596:
out of necessity rather than his free will because he heard about the two legions sent to Caesar and thought that if they advanced towards
Armenia, he could defend it better if he stayed in Lesser Armenia. Domitius insisted that Pharnaces should withdraw from Lesser Armenia, too, and marched towards Armenia through a wooded ridge which formed the border between Cappadocia and Armenia and extended into Lesser Armenia. This was higher ground in which he could not be attacked. He could also get supplies from Cappadocia from here. Pharnaces sent several embassies for peace talks, which were rejected. Domitius encamped near Nicopolis in Lesser Armenia. There was a narrow defile nearby. Pharnaces set up an ambush with selected infantrymen and all his cavalry. He got the local farmers to graze their cattle at various points in the gorge so that Domitius would not suspect an ambush and to encourage his troops to scatter to plunder the cattle. He also kept sending envoys for further deceit. However, this resulted in Domitius staying in his camp. Pharnaces was worried that his ambush might be discovered and recalled his troops to camp.
417:
near
Mithridates to highlight the dangers of the expedition and to encourage them to desert his father. He sent other people to do the same in other camps. In the morning there was an uprising. Mithridates fled and Pharnaces was proclaimed king by the troops. Mithridates sent messengers to ask his son for permission to withdraw safely. When they did not return, he tried to poison himself. However, it did not have an effect on him because he was used to taking small portions of poison as a protection against poisoners. Thus, he got an officer to kill him. Pharnaces sent his body to Pompey together with an emissary who offered submission and hostages. Pharnaces asked to be allowed to rule his father's kingdom or the Cimmerian Bosporus. Pompey named him a friend and ally of the Romans. He gave him the Cimmerian Bosporus except for Phanagoria, which was to be independent as a reward for having been the first to rebel against Mithridates.
661:
force in battle array and climbed the steep hillside. His foolhardiness was unexpected and caught Caesar unprepared. He recalled his men from their work and formed a battle line. They panicked because they were not in regular formation. Pharnaces' scythed chariots threw the men into confusion. However, the chariots were quickly overwhelmed by a mass of missiles. Then the enemy infantry engaged, and heavy fighting started. The 6th legion on the right wing pushed the enemy back down the slope. So did, but more slowly, the left wing and the centre. The uneven ground made this easier. Many of the enemy were trampled over by falling comrades and many were killed. The Romans seized the enemy camp and the entire force was killed or captured. Pharnaces escaped. This victory filled Caesar 'with incredible delight' because he brought a very serious war to an end quickly, won an easy victory and resolved a very difficult situation.
629:), annihilated his army and drove him out of Pontus. Suetonius wrote that Caesar proceeded via Syria and defeated Pharnaces “in a single battle within five days after his arrival and four hours after getting sight of him.” Frontinus wrote that Caesar drew up his battle line on a hill. This made victory easy as his men could throw darts at the enemy and put them to flight quickly. Appian wrote that when Caesar was within 200 stades (c. 3 km, 1.9 miles), Pharnaces sent envoys to negotiate peace. They brought a golden crown and offered him Pharnaces’ daughter in marriage. Caesar walked in front of his army and talked to the envoys until he reached the camp of Pharnaces. He then said, "Why should I not take instant vengeance on this parricide?" He jumped on his horse and started the battle, killing many of the enemy, even though he had only 100 cavalry.
588:
this money to be indispensable for the military expenses and felt that it would be shameful if the kingdoms of the Roman allies and friends were to be seized by
Pharnaces. Thus, he sent envoys to Pharnaces to ask him to withdraw from Armenia and Cappadocia, believing that this would have greater impact than advancing on him with an army. He had sent two legions to Caesar for his war in Alexandria. He had at his disposal only one Roman legion, the 36th, and two legions provided by Deiotarus which were equipped and trained the Roman way. He had 1000 cavalry and received the same number of cavalry from Ariobarzanes II. A lieutenant was sent to Cilicia to gather auxiliary troops. A legion was also raised hastily and in an improvised manner in Pontus. These forces assembled at
149:
428:. Mithridates sent some soldiers ahead to confront him, but these were also won over. Panticapaeum surrendered to Pharnaces and he had his father put to death. Mithridates took some poison, but this did not kill him as he was used to take large doses of poison as an antidote. He was weakened and did not manage to take his life. He died fighting some men who had reached him. Pharnaces had his body embalmed and sent it to Pompey as proof that he had killed him. He also offered him his surrender. Pompey granted Pharnaces the kingdom of Bosporus and ‘enrolled him as a friend and ally’ of Rome.
600:
asking
Domitius to send him reinforcements and to advance closer to Alexandria via Syria. Pharnaces thought that Domitius was about to withdraw. He dug two trenches on the path which would be easier to do battle. He placed his infantry between the trenches and the cavalry, which far outnumbered the Roman cavalry, on the flanks, outside the trenches. Domitius thought that it would not be safe to withdraw. He lined up for battle near his camp, posting the legions of Deioratus in the centre, the 36th on the right and the one from Pontus in a narrow line supported by the remaining
633:
Caesar crushed
Pharnaces “like a thunderbolt which in one and the same moment has come, has struck and has departed. Caesar's boast was no vain one when he said that the enemy was defeated before he was seen.” Appian wrote that Caesar “exclaimed, "O fortunate Pompey, who was considered and named the Great for warring against such men as these in the time of Mithridates, the father of this man." Suetonius wrote that after this victory Caesar often remarked “on Pompey's good luck in gaining his principal fame as a general by victories over such feeble foemen.”
608:
legions of
Deiotarus hardly offered any resistance. Pharnaces, having won in the centre and the right turned on the 36th and surrounded it. This legion formed a circle and, while fighting, it withdrew to a hill, losing only 250 men. Domitius retreated to Asia via Cappadocia. Pharnaces occupied Pontus, took many towns by storm, plundered the property of Roman and Pontic citizens and meted out harsh punishments on the youth. He boasted that he had recovered the kingdom of his father and thought that Caesar would be defeated in Alexandria.
621:
cooperated with Pompey. He hoped for a truce and that Caesar would proceed to deal with urgent matters in Italy and Africa, after which he could resume his war. Caesar suspected this and treated two embassies well, so that
Pharnaces would hope for peace and he could attack him by surprise. However, he reproached Pharnaces when a third embassy arrived. On the same day he engaged in battle. There was confusion caused by the cavalry and scythe-bearing chariots of the enemy, but then Caesar won.
43:
657:. Caesar encamped five miles away. He ordered his men to collect material for a rampant. The following night he left his camp with all his troops and occupied a spot nearer the enemy camp which was the place where Pharnaces’ father defeated a Roman army. This caught the enemy by surprise. Caesar got slaves to bring the material for the rampart, which the soldiers begun to build.
649:
would accept his gifts (Pharnaces had sent him a golden crown) only after he had done what he was asked. Pharnaces promised to comply and, hoping that Caesar would trust him as he had to return to Rome in a hurry, he asked for a later date for his withdrawal and proposed agreements as a delaying tactic. Caesar understood this and decided to act swiftly and catch him by surprise.
678:. In response, Asander attacked and defeated Pharnaces. He was defeated because he was short of horses and his men were not used to fighting on foot. Pharnaces was killed in this battle. Strabo wrote that Asander then took possession of the Bosporus. In response, Julius Caesar gave a tetrarchy in Galatia and the title of king to Mithridates of Pergamon. This Mithridates became
645:, close to the border with Pontus, he ordered Deiotarus to provide a Galatian legion. This was a modest and inexperienced force. Besides this legion Caesar had the veteran 6th legion he had brought from Alexandria, which had lost many men in previous combats and was reduced to 1,000 men, and two legions which had fought with Domitius.
652:
Pharnaces was encamped near Zela, in Pontus, which was in a plain. Around the town there many hills and valleys. A very high hill, three miles from the town, was linked to it by paths on higher ground. Pharnaces had repaired the rampart of the camp his father had built when he posted his forces there
636:
Caesar then sailed to Syria. There he received news of political trouble in Rome. His presence in Rome was urgent. Caesar wanted to quickly sort out affairs in Syria, Cilicia and Asia and deal with
Pharnaces first. He visited the more important states in Syria to settle local disputes. He then sailed
624:
According to
Plutarch, Caesar learned about the defeat of Domitius by Pharnaces and that Pharnaces was taking advantage of this to occupy Bithynia and Cappadocia and hoped to gain Lesser Armenia by instigating revolts by the local princes and tetrarchs when he left Egypt and was crossing Asia. Caesar
416:
wrote that
Pharnaces conspired against his father. The conspirators were captured and tortured. However, Mithridates was persuaded to spare Pharnaces. The latter feared his father's anger and knew that Mithridates’ soldiers were not keen on the expedition. He went to Roman deserters who were encamped
660:
Pharnaces lined up all his forces in front of Caesar's camp, on the opposite side of the valley. In order not to delay the construction work, Caesar drew up only his first line in front of it. Pharnaces began to march down the steep ravine which was unsuitable for military action. He then placed his
669:
After his defeat, Pharnaces fled to Sinope with 1,000 cavalry. Caesar, who was too busy to follow him, sent Domitius after him. Pharnaces surrendered Sinope. Domitius agreed to let him leave with his cavalrymen, but killed his horses. Pharnaces sailed to the Cimmerian Bosporus, intending to recover
595:
Pharnaces sent a reply in which he said that he had withdrawn from Cappadocia but had recovered Lesser Armenia which was his inheritance from his father and that, regarding this, he would wait for Caesar's reply and comply with what he decided. Domitius thought that he had withdrawn from Cappadocia
648:
Caesar received envoys from Pharnaces who asked him not to start hostilities and said that Pharnaces would obey his instructions. Caesar replied that he would be fair if Pharnaces kept his promise and ordered him to withdraw from Pontus and make restitutions to Rome's allies and Roman citizens. He
587:
The Alexandrine War gives more details about the interactions between Domitius and Pharnaces. King Deiotarus went to see to Calvinus to beg him not to allow Lesser Armenia or Cappadocia, to be overrun by Pharnaces, otherwise he could not pay the money he had promised to Caesar. Domitius considered
571:
wrote that Pharnaces defeated Domitius, who withdrew from Pontus. He then occupied Bithynia and Cappadocia. After that he set his eyes on Lesser Armenia. He incited the princes and tetrarchs of that territory to revolt. In his book on the Civil Wars, Appian only mentioned that Pharnaces seized the
423:
also gave an account of the rebellion of Pharnaces. He wrote that as Mithridates' position became weaker, some of his associates became disaffected and some of the soldiers mutinied. Mithridates suppressed this before it caused troubles and punished some people, including some of his sons, just of
632:
Plutarch and Appian wrote that Caesar wrote the word ‘veni, vidi vici’. These are usually translated as ‘I came, I saw, I conquered.’ Plutarch said that Caesar wrote these words to announce “the swiftness and fierceness of this battle to one of his friends at Rome, Amantius” Florus remarked that
607:
In the battle the 36th attacked the enemy cavalry successfully and advanced close to the city walls, crossed the trench and attacked the enemy rear. The Pontic legion tried to go cross the trench to attack the enemy's exposed flank. However, while crossing, it was pinned down and overwhelmed. The
580:
in Pontus and wanted to also take Amisus (further east in Pontus) and that it was for this reason that he made war on Domitius. However, the rebellion of Asander drew him away from Roman Asia. Florus only mentioned Cappadocia and wrote that Pharnaces relied on Roman internal feuds rather that his
599:
Domitius set off for Nicopolis and encamped by the town. Pharnaces lined up for battle, but Domitius did not take this up and completed the fortification of his camp. Pharnaces intercepted dispatches from Caesar to Domitius and learnt that the latter was still in difficulty in Alexandria and was
620:
of Egypt, Caesar rushed to Armenia. Pharnaces, who was heading north to deal with the rebellion of Asander, turned back to meet Caesar. He was worried about the speed with which he was advancing. He sent envoys to Caesar to see if he could make terms with him, reminding him that he had never
718:
tribes, and, probably through this alliance, Pharnaces (possibly sometime after 77 BC) married an unnamed Sarmatian noblewoman. She may have been a princess, a relative of a ruling Sarmatian monarch or an influential aristocrat of some stature. His Sarmatian wife bore Pharnaces a son,
446:
and the towns neighboring the Bosporus. Short of food, the Phanagoreans had to come out and fight. They were defeated. Pharnaces did not harm them. He made friends with them, took hostages, and left. According to Appian, this was not long before he made his attacks in Anatolia.
424:
the basis of suspicions. Pharnaces was afraid of his father and plotted against him. He also hoped to receive his kingdom from the Romans if he defected. Mithridates sent some guards to arrest him, but he won them over. He then marched against his father who was in
1166:
Gabelko. O.L., The Dynastic History of the Hellenistic Monarchies of Asia Minor According to Chronography of George Synkellos in Højte, J.M, (ed.), Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom, Black Sea Studies, Vol. 9, Aarhus University Press;
381:
Pharnaces II was raised as his father's successor and treated with distinction. However, little is known of his youth from ancient writers and find him first mentioned after Mithridates VI was defeated by the Roman general
697:
semi-draped, seated on a lion-footed throne, holding a laurel branch over a tripod. Apollo's left elbow is resting on a cithara at his side. On top and between Apollo is inscribed his royal title in Greek:
731:. The names that Pharnaces II gave his children are a representation of his Persian and Greek heritage and ancestry. His sons were made Pontic kings for a time after his death, by Roman triumvir
545:, a city in Lesser Armenia. Pharnaces sent envoys to negotiate an armistice. Domitius rejected this, attacked, was defeated and withdrew back to Asia. Pharnaces then conquered the rest of
757:. Based on the number of revivals of it that were staged, it must be counted as one of Vivaldi's most successful operas. A few later composers also set Lucchini's libretto, among them
735:. His daughter and her family succeeded him as ruling monarchs of the Bosporan Kingdom. Pharnaces II through his daughter would have further descendants ruling the Bosporan Kingdom.
406:, according to the latter. Appian also wrote about a planned invasion of Italy, but did not mention any routes. The scale of the expedition put many of his soldiers off. Castor of
1328:
584:
Cicero wrote that Deiotarus also supported Domitius financially and sent him money to Ephesus. He sent him money a third time by auctioning some of his property to raise it.
1052:
693:
Gold and silver coins have survived from his reign dating from 55 BC to 50 BC. An example displays a portrait of Pharnaces II on the obverse. On the reverse, it displays
1395:
410:
and his city rebelled. Many of the castles he had occupied on the eastern shores of the Black sea also rebelled. This was followed by a rebellion by Pharnaces.
64:
57:
1153:
Julius Caesar, The Civil War: Together with the Alexandrian War, the African War, and the Spanish War, Penguin Classics, new impression edition, 1976;
2698:
576:
in Pontus, sold its inhabitants into slavery and made the boys eunuchs. However, in his book on the Mithridatic Wars, he wrote that Pharnaces seized
350:
308:
1175:
1488:
1410:
682:. Caesar also allowed him to wage war against Asander and conquer the Cimmerian Bosporus because he had shown cruelty to his friend Pharnaces.
2955:
1461:
938:
841:
1762:
3219:
1509:
974:
This book was attached to Julius Caesar's Commentaries of the Civil War, but was not written by him. It was probably written by Histius
3214:
1246:
1077:
107:
3204:
1335:
79:
1056:
3224:
3194:
1344:
1295:
200:
3189:
637:
to Cilicia and summoned all the states of the province and settled local affairs. In Cappadocia he prevented disputes between
159:
of Pharnaces as Obv: head of Pharnakes diademed. Rev: Appolo seated behind tripus, legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΦΑΡΝΑΚΟΥ.
86:
3209:
1009:
1156:
Mayor, A., The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome's deadliest enemy, Princeton University Press, 2009
1020:
93:
1172:
1148:
1138:
1128:
983:
148:
126:
906:
386:
during the Third Mithridatic War. Cassius Dio and Florus wrote that Mithridates planned to attack Italy by crossing
1755:
75:
952:
922:
1669:
830:
3199:
2879:
2771:
1729:
1684:
1679:
1548:
534:
2960:
1466:
521:
and had been assigned to the Bithynia district of that province. Caesar, who still had trouble in Egypt, sent
3020:
3006:
2874:
2859:
2014:
1714:
1699:
1664:
1639:
1575:
1305:
890:
819:
685:
Pharnaces II was fifty years old at his death and had been the king of the Cimmerian Bosporus fifteen years.
679:
638:
228:
3164:
2869:
2854:
2829:
2806:
2786:
1654:
1644:
17:
1040:
3068:
3053:
2864:
2849:
2834:
2819:
2776:
2748:
1959:
1748:
1724:
1719:
1694:
1629:
2884:
2839:
2814:
2791:
2761:
2582:
1704:
1689:
373:. The eastern part of Pontus remained under the rule of Pharnaces as a client kingdom until his death.
365:(73–63 BC) and died in 63 BC, the Romans annexed the western part of Pontus, merged it with the former
2796:
2781:
2684:
2641:
2467:
2220:
1864:
1674:
641:
and his brother Ariarathes by giving the latter part of Lesser Armenia as a vassal of the former. In
100:
3111:
3043:
3029:
3024:
3015:
3001:
2987:
2977:
2844:
2766:
2694:
2679:
2646:
2636:
2512:
2225:
1709:
1649:
1609:
1591:
1580:
1569:
1564:
1553:
1537:
1527:
1483:
1288:
1261:
1133:
Appian, The Foreign Wars, The Mithridatic Wars, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014;
724:
522:
346:
268:
218:
1190:
Coşkun, Altay (2019). "The Course of Pharnakes II's Pontic and Bosporan Campaigns in 48/47 B.C.".
3091:
3058:
3011:
2997:
2889:
2756:
2703:
2669:
2661:
2610:
2605:
2291:
2115:
1994:
1928:
1836:
1803:
1659:
1634:
1601:
1321:
1268:
770:
671:
562:
165:
53:
31:
762:
3229:
3126:
2824:
2708:
2674:
2631:
2600:
2472:
2397:
2334:
2311:
2230:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2185:
2125:
2120:
2105:
1974:
1879:
1869:
1831:
963:
747:
crafted a libretto based on incidents from the life of Pharnaces II that was originally set by
744:
626:
601:
432:
298:
3184:
3152:
3147:
3131:
3101:
2967:
2733:
2689:
2626:
2422:
2412:
2359:
2354:
2210:
2190:
2180:
2175:
2160:
2150:
2110:
1989:
1984:
1964:
1954:
1938:
1933:
1798:
1473:
1356:
654:
558:
538:
530:
456:
362:
358:
3137:
3116:
2919:
2738:
2590:
2165:
2145:
2062:
2052:
2019:
1969:
1874:
1846:
1826:
1788:
1615:
1425:
1244:
1221:
1081:
625:
advanced against him with three legions. He defeated Pharnaces in the Battle of Zela (see
8:
3086:
3038:
3033:
2924:
2728:
2621:
2615:
2477:
2195:
2130:
2072:
1999:
1979:
1943:
1889:
1884:
1793:
1586:
1519:
1430:
553:
in Pontus, plundered it and killed all its men of military age. He next advanced towards
542:
514:
370:
366:
288:
183:
758:
3106:
2537:
2389:
2100:
2090:
2057:
1894:
1813:
1771:
1225:
1217:
399:
1143:
Cassius Dio, Roman History, vol. 4, Books 41-45 (Loeb Classical Library), Loeb, 1989;
3142:
3121:
3076:
2723:
2651:
2497:
2135:
2095:
1910:
1856:
1841:
1377:
1229:
1168:
1144:
1134:
1124:
728:
518:
476:
354:
334:
273:
255:
2899:
2718:
2369:
2253:
2155:
1948:
1923:
1348:
1313:
1278:
1207:
1199:
1053:"Ira and Larry Goldberg World and Ancient Coin Auction : Coin Collecting News"
782:
720:
431:
In contrast with Appian and Cassius Dio, Festus wrote that "Pompey imposed a king,
330:
263:
193:
870:
2595:
2552:
2487:
2447:
2263:
2140:
2082:
2047:
2039:
1918:
1250:
748:
546:
1203:
2972:
2542:
2482:
2170:
1780:
1559:
1543:
1478:
674:. He collected a force of Scythians and Sarmatians, and captured Theodosia and
589:
565:, whom he had left in charge back home in the Cimmerian Bosporus had revolted.
506:
450:
320:
3178:
2940:
2929:
2427:
2417:
2374:
2339:
2067:
1440:
1435:
577:
460:
1179:
Smith, W (ed.) Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: Pharnaces II, 1870
616:
Cassius Dio wrote that after escaping the siege of Alexandria and defeating
30:"Pharnaces II" redirects here. For the satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, see
2982:
2945:
2909:
2562:
2547:
2462:
2402:
2364:
2344:
2329:
2004:
1493:
1445:
1415:
1103:
The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome’s deadliest enemy
808:
The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome’s deadliest enemy
787:
675:
617:
526:
464:
425:
2522:
2517:
2457:
2442:
2379:
2324:
2301:
2296:
2271:
2009:
1385:
732:
490:
420:
3081:
3048:
2914:
2572:
2432:
2319:
2286:
2248:
2240:
1624:
1420:
1364:
1212:
715:
510:
480:
443:
407:
2950:
2934:
2567:
2557:
2532:
2502:
2407:
2349:
2281:
2276:
2029:
2024:
1899:
1821:
1740:
1455:
1450:
1405:
1390:
766:
714:
In the early 1st century BC Mithridates VI made an alliance with the
498:
42:
2527:
2452:
2437:
1400:
568:
554:
484:
338:
3096:
2492:
753:
642:
502:
494:
436:
387:
283:
2507:
694:
573:
550:
541:, to his forces. He advanced towards Pharnaces, who had seized
472:
468:
413:
403:
395:
391:
383:
342:
155:
483:
of Egypt. Pharnaces took advantage of this to invade part of
324:
1123:
Appian, The Civil Wars, Penguin Classics, new edition, 1996;
451:
Invasions in Anatolia and defeat of Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus
357:
and was the namesake of his late double great grandfather
1078:"Livius.org, Articles on Ancient History: Sarmatians"
361:. After his father was defeated by the Romans in the
1343:
1243:
Livius.org, Articles on Ancient History: Sarmatians
709:
345:ancestry. He was the youngest child born to King
3176:
611:
376:
1756:
1329:
533:. Domitius added the forces of Deiotarus and
1005:
1003:
497:easily. He took advantage of the absence of
934:
932:
930:
918:
916:
914:
902:
900:
898:
852:Appian, The Mithridatic War, 110-11, 113-14
513:, and some cities in the Roman province of
1763:
1749:
1336:
1322:
1010:Suetonius, The Life of Julius Caesar, 35.2
953:Florus, The Epitome of Roman History, 2.61
1211:
1031:Julius Caesar, The Alexandrine War, 65-77
1000:
948:
946:
831:Florus, Epitome of Roman History, 1.40.16
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
993:
991:
927:
911:
895:
738:
14:
3177:
1770:
1189:
943:
765:of 1767. Pharnaces II also appears in
394:, according to the former, or through
329:; about 97–47 BC) was the king of the
63:Please improve this article by adding
2695:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
1744:
1317:
988:
561:, but stopped because he learnt that
442:Appian wrote that Pharnaces besieged
337:until his death. He was a monarch of
3163:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
939:Appian, The Mithridaric Wars, 120-21
891:Cassius Dio, Roman History, 42.45-46
871:Festus, summary of Roman history, 16
842:Appian, The Mithridatic War, 108-109
704:of King of Kings Pharnaces the Great
517:which had formerly been part of the
36:
861:Casius Dio, Roman History, 37.12-14
509:, to seize Lesser Armenia, part of
24:
3220:Children of Mithridates VI Eupator
1183:
984:Caesar, The Alexandrian War, 34-41
700:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΦΑΡΝΑΚΟΥ
309:Laodice (sister of Mithridates VI)
25:
3241:
1237:
997:Cassius Dio, Roman History, 42.47
881:Appian, The Mithridatic Wars, 120
369:and formed the Roman province of
3215:Monarchs of the Bosporan Kingdom
907:Plutarch, The life of Caesar, 50
820:Casius Dio, Roman History, 37.11
353:. He was born and raised in the
349:from his first wife, his sister
147:
41:
3205:Iranian people of Greek descent
1095:
1070:
1045:
1034:
1025:
1014:
977:
968:
964:Cicero, For King Deiotarius, 14
957:
3225:People of the Mithridatic Wars
3195:1st-century BC kings of Pontus
884:
875:
864:
855:
846:
835:
824:
813:
800:
710:Marriage, issue and succession
27:Bosporan king from 63 to 47 BC
13:
1:
3190:1st-century BC Iranian people
3167:in most of their territories.
1965:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
793:
680:Mithridates I of the Bosporus
639:Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia
612:Defeat by Gaius Julius Caesar
65:secondary or tertiary sources
923:Appian, The Civil Wars, 2.91
743:The 18th-century librettist
493:wrote that Pharnaces seized
471:. Caesar defeated Pompey in
377:Rebellion against his father
7:
3210:Mithridatic kings of Pontus
1960:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
1222:10.7834/phoenix.73.1-2.0086
1204:10.7834/phoenix.73.1-2.0086
776:
10:
3246:
1112:
1021:Frontinus, Stratagems, 2.3
688:
557:and the Roman province of
459:) broke out between Gaius
435:, on the Bosphorians and
325:
29:
3161:
3067:
2898:
2805:
2747:
2660:
2581:
2388:
2310:
2262:
2239:
2081:
2038:
1909:
1865:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
1855:
1812:
1779:
1600:
1518:
1502:
1376:
1355:
1302:
1293:
1285:
1275:
1266:
1258:
467:whose forces were led by
304:
294:
282:
254:
246:
238:
234:
224:
214:
206:
199:
189:
179:
171:
164:
146:
141:
2226:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
2025:Cleopatra VII Philopator
751:in 1727 under the title
664:
549:. He seized the city of
523:Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus
347:Mithridates VI of Pontus
269:Dynamis (Bosporan queen)
76:"Pharnaces II of Pontus"
3023:'s attempted rule with
2704:Mithridates V Euergetes
2116:Antiochus III the Great
1929:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
1870:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
1794:Alexander III the Great
1602:Tiberian-Julian dynasty
771:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
455:In 49 BC, a civil war (
32:Pharnaces II of Phrygia
2807:Monarchs of Cappadocia
2709:Mithridates VI Eupator
2231:Philip II Philoromaeus
2216:Antiochus XII Dionysus
2206:Demetrius III Eucaerus
2201:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
2186:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
2126:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2121:Seleucus IV Philopator
2106:Seleucus II Callinicus
2005:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
1880:Demetrius II Aetolicus
1041:Strabo. Geography, 4.3
745:Antonio Maria Lucchini
627:Battle of Zela (47 BC)
531:Roman province of Asia
525:to take charge of the
317:Pharnaces II of Pontus
299:Mithradates VI Eupator
52:relies excessively on
3200:1st-century BC rebels
2749:Monarchs of Commagene
2670:Mithridates I Ctistes
2211:Philip I Philadelphus
2191:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
2181:Antiochus VIII Grypus
2176:Seleucus V Philometor
2161:Antiochus VII Sidetes
2151:Antiochus VI Dionysus
2111:Seleucus III Ceraunus
2010:Berenice IV Epiphanea
1955:Ptolemy VI Philometor
1939:Ptolemy IV Philopator
1934:Ptolemy III Euergetes
1799:Philip III Arrhidaeus
1357:Archaeanactid dynasty
739:Pharnaces II in opera
655:Third Mithridatic War
581:valour to invade it.
363:Third Mithridatic War
359:Pharnaces I of Pontus
2583:Monarchs of Bithynia
2166:Alexander II Zabinas
2146:Demetrius II Nicator
2063:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
2030:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
1995:Ptolemy XI Alexander
1970:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
1875:Antigonus II Gonatas
1296:King of the Bosporus
479:and was besieged in
201:King of the Bosporus
3165:Hellenistic satraps
2196:Antiochus X Eusebes
2131:Antiochus V Eupator
2073:Cleopatra Selene II
2000:Ptolemy XII Auletes
1985:Ptolemy X Alexander
1980:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
1944:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
1885:Antigonus III Doson
1520:Mithridatic dynasty
515:Bithynia and Pontus
371:Bithynia and Pontus
367:Kingdom of Bithynia
3069:Monarchs of Epirus
2902:Cimmerian Bosporus
2662:Monarchs of Pontus
2221:Cleopatra Selene I
2101:Antiochus II Theos
2091:Seleucus I Nicator
2058:Demetrius the Fair
2040:Monarchs of Cyrene
1249:2014-05-07 at the
475:in 47 BC, went to
457:Caesar's Civil War
3172:
3171:
2652:Socrates Chrestus
2141:Alexander I Balas
2136:Demetrius I Soter
2096:Antiochus I Soter
1842:Antipater Etesias
1738:
1737:
1378:Spartocid dynasty
1312:
1311:
1303:Succeeded by
1276:Succeeded by
1161:Secondary sources
519:Kingdom of Pontus
355:Kingdom of Pontus
335:Kingdom of Pontus
314:
313:
274:Arsaces of Pontus
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3237:
2964:
2880:Ariobarzanes III
2254:Ptolemy Epigonos
2156:Diodotus Tryphon
1949:Cleopatra I Syra
1924:Ptolemy Keraunos
1765:
1758:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1470:
1349:Bosporan Kingdom
1338:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1286:Preceded by
1279:Darius of Pontus
1259:Preceded by
1256:
1255:
1233:
1215:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1080:. Archived from
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1055:. Archived from
1049:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1007:
998:
995:
986:
981:
975:
972:
966:
961:
955:
950:
941:
936:
925:
920:
909:
904:
893:
888:
882:
879:
873:
868:
862:
859:
853:
850:
844:
839:
833:
828:
822:
817:
811:
804:
783:Bosporan Kingdom
759:Josef Mysliveček
535:Ariobarzanes III
402:and the rest of
331:Bosporan Kingdom
328:
327:
264:Darius of Pontus
194:Darius of Pontus
151:
139:
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3157:
3063:
3054:Mithridates III
2958:
2901:
2900:Monarchs of the
2894:
2875:Ariobarzanes II
2860:Ariarathes VIII
2801:
2787:Mithridates III
2743:
2685:Mithridates III
2656:
2577:
2384:
2312:Greco-Bactrians
2306:
2258:
2235:
2077:
2034:
1919:Ptolemy I Soter
1905:
1851:
1808:
1775:
1769:
1739:
1734:
1670:Rhescuporis III
1630:Mithridates III
1596:
1514:
1498:
1464:
1372:
1351:
1342:
1308:
1299:
1291:
1281:
1272:
1264:
1251:Wayback Machine
1240:
1198:(1/2): 86–113.
1186:
1184:Further reading
1118:Primary sources
1115:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1001:
996:
989:
982:
978:
973:
969:
962:
958:
951:
944:
937:
928:
921:
912:
905:
896:
889:
885:
880:
876:
869:
865:
860:
856:
851:
847:
840:
836:
829:
825:
818:
814:
805:
801:
796:
779:
749:Antonio Vivaldi
741:
712:
691:
667:
614:
453:
379:
278:
160:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
62:
58:primary sources
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3243:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:Neoptolemus II
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3007:Mithridates II
3004:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2973:Paerisades III
2970:
2965:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:Ariobarzanes I
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Ariarathes VII
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Ariarathes III
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:Mithridates II
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:Mithridates II
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Apollodotus II
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2171:Cleopatra Thea
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1730:Rhescuporis VI
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:Rhescuporis IV
1682:
1680:Sauromates III
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1640:Rhescuporis II
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1578:
1567:
1562:
1551:
1549:Mithridates II
1546:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1479:Paerisades III
1476:
1471:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1306:Mithridates II
1304:
1301:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1269:King of Pontus
1265:
1262:Mithridates VI
1260:
1254:
1253:
1239:
1238:External links
1236:
1235:
1234:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1173:978-8779344433
1163:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1149:978-0674990739
1141:
1139:978-1503114289
1131:
1129:978-0140445091
1120:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1094:
1069:
1044:
1033:
1024:
1013:
999:
987:
976:
967:
956:
942:
926:
910:
894:
883:
874:
863:
854:
845:
834:
823:
812:
798:
797:
795:
792:
791:
790:
785:
778:
775:
740:
737:
723:, a daughter,
711:
708:
702:, which means
690:
687:
666:
663:
613:
610:
537:, the king of
507:Lesser Armenia
501:, the king of
452:
449:
390:and the River
378:
375:
312:
311:
306:
302:
301:
296:
292:
291:
286:
280:
279:
277:
276:
271:
266:
260:
258:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
231:
229:Mithridates II
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
184:Mithridates VI
181:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
166:King of Pontus
162:
161:
152:
144:
143:
135:
134:
117:September 2021
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3242:
3231:
3230:Rebel princes
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:Neoptolemus I
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Mithridates I
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Paerisades IV
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Paerisades II
2939:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Spartokos III
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Ariarathes IX
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:Ariarathes VI
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Ariarathes IV
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Ariarathes II
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Antiochus III
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Mithridates I
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Nicomedes III
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Demetrius III
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Antimachus II
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:Apollodotus I
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Eucratides II
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Euthydemus II
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Ptolemy Apion
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:Cleopatra III
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:Sauromates IV
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:Rhescuporis V
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Sauromates II
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:Rhescuporis I
1620:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Mithridates I
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:Scythian rule
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:Paerisades IV
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:Paerisades II
1439:
1437:
1436:Spartocus III
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1369:Unknown kings
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1289:Mithridates I
1284:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1098:
1084:on 2014-05-07
1083:
1079:
1073:
1059:on 2011-07-19
1058:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1004:
994:
992:
985:
980:
971:
965:
960:
954:
949:
947:
940:
935:
933:
931:
924:
919:
917:
915:
908:
903:
901:
899:
892:
887:
878:
872:
867:
858:
849:
843:
838:
832:
827:
821:
816:
809:
803:
799:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:
750:
746:
736:
734:
730:
727:, and a son,
726:
722:
717:
707:
705:
701:
696:
686:
683:
681:
677:
673:
662:
658:
656:
650:
646:
644:
640:
634:
630:
628:
622:
619:
609:
605:
603:
597:
593:
591:
585:
582:
579:
575:
570:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:Roman legions
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:Julius Caesar
458:
448:
445:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
422:
418:
415:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:Queen Laodice
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
322:
318:
310:
307:
303:
300:
297:
293:
290:
287:
285:
281:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:
227:
223:
220:
219:Mithridates I
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
158:
157:
150:
145:
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
60:
59:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3185:47 BC deaths
3127:Alexander II
2992:
2983:Paerisades V
2946:Spartokos IV
2910:Paerisades I
2885:Ariarathes X
2840:Ariarathes V
2815:Ariarathes I
2797:Antiochus IV
2782:Antiochus II
2714:Pharnaces II
2713:
2675:Ariobarzanes
2647:Nicomedes IV
2637:Nicomedes II
2563:Apollophanes
2548:Hippostratos
2463:Heliokles II
2423:Demetrius II
2403:Antimachus I
2365:Eucratides I
2360:Demetrius II
2345:Antimachus I
2330:Euthydemus I
2015:Ptolemy XIII
1990:Berenice III
1837:Antipater II
1804:Alexander IV
1655:Rhoemetalces
1645:Sauromates I
1583:
1572:
1556:
1540:
1532:
1494:Paerisades V
1489:Spartocus VI
1446:Spartocus IV
1416:Paerisades I
1411:Spartocus II
1294:
1267:
1195:
1191:
1102:
1097:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:the original
1072:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:the original
1047:
1036:
1027:
1016:
979:
970:
959:
886:
877:
866:
857:
848:
837:
826:
815:
807:
802:
788:Roman Crimea
752:
742:
713:
703:
699:
692:
684:
676:Panticapaeum
668:
659:
651:
647:
635:
631:
623:
618:Ptolemy XIII
615:
606:
598:
594:
586:
583:
567:
489:
465:Roman senate
454:
441:
430:
426:Panticapaeum
419:
412:
380:
316:
315:
154:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
51:
18:Pharnaces II
3148:Pyrrhus III
3132:Olympias II
3102:Alexander I
2959: [
2956:Spartokos V
2825:Ariamnes II
2772:Antiochus I
2734:Pythodorida
2690:Pharnaces I
2611:Zipoetes II
2606:Nicomedes I
2523:Artemidoros
2518:Menander II
2458:Antialcidas
2443:Agathokleia
2398:Demetrius I
2390:Indo-Greeks
2380:Heliocles I
2335:Demetrius I
2325:Diodotus II
2302:Eumenes III
2297:Attalus III
2272:Philetaerus
2241:Lysimachids
2053:Berenice II
2020:Ptolemy XIV
1902:(pretender)
1832:Alexander V
1814:Antipatrids
1772:Hellenistic
1725:Rhadamsades
1720:Theothorses
1695:Ininthimeus
1465: [
1462:Spartokos V
1386:Spartocus I
1213:10012/18088
733:Mark Antony
653:during the
592:on Pontus.
491:Cassius Dio
433:Aristarchus
421:Cassius Dio
289:Mithridatic
215:Predecessor
180:Predecessor
142:Farnaces II
3179:Categories
3138:Pyrrhus II
3117:Alcetas II
3082:Tharrhypas
3049:Gepaepyris
3021:Scribonius
2915:Satyros II
2845:Orophernes
2757:Ptolemaeus
2739:Polemon II
2632:Prusias II
2601:Zipoetes I
2573:Strato III
2498:Theophilos
2478:Philoxenus
2433:Menander I
2413:Agathocles
2355:Agathocles
2320:Diodotus I
2292:Attalus II
2287:Eumenes II
2249:Lysimachus
1857:Antigonids
1705:Pharsanzes
1690:Chedosbius
1625:Gepaepyris
1616:Polemon II
1576:Scribonius
1421:Satyrus II
1365:Archaeanax
1088:2020-03-26
1063:2010-12-31
794:References
539:Cappadocia
511:Cappadocia
481:Alexandria
444:Phanagoria
408:Phanagoria
87:newspapers
54:references
3122:Pyrrhus I
3087:Alcetas I
2993:Pharnaces
2968:Kamasarye
2951:Leukon II
2935:Hygiainon
2890:Archelaus
2729:Polemon I
2627:Prusias I
2568:Strato II
2558:Zoilos II
2553:Dionysios
2533:Archebius
2503:Peukolaos
2468:Polyxenos
2408:Pantaleon
2350:Pantaleon
2282:Attalus I
2277:Eumenes I
2083:Seleucids
1911:Ptolemies
1900:Philip VI
1847:Sosthenes
1827:Philip IV
1822:Cassander
1789:Philip II
1675:Cotys III
1587:Polemon I
1533:Pharnaces
1474:Camasarye
1456:Hygiaenon
1451:Leucon II
1406:Gorgippus
1391:Satyrus I
1300:63–47 BC
1273:63–47 BC
1230:239411551
767:Mitridate
716:Sarmatian
543:Nicopolis
499:Deiotarus
437:Colchians
400:Macedonia
225:Successor
190:Successor
3153:Deidamia
3134:(regent)
3107:Aeacides
3044:Aspurgus
2937:(regent)
2920:Prytanis
2762:Sames II
2618:(regent)
2591:Boteiras
2538:Telephos
2528:Hermaeus
2483:Diomedes
2453:Strato I
2438:Zoilos I
2264:Attalids
1951:(regent)
1890:Philip V
1710:Teiranes
1650:Cotys II
1610:Aspurgus
1510:Saumacus
1458:(regent)
1426:Prytanis
1401:Leucon I
1396:Seleucus
1345:Monarchs
1247:Archived
777:See also
670:it from
572:city of
569:Plutarch
555:Bithynia
485:Anatolia
463:and the
326:Φαρνάκης
242:c. 97 BC
210:63–47 BC
175:63–47 BC
3143:Ptolemy
3097:Arybbas
3077:Admetus
3059:Cotys I
3039:Polemon
3034:Polemon
3030:Dynamis
3025:Dynamis
3016:Dynamis
3012:Asander
3002:Dynamis
2998:Asander
2925:Eumelos
2724:Arsaces
2699:Laodice
2622:Ziaelas
2616:Etazeta
2493:Epander
2488:Amyntas
1895:Perseus
1781:Argeads
1660:Eupator
1635:Cotys I
1592:Dynamis
1581:Dynamis
1570:Dynamis
1565:Dynamis
1560:Asander
1554:Dynamis
1544:Asander
1538:Dynamis
1431:Eumelus
1347:of the
1192:Phoenix
1113:Sources
1101:Mayor,
810:p.xviii
806:Mayor,
763:Farnace
761:, with
754:Farnace
729:Arsaces
725:Dynamis
689:Coinage
672:Asander
643:Galatia
602:cohorts
563:Asander
503:Galatia
495:Colchis
388:Scythia
339:Persian
284:Dynasty
101:scholar
2719:Darius
2513:Nicias
2508:Thraso
2448:Lysias
1774:rulers
1228:
1220:
1171:
1147:
1137:
1127:
721:Darius
695:Apollo
590:Comana
578:Sinope
574:Amisus
551:Amisus
547:Pontus
473:Greece
469:Pompey
414:Appian
404:Greece
396:Thrace
392:Danube
384:Pompey
305:Mother
295:Father
156:stater
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3032:with
3014:with
3000:with
2963:]
2697:with
2370:Plato
2048:Magas
1469:]
1226:S2CID
1218:JSTOR
1105:p.362
665:Death
477:Egypt
343:Greek
321:Greek
256:Issue
250:47 BC
207:Reign
172:Reign
153:Gold
108:JSTOR
94:books
1584:with
1573:with
1557:with
1541:with
1169:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1125:ISBN
559:Asia
505:and
341:and
333:and
247:Died
239:Born
80:news
2596:Bas
1208:hdl
1200:doi
769:by
529:in
439:."
56:to
3181::
2961:ru
1467:ru
1224:.
1216:.
1206:.
1196:73
1194:.
1002:^
990:^
945:^
929:^
913:^
897:^
773:.
706:.
604:.
487:.
398:,
323::
67:.
1764:e
1757:t
1750:v
1618:)
1614:(
1337:e
1330:t
1323:v
1232:.
1210::
1202::
1091:.
1066:.
319:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
61:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
