Were Ancient Tsunamis? Paleotsunami Researchers Examine Olden Disasters
1491:"NASA's Viking 1 may have landed at the site of an ancient Martian megatsunami"
1472:"NASA's Viking 1 may have landed at the site of an ancient Martian megatsunami"
1030:"Central Cascadia subsidence and paleotsunami events for the last ~2,500 years"
853:
736:
557:
516:
previously hit Japan. In 2011, tsunamis destroyed entire cities, crippling the
410:
405:
396:
392:
367:
143:
1911:
1371:
1354:
891:"Ancient tsunami almost wiped out civilization in southern China, study finds"
3276:
3241:
3039:
2836:
2684:
2604:
2493:
2412:
2387:
2322:
2252:
2159:
2054:
1931:
1852:
1812:
1785:
1695:
1645:
1380:
1153:
415:
388:
380:
353:
216:
208:
158:
1214:
707:
3236:
3158:
3153:
2986:
2951:
2899:
2791:
2739:
2679:
2630:
2508:
2503:
2478:
2462:
2437:
2154:
2044:
1984:
1770:
1680:
1655:
1434:"Century-Old 'Tsunami Stones' Saved Lives In The Tohoku Earthquake Of 2011"
1171:
673:"Century-Old 'Tsunami Stones' Saved Lives In The Tohoku Earthquake Of 2011"
375:
The Storegga Slides, 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of the coast of
200:
180:
3251:
3137:
3070:
3049:
3044:
2922:
2781:
2513:
2442:
2307:
2247:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2084:
2019:
1979:
1969:
1944:
1827:
1800:
1780:
1740:
1705:
1273:
647:
608:
588:
424:
318:
50:
1578:
1302:
1246:"Record-breaking Height for 8000-Year-Old Tsunami in the North Atlantic"
469:
88:
2932:
2599:
2447:
2422:
2317:
2297:
2224:
2209:
2194:
2184:
2149:
2069:
1889:
1884:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1735:
128:
coast in AD 1420, which swept boulders inland as if they were pebbles.
2831:
979:
147:
3261:
3256:
3204:
3119:
3114:
3109:
2912:
2907:
2671:
2533:
2518:
2432:
2277:
2116:
2111:
1894:
1822:
1750:
1670:
1660:
1617:
511:
and made tsunamis up to 40 metres (130 ft) high. It washed over
204:
162:
1425:
1282:
540:
and likely ended Earth's age of dinosaurs. The impact may have made
3211:
3199:
3104:
3004:
2766:
2488:
2347:
2239:
2229:
2174:
1650:
1387:
545:
1534:
Chapter 3 â Paleotsunami ResearchâCurrent Debate and Controversies
3194:
3168:
3129:
3065:
2996:
2917:
2635:
2625:
1795:
1765:
1116:
188:
139:
46:
1415:"These Century-Old Stone "Tsunami Stones" Dot Japan's Coastline"
1317:
882:
798:"Catalog of Distant Tsunamis Reaching Japan from Chile and Peru"
2342:
1755:
1453:"Megatsunami swept over Mars after devastating asteroid strike"
341:
223:
1513:
1353:
Cain, Genevieve; Goff, James; McFadgen, Bruce (June 1, 2019).
1178:
3025:
2979:
2704:
2523:
2302:
2257:
451:
184:
1355:"Prehistoric Coastal Mass Burials: Did Death Come in Waves?"
259:, there has been evidence found of paleotsunamis occurring.
3162:
2136:
1016:
Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center November 23, 2021
1012:"Searching for Evidence of past Tsunamis in Sediment Cores"
903:
533:
2877:
199:
A tsunami struck in AD 1076 in southern China, during the
1495:
1044:"Evidence for a massive paleo-tsunami at ancient Tel Dor"
895:
1406:
691:"Tsunami Hazards, Modeling, and the Sedimentary Record"
423:
The tsunami may have been responsible for contemporary
1524:
Paleotsunami ResearchâCurrent Debate and Controversies
222:
There is evidence of paleotsunami events occurring on
1036:
1529:
How likely is it that a mega-tsunami strikes Hawaii?
1463:
242:generated a tsunami. It was recorded in Japan. The
157:Age determination of paleotsunami sediments around
1549:In search of Holocene trans-Pacific palaeotsunamis
960:
701:
648:Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center (2010).
2552:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
927:
789:
262:
244:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
203:and nearly wiped out civilization in what is now
3274:
1507:
1352:
1187:"Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis"
2542:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
1184:
772:
770:
768:
527:
229:
2863:
1594:
1253:Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union
1559:Tsunami Deposits in the US Pacific Northwest
1062:"Hawaiian landslides have been catastrophic"
921:
824:
765:
1359:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
874:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
757:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2870:
2856:
1601:
1587:
1394:Scharping, Nathaniel (February 18, 2023).
777:Scharping, Nathaniel (February 16, 2023).
1608:
1393:
1370:
1272:
1213:
1161:
1143:
888:
795:
776:
79:
74:Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest
1482:
1185:Baptista, M. A.; Miranda, J. M. (2009).
1070:Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
988:"Native American Stories expand history"
723:(5) (published February 24, 2022): 153.
292:
250:
152:
27:Tsunami, possibly before written history
1489:Ashley, Strickland (December 2, 2022).
1470:Ashley, Strickland (December 2, 2022).
1450:
1431:
670:
165:, and identification of their possible
14:
3275:
1873:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1488:
1469:
985:
966:
314:
2851:
1582:
1412:
1396:"Paleotsunamis Offer a Quiet Warning"
1237:
518:Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
431:
403:
360:
337:
55:asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs
2820:
1292:from the original on August 7, 2011.
909:
889:Griffiths, James (January 3, 2019).
464:
83:
383:, triggered a large tsunami in the
135:generated tsunamis reaching Japan.
24:
2700:National Oceanographic Data Center
2127:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
2015:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
1451:Zastrow, Mark (December 6, 2022).
1305:American Geophysical Union meeting
1225:from the original on April 3, 2013
986:Steele, Bill (September 4, 2012).
460:
25:
3294:
2547:Global Sea Level Observing System
1432:Bressan, David (March 11, 2021).
967:Schulz, Kathryn (July 13, 2015).
671:Bressan, David (March 11, 2021).
652:. United States Geological Survey
2830:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2005:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
1921:
1910:
1413:Lewis, Danny (August 31, 2015).
910:Yoko, Ota (September 26, 2013).
594:NOAA Center for Tsunami Research
564:million megatons of TNT energy.
468:
87:
2735:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2458:VineâMatthewsâMorley hypothesis
1346:
1340:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.04.020
1311:
1296:
1110:
1085:
1076:
1054:
934:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
912:"Paleotsunami Study in Taiwan"
818:
641:
599:Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
263:List of historic paleotsunamis
173:
13:
1:
1508:External links and references
1098:. National Park Service. 2001
805:Report of Tsunami Engineering
634:
60:Studying paleotsunamis is an
3232:Potentially hazardous object
1995:El NiñoâSouthern Oscillation
1965:CraikâLeibovich vortex force
1721:Luke's variational principle
1194:Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci
1145:10.1371/journal.pone.0243619
954:10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.08.001
834:Environmental Earth Sciences
717:Environmental Earth Sciences
528:Megatsunami on other planets
230:The Cascadia Subduction Zone
7:
1514:https://paleoseismicity.org
567:
207:. On Lincoln Island of the
10:
3299:
2060:Ocean dynamical thermostat
1908:
1320:Quaternary Science Reviews
854:10.1007/s12665-022-10259-2
737:10.1007/s12665-022-10259-2
503:The tsunami caused by the
266:
29:
3224:
3187:
3146:
3128:
3097:
3090:
3058:
3024:
3017:
2995:
2965:
2931:
2898:
2889:
2805:
2644:
2618:
2595:Ocean acoustic tomography
2580:
2532:
2471:
2408:MohoroviÄiÄ discontinuity
2366:
2238:
2135:
2000:General circulation model
1930:
1636:BenjaminâFeir instability
1616:
1519:The USGS on paleotsunamis
1372:10.1007/s10816-018-9386-y
825:Carballeira1, R. (2022).
796:Yoshinobu, Tsuji (2013).
68:which is known only from
2725:Ocean surface topography
2100:Thermohaline circulation
2090:Subsurface ocean current
2030:Hydrothermal circulation
1863:Waveâcurrent interaction
1641:Boussinesq approximation
574:Cascadia subduction zone
240:1700 Cascadia earthquake
194:
167:tsunamigenic earthquakes
119:
66:1700 Cascadia earthquake
32:Tsunami (disambiguation)
2762:Sea surface temperature
2745:Outline of oceanography
1940:Atmospheric circulation
1878:shallow water equations
1868:Waves and shallow water
1761:Significant wave height
1215:10.5194/nhess-9-25-2009
133:1420 Caldera earthquake
2757:Sea surface microlayer
2122:Wind generated current
624:Tsunami warning system
505:2011 TĆhoku earthquake
170:
138:In the sea off of the
80:Historical occurrences
2590:Deep scattering layer
2572:World Geodetic System
2080:Princeton Ocean Model
1960:CoriolisâStokes force
1610:Physical oceanography
584:Megathrust earthquake
509:megathrust earthquake
331:Eastern Mediterranean
257:Eastern Mediterranean
251:Eastern Mediterranean
234:Off the coast of the
156:
2610:Underwater acoustics
2170:Perigean spring tide
2035:Langmuir circulation
1746:Rossby-gravity waves
1274:10.1029/2003EO310001
1018:. November 23, 2021.
969:"The Really Big One"
697:. September 7, 2021.
604:Submarine earthquake
385:North Atlantic Ocean
302:East Molokai Volcano
30:For other uses, see
2772:Science On a Sphere
2378:Convergent boundary
2050:Modular Ocean Model
2010:Geostrophic current
1726:Mild-slope equation
1332:2012QSRv...45....1B
1265:2003EOSTr..84..289B
1206:2009NHESS...9...25B
1136:2020PLoSO..1543619S
1072:. October 22, 2015.
946:2015JAESc.114..588O
846:2022EES....81..153C
729:2022EES....81..153C
53:resulting from the
2883:list by death toll
2428:Seafloor spreading
2418:Outer trench swell
2383:Divergent boundary
2283:Continental margin
2268:Carbonate platform
2165:Lunitidal interval
1574:USGS: Paleotsunami
814:on March 20, 2020.
619:Tsunami earthquake
480:. You can help by
236:American Northwest
171:
99:. You can help by
3270:
3269:
3247:Geomagnetic storm
3220:
3219:
3086:
3085:
3013:
3012:
2957:Soil liquefaction
2879:Natural disasters
2845:
2844:
2837:Oceans portal
2797:World Ocean Atlas
2787:Underwater glider
2730:Ocean temperature
2393:Hydrothermal vent
2358:Submarine volcano
2293:Continental shelf
2273:Coastal geography
2263:Bathymetric chart
2145:Amphidromic point
1833:Wave nonlinearity
1691:Infragravity wave
1000:on July 24, 2015.
629:Tsunamis in lakes
498:
497:
458:
457:
450:sites in eastern
443:Volcanic eruption
435:Santorini, Greece
117:
116:
16:(Redirected from
3290:
3179:Tropical cyclone
3173:Tornado outbreak
3095:
3094:
3022:
3021:
2975:Pyroclastic flow
2967:Volcano eruption
2896:
2895:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2835:
2834:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2752:Pelagic sediment
2690:Marine pollution
2484:Deep ocean water
2353:Submarine canyon
2288:Continental rise
2180:Rule of twelfths
2095:Sverdrup balance
2025:Humboldt Current
1950:Boundary current
1925:
1914:
1731:Radiation stress
1701:Iribarren number
1676:Equatorial waves
1631:Ballantine scale
1626:Airy wave theory
1603:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1501:
1500:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1391:
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1374:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1276:
1259:(31): 289, 293.
1250:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1191:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1147:
1130:(12). e0243619.
1114:
1108:
1107:
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1103:
1097:
1089:
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1080:
1074:
1073:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
993:. Archived from
992:
983:
977:
976:
964:
958:
957:
925:
919:
918:
916:
907:
901:
900:
886:
880:
879:
873:
865:
831:
822:
816:
815:
813:
807:. Archived from
802:
793:
787:
786:
774:
763:
762:
756:
748:
714:
705:
699:
698:
687:
681:
680:
668:
662:
661:
659:
657:
645:
579:List of tsunamis
563:
551:
538:Chicxulub crater
493:
490:
472:
465:
273:
272:
269:List of tsunamis
112:
109:
91:
84:
62:emerging science
21:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3216:
3183:
3147:Cyclonic storms
3142:
3124:
3082:
3078:Limnic eruption
3054:
3028:
3009:
2997:Natural erosion
2991:
2961:
2935:
2927:
2885:
2876:
2846:
2841:
2829:
2801:
2640:
2614:
2576:
2557:Sea-level curve
2528:
2467:
2453:Transform fault
2403:Mid-ocean ridge
2369:
2362:
2328:Oceanic plateau
2234:
2220:Tidal resonance
2190:Theory of tides
2131:
2040:Longshore drift
1990:Ekman transport
1926:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1858:Wave turbulence
1791:Trochoidal wave
1716:Longshore drift
1612:
1607:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1487:
1483:
1468:
1464:
1449:
1445:
1430:
1426:
1411:
1407:
1392:
1388:
1351:
1347:
1316:
1312:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1010:
1009:
1005:
997:
990:
984:
980:
965:
961:
926:
922:
914:
908:
904:
887:
883:
867:
866:
829:
823:
819:
811:
800:
794:
790:
779:"Chilean coast"
775:
766:
750:
749:
712:
706:
702:
689:
688:
684:
669:
665:
655:
653:
650:"Tsunami terms"
646:
642:
637:
614:Tsunami deposit
570:
561:
549:
532:The surface of
530:
494:
488:
485:
478:needs expansion
463:
461:Current dangers
439:Minoan eruption
297:Molokai, Hawaii
271:
265:
253:
232:
213:South China Sea
197:
176:
122:
113:
107:
104:
97:needs expansion
82:
70:oral traditions
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3296:
3286:
3285:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3166:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3092:
3091:Meteorological
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Seismic hazard
2943:
2941:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2827:
2817:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:Stratification
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2667:Color of water
2664:
2662:Benthic lander
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2567:Sea level rise
2564:
2562:Sea level drop
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2398:Marine geology
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:Passive margin
2335:
2333:Oceanic trench
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:Ocean dynamics
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:Coriolis force
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:Stokes problem
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Kinematic wave
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1481:
1462:
1443:
1424:
1405:
1386:
1365:(2): 714â754.
1345:
1310:
1295:
1236:
1177:
1109:
1084:
1075:
1053:
1035:
1021:
1003:
978:
973:The New Yorker
959:
920:
902:
881:
817:
788:
783:Hakai Magazine
764:
700:
682:
663:
639:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
569:
566:
529:
526:
522:tsunami stones
496:
495:
475:
473:
462:
459:
456:
455:
444:
441:
436:
433:
429:
428:
421:
418:
413:
411:Northern Isles
408:
401:
400:
397:Firth of Forth
393:Montrose Basin
373:
370:
368:Storegga Slide
365:
362:
358:
357:
350:
347:
345:
339:
335:
334:
327:
324:
322:
316:
312:
311:
307:
304:
299:
294:
290:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
267:Main article:
264:
261:
252:
249:
231:
228:
196:
193:
175:
172:
121:
118:
115:
114:
94:
92:
81:
78:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3295:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Meteor shower
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Coastal flood
3038:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2816:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:Marine energy
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Acidification
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:SOFAR channel
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Oceanic crust
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Fracture zone
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Oceanic basin
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Abyssal plain
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Internal tide
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:Ocean current
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1913:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:Wave shoaling
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Ursell number
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:Internal wave
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Breaking wave
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1299:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1229:September 30,
1221:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1007:
996:
989:
982:
974:
970:
963:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
913:
906:
898:
897:
892:
885:
877:
871:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
821:
810:
806:
799:
792:
784:
780:
773:
771:
769:
760:
754:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
704:
696:
692:
686:
678:
674:
667:
651:
644:
640:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
565:
559:
554:
547:
544:. Near where
543:
539:
535:
525:
523:
519:
514:
510:
506:
501:
492:
483:
479:
476:This section
474:
471:
467:
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453:
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434:
430:
426:
422:
419:
417:
416:Garth tsunami
414:
412:
409:
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402:
398:
394:
390:
389:carbon dating
386:
382:
381:Norwegian Sea
378:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:Norwegian Sea
363:
361:â6225â6170 BC
359:
355:
354:Guincho Beach
351:
348:
346:
343:
340:
338:â7000â6000 BC
336:
332:
328:
325:
323:
320:
317:
315:â9.91â9.29 ka
313:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
291:
287:
285:Primary cause
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
270:
260:
258:
248:
245:
241:
237:
227:
225:
220:
218:
217:Manila Trench
214:
210:
209:Paracel chain
206:
202:
192:
190:
186:
182:
168:
164:
160:
159:Lombok Island
155:
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95:This section
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90:
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85:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
18:Paleotsunamis
3237:Impact event
3225:Astronomical
3159:Thunderstorm
3154:Bomb cyclone
3018:Hydrological
2987:Volcanic ash
2952:Seismic risk
2900:Mass wasting
2792:Water column
2740:Oceanography
2715:Observations
2710:Explorations
2680:Marginal sea
2673:
2631:OSTM/Jason-2
2463:Volcanic arc
2438:Slab suction
2155:Head of tide
2045:Loop Current
1985:Ekman spiral
1771:Stokes drift
1681:Gravity wave
1656:Cnoidal wave
1494:
1484:
1475:
1465:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1427:
1418:
1408:
1400:The Atlantic
1399:
1389:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1256:
1252:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1200:(1): 25â42.
1197:
1193:
1180:
1127:
1123:
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1087:
1078:
1065:
1056:
1048:ScienceDaily
1047:
1038:
1024:
1015:
1006:
995:the original
981:
972:
962:
937:
933:
923:
905:
894:
884:
870:cite journal
837:
833:
820:
809:the original
804:
791:
782:
753:cite journal
720:
716:
703:
694:
685:
676:
666:
654:. Retrieved
643:
555:
531:
502:
499:
486:
482:adding to it
477:
425:mass burials
288:Description
282:Main article
254:
233:
221:
201:Song dynasty
198:
181:Cook Islands
177:
137:
130:
126:
123:
105:
101:adding to it
96:
59:
43:paleotsunami
42:
40:
3252:Solar flare
3138:Megadrought
3098:Temperature
3071:Megatsunami
3050:Storm surge
3045:Flash flood
2923:Debris flow
2782:Thermocline
2499:Mesopelagic
2472:Ocean zones
2443:Slab window
2308:Hydrography
2248:Abyssal fan
2215:Tidal range
2205:Tidal power
2200:Tidal force
2085:Rip current
2020:Gulf Stream
1980:Ekman layer
1970:Downwelling
1945:Baroclinity
1932:Circulation
1828:Wave height
1818:Wave action
1801:megatsunami
1781:Stokes wave
1741:Rossby wave
1706:Kelvin wave
1686:Green's law
1419:Smithsonian
940:: 588â600.
656:January 17,
609:Teletsunami
589:Megatsunami
542:Pohl Crater
174:New Zealand
51:megatsunami
2933:Earthquake
2891:Geological
2720:Reanalysis
2619:Satellites
2600:Sofar bomb
2448:Subduction
2423:Ridge push
2318:Ocean bank
2298:Contourite
2225:Tide gauge
2210:Tidal race
2195:Tidal bore
2185:Slack tide
2150:Earth tide
2070:Ocean gyre
1890:Wind setup
1885:Wind fetch
1848:Wave setup
1843:Wave radar
1838:Wave power
1736:Rogue wave
1666:Dispersion
635:References
489:April 2023
344:, Portugal
108:April 2023
72:among the
36:Tidal wave
3262:Hypernova
3257:Supernova
3205:Firestorm
3120:Heat wave
3115:Ice storm
3110:Cold wave
2913:Avalanche
2908:Landslide
2582:Acoustics
2534:Sea level
2433:Slab pull
2370:tectonics
2278:Cold seep
2240:Landforms
2117:Whirlpool
2112:Upwelling
1895:Wind wave
1823:Wave base
1751:Sea state
1671:Edge wave
1661:Cross sea
1457:Astronomy
1381:1573-7764
1154:1932-6203
1066:mbari.org
862:244212989
745:244212989
513:sea walls
372:Landslide
306:Landslide
205:Guangdong
163:Indonesia
3277:Category
3212:ARkStorm
3200:Wildfire
3105:Blizzard
3005:Sinkhole
2815:Category
2767:Seawater
2494:Littoral
2489:Deep sea
2348:Seamount
2230:Tideline
2175:Rip tide
2105:shutdown
2075:Overflow
1808:Undertow
1651:Clapotis
1287:Archived
1283:1956/729
1220:Archived
1172:33362214
1124:PLOS ONE
1102:June 29,
568:See also
546:Viking I
432:â1600 BC
321:, Israel
279:Location
3283:Tsunami
3195:Derecho
3169:Tornado
3130:Drought
3066:Tsunami
2918:Mudflow
2825:Commons
2695:Mooring
2645:Related
2636:Jason-3
2626:Jason-1
2509:Pelagic
2504:Oceanic
2479:Benthic
1796:Tsunami
1766:Soliton
1476:cnn.com
1328:Bibcode
1326:: 1â6.
1261:Bibcode
1202:Bibcode
1163:7757801
1132:Bibcode
942:Bibcode
842:Bibcode
725:Bibcode
420:Unknown
379:in the
349:Unknown
333:coast.
326:Unknown
293:â1.4 Ma
255:In the
211:in the
189:Vanuatu
148:CopiapĂł
144:Caldera
140:Atacama
47:tsunami
2514:Photic
2343:Seabed
1756:Seiche
1438:Forbes
1379:
1170:
1160:
1152:
860:
743:
677:Forbes
562:
550:
448:Minoan
404:5,500
395:, the
342:Lisbon
238:, the
224:Taiwan
187:, and
3188:Other
3059:Other
3026:Flood
2980:Lahar
2705:Ocean
2674:Alvin
2524:Swash
2368:Plate
2313:Knoll
2303:Guyot
2258:Atoll
2137:Tides
1900:model
1786:Swell
1618:Waves
1290:(PDF)
1249:(PDF)
1223:(PDF)
1190:(PDF)
1096:(PDF)
998:(PDF)
991:(PDF)
915:(PDF)
858:S2CID
840:(5).
830:(PDF)
812:(PDF)
801:(PDF)
741:S2CID
713:(PDF)
452:Crete
195:China
185:Tonga
142:near
120:Chile
45:is a
3163:Hail
3031:List
2938:List
2672:DSV
2657:Argo
2519:Surf
1975:Eddy
1377:ISSN
1231:2012
1168:PMID
1150:ISSN
1104:2020
876:link
759:link
695:USGS
658:2024
534:Mars
377:MĂžre
276:Year
131:The
34:and
1496:CNN
1367:doi
1336:doi
1279:hdl
1269:doi
1210:doi
1158:PMC
1140:doi
950:doi
938:114
896:CNN
850:doi
733:doi
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