475:, usually accompanied by intense vomiting, weakness, and in some cases, watery diarrhea, and an unraised, nonitchy splotchy/swirly rash. These stomach attacks can last one to five days on average and can require hospitalization for aggressive pain management and hydration. Abdominal attacks have also been known to cause a significant increase in the patient's white blood cell count, usually in the vicinity of 13,000 to 30,000. As the symptoms begin to diminish, the white count slowly begins to decrease, returning to normal when the attack subsides. As the symptoms and diagnostic tests are almost indistinguishable from an
686:, a characteristic that distinguishes it from allergic reactions. It is particularly difficult to diagnose HAE in patients whose episodes are confined to the gastrointestinal tract. Besides a family history of the disease, only a laboratory analysis can provide final confirmation. In this analysis, it is usually a reduced complement factor C4, rather than the C1-INH deficiency itself, that is detected. The former is used during the reaction cascade in the complement system of immune defense, which is permanently overactive due to the lack of regulation by C1-INH.
817:(HAE), specific stimuli that have previously led to attacks may need to be avoided in the future. It does not respond to antihistamines, corticosteroids, or epinephrine. Acute treatment consists of C1-INH (C1-esterase inhibitor) concentrate from donor blood, which must be administered intravenously. In an emergency, fresh frozen blood plasma, which also contains C1-INH, can also be used. However, in most European countries, C1-INH concentrate is only available to patients who are participating in special programmes. The medications
3200:
3248:
3236:
342:
3224:
756:. The pathogenesis of this disorder is suspected to be related to unopposed activation of the contact pathway by the initial generation of kallikrein and/or clotting factor XII by damaged endothelial cells. The end product of this cascade, bradykinin, is produced in large amounts and is believed to be the predominant mediator leading to increased vascular permeability and vasodilation that induces typical angioedema "attacks".
403:
51:
3212:
495:
edema will occur is impossible. Most patients have an average of one episode per month, but there are also patients who have weekly episodes or only one or two episodes per year. The triggers can vary and include infections, minor injuries, mechanical irritation, operations or stress. In most cases, edema develops over a period of 12–36 hours and then subsides within 2–5 days.
411:
494:
HAE may also cause swelling in a variety of other locations, most commonly the limbs, genitals, neck, throat and face. The pain associated with these swellings varies from mildly uncomfortable to agonizing pain, depending on its location and severity. Predicting where and when the next episode of
613:, can increase the probability of an angioedema episode in susceptible patients. If the episode occurs at all after the consumption of these foods, its onset may be delayed overnight or by some hours, making the correlation with their consumption somewhat difficult. In contrast, consumption of
773:
is a commonly prescribed antihistamine for angioedema. Some patients have reported success with the combination of a nightly low dose of cetirizine to moderate the frequency and severity of attacks, followed by a much higher dose when an attack does appear. Severe angioedema cases may require
709:. It is characterized by repetitive episodes of swelling, frequently of the face, lips, tongue, limbs, and genitals. Edema of the gastrointestinal mucosa typically leads to severe abdominal pain; in the upper respiratory tract, it can be life-threatening.
677:
The hereditary form (HAE) often goes undetected for a long time, as its symptoms resemble those of more common disorders, such as allergy or intestinal colic. An important clue is the failure of hereditary angioedema to respond to
545:(serpin) normally inhibits the association of C1r and C1s with C1q to prevent the formation of the C1-complex, which - in turn - activates other proteins of the complement system. Additionally, it inhibits various proteins of the
471:, including dental work and other stimuli, can cause attacks. There is usually no associated itch or urticaria, as it is not an allergic response. Patients with HAE can also have recurrent episodes (often called "attacks") of
3461:
3442:
1796:
805:(ARB), which has a similar mechanism but does not affect bradykinin. However, this is controversial, as small studies have shown some patients with ACE inhibitor angioedema can develop it with ARBs, as well.
2717:
1710:
Malde B, Regalado J, Greenberger PA (January 2007). "Investigation of angioedema associated with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers".
664:
levels may be elevated if the attack was due to an acute allergic (anaphylactic) reaction. When the patient has been stabilized, particular investigations may clarify the exact cause;
2153:
1536:
Israili ZH, Hall WD (August 1, 1992). "Cough and angioneurotic edema associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. A review of the literature and pathophysiology".
514:
and increases vascular permeability, leading to rapid accumulation of fluid in the interstitium. This is most obvious in the face, where the skin has relatively little supporting
1788:
2578:
1624:
Brown NJ, Ray WA, Snowden M, Griffin MR (July 1996). "Black
Americans have an increased rate of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema".
2146:
1519:
3286:
1148:
Bork K; Barnstedt Se (August 2003). "Laryngeal edema and death from asphyxiation after tooth extraction in four patients with hereditary angioedema".
2139:
2084:
Donaldson VH, Evans RR (July 1963). "A biochemical abnormality in hereditary angioneurotic edema: absence of serum inhibitor of C' 1-esterase".
1667:
Dykewicz, MS (August 2004). "Cough and angioedema from angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: new insights into mechanisms and management".
2571:
1834:
1928:
1134:
1100:
801:. In people with ACE inhibitor angioedema, the drug needs to be discontinued and an alternative treatment needs to be found, such as an
797:
so it can no longer degrade bradykinin; thus, bradykinin accumulates and can cause angioedema. This complication appears more common in
2371:
2219:
1865:
1332:
2408:
1397:
845:
may also be useful because it blocks the activation of C4 and can be used in patients with liver disease, whereas androgens cannot.
2564:
278:
732:
protein (type I HAE) or dysfunctional forms of the same protein (type II HAE). Type III HAE has been linked with mutations in the
518:, and edema develops easily. Bradykinin is released by various cell types in response to numerous different stimuli; it is also a
3279:
422:, swell over the period of minutes to hours. The swelling can also occur elsewhere, typically in the hands. The swelling can be
2535:
829:
per dose in the United States, prices that tripled in two years. In those given icatibant, specialists monitor is recommended.
931:
first described the clinical picture of angioedema in 1882, though there had been some earlier descriptions of the condition.
2737:
2237:
778:
therapy, which generally leads to a good response. In cases where allergic attack is progressing towards airway obstruction,
537:
due to a deficiency in one of its prime inhibitors, C1-esterase (aka: C1-inhibitor or C1INH), and continuous production of
2122:
1747:"Angioedema associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use: outcome after switching to a different treatment"
1459:
3587:
3480:
3054:
2742:
2540:
525:
Various mechanisms that interfere with bradykinin production or degradation can lead to angioedema. ACE inhibitors block
1971:
3272:
2847:
1128:
802:
674:. HAE type III is a diagnosis of exclusion consisting of observed angioedema along with normal C1 levels and function.
3602:
1094:
389:
937:
remarked in 1888 that some cases may have a hereditary basis; he coined the term "hereditary angio-neurotic edema".
426:
or painful. There may also be slightly decreased sensation in the affected areas due to compression of the nerves.
371:
2840:
2475:
2392:
2303:
1232:
Bork K, Barnstedt SE, Koch P, Traupe H (2000). "Hereditary angioedema with normal C1-inhibitor activity in women".
274:
724:
form. They are distinguished by the underlying genetic abnormality. Types I and II are caused by mutations in the
1881:"Metallopeptidase activities in hereditary angioedema: effect of androgen prophylaxis on plasma aminopeptidase P"
3597:
2545:
2415:
2287:
367:
2867:
2131:
1751:
1587:
794:
526:
3592:
3064:
2873:
2282:
873:
418:
The skin of the face, normally around the mouth, and the mucosa of the mouth and/or throat, as well as the
282:
2712:
2395:
2247:
2214:
1538:
884:, to prevent attacks of HAE types I and II in people over age 12. Lanadelumab inhibits the plasma enzyme
363:
1484:
Sabroe RA, Black AK (February 1997). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angio-oedema".
769:
In allergic angioedema, avoidance of the allergen and use of antihistamines may prevent future attacks.
3178:
837:
In acquired angioedema, HAE types I and II, and nonhistaminergic angioedema, antifibrinolytics such as
3216:
2949:
2857:
2762:
2752:
2655:
2381:
2361:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2191:
1277:"Increased activity of coagulation factor XII (Hageman factor) causes hereditary angioedema type III"
697:
Acquired angioedema (AAE) can be immunologic, nonimmunologic, or idiopathic. It is usually caused by
542:
17:
1029:"Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management"
3497:
3131:
2747:
2732:
2662:
2640:
2430:
2178:
352:
3607:
3059:
2650:
2530:
2515:
2511:
956:
356:
3146:
3126:
2835:
2692:
1841:
579:
132:
68:
3537:
1810:
1118:
1084:
3101:
3069:
2994:
2823:
2813:
2505:
2485:
2206:
1513:
814:
717:
530:
313:
191:
2444:
3228:
3096:
2525:
2229:
1328:
961:
909:
721:
720:(HAE) exists in three forms, all of which are caused by a genetic mutation inherited in an
645:
328:
may be used instead. In the United States the disease affects about 100,000 people a year.
1963:"Emergency Medicine, Allergy Physicians Partner to Create New Standards" (July 3, 2014).
8:
3465:
3240:
3183:
3091:
3044:
2918:
2757:
1879:
Drouet C, DĂ©sormeaux A, Robillard J, Ponard D, Bouillet L, Martin L, et al. (2008).
1389:
881:
595:
442:
325:
231:
203:
774:
desensitization to the putative allergen, as mortality can occur. Chronic cases require
3304:
3153:
3106:
3015:
2377:
2252:
2058:
1905:
1880:
1692:
1680:
1649:
1563:
1497:
1301:
1276:
1257:
1214:
1055:
1028:
869:; kinins (especially bradykinin) are responsible for the manifestations of angioedema.
862:
668:
levels, especially depletion of complement factors 2 and 4, may indicate deficiency of
636:
typically has a smaller, but still present, increase in the probability of an episode.
606:
446:
145:
79:
72:
3474:
3470:
1723:
1637:
1245:
947:
was diagnosed with angioedema in 2020 and later passed from the disease on
October 31
825:
may be used to treat attacks. In 2017 these medications cost between 5,700 and 14,000
522:
mediator. Dampening or inhibiting bradykinin has been shown to relieve HAE symptoms.
437:
of the airway occurs, with gasping or wheezy inspiratory breath sounds and decreasing
3508:
3247:
3204:
3136:
3116:
3010:
2852:
2783:
2346:
2337:
2322:
2166:
2101:
2097:
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1201:
1184:
1165:
1124:
1090:
1060:
913:
741:
665:
534:
515:
467:
In hereditary angioedema (HAE), often no direct cause is identifiable, although mild
297:
262:
159:
122:
63:
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2093:
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1900:
1892:
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Kostis JB, Kim HJ, Rusnak J, Casale T, Kaplan A, Corren J, Levy E (July 25, 2005).
1547:
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1288:
1241:
1196:
1157:
1050:
1040:
928:
798:
2556:
865:. These agents increase the level of aminopeptidase P, an enzyme that inactivates
3502:
3350:
3252:
3079:
2985:
2934:
2792:
2467:
1975:
1601:
1582:
917:
838:
745:
653:
468:
235:
1789:"Study: Drug Costs for Rare Hereditary Angioedema Disorder Tripled in Two Years"
1551:
3565:
3513:
3345:
2908:
2727:
2722:
2588:
2520:
2420:
2242:
2031:
J. L. Milton. On giant urticaria. Edinburgh
Medical Journal, 1876, 22: 513-526.
2011:
1896:
1765:
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790:
775:
683:
679:
472:
305:
179:
58:
Allergic angioedema: this child is unable to open his eyes due to the swelling.
3554:
3551:
3455:
3451:
2161:
2006:
1045:
574:
dominant fashion and therefore mainly affects women; it can be exacerbated by
3581:
3296:
3163:
2818:
2718:
Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy
1946:
1027:
Bernstein, JA; Cremonesi, P; Hoffmann, TK; Hollingsworth, J (December 2017).
934:
900:
precursors and is produced in excess in individuals with HAE types I and II.
706:
633:
476:
301:
175:
3264:
3406:
3327:
2913:
2828:
2687:
2677:
2619:
2614:
2496:
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2105:
2072:
2022:
Marcello Donati. De medica historia mirabili. Mantuae, per Fr. Osanam, 1586
1914:
1774:
1731:
1688:
1610:
1440:
1374:
1310:
1253:
1210:
1169:
1064:
753:
729:
670:
657:
480:
1645:
1559:
1505:
1432:
705:. It can also occur as a side effect to certain medications, particularly
3532:
3396:
3317:
3312:
2970:
2944:
2939:
2645:
2635:
1968:
1456:"A 68-Year-Old Woman With Recurrent Abdominal Pain, Nausea, and Vomiting"
1419:
Zuraw B.L. (September 2008). "Clinical practice. Hereditary angioedema".
877:
858:
842:
818:
779:
649:
546:
511:
488:
410:
317:
309:
266:
195:
183:
137:
112:
3434:
632:
may increase the probability of an episode in some patients. The use of
3560:
3411:
3386:
3362:
3168:
3121:
3049:
2892:
2862:
2808:
2667:
2462:
1583:"Incidence and characteristics of angioedema associated with enalapril"
1026:
885:
853:
Future attacks of HAE can be prevented by the use of androgens such as
770:
737:
583:
554:
550:
538:
503:
484:
461:
293:
258:
166:
155:
104:
1366:
744:, and all forms can cause swelling elsewhere in the body, such as the
582:(exact frequency uncertain). It has been linked with mutations in the
3543:
3173:
3141:
2672:
1745:
Cicardi M, Zingale LC, Bergamaschini L, Agostoni A (April 26, 2004).
897:
822:
702:
625:
614:
575:
427:
321:
254:
199:
100:
1929:"FDA Approves Takhzyro (lanadelumab-flyo) for Hereditary Angioedema"
1183:
Bas M, Adams V, Suvorava T, Niehues T, Hoffmann TK, Kojda G (2007).
644:
The diagnosis is made on the clinical picture. Routine blood tests (
341:
3340:
3022:
2787:
2452:
2187:
1744:
1292:
967:
940:
The link with C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency was proved in 1963.
893:
661:
618:
610:
599:
591:
571:
453:
270:
549:
cascade, although effects of its deficiency on the development of
506:
plays a critical role in all forms of hereditary angioedema. This
3401:
3381:
2980:
2767:
944:
854:
698:
629:
598:. This acquired angioedema is associated with the development of
533:, bradykinin formation is caused by continuous activation of the
507:
434:
402:
141:
50:
3491:
3488:
3485:
1353:
Axelrod, S; Davis-Lorton, M (2011). "Urticaria and angioedema".
3446:
2327:
2196:
2126:
1878:
1815:
Australasian
Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)
866:
749:
605:
Consumption of foods that are themselves vasodilators, such as
567:
Type II - normal levels, but decreased function of C1INH (15%);
529:, the enzyme that among other actions, degrades bradykinin. In
457:
438:
419:
289:
239:
227:
1947:"FDA OKs New Prophylactic Drug for Rare Hereditary Angioedema"
3335:
912:(ED) visits for angioedema annually, and it ranks as the top
889:
243:
223:
570:
Type III - no detectable abnormality in C1INH, occurs in an
2609:
689:
Angioedema is classified as either hereditary or acquired.
519:
491:(keyhole surgery) that turns out to have been unnecessary.
423:
247:
464:(unknown) or only weakly correlated to allergen exposure.
483:) it is possible for undiagnosed HAE patients to undergo
414:
Angioedema of the face, most strikingly in the upper lip.
242:, abdomen, or arms and legs. Often it is associated with
1987:
Quincke H (1882). "Über akutes umschriebenes Hautödem".
1709:
269:. The version related to bradykinin may occur due to an
1231:
1182:
793:
can induce angioedema. ACE inhibitors block the enzyme
1623:
1352:
740:. All forms of HAE lead to abnormal activation of the
728:
gene, which result in either diminished levels of the
1580:
1123:(5 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 182.
701:
and occurs together with other allergic symptoms and
3424:
2041:
Osler W (1888). "Hereditary angio-neurotic oedema".
1275:
Cichon S, Martin L, Hennies HC, et al. (2006).
964:(unexplained angioedema with high eosinophil counts)
908:
In the U.S., there are as many as 80,000 to 112,000
2586:
1274:
300:. Histamine-related angioedema can be treated with
1669:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1147:
1089:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 133.
1518:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
44:Angiooedema, Quincke's edema, angioneurotic edema
3579:
261:. The version related to histamine is due to an
2083:
1885:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
560:The three types of hereditary angioedema are:
452:Sometimes, the cause is recent exposure to an
238:. The swelling may occur in the face, tongue,
3294:
3280:
2572:
2147:
1355:The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York
1082:
312:. In those with bradykinin-related disease a
1185:"Nonallergic angioedema: role of bradykinin"
736:gene, which encodes the coagulation protein
253:The underlying mechanism typically involves
250:. Onset is typically over minutes to hours.
1535:
1483:
1083:Caterino, Jeffrey M.; Kahan, Scott (2003).
1033:International Journal of Emergency Medicine
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
541:, another process inhibited by C1INH. This
445:is required in these situations to prevent
370:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3287:
3273:
3223:
2579:
2565:
2372:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
2220:Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy
2154:
2140:
1712:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
1531:
1529:
1418:
1346:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
265:to agents such as insect bites, foods, or
49:
1986:
1904:
1764:
1600:
1479:
1477:
1300:
1200:
1112:
1110:
1078:
1076:
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1054:
1044:
841:or ε-aminocaproic acid may be effective.
564:Type I - decreased levels of C1INH (85%);
390:Learn how and when to remove this message
1666:
712:
621:may be beneficial in reducing symptoms.
409:
401:
279:angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
2040:
1526:
1387:
1323:University of Maryland Medical Center.
981:
27:Disease characterized by rapid swelling
14:
3580:
2536:Terminal complement pathway deficiency
1969:http://healthnews.uc.edu/news/?/24791/
1864:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1474:
1107:
1071:
692:
246:, which are swelling within the upper
3268:
2738:Radiation-induced erythema multiforme
2560:
2135:
1400:from the original on 5 September 2015
1116:
331:
3211:
1462:from the original on 22 October 2012
1388:Moon, Amanda T.; Heymann, Warren R.
594:formation against C1INH; this is an
430:(hives) may develop simultaneously.
368:adding citations to reliable sources
335:
3055:Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules
2743:Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar
2541:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
24:
1681:10.1097/01.all.0000136759.43571.7f
1498:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb14887.x
498:
25:
3619:
2116:
785:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3199:
3198:
2841:Inner ear decompression sickness
2304:Common variable immunodeficiency
2055:10.1097/00000441-188804000-00004
1799:from the original on 2015-10-25.
1453:
1202:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01427.x
1137:from the original on 2017-09-10.
1103:from the original on 2017-09-10.
752:, it can cause life-threatening
406:Angioedema of half of the tongue
340:
275:C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
3235:
2476:Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia
2077:
2034:
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2016:
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1957:
1939:
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1827:
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1335:from the original on 2007-10-12
1162:10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0323
903:
803:angiotensin II receptor blocker
487:(operations on the abdomen) or
460:), but more often it is either
2546:Complement receptor deficiency
2416:Adenosine deaminase deficiency
1967:. University of Cincinnati.
1626:Clinical Pharmacologic Therapy
1486:British Journal of Dermatology
1317:
1268:
1225:
1176:
1141:
848:
13:
1:
3075:environmental skin conditions
2868:High-altitude pulmonary edema
1752:Archives of Internal Medicine
1724:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60860-5
1638:10.1016/S0009-9236(96)90161-7
1588:Archives of Internal Medicine
1329:"Page is No Longer Available"
1246:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02483-1
1086:In a Page: Emergency medicine
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808:
759:
3065:Tropical anhidrotic asthenia
2874:High-altitude cerebral edema
2098:10.1016/0002-9343(63)90162-1
1602:10.1001/archinte.165.14.1637
874:Food and Drug Administration
639:
283:lymphoproliferative disorder
7:
3087:frictional/traumatic/sports
2713:Chronic radiation keratosis
2215:X-linked agammaglobulinemia
1552:10.7326/0003-4819-117-3-234
1539:Annals of Internal Medicine
1120:Clinical Dermatology E-Book
950:
832:
764:
660:) are typically performed.
10:
3624:
3588:Effects of external causes
3378:Cause of fluid collection
3179:Pseudoacanthosis nigricans
1897:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.10.048
1766:10.1001/archinte.164.8.910
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232:tissue just under the skin
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2950:Space adaptation syndrome
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2858:Chronic mountain sickness
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2763:Radiation recall reaction
2753:Radiation-induced morphea
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2656:Warm water immersion foot
2628:
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2484:
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2443:
2391:
2321:
2296:
2228:
2205:
2186:
2177:
1965:UC Academic Health Center
1117:Habif, Thomas P. (2009).
1046:10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z
590:Angioedema can be due to
543:serine protease inhibitor
288:Treatment to protect the
209:
165:
151:
131:
121:
111:
96:
88:
78:
62:
57:
48:
40:
35:
3603:Urticaria and angioedema
3132:Weathering nodule of ear
2748:Radiation-induced keloid
2733:Radiation-induced cancer
2663:Non-freezing cold injury
2641:Immersion foot syndromes
2431:Bare lymphocyte syndrome
2283:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
222:is an area of swelling (
3060:Sclerosing lymphangitis
2651:Tropical immersion foot
2531:Complement 3 deficiency
2516:Complement 4 deficiency
2512:Complement 2 deficiency
1500:(inactive 2024-09-14).
957:Drug-induced angioedema
943:The underground rapper
277:, medications known as
3147:Painful fat herniation
3127:Vibration white finger
2836:Decompression sickness
2693:Erythrocyanosis crurum
888:, which liberates the
748:. If HAE involves the
580:hormonal contraception
557:appear to be limited.
415:
407:
213:~100,000 per year (US)
133:Differential diagnosis
69:Allergy and immunology
3598:Complement deficiency
3102:Fissure of the nipple
3070:UV-sensitive syndrome
2995:Adverse drug reaction
2824:Middle ear barotrauma
2814:Arterial gas embolism
2506:Hereditary angioedema
2362:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2207:Hypogammaglobulinemia
1433:10.1056/NEJMcp0803977
1390:"Acquired Angioedema"
815:hereditary angioedema
718:Hereditary angioedema
713:Hereditary angioedema
531:hereditary angioedema
413:
405:
314:C1 esterase inhibitor
192:C1 esterase inhibitor
3097:Equestrian perniosis
2526:Properdin deficiency
2347:Di George's syndrome
2230:Dysgammaglobulinemia
910:emergency department
782:may be life-saving.
646:complete blood count
617:in combination with
364:improve this section
3593:Medical emergencies
3184:Narcotic dermopathy
3092:Black heel and palm
3045:Dermatosis neglecta
2919:Psychological abuse
2758:Radiation poisoning
882:monoclonal antibody
693:Acquired angioedema
607:alcoholic beverages
596:autoimmune disorder
449:and risk of death.
443:Tracheal intubation
326:Fresh frozen plasma
228:lower layer of skin
204:fresh frozen plasma
3524:External resources
3305:Volume contraction
3154:Uranium dermatosis
3107:Pulling boat hands
3016:Lightning injuries
2378:Hyper IgM syndrome
2288:Hyper-IgE syndrome
2253:Hyper IgM syndrome
2169:disorders causing
1989:Monatsh Prakt Derm
1974:2014-07-14 at the
872:In 2018, the U.S.
863:methyltestosterone
722:autosomal dominant
662:Mast cell tryptase
447:respiratory arrest
416:
408:
332:Signs and symptoms
146:contact dermatitis
73:emergency medicine
3575:
3574:
3422:
3421:
3262:
3261:
3011:Electrical injury
2853:Altitude sickness
2701:
2700:
2554:
2553:
2439:
2438:
2338:thymic hypoplasia
2323:T cell deficiency
2317:
2316:
1795:(Press release).
1367:10.1002/msj.20288
1281:Am. J. Hum. Genet
962:Gleich's syndrome
914:allergic disorder
799:African-Americans
742:complement system
535:complement system
516:connective tissue
479:(e.g. perforated
433:In severe cases,
400:
399:
392:
298:cricothyroidotomy
273:problem known as
263:allergic reaction
217:
216:
160:cricothyroidotomy
127:Based on symptoms
123:Diagnostic method
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3615:
3426:
3425:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3250:
3238:
3237:
3226:
3225:
3214:
3213:
3202:
3201:
3038:physical factors
3034:skin conditions
2966:Hypersensitivity
2683:Cold intolerance
2600:
2599:
2587:Consequences of
2581:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2426:ZAP70 deficiency
2357:Nezelof syndrome
2203:
2202:
2184:
2183:
2171:immunodeficiency
2156:
2149:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2110:
2109:
2081:
2075:
2066:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1984:
1978:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1840:. Archived from
1839:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1204:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1080:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1024:
929:Heinrich Quincke
880:, an injectable
828:
395:
388:
384:
381:
375:
344:
336:
236:mucous membranes
92:Minutes to hours
84:Area of swelling
53:
33:
32:
21:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3519:
3518:
3437:
3423:
3418:
3367:
3351:pulmonary edema
3322:
3299:
3293:
3263:
3258:
3190:
3080:Electrical burn
3037:
3036:resulting from
3035:
3033:
3027:
2999:
2986:Arthus reaction
2954:
2935:Motion sickness
2923:
2897:
2881:
2797:
2793:Oxygen toxicity
2772:
2697:
2624:
2591:
2589:external causes
2585:
2555:
2550:
2487:
2480:
2468:Lymphocytopenia
2466:
2457:
2435:
2411:
2398:
2387:
2343:hypoparathyroid
2325:
2313:
2292:
2224:
2194:
2173:
2160:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2082:
2078:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2004:
2000:
1985:
1981:
1976:Wayback Machine
1962:
1958:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1877:
1873:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:"Archived copy"
1833:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1743:
1739:
1708:
1704:
1665:
1661:
1622:
1618:
1595:(14): 1637–42.
1579:
1575:
1534:
1527:
1511:
1510:
1482:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1452:
1448:
1427:(10): 1027–36.
1421:N. Engl. J. Med
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1382:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1287:(6): 1098–104.
1273:
1269:
1240:(9225): 213–7.
1230:
1226:
1181:
1177:
1150:J Am Dent Assoc
1146:
1142:
1131:
1115:
1108:
1097:
1081:
1072:
1025:
982:
977:
953:
926:
918:hospitalization
906:
892:bradykinin and
851:
839:tranexamic acid
835:
826:
811:
788:
767:
762:
746:digestive tract
715:
695:
654:kidney function
642:
501:
499:Pathophysiology
396:
385:
379:
376:
361:
345:
334:
306:corticosteroids
186:
180:corticosteroids
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3621:
3611:
3610:
3608:Drug eruptions
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3557:
3540:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3494:
3477:
3458:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:Classification
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3346:cerebral edema
3338:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Wrestler's ear
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:Surfer's knots
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2962:
2960:
2959:Adverse effect
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:Physical abuse
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2728:Radiation burn
2725:
2723:Radiation acne
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2521:MBL deficiency
2518:
2509:
2492:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Omenn syndrome
2418:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2350:
2333:
2331:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2250:
2248:IgM deficiency
2245:
2243:IgG deficiency
2240:
2238:IgA deficiency
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2118:
2117:External links
2115:
2112:
2111:
2076:
2033:
2024:
2015:
1998:
1979:
1956:
1938:
1920:
1871:
1826:
1802:
1780:
1737:
1702:
1659:
1616:
1573:
1525:
1473:
1446:
1411:
1380:
1361:(5): 784–802.
1345:
1316:
1293:10.1086/509899
1267:
1224:
1175:
1156:(8): 1088–94.
1140:
1130:978-0323080378
1129:
1106:
1095:
1070:
979:
978:
976:
973:
972:
971:
970:(C1-inhibitor)
965:
959:
952:
949:
925:
922:
905:
902:
850:
847:
834:
831:
810:
807:
791:ACE inhibitors
787:
786:Drug induction
784:
766:
763:
761:
758:
714:
711:
707:ACE inhibitors
694:
691:
680:antihistamines
641:
638:
588:
587:
568:
565:
500:
497:
473:abdominal pain
398:
397:
348:
346:
339:
333:
330:
302:antihistamines
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
176:antihistamines
169:
163:
162:
153:
149:
148:
135:
129:
128:
125:
119:
118:
117:Family history
115:
109:
108:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3620:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3295:Disorders of
3290:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:Skin pop scar
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Runner's rump
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:High altitude
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:Aerosinusitis
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:euparathyroid
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
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2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:(2): 362–67.
2048:
2044:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2012:Who Named It?
2009:
2008:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1952:
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1942:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1916:
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1907:
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1898:
1894:
1891:(2): 429–33.
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
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1847:on 2007-09-28
1843:
1836:
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1675:(4): 267–70.
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1546:(3): 234–42.
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1203:
1198:
1195:(8): 842–56.
1194:
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1096:9781405103572
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935:William Osler
932:
930:
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919:
916:resulting in
915:
911:
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675:
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667:
663:
659:
658:liver enzymes
655:
651:
647:
637:
635:
634:acetaminophen
631:
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477:acute abdomen
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380:November 2023
373:
369:
365:
359:
358:
354:
349:This section
347:
343:
338:
337:
329:
327:
324:may be used.
323:
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39:
34:
19:
3559:
3542:
3531:
3507:
3496:
3479:
3460:
3441:
3407:hydrosalpinx
3357:
3328:Hypervolemia
3297:volume state
3251:
3239:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3158:
3086:
3074:
2975:
2914:Sexual abuse
2902:Maltreatment
2829:Pneumothorax
2688:Acrocyanosis
2678:Aerosol burn
2620:Heat syncope
2615:Hyperthermia
2501:
2497:C1-inhibitor
2495:
2412:
2405:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2342:
2336:
2309:ICF syndrome
2089:
2085:
2079:
2046:
2043:Am J Med Sci
2042:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1964:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1849:. Retrieved
1842:the original
1829:
1818:. Retrieved
1814:
1811:"Angioedema"
1805:
1792:
1783:
1759:(8): 910–3.
1756:
1750:
1740:
1718:(1): 57–63.
1715:
1711:
1705:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1592:
1586:
1576:
1543:
1537:
1514:cite journal
1492:(2): 153–8.
1489:
1485:
1464:. Retrieved
1458:. MedScape.
1454:Loew, Burr.
1449:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1393:
1383:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1324:
1319:
1284:
1280:
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1237:
1233:
1227:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1119:
1085:
1036:
1032:
942:
939:
933:
927:
907:
904:Epidemiology
871:
852:
836:
812:
789:
768:
754:asphyxiation
733:
730:C1-inhibitor
725:
716:
696:
688:
676:
671:C1-inhibitor
669:
650:electrolytes
643:
623:
604:
589:
559:
524:
510:is a potent
502:
493:
481:appendicitis
466:
451:
432:
417:
386:
377:
362:Please help
350:
292:may include
287:
252:
219:
218:
187:
171:
113:Risk factors
3533:MedlinePlus
3397:hydrothorax
3318:Hypovolemia
3313:Dehydration
2971:Anaphylaxis
2945:Airsickness
2940:Seasickness
2646:Trench foot
2636:Hypothermia
2596:Temperature
2369:peripheral:
1793:PR Newswire
1632:(1): 8–13.
1325:Angioedema.
896:from their
878:lanadelumab
859:oxandrolone
849:Prophylaxis
843:Cinnarizine
819:ecallantide
780:epinephrine
624:The use of
578:and use of
547:coagulation
512:vasodilator
489:laparoscopy
318:ecallantide
310:epinephrine
267:medications
196:ecallantide
184:epinephrine
138:Anaphylaxis
89:Usual onset
41:Other names
3582:Categories
3566:Angioedema
3561:Patient UK
3509:DiseasesDB
3412:hyperaemia
3387:transudate
3363:Lymphedema
3358:Angioedema
3169:Skin track
3122:Tennis toe
3050:Pinch mark
3032:Ungrouped
2976:Angioedema
2893:Starvation
2863:Death zone
2809:Barotrauma
2668:Chilblains
2502:Angioedema
2488:deficiency
2486:Complement
2463:Leukopenia
2413:autosomal:
2167:complement
2123:Angioedema
2086:Am. J. Med
1995:: 129–131.
1851:2007-01-26
1820:2020-03-24
1466:19 October
1339:2008-01-08
975:References
886:kallikrein
809:Hereditary
771:Cetirizine
760:Management
738:factor XII
666:complement
584:factor XII
555:thrombosis
551:hemorrhage
539:kallikrein
504:Bradykinin
485:laparotomy
462:idiopathic
294:intubation
259:bradykinin
220:Angioedema
188:Bradykinin
167:Medication
156:Intubation
105:bradykinin
103:mediated,
36:Angioedema
3544:eMedicine
3174:Slap mark
3142:Coral cut
2706:Radiation
2673:Frostbite
2406:x-linked:
2092:: 37–44.
2067:Reprint:
1933:Drugs.com
1404:1 October
1039:(1): 15.
898:kininogen
876:approved
823:icatibant
703:urticaria
640:Diagnosis
626:ibuprofen
615:bromelain
576:pregnancy
428:Urticaria
351:does not
322:icatibant
271:inherited
255:histamine
226:) of the
210:Frequency
200:icatibant
172:Histamine
152:Treatment
101:Histamine
64:Specialty
18:Angiodema
3549:emerg/32
3393:By site
3341:Anasarca
3229:Glossary
3205:Category
3023:Drowning
2802:Pressure
2788:Asphyxia
2603:Elevated
2453:HIV/AIDS
2445:Acquired
2396:combined
2188:Antibody
2163:Lymphoid
2106:14046003
2073:20145434
2063:72808776
2007:synd/482
1972:Archived
1951:Medscape
1915:18158172
1860:cite web
1797:Archived
1775:15111379
1732:17225721
1697:13313000
1689:15238791
1654:12030323
1611:16043683
1568:41952350
1460:Archived
1441:18768946
1398:Archived
1394:MedScape
1375:21913206
1333:Archived
1311:17186468
1262:30105665
1254:10963200
1219:22772933
1211:17620062
1170:12956349
1135:Archived
1101:Archived
1065:28405953
968:Ruconest
951:See also
894:kallidin
833:Acquired
765:Allergic
726:SERPING1
684:steroids
619:turmeric
611:cinnamon
600:lymphoma
592:antibody
572:X-linked
454:allergen
441:levels.
107:mediated
80:Symptoms
3555:ped/101
3552:med/135
3503:D000799
3402:ascites
3382:exudate
3241:Outline
3217:Commons
2981:Allergy
2784:Hypoxia
2768:Sunburn
2629:Reduced
2192:humoral
2179:Primary
1906:4126900
1646:8689816
1560:1616218
1506:9068723
1302:1698720
1189:Allergy
1056:5389952
945:MF DOOM
924:History
855:danazol
776:steroid
699:allergy
630:aspirin
508:peptide
458:peanuts
435:stridor
372:removed
357:sources
281:, or a
142:abscess
3538:000846
3492:610618
3489:106100
3486:606860
3253:Portal
3159:iv use
2928:Travel
2876:(HACE)
2870:(HAPE)
2777:Oxygen
2409:X-SCID
2393:Severe
2127:Curlie
2104:
2071:
2061:
1913:
1903:
1773:
1730:
1695:
1687:
1652:
1644:
1609:
1566:
1558:
1504:
1439:
1373:
1309:
1299:
1260:
1252:
1234:Lancet
1217:
1209:
1168:
1127:
1093:
1063:
1053:
890:kinins
867:kinins
750:larynx
469:trauma
456:(e.g.
439:oxygen
420:tongue
308:, and
290:airway
240:larynx
3514:13606
3475:995.1
3471:277.6
3456:T78.3
3452:D84.1
3372:Other
3336:Edema
3004:Other
2399:(B+T)
2297:Other
2059:S2CID
1845:(PDF)
1838:(PDF)
1693:S2CID
1650:S2CID
1564:S2CID
1258:S2CID
1215:S2CID
586:gene.
424:itchy
320:, or
244:hives
224:edema
97:Types
3498:MeSH
3481:OMIM
3466:9-CM
2886:Food
2610:Burn
2165:and
2102:PMID
2069:PMID
1911:PMID
1866:link
1771:PMID
1728:PMID
1685:PMID
1642:PMID
1607:PMID
1556:PMID
1520:link
1502:PMID
1468:2012
1437:PMID
1406:2015
1371:PMID
1307:PMID
1250:PMID
1207:PMID
1166:PMID
1125:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1061:PMID
827:US$
821:and
553:and
520:pain
355:any
353:cite
248:skin
230:and
3462:ICD
3443:ICD
2125:at
2094:doi
2051:doi
2010:at
1901:PMC
1893:doi
1889:121
1761:doi
1757:164
1720:doi
1677:doi
1634:doi
1597:doi
1593:165
1548:doi
1544:117
1494:doi
1490:136
1429:doi
1425:359
1363:doi
1297:PMC
1289:doi
1242:doi
1238:356
1197:doi
1158:doi
1154:134
1051:PMC
1041:doi
861:or
813:In
795:ACE
734:F12
682:or
628:or
609:or
527:ACE
366:by
296:or
257:or
234:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
