Peanut allergy - Knowledge

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confusing to consumers, especially as there can be many variations on the wording of the warning. As of 2014 PAL is regulated only in Switzerland, Japan, Argentina, and South Africa. Argentina decided to prohibit precautionary allergen labeling since 2010, and instead puts the onus on the manufacturer to control the manufacturing process and label only those allergenic ingredients known to be in the products. South Africa does not permit the use of PAL, except when manufacturers demonstrate the potential presence of allergen due to cross-contamination through a documented risk assessment and despite adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice. In Australia and New Zealand there is a recommendation that PAL be replaced by guidance from VITAL 2.0 (Vital Incidental Trace Allergen Labeling). A review identified "the eliciting dose for an allergic reaction in 1% of the population" as ED01. This threshold reference dose for foods (such as cow's milk, egg, peanut and other proteins) will provide food manufacturers with guidance for developing precautionary labeling and give consumers a better idea of might be accidentally in a food product beyond "may contain." VITAL 2.0 was developed by the Allergen Bureau, a food industry sponsored, non-government organization. The European Union has initiated a process to create labeling regulations for unintentional contamination but is not expected to publish such before 2024.

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allergies. Because peanut allergy awareness has increased, there are impacts on the quality of life for children, their parents and their immediate caregivers. In the United States, the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 causes people to be reminded of allergy problems every time they handle a food package, and restaurants have added allergen warnings to menus. The Culinary Institute of America, a premier school for chef training, has courses in allergen-free cooking and a separate teaching kitchen. School systems have protocols about what foods can be brought into the school. Despite all these precautions, people with serious allergies are aware that accidental exposure can still easily occur at other people's houses, at school or in restaurants. Food fear has a significant impact on quality of life. Finally, for children with allergies, their quality of life is also affected by actions of their peers. There is an increased occurrence of bullying, which can include threats or acts of deliberately being touched with foods they need to avoid or having their allergen-free food deliberately contaminated.

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cardiovascular symptoms; or any four other, more minor, symptoms. Double-blind placebo-controlled oral food challenges are also time-consuming and require close medical supervision. Because of these drawbacks to the double-blind placebo-controlled oral food challenge, open food challenges are the most commonly used form of food challenge. Open food challenges are those in which a patient is fed an age-appropriate serving of a suspected food allergen in its natural form. The observation of objective symptoms resulting from ingestion of the food, such as vomiting or wheezing, is considered diagnostic of food allergy if the symptoms correlate with findings from the patient's medical history and laboratory testing such as the skin prick test.

980:(FSIS), which requires that any ingredient be declared in the labeling only by its common or usual name. Neither the identification of the source of a specific ingredient in a parenthetical statement nor the use of statements to alert for the presence of specific ingredients, like "Contains: milk", are mandatory according to FSIS. FALCPA also does not apply to food prepared in restaurants. The EU Food Information for Consumers Regulation 1169/2011 – requires food businesses to provide allergy information on food sold unpackaged, for example, in catering outlets, deli counters, bakeries and sandwich bars. 318: 969:

1999, from the World Health Organisation Codex Alimentarius Commission. To meet FALCPA labeling requirements, if an ingredient is derived from one of the required-label allergens, then it must either have its "food sourced name" in parentheses, for example "Casein (milk)," or as an alternative, there must be a statement separate but adjacent to the ingredients list: "Contains milk" (and any other of the allergens with mandatory labeling). The European Union requires listing for those eight major allergens plus molluscs, celery, mustard, lupin, sesame and sulfites.

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due to shared equipment for processing and packaging, etc.). Experts in this field propose that if allergen labeling is to be useful to consumers, and healthcare professionals who advise and treat those consumers, ideally there should be agreement on which foods require labeling, threshold quantities below which labeling may be of no purpose, and validation of allergen detection methods to test and potentially recall foods that were deliberately or inadvertently contaminated.

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with two controls: a histamine drop designed to elicit an allergic response, and a saline drop designed to elicit no allergic response. The wheal that develops from the glycerinated extract drop is compared against the saline control. A positive allergic test is one in which the extract wheal is 3mm larger than the saline wheal. A positive skin prick test is about 50% accurate, so a positive skin prick test alone is not diagnostic of food allergies.

794:– are typically not assessed in a clinic, but rather have peanut foods gradually provided to them at home by their parents, beginning at around age 6 months. The Learning Early About Peanut Allergy (LEAP) study supported by NIAID established that early introduction of peanut products into a child's diet can prevent – rather than only delay – the development of childhood peanut allergies, and that the effect is beneficial and lifelong. 97: 845:

trials. A 2012 Cochrane Review concluded that more research was needed. Sublingual immunotherapy involves putting gradually increasing doses of an allergy extract under a person's tongue. The extract is then either spat or swallowed. As of 2014, the evidence did not show that this was safe or effective. Epicutaneous immunotherapy involves giving the allergen through a patch and has also been researched.

1052: 3583: 803: 790:, followed by gradual introduction of peanut foods under the supervision of an allergy specialist. Peanut allergy is confirmed only if there is a history of reactions to peanut consumption and by a positive allergy test. Moderate-risk children – who display an allergic reaction to peanut products with mild to moderate 999:

In Brazil, since April 2016, the declaration of the possibility of cross-contamination is mandatory when the product does not intentionally add any allergenic food or its derivatives, but the Good Manufacturing Practices and allergen control measures adopted are not sufficient to prevent the presence

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The percentage of people with peanut allergies is approximately 0.6% in the United States. In a 2008 study, self-reported incidence of peanut allergy was estimated to affect 1.4% of children the United States, triple the 0.4% rate found in a 1997 study. In England, an estimated 4,000 people are newly

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involves attempts to reduce allergic sensitivity by repeated exposure to small amounts of peanut products. Evidence as of 2019, however, has found that it increases rather than decreases the risk of serious allergies. None of these are considered ready for use in people outside of carefully conducted

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can be used to confirm specific food allergies. Skin prick tests are designed to identify specific IgE bound to cutaneous mast cells. During the test, a glycerinated allergen extract drop is placed on the patient's skin. The patient's skin is then pricked through the drop. This procedure is repeated

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Airborne particles in a farm- or factory-scale shelling or crushing environment, or from cooking, can produce respiratory effects in exposed allergic individuals. Empirical testing has discredited some reports of this type and shown some to be exaggerated. Residue on surfaces has been known to cause

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Labeling regulations have been modified to provide for mandatory labeling of ingredients plus voluntary labeling, termed precautionary allergen labeling (PAL), also known as "may contain" statements, for possible, inadvertent, trace amount, cross-contamination during production. PAL labeling can be

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The value of allergen labeling other than for intentional ingredients is controversial. This concerns labeling for ingredients present unintentionally as a consequence of cross-contact or cross-contamination at any point along the food chain (during raw material transportation, storage or handling,

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was 1.8 per million person-years in people having food allergies, with peanut as the most common allergen. However, there are opinions that the measures taken in response to the threat may be an over-reaction out of proportion to the level of danger. Media sensationalism has been blamed for anxiety

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Peanut allergies tend to resolve in childhood less often than allergies to soy, milk, egg, and wheat. Accordingly, re-evaluation of peanut allergy is recommended on a yearly basis for young children with favorable previous test results, and every few years or longer for older children and adults. A

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In 2017, the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases published revised guidelines for lowering the risk or preventing peanut allergies by creating separate ways to assess childhood allergies and guide parents with infants at high, moderate or low risk. The guidelines discussed how

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Oral food challenges pose risks. In a study of 584 oral food challenges administered to 382 patients, 48% (253) of challenges resulted in allergic reactions. 28% (72) of these challenges resulted in "severe" reactions, which were defined by the study as a patient having: lower respiratory symptoms;

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While the most obvious route for an allergic exposure is unintentional ingestion, some reactions are possible through external exposure. Peanut allergies are much more common in adults who had oozing and crusted skin rashes as infants. Sensitive children may react via ingestion, inhalation, or skin

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Prevention may be partly achieved through early introduction of peanuts to the diets of pregnant women and babies. It is recommended that babies at high risk be given peanut products in areas where medical care is available as early as 4 months of age. The principal treatment for anaphylaxis is the

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of 2004 (FALCPA), which became effective 1 January 2006, requires companies to disclose on the label whether a packaged food product contains any of these eight major food allergens, added intentionally: cow's milk, peanuts, eggs, shellfish, fish, tree nuts, soy and wheat. This list originated in

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Frequency among adults and children is similar—around 1%—but one study showed self-reports of peanut allergy are on the rise in children in the United States. The number of young children self-reporting the allergy doubled between 1997 and 2002. Studies have found that self-reported rates of food

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A 2021 study found that prevalence of peanut allergy was 1.4–2% in Europe and the United States, increasing 3.5-fold over the past two decades. Among children in the Western world, rates of peanut allergy are between approximately 1.5% and 3% and have increased over time. It is a common cause of

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and others. Peanuts and soybeans have proteins in the cupin, prolamin, and profilin families, while lentils contain cupin proteins. Reviews of human clinical trials report that 6–40% of people with a confirmed peanut allergy will have allergic symptoms when challenged with tree nuts or legumes.

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In January 2020, peanut allergen powder was approved in the United States to mitigate allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, that may occur with accidental exposure to peanuts. Treatment with peanut allergen powder may be initiated in individuals ages four through 17 years with a confirmed

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where the suspected allergen is avoided. During the oral food challenge, they are administered a full age-appropriate serving of a suspected allergen in escalating size increments. They are continuously monitored for allergic reaction during the test, and the challenge is stopped and treatment

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The high severity of peanut allergy reactions, as well as the increasing prevalence of peanut allergy in the Western world have led to widespread public attention. However, the perceived prevalence of food allergies in the public view is substantially higher than the actual prevalence of food

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Oral consumption is the most common route of exposure, but topical (skin) and inhalation can also trigger minor allergic reactions. There are at least 11 peanut proteins identified as allergenic. The condition is associated with several specific proteins categorized according to four common

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In response to the risk that certain foods pose to those with food allergies, some countries have responded by instituting labeling laws that require food products to clearly inform consumers if their products contain major allergens or byproducts of major allergens among the ingredients

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Rarely, allergic reactions have been triggered by exposure from kissing and sexual contact, especially if the partner has eaten peanuts within the last hour. In 2005, a "kiss of death" was misreported as being due to peanut allergy; instead, the person died of an asthma attack after

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Peanut allergy is one of the most dangerous food allergies, and one of the least likely to be outgrown. In Western countries, the incidence of peanut allergy is between 1.5% and 3%. There has been a sudden increase in number of cases in the early 21st century.

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allergies is higher than clinically observed rates of food allergies. The rates in self-reported incidence of the allergy, previously thought to be rare, may not be correlated with medical data confirming the self-reported incidence.

976:(FDA), which does not include poultry, most meats, certain egg products, and most alcoholic beverages. However, some meat, poultry, and egg processed products may contain allergenic ingredients. These products are regulated by the 1486:

Ierodiakonou D, Garcia-Larsen V, Logan A, et al. (20 September 2016). "Timing of Allergenic Food Introduction to the Infant Diet and Risk of Allergic or Autoimmune Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

631:, Harvard pediatrician Michael Young characterized this secondary contact risk to allergic individuals as rare and limited to minor symptoms. Some reactions have been noted to be psychosomatic in nature, the result of 5093: 5062: 3872:

Sicherer SH, Muñoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA (December 2003). "Prevalence of peanut and tree nut allergy in the United States determined by means of a random digit dial telephone survey: a 5-year follow-up study".

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In infants with a family history of peanut allergy, consuming peanut proteins at 4 to 11 months old has been shown to reduce the risk of developing an allergic response by 11–25%. From these results, the

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to soy was dismissed by an analysis finding no linkage to consumption of soy protein, and indicated that appearance of any linkage is likely due to preference to using soy milk among families with known

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intentionally added to foods. Nevertheless, there are no labeling laws to mandatory declare the presence of trace amounts in the final product as a consequence of cross-contamination, except in Brazil.

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provided further evidence supporting this. The study involved giving children diagnosed as "high allergic" small portions of peanut flour daily for several years, with some children randomly assigned

738:(NIAID) guidelines recommend that parent and patient reports of food allergy be confirmed by a doctor because "multiple studies demonstrate 50% to 90% of presumed food allergies are not allergies." 560:

proposes that the relatively low incidence of childhood peanut allergies in undeveloped countries is a result of exposure to peanuts early in life, increasing immune capability. A possibility of

890:(EMA) issued a favourable opinion for Palforzia. This medicine will be available as an oral powder in capsules (0.5, 1, 10, 20 and 100 mg) and as an oral powder in sachets (300 mg). 602:

of clinical research indicated that there is insufficient evidence for whether maternal peanut exposure, or early consumption of peanuts by children, affects sensitivity for peanut allergy.

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As of 2021, there is no cure for peanut allergy other than strict avoidance of peanuts and peanut-containing foods. Extra care is needed for food consumed at or purchased from restaurants.

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Cabanillas B, Jappe U, Novak N (2018). "Allergy to Peanut, Soybean, and Other Legumes: Recent Advances in Allergen Characterization, Stability to Processing and IgE Cross-Reactivity".

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and Ara h 6 are considered to be major allergens which means that they trigger an immunological response in more than 50% of the allergic population. These peanut allergens mediate an

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rescinded their recommendation to delay exposure to peanuts in children, also stating there is no reason to avoid peanuts during pregnancy or breastfeeding. A later study by the

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diagnosis of peanut allergy and may be continued in individuals four years of age and older. Those who take peanut allergen powder must continue to avoid peanuts in their diets.

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in susceptible individuals. The allergy is recognized "as one of the most severe food allergies due to its prevalence, persistency, and potential severity of allergic reaction."

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Morou Z, Tatsioni A, Dimoliatis ID, et al. (2014). "Health-related quality of life in children with food allergy and their parents: a systematic review of the literature".

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of accidental trace amounts. These allergens include wheat, rye, barley, oats and their hybrids, crustaceans, eggs, fish, peanuts, soybean, milk of all species of mammalians,

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designation to AR101 for peanut allergy in ages 4–17. AR101 was studied in the PALISADE international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

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Roses JB (2011). "Food allergen law and the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004: falling short of true protection for food allergy sufferers".

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Chu DK, Wood RA, French S, et al. (April 2019). "Oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy (PACE): a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety".

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Taylor SL, Baumert JL, Kruizinga AG, et al. (2014). "Establishment of Reference Doses for residues of allergenic foods: report of the VITAL Expert Panel".

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Kotz D, Simpson CR, Sheikh A (2011). "Incidence, prevalence, and trends of general practitioner–recorded diagnosis of peanut allergy in England, 2001 to 2005".

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Zurzolo GA, de Courten M, Koplin J, et al. (2016). "Is advising food allergic patients to avoid food with precautionary allergen labelling out of date?".

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The EAACI Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines Group (August 2014). "Anaphylaxis: guidelines from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology".

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In the United States, there is no federal mandate to address the presence of allergens in drug products. FALCPA does not apply to medicines nor to cosmetics.

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modifications on their structure. These changes have been shown to stimulate RAGE receptors and SR-AI/II on dendritic cells and thus lead to an increase in

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flour. The results were 71% of the children receiving peanut flour became desensitized to peanuts, while 2% receiving placebo flour became desensitized.

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There is conflicting evidence on whether maternal diet during pregnancy has any effect on development of allergies due to a lack of good studies. A 2010

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Mills EN, Valovirta E, Madsen C, et al. (2004). "Information provision for allergic consumers—where are we going with food allergen labelling?".

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Miller DS, Brown MP, Howley PM, et al. (December 2012). "Current and emerging immunotherapeutic approaches to treat and prevent peanut allergy".

3124:"Assessing the efficacy of oral immunotherapy for the desensitisation of peanut allergy in children (STOP II): a phase 2 randomised controlled trial" 5991: 5155: 4281: 5505: 3564: 4337:"Food allergen labelling and information requirements under the EU Food Information for Consumers Regulation No. 1169/2011: Technical Guidance" 2462:"Dietary exposures and allergy prevention in high-risk infants: A joint statement with the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology" 37: 5208: 4028:

Ravid NL, Annunziato RA, Ambrose MA, et al. (2015). "Mental health and quality-of-life concerns related to the burden of food allergy".

864: 5148: 5498: 1335:"Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States: Summary of the NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel Report" 509:

Some of the peanut allergens can undergo enzymatic and non-enzymatic modifications which makes them more likely to bind to ligands on

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Foong RX, Brough H (October 2017). "The role of environmental exposure to peanut in the development of clinical allergy to peanut".

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Chan ES, Cummings C, Canadian Paediatric Society, Community Paediatrics Committee and Allergy Section, et al. (December 2013).

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Treatment for accidental ingestion of peanut products by allergic individuals varies depending on the sensitivity of the person. An

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For high-risk children, the guide recommended that an allergy specialist assess a child's susceptibility, possibly involving peanut

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Skolnick, Helen S.; Conover-Walker, Mary Kay; Koerner, Celide Barnes; Sampson, Hugh A.; Burks, Wesley; Wood, Robert A. (2001).

3713:"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel" 317: 4711: 4511: 4336: 3379:"Aimmune Therapeutics Submits BLA to FDA for AR101 for the Treatment of Peanut Allergy in Children and Adolescents Ages 4–17" 2692: 610: 2459: 4940:"European Regulations for Labeling Requirements for Food Allergens and Substances Causing Intolerances: History and Future" 2951:"Addendum Guidelines for the Prevention of Peanut Allergy in the United States: Report of the NIAID-sponsored Expert Panel" 830:, which is an injection device designed to be used by a non-healthcare professional when emergency treatment is warranted. 4235:

Fong AT, Katelaris CH, Wainstein B (2017). "Bullying and quality of life in children and adolescents with food allergy".

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diagnosed with peanut allergy every year, 25,700 having been diagnosed with peanut allergy at some point in their lives.

3480:"FDA Allergenic Products Advisory Committee Votes to Support the Use of Aimmune's Palforzia (AR101) for Peanut Allergy" 1532: 977: 6064: 5842: 1461: 71: 4145:

van der Velde JL, Dubois AE, Flokstra-de Blok BM (2013). "Food allergy and quality of life: what have we learned?".

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to introduce peanut foods to infants as early as 4 to 6 months of age, with the goal of preventing peanut allergy.

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PALISADE Group of Clinical Investigators, Vickery BP, Vereda A, Casale TB, Beyer K, et al. (November 2018).

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Taylor SL, Baumert JL (2015). "Worldwide food allergy labeling and detection of allergens in processed foods".

1781: 871:(Palforzia) for peanut allergy. The price has not been set as of September 2019, but is proposed to be between 734:

Diagnosis of food allergies, including peanut allergy, begins with a medical history and physical examination.

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Sampson HA, Aceves S, Bock SA, et al. (November 2014). "Food allergy: a practice parameter update-2014".

5963: 583: 2307:"Consensus Communication on Early Peanut Introduction and Prevention of Peanut Allergy in High-Risk Infants" 806:

Epinephrine autoinjectors are portable single-dose epinephrine-dispensing devices used to treat anaphylaxis.

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Liccardi, Gennaro; Caminati, Marco; Senna, Gianenrico; Calzetta, Luigino; Rogliani, Paola (October 2017).

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Järvinen KM, Sicherer SH (September 2012). "Diagnostic oral food challenges: procedures and biomarkers".

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modifications which have been shown to induce immunomodulatory responses; it stimulates lectin receptors

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Perry TT, Matsui EC, Conover-Walker MK, et al. (November 2004). "Risk of oral food challenges".

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contact to peanut allergens which have persistence in the environment, possibly lasting over months.

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oral food challenge. At least two weeks prior to an oral food challenge, the person is placed on an

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2001 study showed that peanut allergy is outgrown in 22% of cases for people aged 4 to 20 years.

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were unable to produce any reactions using the odor of peanut butter or its mere proximity.

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on dendritic cells which further propagate cytokines and bias the immune system towards a

8: 5097: 4590: 4282:"Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária Guia sobre Programa de Controle de Alergênicos" 1298: 467: 49: 6081: 4852:"Allergen reference doses for precautionary labeling (VITAL 2.0): clinical implications" 4284:(in Portuguese). Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). 2016. Archived from 3355: 3330: 45: 6086: 5968: 5958: 5852: 5778: 5750: 5730: 5567: 5525: 5289: 5256: 5179: 5106: 5102: 4832: 4789: 4729: 4676: 4483: 4456: 4260: 4170: 4119: 4094: 4005: 3978: 3933: 3849: 3824: 3737: 3712: 3261: 3213: 3180: 3156: 3123: 3099: 3072: 3053: 3027: 2832: 2799: 2745: 2627: 2575: 2486: 2461: 2334: 2208: 2183: 2155: 2095:"Current and Emerging Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Treat and Prevent Peanut Allergy" 2071: 2046: 2020: 1969: 1918: 1891: 1867: 1842: 1728: 1703: 1630: 1605: 1583: 1427: 1402: 1367: 1334: 1143: 1131: 557: 549: 121: 114: 3921: 3886: 3249: 3139: 1214: 1197: 5788: 5783: 5583: 5572: 5479: 5395: 5368: 5251: 5187: 5123: 5013: 5005: 4961: 4908: 4873: 4824: 4781: 4717: 4707: 4668: 4664: 4633: 4546: 4488: 4252: 4217: 4162: 4124: 4072: 4045: 4010: 3925: 3890: 3854: 3805: 3742: 3693: 3685: 3646: 3431: 3423: 3360: 3311: 3290:"State of the art on food allergen immunotherapy: oral, sublingual, and epicutaneous" 3265: 3253: 3218: 3200: 3161: 3143: 3104: 3045: 3010: 2929: 2889: 2881: 2837: 2819: 2737: 2729: 2688: 2662: 2619: 2567: 2532: 2491: 2416: 2375: 2326: 2282: 2213: 2159: 2147: 2139: 2076: 2012: 1961: 1923: 1872: 1733: 1684: 1676: 1635: 1575: 1514: 1432: 1372: 1354: 1271: 1219: 1135: 1075: 746: 599: 530: 471: 442: 177: 109: 4836: 4793: 4680: 4200:

Shah E, Pongracic J (2008). "Food-induced anaphylaxis: who, what, why, and where?".

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Proper early introduction to peanuts and their products during pregnancy and infancy

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Leickly, Frederick E.; Kloepfer, Kirsten M.; Slaven, James E.; et al. (2018).

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may occur. Those with a history of asthma are more likely to be severely affected.

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Shah AV, Serajuddin AT, Mangione RA (2017). "Making All Medications Gluten Free".

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Boyce JA, Assa'ad A, Burks AW, Jones SM, Sampson HA, et al. (December 2010).

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reaction. Severe allergic reactions (anaphalaxis) may require treatment with an

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recognizing peanut allergens as foreign pathogens. They present the antigens on

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Most symptoms of peanut allergy are related to the action of immunoglobulin E (

279: 150: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 4904: 4158: 4110: 4041: 3378: 2877: 2527: 2510: 2199: 1858: 1811: 433:. The cause of cross-reactivity results from similarity in the structures of 6105: 6032: 5624: 5474: 5410: 5350: 5009: 4956: 4939: 3840: 3689: 3587: 3427: 3204: 3147: 2885: 2823: 2733: 2658: 2143: 1680: 1571: 1358: 916: 841: 811: 687: 683: 542: 538: 514: 490:-related proteins (Ara h 8). Among these peanut allergens, Ara h 1, Ara h 2, 386: 330: 294: 271: 214: 142: 4760:"Precautionary allergen labelling: perspectives from key stakeholder groups" 3681: 3089: 2477: 2306: 1782:"Identifying Causes of Food Allergy and Assessing Strategies for Prevention" 1555: 1500: 863:

In September 2019, the Allergenic Products Advisory Committee (APAC) of the

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type response. Peanut proteins that undergo non-enzymatic changes through

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subtype. The receptor-cytokine binding causes their differentiation into

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People with confirmed peanut allergy may have cross-reactivity to

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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receptors and these antigens are recognized by cell receptors on

648: 587: 522: 491: 475: 430: 341:(degranulation). In addition to other effects, histamine induces 4095:"Quality of life in the setting of anaphylaxis and food allergy" 2848: 96: 5906: 5193: 5066: 4984:"Peanut Allergy: An Epidemiologic Analysis of a Large Database" 4890: 2797: 2261:"Soy consumption is not a risk factor for peanut sensitization" 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1021: 1009: 1001: 791: 770:

administered at the first objective sign of allergic reaction.

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when cooked or exposed to room temperature have an increase in

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Benedé S, Blázquez AB, Chiang D, et al. (16 April 2016).

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It is one of the most common causes of food-related deaths. A

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Medical history and physical examination by an approved doctor

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between the food sources. Allergenic proteins are grouped by

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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

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food-related fatal and near-fatal allergic reactions.

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

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FALCPA applies to packaged foods regulated by the US

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

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will be prescribed to prevent a possible late phase

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4385: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4356: 4347: 4334: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4309: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4288:on 29 April 2018 4278: 4269: 4268: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4122: 4093:Lange L (2014). 4090: 4081: 4080: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4008: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3881:(6): 1203–1207. 3869: 3863: 3862: 3852: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3740: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3626: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3561: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3421: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3358: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3285: 3270: 3269: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3216: 3197:10.4161/hv.29233 3176: 3170: 3169: 3159: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3102: 3092: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3003:Am Fam Physician 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2960:. 6 January 2017 2955: 2947: 2938: 2937: 2909: 2898: 2897: 2861: 2846: 2845: 2835: 2795: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2617: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2530: 2521:(9): 1278–1286. 2506: 2500: 2499: 2489: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2414: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2373: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2302: 2291: 2290: 2280: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2211: 2179: 2164: 2163: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2074: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2003:(FDA): 381–386. 1984: 1978: 1977: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1921: 1911: 1896:J Asthma Allergy 1887: 1881: 1880: 1870: 1838: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1816: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1778: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1751: 1742: 1741: 1731: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1674: 1665:(4): e20190281. 1650: 1644: 1643: 1633: 1601: 1592: 1591: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1512: 1483: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1462:"Peanut Allergy" 1458: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1398: 1381: 1380: 1370: 1330: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1289: 1280: 1279: 1269: 1245: 1228: 1227: 1217: 1193: 1152: 1151: 1115: 1081:Tree nut allergy 1060: 1055: 1054: 1053: 878: 874: 767:elimination diet 747:Skin prick tests 616:Arachis hypogaea 500:Immunoglobulin E 439:protein families 435:storage proteins 293:reaction of the 278:, diarrhea, and 193:Tree nut allergy 99: 87: 86: 77: 70: 66: 63: 57: 29: 28: 21: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6091: 6043: 6006: 5996: 5978: 5974:Type 1 diabetes 5944:Coeliac disease 5932: 5904: 5888: 5862: 5828:Arthus reaction 5809: 5793: 5779:Graves' disease 5760: 5756:Rheumatic fever 5705: 5673: 5657: 5636: 5563:Allergic asthma 5544: 5528: 5519: 5489: 5484: 5453: 5435: 5417: 5316:Coeliac disease 5302: 5284: 5266: 5228: 5174: 5169: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5057: 5032: 5029: 4978: 4976:Further reading 4973: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4889: 4885: 4848: 4844: 4805: 4801: 4756: 4749: 4737: 4736: 4727: 4726: 4714: 4692: 4688: 4649: 4645: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4539:Food Drug Law J 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4510: 4509: 4500: 4453: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4419: 4418: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4358: 4357: 4350: 4344:Wayback Machine 4335: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4301: 4291: 4289: 4280: 4279: 4272: 4233: 4229: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4143: 4136: 4091: 4084: 4061: 4057: 4026: 4022: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3949: 3945: 3906: 3902: 3870: 3866: 3821: 3817: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3762: 3761: 3754: 3709: 3705: 3662: 3658: 3627: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3582: 3574: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3406:N. Engl. J. Med 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3341:(9): CD009014. 3327: 3323: 3286: 3273: 3234: 3230: 3191:(8): 2295–302. 3177: 3173: 3120: 3116: 3069: 3065: 3026: 3022: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2941: 2910: 2901: 2862: 2849: 2796: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2761: 2757: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2681: 2674: 2643: 2639: 2594: 2587: 2558:(10): 1232–38. 2548: 2544: 2507: 2503: 2472:(10): 545–554. 2458: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2391: 2387: 2350: 2346: 2303: 2294: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2229: 2225: 2180: 2167: 2130:(12): 1471–81. 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 1985: 1981: 1942: 1935: 1888: 1884: 1839: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1780: 1779: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1700: 1696: 1651: 1647: 1602: 1595: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1484: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1459: 1444: 1399: 1384: 1331: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1290: 1283: 1246: 1231: 1194: 1155: 1116: 1093: 1089: 1058:Medicine portal 1056: 1051: 1049: 1046: 989: 962: 943: 934: 905: 896: 876: 872: 839: 828:epinephrine pen 816:diphenhydramine 800: 788:allergy testing 780: 756: 744: 732: 661:dendritic cells 657: 655:Pathophysiology 608: 596: 575: 498:via release of 496:immune response 486:(Ara h 5), and 460: 407: 315: 289:It is due to a 213: 85: 78: 67: 61: 58: 43: 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6130: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6112:Food allergies 6097: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6017: 6015: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5910: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5858:Serum sickness 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5824: 5822: 5815: 5812:Immune complex 5803: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5775: 5773: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5550: 5530: 5529: 5518: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5423:Nervous system 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5294: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5280:Serum sickness 5276: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5184: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5168: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5145: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5120: 5109: 5090: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049:Classification 5043: 5042: 5028: 5027:External links 5025: 5024: 5023: 4994:: 223–228.e1. 4977: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4930: 4918: 4883: 4862:(1): 156–164. 4842: 4815:(3): 272–277. 4799: 4747: 4738:|journal= 4712: 4686: 4643: 4608: 4582: 4556: 4529: 4498: 4438: 4409: 4398:. 7 March 2017 4377: 4348: 4326: 4299: 4270: 4243:(7): 630–635. 4227: 4208:(8): 536–541. 4192: 4180: 4153:(6): 651–661. 4134: 4105:(7): 252–260. 4082: 4071:(6): 382–395. 4055: 4020: 3969: 3943: 3900: 3864: 3815: 3780: 3752: 3703: 3676:(2): 367–374. 3656: 3618: 3592: 3551: 3525: 3497: 3471: 3441: 3392: 3370: 3321: 3271: 3228: 3171: 3114: 3063: 3036:(8): 1026–45. 3020: 3009:(7): 1325–32. 2993: 2971: 2939: 2899: 2847: 2781: 2755: 2720:(5): 350–355. 2700: 2693: 2672: 2637: 2585: 2542: 2501: 2452: 2426: 2405:(11): 977–85. 2385: 2364:(1): 183–191. 2344: 2317:(1): 103–106. 2292: 2251: 2223: 2165: 2114: 2086: 2057:(3): 179–194. 2037: 1979: 1952:(1): 1700446. 1933: 1882: 1828: 1803: 1768: 1743: 1694: 1645: 1616:(8): 261–269. 1593: 1546: 1524: 1475: 1442: 1382: 1345:(6): 1105–18. 1312: 1281: 1229: 1153: 1126:(6): 493–502. 1090: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1045: 1042: 1018:macadamia nuts 988: 985: 961: 958: 942: 939: 933: 930: 904: 901: 895: 892: 852:(FDA) granted 838: 835: 799: 796: 779: 776: 755: 752: 743: 740: 731: 728: 656: 653: 607: 604: 595: 592: 574: 571: 567:milk allergies 562:cross-reaction 459: 456: 406: 403: 395:cardiac arrest 383:abdominal pain 331:anaphylatoxins 314: 311: 280:cardiac arrest 232:Peanut allergy 227: 226: 223: 219: 218: 215:Antihistamines 208: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 190: 184: 183: 180: 174: 173: 170: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 151:cardiac arrest 124: 118: 117: 112: 106: 105: 101: 100: 92: 91: 90:Peanut allergy 83: 80: 79: 40:of the subject 38:worldwide view 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6129: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6033:Latex allergy 6031: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6003: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5903: 5902:cell-mediated 5899: 5895: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5833:Farmer's lung 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:Latex allergy 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5219:Farmer's lung 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5154: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4979: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4752: 4743: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4397: 4390: 4384: 4382: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4353: 4346:(April 2015). 4345: 4341: 4338: 4333: 4331: 4314: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4139: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4099:Allergo J Int 4096: 4089: 4087: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3973: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3623: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3589: 3588:public domain 3570: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3459: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3380: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3300:(2): 318–23. 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2981: 2975: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2920:(5): 1164–8. 2919: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2872:(1–2): 30–8. 2871: 2867: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2590: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2271:(6): 1455–9. 2270: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1938: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1813: 1807: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1756: 1750: 1748: 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1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1048: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 997: 993: 984: 981: 979: 975: 970: 967: 957: 955: 947: 938: 929: 925: 922: 918: 917:meta-analysis 913: 909: 900: 891: 889: 884: 880: 870: 866: 861: 859: 855: 851: 846: 843: 842:Immunotherapy 837:Immunotherapy 834: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 812:antihistamine 804: 795: 793: 789: 784: 775: 771: 768: 764: 761: 751: 748: 739: 737: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 674: 670: 666: 662: 652: 650: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 624: 617: 612: 603: 601: 591: 589: 585: 581: 570: 568: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 515:glycosylation 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 468:superfamilies 466: 455: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:atopic eczema 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 319: 310: 306: 304: 301:injection of 298: 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