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Gogineni, P.; Griggs, J. A.; Hindmarsh, R. C. A.; Holmlund, P.; Holt, J. W.; Jacobel, R. W.; Jenkins, A.; Jokat, W.; Jordan, T.; King, E. C.; Kohler, J.; Krabill, W.; Riger-Kusk, M.; Langley, K. A.; Leitchenkov, G.; Leuschen, C.; Luyendyk, B. P.; Matsuoka, K.; Mouginot, J.; Nitsche, F. O.; Nogi, Y.; Nost, O. A.; Popov, S. V.; Rignot, E.; Rippin, D. M.; Rivera, A.; Roberts, J.; Ross, N.; Siegert, M. J.; Smith, A. M.; Steinhage, D.; Studinger, M.; Sun, B.; Tinto, B. K.; Welch, B. C.; Wilson, D.; Young, D. A.; Xiangbin, C.; Zirizzotti, A. (28 February 2013).
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4226:(AAP) released a new Strategy and 20-year Action Plan (2022–2036) to modernize its Antarctic program. The global climate system was highlighted as one of the main priorities that will be supported and studied through the AAP Strategy Plan. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the vital role of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in climate and weather to improve current knowledge and inform management responses.
3302:
3287:
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3280:, the Argentine government protested against the claim. The UK passed some of the areas it claimed to Australia and New Zealand after they achieved independence. The claims by Britain, Australia, New Zealand, France, and Norway do not overlap and are recognised by each other. Other member nations of the Antarctic Treaty do not recognise any claim, yet have shown some form of territorial interest in the past.
3883:
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4233:(USAP) released a Midterm Assessment on the 2015 Strategic Vision for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research, stressing the prominent role of the Southern Ocean in the global carbon cycle and sea level rise. The USAP outlines the Changing Antarctic Ice Sheets Initiative as a top priority to enhance understanding of why ice sheets are changing now, and how they will change in the future.
19147:
5418:
Gerrit; Niezgodzki, Igor; Uenzelmann-Neben, Gabriele; Zundel, Maximilian; Spiegel, Cornelia; Mark, Chris; Chew, David; Francis, Jane E.; Nehrke, Gernot; Schwarz, Florian; Smith, James A.; Freudenthal, Tim; Esper, Oliver; Pälike, Heiko; Ronge, Thomas A.; Dziadek, Ricarda (2 April 2020). "Temperate rainforests near the South Pole during peak
Cretaceous warmth".
4192:, some of which reach a depth of 2,450 m (8,040 ft), that are held in 1 km (0.24 cu mi) of ice. Scientists also observed higher radiation dose rates around the coast of Antarctica compared with the global average: this is attributed to cosmic rays going through the thinner atmosphere compared to equatorial latitudes.
4002:. Tourists arrive by small or medium ship at specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. Over 74,000 tourists visited the region during the 2019–2020 season, of which 18,500 travelled on cruise ships but did not leave them to explore on land. The numbers of tourists fell rapidly after the start of the
3062:. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,200 in winter to about 4,800 in the summer, with an additional 136 people in the winter to 266 people in the summer from the 2 civilian bases (as of 2017). Some of the
3988:, and other minerals have been found in Antarctica, but not in large enough quantities to extract. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, which came into effect in 1998 and is due to be reviewed in 2048, restricts the exploitation of Antarctic resources, including minerals.
1906:
and so prevents the outflow of the cold air near the South Pole, which in turn cools the continental mass of the East
Antarctic ice sheet. The peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are then subjected to higher temperatures, which accelerate the melting of the ice. Models
1812:
The West
Antarctic ice sheet is likely to completely melt unless temperatures are reduced by 2 °C (3.6 °F) below 2020 levels. The loss of this ice sheet would take between 2,000 and 13,000 years, although several centuries of high greenhouse emissions could shorten this time to 500 years. A
802:
globally and one of the largest lakes in the world. It was once believed that the lake had been sealed off for millions of years, but scientists now estimate its water is replaced by the slow melting and freezing of ice caps every 13,000 years. During the summer, the ice at the edges of the lakes can
11566:
Długosz-Lisiecka, Magdalena; Krystek, Marcin; Koper, Mariusz; Grala, Tomasz; Leniec-Koper, Hanna; Barasiński, Michał; Talar, Magdalena; Kamiński, Ireneusz; Kibart, Robert; Małecki, Wojciech; Kukliński, Piotr (30 December 2021). "Natural gamma radiation at the sea level around the
Antarctic continent
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Klages, Johann P.; Salzmann, Ulrich; Bickert, Torsten; Hillenbrand, Claus-Dieter; Gohl, Karsten; Kuhn, Gerhard; Bohaty, Steven M.; Titschack, Jürgen; Müller, Juliane; Frederichs, Thomas; Bauersachs, Thorsten; Ehrmann, Werner; van de
Flierdt, Tina; Pereira, Patric Simões; Larter, Robert D.; Lohmann,
1817:
may contribute an additional 1 m (3 ft 3 in) to global sea levels over another 1,000 years. The far-stabler East
Antarctic ice sheet may only cause a sea-level rise of 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) – 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) from the current level of warming, a
649:
officially renamed the continent of New
Holland to Australia, leaving the term "Terra Australis" unavailable as a reference to Antarctica. Over the following decades, geographers used phrases such as "the Antarctic Continent". They searched for a more poetic replacement, suggesting names such as
4195:
Antarctica provides a unique environment for the study of meteorites: the dry polar desert preserves them well, and meteorites older than a million years have been found. They are relatively easy to find, as the dark stone meteorites stand out in a landscape of ice and snow, and the flow of ice
3260:
In the present, sovereignty over regions of
Antarctica is claimed by seven countries. While a few of these countries have mutually recognised each other's claims, the validity of the claims is not recognised universally. New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959, although in 2015,
2137:, are also found in both polar oceans. Factors that may aid in their distribution include temperature differences between the deep ocean at the poles and the equator of no more than 5 °C (9 °F) and the major current systems or marine conveyor belts which are able to transport eggs and
1602:; the continent receives an average equivalent to about 150 mm (6 in) of water per year, mostly in the form of snow. The interior is dryer and receives less than 50 mm (2 in) per year, whereas the coastal regions typically receive more than 200 mm (8 in). In a few
5110:
Fretwell, P.; Pritchard, H. D.; Vaughan, D. G.; Bamber, J. L.; Barrand, N. E.; Bell, R.; Bianchi, C.; Bingham, R. G.; Blankenship, D. D.; Casassa, G.; Catania, G.; Callens, D.; Conway, H.; Cook, A. J.; Corr, H. F. J.; Damaske, D.; Damm, V.; Ferraccioli, F.; Forsberg, R.; Fujita, S.; Gim, Y.;
1826:
may collapse over around 2,000 years, potentially adding up to 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in) to sea levels. The complete melting and disappearance of the East
Antarctic ice sheet would require at least 10,000 years and would only occur if global warming reaches 5 °C (9.0 °F) to
1590:
The lowest natural air temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the
Russian Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may have been influenced by ground
6464:
Paxman, Guy J. G.; Jamieson, Stewart S. R.; Ferraccioli, Fausto; Bentley, Michael J.; Forsberg, Rene; Ross, Neil; Watts, Anthony B.; Corr, Hugh F. J.; Jordan, Tom A. (March 2017). "Uplift and tilting of the Shackleton Range in East Antarctica driven by glacial erosion and normal faulting".
2275:
1586:
Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, and driest of Earth's continents. Near the coast, the temperature can exceed 10 °C in summer and fall to below −40 °C in winter. Over the elevated inland, it can rise to about −30 °C in summer but fall below −80 °C in winter.
7305:
Horton, Benjamin P.; Khan, Nicole S.; Cahill, Niamh; Lee, Janice S. H.; Shaw, Timothy A.; Garner, Andra J.; Kemp, Andrew C.; Engelhart, Simon E.; Rahmstorf, Stefan (8 May 2020). "Estimating global mean sea-level rise and its uncertainties by 2100 and 2300 from an expert survey".
1638:
rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the centre cold and dry, with moderate wind speeds. Heavy snowfalls are common on the coastal portion of Antarctica, where snowfalls of up to 1.22 m (48 in) in 48 hours have been recorded. At the continent's edge, strong
933:
in East Antarctica is the highest Antarctic ice feature, at 4,091 metres (13,422 ft). It is one of the world's coldest and driest places—temperatures there may reach as low as −90 °C (−130 °F), and the annual precipitation is 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in).
4210:
Major scientific organizations in Antarctica have released strategy and action plans focused on advancing national interests and objectives in Antarctica, supporting cutting-edge research to understand the interactions between the Antarctic region and climate systems. The
1774:(SOOC). According to some research, a full collapse of the SOOC may occur a between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) and 3 °C (5.4 °F) of global warming, although the full effects are expected to occur over multiple centuries; these include less precipitation in the
3032:, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of the island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion from Britain.
1907:
suggest that ozone depletion and the enhanced polar vortex effect may also account for the period of increasing sea ice extent, lasting from when observation started in the late 1970s until 2014. Since then, the coverage of Antarctic sea ice has decreased rapidly.
2383:
inside the pockets can reawaken and thrive until the next freeze. Bacteria have also been found as deep as 800 m (0.50 mi) under the ice. It is thought to be likely that there exists a native bacterial community within the subterranean water body of
7169:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.).
2849:
failed to realise that what he referred to as "the various patches of land recently discovered by the American, French and English navigators on the verge of the Antarctic Circle" were connected to form a single continent. The American explorer
6313:
Pour, Amin Beiranvand; Park, Yongcheol; Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Hong, Jong Kuk; Hashim, Mazlan; Woo, Jusun; Ayoobi, Iman (June 2018). "Regional geology mapping using satellite-based remote sensing approach in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica".
4081:
In 2017, there were more than 4,400 scientists undertaking research in Antarctica, a number that fell to just over 1,100 in the winter. There are over 70 permanent and seasonal research stations on the continent; the largest, United States'
3165:
and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries, including the
2713:
were among the earliest to go closer to the Antarctic landmass, perhaps in the earlier part of the 19th century. The oldest known human remains in the Antarctic region was a skull, dated from 1819 to 1825, that belonged to a young woman on
5870:
Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolin, Federico L.; Novas, Novas; Rolando, Alexis M. Aranciaga; et al. (2016). "A new ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica and its palaeobiogeographical implications".
4482:, but it was added back for etymological reasons in English in the 17th century and thereafter began to be pronounced, but (as with other spelling pronunciations) at first only by less educated people. For those who pronounce the first
10795:
4936:
6047:
Eldridge, Mark D B; Beck, Robin M D; Croft, Darin A; Travouillon, Kenny J; Fox, Barry J (23 May 2019). "An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria)".
2938:, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, retired in 1931. Between December 1908 and February 1909: Shackleton and three members of his expedition became the first humans to traverse the
7473:
Lenton, T. M.; Armstrong McKay, D.I.; Loriani, S.; Abrams, J.F.; Lade, S.J.; Donges, J.F.; Milkoreit, M.; Powell, T.; Smith, S.R.; Zimm, C.; Buxton, J.E.; Daube, Bruce C.; Krummel, Paul B.; Loh, Zoë; Luijkx, Ingrid T. (2023).
1894:
has restricted the emissions of ozone-depleting substances. The ozone hole above Antarctica is predicted to slowly disappear; by the 2060s, levels of ozone are expected to have returned to values last recorded in the 1980s.
2254:. Some of the species of fungi, which are apparently endemic to Antarctica, live in bird dung, and have evolved so they can grow inside extremely cold dung, but can also pass through the intestines of warm-blooded animals.
9304:
3178:
to the treaty. Countries can participate in decision-making if they can demonstrate that they do significant research on Antarctica; as of 2022, 29 countries have this 'consultative status'. Decisions are based on
3115:, including the establishment of military bases and fortifications, military manoeuvres, and weapons testing. Military personnel or equipment are permitted only for scientific research or other peaceful purposes.
13480:
1758:
may cause West Antarctica to contribute tens of centimeters more if it is triggered before 2100. With higher warming, instability would be much more likely, and could double global, 21st-century sea-level rise.
8308:
3005:
became the first person to cross Antarctica alone from coast to coast, helped by a kite on parts of the journey. Ousland holds the record for the fastest unsupported journey to the South Pole, taking 34 days.
223:
10205:
7580:
Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; Watts, Phillip C.; Silva, Catarina N. S.; Cooke, Ira R.; Allcock, A. Louise; Mark, Felix C.; Linse, Katrin (21 December 2023).
4270:
in Antarctica. Its aims include improving the understanding and predictions of these processes to aid decision makers in risk assessment, management, and mitigation related to Antarctic climate change.
2661:, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773, and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of
1874:
concentration over Antarctica. The 'ozone hole' covers almost the whole continent and was at its largest in September 2006; the longest-lasting event occurred in 2020. The depletion is caused by the
759:. Antarctica covers more than 14.2 million km (5,500,000 sq mi), almost double the area of Australia, making it the fifth-largest continent, and comparable to the surface area of
347:
by French, American, and British expeditions. The first confirmed landing was by a Norwegian team in 1895. In the early 20th century, there were a few expeditions into the interior of the continent.
7973:
Crotti, Ilaria; Quiquet, Aurélien; Landais, Amaelle; Stenni, Barbara; Wilson, David J.; Severi, Mirko; Mulvaney, Robert; Wilhelms, Frank; Barbante, Carlo; Frezzotti, Massimo (10 September 2022).
1813:
sea-level rise of 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) would occur if the ice sheet collapses, leaving ice caps on the mountains, and 4.3 m (14 ft 1 in) if those ice caps also melt.
5491:
Rolland, Yann; Bernet, Matthias; van der Beek, Peter; Gautheron, Cécile; Duclaux, Guillaume; Bascou, Jérôme; Balvay, Mélanie; Héraudet, Laura; Sue, Christian; Ménot, René-Pierre (January 2019).
4010:
and a tourism quota. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty parties has been to develop guidelines that set landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites.
7748:
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022).
4219:. Environmental sustainability is named as one of the top focus areas by the BAS strategy, highlighting the main challenge and priority to embed environmental sustainability into everything.
10791:
10383:
2814:
of Antarctica, as opposed to the ice of an ice shelf, and 10 months before Palmer did so in November 1820. The first documented landing on Antarctica was by the English-born American sealer
2125:
was released in 2010. The research found that more than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Large animals such as some
13478:
9520:
4924:
4550:
Ross passed through what is now known as the Ross Sea and discovered Ross Island (both of which were named after him) in 1841. He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the
2453:
9204:
13263:
11819:
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than any other ocean, and has seen strong warming at depths below 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Around the West Antarctic, the ocean has warmed by 1 °C (1.8 °F) since 1955.
11099:
2441:
18407:
12733:
12102:
7359:
Silvano, Alessandro; Rintoul, Stephen Rich; Peña-Molino, Beatriz; Hobbs, William Richard; van Wijk, Esmee; Aoki, Shigeru; Tamura, Takeshi; Williams, Guy Darvall (18 April 2018).
1322:
The flora and fauna of Antarctica before the present was similar to the one from Southern America today, as well as Australia and New Zealand, which it spread to over Antarctica.
6564:
2986:. His expeditions conducted extensive geographical and scientific research, and he is credited with surveying a larger region of the continent than any other explorer. In 1937,
4006:. Some nature conservation groups have expressed concern over the potential adverse effects caused by the influx of visitors and have called for limits on the size of visiting
2475:
was adopted in 1988. After a strong campaign from environmental organisations, first Australia and then France decided not to ratify the treaty. Instead, countries adopted the
8133:
10311:
10876:
2479:(the Madrid Protocol), which entered into force in 1998. The Madrid Protocol bans all mining, designating the continent as a "natural reserve devoted to peace and science".
13479:
4258:
The INStabilities & Thresholds in ANTarctica (INSTANT) Scientific Research Programme proposes three research themes, investigating the complex interactions between the
2476:
11639:
8414:
Convey, Peter; Biersma, Elisabeth; Casanova-Katny, Angelica; Maturana, Claudia S. (2020). "Refuges of Antarctic diversity". In Oliva, Marc; Ruiz Fernandez, Jesus (eds.).
8954:
Rees-Owen, Rhian L.; Gill, Fiona L.; Newton, Robert J.; Ivanović, Ruza F.; Francis, Jane E.; Riding, James B.; Vane, Christopher H.; Lopes dos Santos, Raquel A. (2018).
3175:
2472:
10227:
Norman, F. I.; Gibson, J. A. E.; Burgess, J. S. (October 1998). "Klarius Mikkelsen's 1935 landing in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica: some fiction and some facts".
9969:
Tammiksaar, E. (September 2016). "The Russian Antarctic Expedition under the command of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and its reception in Russia and the world".
9806:
1715:
has been observed. Since 1959, there has been an average temperature increase of >0.05 °C/decade since 1957 across the continent, although it had been uneven.
1488:
and sandstones, limestones, and shales that were laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains. In coastal areas such as the
11616:
8486:
5604:
11424:
7849:
Pan, Linda; Powell, Evelyn M.; Latychev, Konstantin; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Creveling, Jessica R.; Gomez, Natalya; Hoggard, Mark J.; Clark, Peter U. (30 April 2021).
4161:
The view of space from Earth is improved by a thinner atmosphere at higher elevations and a lack of water vapour in the atmosphere caused by freezing temperatures.
2309:
ecosystem replaced the rainforests. The climate of present-day Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor
10353:
929:. There is evidence of a large number of volcanoes under the ice, which could pose a risk to the ice sheet if activity levels were to rise. The ice dome known as
10454:
10193:
4124:, in addition to researching wildlife, are interested in how low temperatures and the presence of humans affect adaptation and survival strategies in organisms.
2822:
on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim, as there is no evidence Davis landed on the Antarctic continent rather than an offshore island.
11015:
9651:
9593:
9563:
7178:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
11186:
11140:
8274:
6693:
3999:
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5537:
1818:
small fraction of the 53.3 m (175 ft) contained in the full ice sheet. With global warming of around 3 °C (5.4 °F), vulnerable areas like
11213:
6781:
Hui, Fengming; Ci, Tianyu; Cheng, Xiao; Scambo, Ted A.; Liu, Yan; Zhang, Yanmei; Chi, Zhaohui; Huang, Huabing; Wang, Xianwei; Wang, Fang; Zhao, Chen (2014).
626:—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to balance the northern lands of Europe, Asia, and North Africa—had existed as an intellectual concept since
7510:"The influence of global climate change on the environmental fate of anthropogenic pollution released from the permafrost: Part I. Case study of Antarctica"
5534:
3054:
in Antarctica (which are continuously maintained despite the population decline in the winter), although there are 2 all-civilian bases in Antarctica: the
3001:
successfully landed an aircraft there. Six women were flown to the South Pole as a publicity stunt in 1969. In the summer of 1996–1997, Norwegian explorer
2197:
capable of remaining active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles, make them well suited to such environments. Their thick-walled and strongly
10828:
10490:
8451:
6848:
Fountain, Andrew G.; Nylen, Thomas H.; Monaghan, Andrew; Basagic, Hassan J.; Bromwich, David (April 2010). "Snow in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica".
763:. Its coastline is almost 18,000 km (11,200 mi) long: as of 1983, of the four coastal types, 44% of the coast is floating ice in the form of an
6759:
6729:
8793:
4645:. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain
1079:, a tree interpreted as growing in waterlogged soils, which formed extensive coal deposits. Other plants found in Antarctica during the Permian include
895:
surrounding Antarctica, most of which are volcanic and very young by geological standards. The most prominent exceptions to this are the islands of the
13908:
12049:
11512:
9389:
10375:
3998:
since 1957. Tourism is subject to the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol; the self-regulatory body for the industry is the
8707:
5966:
2456:, an international treaty that came into force in 1980, regulates fisheries, aiming to preserve ecological relationships. Despite these regulations,
2285:, Antarctica. This species is one of only two flowering plants native to Antarctica, the other one being Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis).
4314:, has been held at McMurdo Station since 1989. The organizers, performers, and attendees of Icestock are all personnel working at McMurdo or nearby
13298:
11863:
10743:
9228:"Microbiology of the subglacial Lake Vostok: first results of borehole-frozen lake water analysis and prospects for searching for lake inhabitants"
4601:
1929:
Most species in Antarctica seem to be the descendants of species that lived there millions of years ago. As such, they must have survived multiple
4318:. The Antarctic Film Festival is held annually between bases, with 48 stations registered to participate as of 2022. The festival is designed for
1618:
region, as much of Antarctica is over 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level, where air temperatures are colder. The relative warmth of the
8234:
5677:
5063:"Variations of the effective elastic thickness over the Ross Sea and Transantarctic Mountains and implications for their structure and tectonics"
9615:
9194:
5563:
Vega, Greta; Ángel Olalla-Tárraga, Miguel (2020). "Past changes on fauna and flora distribution". In Oliva, Marc; Ruiz Fernandez, Jesus (eds.).
3570:
8201:
14142:
11381:
Stoddart, Michael (August 2010). "'Antarctic biology in the 21st century – Advances in, and beyond the international polar year 2007–2008'".
11094:
11066:
8260:"World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project—Report No. 58: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2018"
4597:
3187:. The treaty set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection.
11941:
5825:
Coria, R. A.; Moly, J. J.; Reguero, M.; Santillana, S.; Marenssi, S. (2013). "A new ornithopod (Dinosauria; Ornithischia) from Antarctica".
4958:
2379:
that also harbour dormant microorganisms. When the ice begins to melt, brine pockets expand and can combine to form brine channels, and the
1746:
and stabilize them. Many coastal glaciers have been losing mass and retreating, causing net-annual ice loss across Antarctica, although the
1610:
remove more snow than is accumulated by precipitation. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a barren and
838:, which, with the exception of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, are located in coastal areas. Several Antarctic ice streams flow to one of the many
13337:
9415:
8734:
3029:
400:, a figure that drops to around 1,000 in the winter. Despite the continent's remoteness, human activity has a significant effect on it via
13395:
The use of geographic remote sensing, mapping and aerial photography to aid in the recovery of blue ice surficial meteorites in Antarctica
11089:
9084:
7013:
Clem, Kyle R.; Fogt, Ryan L.; Turner, John; Lintner, Benjamin R.; Marshall, Gareth J.; Miller, James R.; Renwick, James A. (August 2020).
4710:
4528:
Geographical features, such as ice caps, are shown as they are today for identification purposes, not as how they appeared at these times.
1591:
temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 2 m (7 ft) above the surface as required for official air temperature records.
17569:
15892:
13593:
11914:
10964:
10432:
7948:
5918:"Phylogeny of A New Gigantic Paravian (Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Maniraptora) From The Upper Cretaceous Of James Ross Island, Antarctica"
5383:
4387:
3078:
2457:
2433:
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4746:
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10544:
6502:"Cenozoic geodynamics of the Ross Sea region, Antarctica: Crustal extension, intraplate strike-slip faulting, and tectonic inheritance"
4670:. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be calculated.
4215:(BAS) released a 10-year (2023–2033) strategy report to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to focus on creating sustainable living on
4154:
The high elevation of the interior, the low temperatures, and the length of polar nights during the winter months all allow for better
892:
631:
11190:
11144:
6554:
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and its early development. Most meteorites come from asteroids, but a few meteorites found in Antarctica came from the Moon and Mars.
396:, fishing and research are the main human activities in and around Antarctica. During the summer months, about 5,000 people reside at
10906:
9865:
9525:
8304:"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"
5800:
2837:, off the coast of Adélie Land, where they took some mineral, algae, and animal samples, erected the French flag, and claimed French
8143:
4988:
1403:
ecosystems continued to exist on Antarctica until around 14-10 million years ago, when further cooling lead to their extermination.
1038:), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes, and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from then. Sand and
18950:
16165:
10303:
8677:
7563:
Carlson, Anders E; Walczak, Maureen H; Beard, Brian L; Laffin, Matthew K; Stoner, Joseph S; Hatfield, Robert G (10 December 2018).
6600:
4332:
became the first professional musician to perform in Antarctica. The first full-length fictional film to be shot in Antarctica was
4247:
are a central focus of contemporary climate research due to urgent questions about their stability and reaction to global warming.
2375:
can harbour unique ecological communities, as it expels all salt from the water when it freezes, which accumulates into pockets of
1882:
and halons into the atmosphere, which causes ozone to break down into other gases. The extreme cold conditions of Antarctica allow
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4782:
18525:
17531:
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13537:
1461:, which created a number of mountain ranges in the region, the most prominent being the Ellsworth Mountains. The presence of the
989:
8224:"Q10: Why has an "ozone hole" appeared over Antarctica when ozone-depleting substances are present throughout the stratosphere?"
288:, −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F). The coastal regions can reach temperatures over 10 °C (50 °F) in the summer. Native
18122:
17720:
17308:
11647:
11451:
10899:"The Foreign Secretary has announced that the southern part of British Antarctic Territory has been named Queen Elizabeth Land"
7070:"West-warming East-cooling trend over Antarctica reversed since early 21st century driven by large-scale circulation variation"
6367:
1771:
421:
17:
19316:
11669:
10570:
8956:"The last forests on Antarctica: Reconstructing flora and temperature from the Neogene Sirius Group, Transantarctic Mountains"
7819:
6903:
3066:
are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. The
1750:
continues to gain ice inland. By 2100, net ice loss from Antarctica is expected to add about 11 cm (5 in) to global
1671:
Antarctica's average ice mass loss since 2002 has been on the order of 100 billion metric tons per year. (Time between NASA's
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12492:
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12441:
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12354:
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12298:
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11796:
10270:
9683:"Expanding the Protected Area Network in Antarctica is Urgent and Readily Achievable: Expanding Antarctica's protected areas"
8652:
8524:
8423:
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4170:
4166:
4148:
3044:
9798:
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2513:. It covers 50 million km (19 million sq mi) and completely surrounds the Antarctic continent. All
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14109:
11998:
11608:
8447:
6604:
5214:
4435:
645:) and thus advocated for the "Terra Australis" name to be used for Australia instead. In 1824, the colonial authorities in
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and thus theoretically Antarctica, the existence of which was only hypothesized at the time, granting this Governorate to
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from human activities occurs everywhere on Earth, and while Antarctica is less vulnerable to it than any other continent,
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beginning at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), though glaciation would substantially increase during the late
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18808:
18489:
18311:
18201:
17970:
16559:
16508:
13872:
10127:
7361:"Freshening by glacial meltwater enhances the melting of ice shelves and reduces the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water"
5274:
Olierook, Hugo K.H.; Jourdan, Fred; Merle, Renaud E.; Timms, Nicholas E.; Kusznir, Nick; Muhling, Janet R. (April 2016).
5183:
2947:
367:
10337:
969:. Modern Antarctica was formed as Gondwana gradually broke apart beginning around 183 Ma. For a large proportion of the
18259:
17840:
17779:
13913:
11271:
10613:
9021:
Chwedorzewska, K.J.; Giełwanowska, I.; Olech, M.; Molina-Montenegro, M.A.; Wódkiewicz, M.; Galera, H. (November 2015).
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Steig, Eric; Schneider, David; Rutherford, Scott; Mann, Michael E.; Comiso, Josefino; Shindell, Drew (1 January 2009).
3112:
2753:
2742:
2521:
2106:. Various other bird species visit the ocean around Antarctica, including some that normally reside in the Arctic. The
1399:
levels declined further the ice began to spread rapidly, replacing the forests that until then had covered Antarctica.
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336:
332:
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11544:
10458:
8893:"Diversity and bioprospecting of fungal communities associated with endemic and cold-adapted macroalgae in Antarctica"
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led an expedition in 1838–1839 and was the first to claim he had discovered the continent. The British naval officer
10936:
8259:
6679:
2749:, whose sealing ship was in the region at this time, may also have been the first to sight the Antarctic Peninsula.
19375:
18360:
15668:
14009:
13923:
12050:"Anthony Hopkins To Star In Nick Cassavetes' 'Bruno Penguin And The Staten Island Princess'; Shia LaBeouf In Talks"
11223:
7068:
Xin, Meijiao; Clem, Kyle R; Turner, John; Stammerjohn, Sharon E; Zhu, Jiang; Cai, Wenju; Li, Xichen (2 June 2023).
3944:
3931:
3265:
3196:
2838:
2510:
1195:, ferns and cycads were plentiful during the time. In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated throughout the
377:
15748:
5613:, pp. 105–160, "Icehouse to hothouse: floral turnover, the Permian–Triassic crisis and Triassic vegetation".
4278:
that connect the ice sheet to the ocean. This mapping improves predictions of ice sheet stability, the impacts of
2879:
2782:
2452:(an animal that plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem) led officials to enact regulations on fishing. The
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18388:
16359:
15885:
14004:
13887:
13665:
13586:
7170:
6132:
5642:
Birkenmajer, K. (July 1994). "Evolution of the Pacific margin of the northern Antarctic Peninsula: an overview".
5179:
4274:
The Australian-led ICECAP project utilized advanced aerogeophysical techniques to map deep subglacial basins and
4230:
4075:
4061:
4033:– is known to be a high-traffic area for tourists watching the Adélie penguins who number more than 40,000.
4014:
3277:
3051:
2899:
2408:. The prevalence of highly resilient creatures in such inhospitable areas could further bolster the argument for
1209:
were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only a few Antarctic dinosaur
707:
397:
133:
17282:
13419:
5974:
3209:(1539–1555), the first territorial claim over the lands near the South Pole; later it was incorporated into the
2942:, the first to cross the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the
2517:
is banned in the zone, though Japan has continued to hunt whales in the area, ostensibly for research purposes.
2182:
and have contributed to shaping the rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ridges.
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1607:
264:
Antarctica is, on average, the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and it has the highest average
18025:
6751:
6715:
2857:
The first confirmed landing on the continental mass of Antarctica occurred in 1895 when the Norwegian-Swedish
2665:
in January 1773. In 1775, he called the existence of a polar continent "probable", and in another copy of his
1384:
that completely isolated the continent. Models of Antarctic geography suggest that this current, as well as a
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15849:
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9723:
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6372:
4367:
4091:
3222:
2567:
1934:
1381:
344:
11504:
9378:
8635:
Woods, R.; Jones, H. I.; Watts, J.; Miller, G. D.; Shellam, G. R. (2009). "Diseases of Antarctic Seabirds".
7975:"Wilkes subglacial basin ice sheet response to Southern Ocean warming during late Pleistocene interglacials"
7246:
L. Bamber, Jonathan; Oppenheimer, Michael; E. Kopp, Robert; P. Aspinall, Willy; M. Cooke, Roger (May 2019).
4649:, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910.
2677:
1469:
along the border between West and East Antarctica, as well as the creation of the Transantarctic Mountains.
19370:
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17982:
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16871:
16332:
16100:
14750:
14128:
13778:
13708:
13655:
13628:
12995:
12320:
11539:
9377:
Hoover, Richard Brice; Pikuta, Elena V. (January 2010). "5.4: Microbial Extremophiles from Lake Untersee".
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6720:
5742:
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2502:
2482:
1755:
1712:
1681:
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715:
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257:, and has an area of 14,200,000 km (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the
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13892:
13824:
13713:
12818:
11062:
11023:
10536:
9737:
9106:
Morawetz, Klaus; Thoms, Silke; Kutschan, Bernd (3 March 2017). "Formation of brine channels in sea ice".
8699:
4718:
4355:
4066:
3748:
3434:
3070:
2894:, Antarctica, one of the earliest repeatedly temporarily used dwellings on Antarctica. In the background
1667:
1096:
922:
35:
13148:
12863:
12313:
12127:
10739:
6008:
Gelfo, Javier Nicolás; Goin, Francisco Javier; Bauzá, Nicolás; Reguero, Marcelo Alfredo (October 2019).
3610:
3264:
The Argentine, British, and Chilean claims overlap and have caused friction. In 2012, after the British
18993:
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17603:
17596:
17047:
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13882:
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13547:
12678:
12433:
12290:
12260:
11972:
8730:
7851:"Rapid postglacial rebound amplifies global sea level rise following West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse"
7410:"Intense ocean freshening from melting glacier around the Antarctica during early twenty-first century"
5546:, pp. 57–104, "Collapsing ice sheets and evolving polar forests of the middle to late Paleozoic".
4203:, discovered in 1912, was the first to be found. Meteorites contain clues about the composition of the
3261:
Norway formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole.
3015:
2557:
1462:
17336:
13265:
Mid-Term Assessment of Progress on the 2015 Strategic Vision for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research
13019:
12646:
12384:
11821:
Mid-Term Assessment of Progress on the 2015 Strategic Vision for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research
11780:
Mid-Term Assessment of Progress on the 2015 Strategic Vision for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research
8223:
7820:"Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer"
7688:
Garbe, Julius; Albrecht, Torsten; Levermann, Anders; Donges, Jonathan F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda (2020).
7509:
1426:
of Antarctica, largely obscured by the continental ice sheet, is being revealed by techniques such as
1330:, Antarctica remained connected to South America as well as to southeastern Australia. Fauna from the
19360:
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18337:
18033:
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17617:
17499:
17302:
17184:
17035:
16884:
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16809:
16682:
16408:
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15240:
14655:
14645:
14398:
13633:
13514:
12641:
9626:
7103:"Stratification constrains future heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S"
4817:
4559:
4395:
4030:
3180:
2830:
2729:
The first person to see Antarctica or its ice shelf was long thought to have been the British sailor
2691:
1883:
1514:
in 1907, and low-grade coal is known to exist across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The
12205:
12023:
8165:
7508:
Potapowicz, Joanna; Szumińska, Danuta; Szopińska, Małgorzata; Polkowska, Żaneta (15 February 2019).
4402:
has been played since the early twentieth century, with teams representing bases or visiting ships.
3201:
1862:
above Antarctica since the 1970s. In 1985, British scientists, working on data they had gathered at
1318:
18877:
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18462:
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18254:
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17765:
17641:
17491:
17379:
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15448:
14864:
14630:
13994:
13984:
13768:
13740:
13696:
13200:
9887:
8193:
7582:
5786:"Anatomy of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica"
4626:
4212:
4087:
2687:
2388:. The existence of life there is thought to strengthen the argument for the possibility of life on
2122:
2090:
There are approximately 40 bird species that breed on or close to Antarctica, including species of
1747:
1708:
1563:
1515:
1431:
1111:
The continued warming dried out much of Gondwana. During the Triassic, Antarctica was dominated by
888:
819:
728:
413:
16179:
13359:
11052:
8576:"Long term movements and activity patterns of an Antarctic marine apex predator: The leopard seal"
6010:"The Fossil Record of Antarctic Land Mammals: Commented Review and Hypotheses for Future Research"
2982:
led four expeditions to Antarctica during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, using the first mechanised
2737:, who discovered the tip of the Antarctic peninsula on 30 January 1820. However, a captain in the
2520:
Despite these protections, the biodiversity in Antarctica is still at risk from human activities.
925:
around 10 times each day. Ash from eruptions has been found 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the
18944:
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17554:
17063:
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16092:
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14687:
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12514:
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8906:
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6075:
Ball, Philip; Eagles, Graeme; Ebinger, Cynthia; McClay, Ken; Totterdell, Jennifer (August 2013).
4822:
4462:
has become common and is often considered more correct. However, the pronunciation with a silent
4155:
4090:
has five major research stations on Antarctica, one of which is completely portable. The Belgian
3935:
3318:
Russia inherited the Soviet Union's right to claim territory under the original Antarctic Treaty.
3108:
3067:
2983:
2810:, on 27 January 1820. The sighting happened three days before Bransfield sighted the land of the
2575:
1966:
1920:
1863:
1054:
697:
666:
642:
544:
381:
94:
9423:
8746:
6077:"The spatial and temporal evolution of strain during the separation of Australia and Antarctica"
3104:
and the first to be born on the Antarctic mainland at the Esperanza Base of the Argentine Army.
1091:. At the end of the Permian, the climate became drier and hotter over much of Gondwana, and the
834:, which averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi) in thickness. The ice sheet extends to all but a few
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15476:
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15119:
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13999:
13819:
13366:
9070:
8818:
Backhaus, Theresa; Meeßen, Joachim; Demets, René; de Vera, Jean-Pierre; Ott, Sieglinde (2019).
7641:"Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century"
6119:"Ice–Atmosphere Feedbacks Dominate the Response of the Climate System to Drake Passage Closure"
5970:
5276:"Bunbury Basalt: Gondwana breakup products or earliest vestiges of the Kerguelen mantle plume?"
4722:
4589:
4459:
4399:
4362:
4255:, facilitating detailed analyses of ice dynamics to predict future changes in a warming world.
4098:. Argentina, Australia, Chile, and Russia also have a large scientific presence on Antarctica.
3486:
3234:
3074:
3019:
2997:
The South Pole was next reached on 31 October 1956, when a U.S. Navy group led by Rear Admiral
2719:
2429:
2339:
2278:
2020:
1924:
1795:
1767:
389:
289:
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12672:
12507:
10975:
10485:[Vladimir Petrakov: "Antarctic is a special world, full of very interesting people"].
10420:
7564:
5785:
5377:
4236:
1365:. Marsupials are thought to have dispersed into Australia via Antarctica by the early Eocene.
276:
of over 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. About 70% of the world's
19103:
18887:
18856:
18661:
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18513:
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18236:
18179:
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17772:
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17042:
16878:
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16473:
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15708:
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15601:
15561:
15022:
14891:
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14228:
14223:
14019:
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13859:
13701:
13645:
13623:
12808:
12532:
10921:
8367:; Lee, Sang-Ki; Stuecker, Malte F.; Rodgers, Keith B.; Lee, Sun-Seon; Huang, Lei (May 2022).
7907:
7689:
7197:"Linking sea level rise and socioeconomic indicators under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways"
5592:
4838:
4743:
4200:
4048:
resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s. There are many
4037:
3995:
3925:
3246:
3120:
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3024:
The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the
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2764:
2738:
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2649:
2553:
2529:
2409:
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1994:. The few terrestrial invertebrates are limited to the sub-Antarctic islands. The flightless
1875:
1539:
943:
461:
393:
363:
16928:
11474:
10765:
9328:"Source Environments of the Microbiome in Perennially Ice-Covered Lake Untersee, Antarctica"
9289:"The Search for Earth-Like Habitable Planet: Antarctica Lake Vostok May be Jupiter's Europa"
5511:
5291:
3531:
1738:
The warming of the Southern Ocean around Antarctica has caused the weakening or collapse of
1476:
Eon (4,000 Ma–2,500 Ma), and stopped during the Cambrian Period. It is built on a
18741:
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7208:
7114:
7101:
Bourgeois, Timothée; Goris, Nadine; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry F. (17 January 2022).
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6857:
6794:
6642:
6513:
6474:
6323:
6255:
6200:
6136:
6117:
England, Matthew H.; Hutchinson, David K.; Santoso, Agus; Sijp, Willem P. (1 August 2017).
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he wrote: " firmly believe it and it's more than probable that we have seen a part of it".
2656:
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2186:
1380:
opened between Antarctica and South America around 30 Ma, resulting in the creation of the
839:
564:
18109:
16514:
16497:
12076:
10898:
9854:
9515:
6968:"Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year"
4251:
technology enables researchers to study the ice sheets both through on-site fieldwork and
3862:
3667:
680:
named one of his books on Antarctic photography, possibly as a counterpart to the epithet
662:
was adopted in the 1890s, with the first use of the name being attributed to the Scottish
8:
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2471:, countries led by New Zealand and the United States negotiated a treaty on mining. This
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Antarctica And The Arctic Circle: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Earth's Polar Regions
11394:
11337:
10827:: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales, Universidad de Chile; Editorial Universitaria.
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6259:
6204:
6140:
6095:
5933:
5884:
5838:
5697:
5655:
5431:
5251:
Quilty, Pg (2007). "Origin and evolution of the sub-Antarctic islands: the foundation".
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1688:
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East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation.
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14014:
13180:
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13051:
12870:
11486:
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11057:
10692:
10482:Владимир Петраков: 'Антарктика – это особая атмосфера, где живут очень интересные люди'
10252:
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9994:
9915:
9704:
9492:
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9269:
9199:
9149:
9115:
9052:
9003:
8931:
8892:
8861:
8612:
8575:
8396:
8369:"Antarctic sea-ice expansion and Southern Ocean cooling linked to tropical variability"
8340:
8303:
8007:
7974:
7940:
7883:
7850:
7795:
7725:
7670:
7621:
7545:
7450:
7409:
7385:
7360:
7341:
7282:
7247:
7195:; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich; Meinshausen, Malte; Mengel, Matthias (1 November 2017).
7135:
7102:
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6278:
6243:
6224:
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6154:
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was recognised as a separate ocean, it was considered to be surrounded by the southern
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3230:
2991:
2987:
2593:
2514:
2072:
1999:
1879:
1783:
1732:
1692:
Antarctic surface ice layer temperature trends between 1981 and 2007, based on thermal
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1555:
1458:
884:
843:
744:
732:
724:
57:
15077:
12400:
8368:
7749:
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3789:
3340:
The United States reserved its right to make a claim in the original Antarctic Treaty.
1790:. While many Antarctic species remain undiscovered, there are documented increases in
1723:
has warmed by 3 °C (5.4 °F) since the mid-20th century. The colder, stabler
913:, is the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft). Mount Erebus on
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18955:
18761:
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18711:
18696:
18625:
18597:
18505:
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8012:
7888:
7806:
7799:
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7779:
7729:
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7674:
7625:
7613:
7583:"Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial"
7537:
7529:
7455:
7437:
7390:
7345:
7287:
7140:
7054:
7042:
6952:
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5758:
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5453:
5092:
4811:
4646:
4622:
4570:
4563:
4181:
4144:
4095:
4003:
3241:. Spain claimed all the territories to the south of the Strait of Magellan until the
3238:
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2730:
2314:
2250:
2194:
1938:
1891:
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1435:
1373:
1142:
1043:
978:
896:
385:
355:
348:
157:
13330:
12179:
11490:
9708:
9586:"Protocol on Environmental Protection To The Antarctic Treaty (The Madrid Protocol)"
9056:
9007:
8865:
7944:
7750:"Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points"
7549:
7525:
7014:
6834:
5680:; Müller, R. Dietmar; Brown, Belinda; Ishihara, Takemi; Ivanov, Sergey (July 2007).
5156:
4018:
2111:
2087:
in the Antarctic ecosystem and migrate across the Southern Ocean in search of food.
1890:
for chemical reactions, which eventually lead to the destruction of ozone. The 1987
559:
reportedly used the name in his world map from the second century CE, now lost. The
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11825:
11784:
11673:
11580:
11572:
11478:
11398:
11341:
10682:
10672:
10605:
10578:
10376:"Fastest unsupported (kite assisted) journey to the South Pole taking just 34 days"
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scholars presumed necessary to balance the known lands in the northern hemisphere.
2605:
2537:
2269:
2024:
1787:
1489:
1481:
1451:
1270:
1226:
1177:). Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic around 160 Ma, followed by the
1092:
1073:(an extinct group of seed plants with no close living relatives), most prominently
1070:
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740:
638:
610:
238:
182:
110:
10709:
M. Wright, Note, "The Ownership of Antarctica, its Living and Mineral Resources",
10677:
10660:
10333:
8574:
Staniland, Iain J.; Ratcliffe, Norman; Trathan, Philip N.; Forcada, Jaume (2018).
7248:"Ice sheet contributions to future sea-level rise from structured expert judgment"
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12779:
Jasinoski, Sandra C.; et al. (2013). "Anatomical Plasticity in the Snout of
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9729:
9129:
8602:
7160:
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7154:
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5618:
5551:
5061:
Ji, Fei; Gao, Jinyao; Li, Fei; Shen, Zhongyan; Zhang, Qiao; Li, Yongdong (2017).
5030:
4750:
4415:
4347:
4343:
4334:
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4105:
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Overland sightseeing flights operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the
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Throughout its history, Antarctica has seen a wide variety of plant life. In the
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2016:
1953:
1916:
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128:
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11402:
10891:
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6587:
6335:
5714:
5206:
5087:
5062:
4783:"Reaching the South Pole During the Heroic Age of Exploration | Worlds Revealed"
3116:
2396:, which may have water beneath its water-ice crust. There exists a community of
2190:
1898:
The ozone depletion can cause a cooling of around 6 °C (11 °F) in the
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19055:
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18872:
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14987:
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14438:
14392:
14060:
14055:
14045:
13944:
13758:
13069:
12308:
11889:
9475:
9379:
Psychrophilic and Psychrotolerant Microbial Extremophiles in Polar Environments
9168:
9020:
8779:"Fungi at the edge of life: cryptoendolithic black fungi from Antarctic desert"
8774:
8540:
8392:
8309:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7998:
7665:
7640:
7433:
7231:
7221:
7196:
7126:
7086:
7069:
6943:
6919:"Low Antarctic continental climate sensitivity due to high ice sheet orography"
6918:
6559:
6025:
5519:
5373:
5300:
5275:
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than for less visible animals. There are more terrestrial protected areas than
2220:
2160:
2064:
2040:
1807:
1751:
1728:
1719:
warmed by over 0.1 °C/decade from the 1950s to the 2000s, and the exposed
1704:
1640:
1623:
1427:
1411:
1389:
1362:
1358:
1221:
1156:
963:
955:
795:
748:
597:
520:
447:
417:
370:
242:
15062:
12268:
Ainsworth, William Harrison, ed. (1847). "The Antarctic Voyage of Discovery".
11482:
11346:
11321:
10248:
9990:
9911:
9047:
9022:
7713:
7327:
7151:
7038:
6268:
5733:
Crame, James Alistair (1989). "Origins and Evolution of the Antarctic Biota".
5439:
5310:
5171:
3388:
3035:
2829:, some members of the crew of the 1837–1840 expedition of the French explorer
2149:
641:
doubted the existence of a detached continent south of Australia (then called
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16151:
15986:
15698:
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15581:
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15491:
15466:
15438:
15378:
15368:
15358:
15353:
15348:
15320:
15265:
15255:
15129:
15032:
15017:
14992:
14982:
14967:
14735:
14273:
14268:
14258:
14253:
13989:
13783:
13384:
13097:
Stromberg, O.; et al. (1991). Nemoto, Takahisa; Mauchline, John (eds.).
12783:". In Kammerer, Christian F.; Frobisch, Jörg; Angielczyk, Kenneth D. (eds.).
12653:
12587:
12502:
12418:
12153:
11594:
11576:
10349:
9483:
9344:
9300:
9137:
8999:
8039:
8034:
7783:
7533:
7441:
7180:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: 1270–1272.
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silent as well, is widespread and typical of many similar English words. The
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to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. This has led to speculation that
2231:
2178:-forming. Some of the species, having evolved under extreme conditions, have
2130:
2084:
2048:
1930:
1644:
1635:
1603:
1599:
1385:
1377:
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13498:
was created from a revision of this article dated 16 December 2023
10816:
9540:
8772:
8330:
7765:
7609:
7272:
6182:"Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO
5260:
3174:, Australia, and the United States. Since 1959, a further 42 countries have
2960:
became the first to reach the geographic South Pole, using a route from the
2612:(H), after landing and setting up base for the first time on Antarctica, to
2110:
is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica; it and the
2047:. Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on
1949:
1802:
are already having difficulty retaining suitable habitat. On ice-free land,
1648:
19307:
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14929:
14838:
14791:
14525:
14500:
14311:
14306:
12615:
12455:
11890:"The Antarctic Sun: News about Antarctica - Icestock Rings in the New Year"
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of the Southern Ocean, being an important food organism for whales, seals,
1903:
1899:
1823:
1819:
1619:
1595:
1559:
1151:
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1023:
994:
883:, and Victoria Land. All but a small portion of the region lies within the
869:
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269:
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8819:
7935:
7908:"Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica"
7899:
7747:
7094:
6807:
6782:
5137:
5113:"Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica"
5112:
2825:
On 22 January 1840, two days after the discovery of the coast west of the
2003:, the largest purely terrestrial animal in Antarctica, reaches 6 mm (
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13793:
13773:
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8364:
7632:
7408:
Pan, Xianliang L.; Li, Bofeng F.; Watanabe, Yutaka W. (10 January 2022).
6983:
6981:
6896:"Facts / Vital signs / Ice Sheets / Antarctica Mass Variation Since 2002"
6817:
6655:
6630:
6486:
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plane crashed into Mount Erebus, killing all of the 257 people on board.
4007:
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3499:
2956:
2891:
2501:
from 1987 to 1992 as part of its attempt to establish the continent as a
2445:
2385:
2202:
1855:
1782:, an eventual decline of fisheries in the Southern Ocean and a potential
1611:
1249:
1243:
1172:
1122:
1080:
970:
914:
880:
791:
739:
Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the
663:
253:. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than
42:
8073:
7966:
7844:
7842:
7840:
7774:
7639:
A. Naughten, Kaitlin; R. Holland, Paul; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023).
7556:
7352:
7336:
6212:
6158:
6033:
3910:
3088:
The first child born in the southern polar region was a Norwegian girl,
3028:) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on
2313:, and a lack of moisture and sunlight inhibit plant growth, causing low
1395:
levels, caused the creation of small yet permanent polar ice caps. As CO
280:
reserves are frozen in Antarctica, which, if melted, would raise global
18766:
18669:
18653:
18495:
18428:
18329:
17738:
17647:
16969:
16695:
16623:
16565:
15958:
15926:
15297:
15250:
15192:
15057:
14730:
14640:
14620:
14470:
14193:
13850:
13723:
11585:
10687:
9699:
9682:
8990:
7566:
Absence of the West Antarctic ice sheet during the last interglaciation
7298:
7239:
7184:
6103:
5901:
5855:
5663:
4479:
4319:
4315:
4259:
3242:
2868:
2819:
2734:
2695:
2645:
2617:
2597:
2494:
2371:
are especially abundant in the coastal regions during the summer. Even
2368:
2298:
2290:
2235:
2174:
have been recorded in the Antarctic region, of which about 750 are non-
2129:
and birds make the round trip annually. Smaller forms of life, such as
2099:
2056:
1991:
1979:
1859:
1837:
1803:
1504:
1472:
East Antarctica is geologically varied. Its formation began during the
1369:
1347:
1237:
1201:
1196:
1117:
1084:
959:
930:
861:
768:
756:
582:
535:
309:
284:
by almost 60 metres (200 ft). Antarctica holds the record for the
277:
250:
19014:
14120:
10848:
10846:
10065:
8064:
7681:
7491:"Landmark study projects 'dramatic' changes to Southern Ocean by 2050"
7482:
7245:
6978:
6959:
6910:
6526:
6501:
6248:
sp. n. (Carabidae, Trechini): the first ground beetle from Antarctica"
5147:
1727:
had been experiencing cooling until the 2000s. Around Antarctica, the
1253:
from Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula) have been described.
1061:. It drifted closer to the South Pole, and the climate cooled, though
19206:
18288:
17125:
16677:
16460:
15825:
15222:
14801:
14665:
14615:
14535:
14530:
14475:
14408:
14151:
13763:
12970:
12480:
Colonies in Conflict: The History of the British Overseas Territories
10661:"Legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System: is it time for a reform?"
9860:
9326:
Weisleitner, Klemens; et al. (10 May 2019). Pierre Amato (ed.).
7837:
7507:
7466:
7006:
6869:
6684:
4614:
4585:
4248:
4140:
4121:
4109:
4101:
3808:
3629:
3133:, has been found to be spoken by people living on Antarctica and the
3123:
in 1965 was conducted to strengthen Argentina's claim in Antarctica.
3093:
2662:
2533:
2473:
Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
2464:
which is marketed as Chilean sea bass in the U.S.—remains a problem.
2351:
2322:
2155:
2134:
2044:
2028:
1975:
1887:
1763:
1739:
1523:
1466:
1438:. Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the South American
1343:
1339:
1327:
1192:
1112:
1088:
1027:
1015:
1011:
804:
779:
764:
539:
470:
401:
281:
265:
234:
31:
15870:
11245:
9890:(September 1971). "Bellingshausen and the discovery of Antarctica".
9625:. Vol. 82, no. 3. November 1992. p. 5. Archived from
9521:
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
8109:
8092:
7573:
7401:
7061:
3245:, with eastern and western borders to these claims specified in the
2454:
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
1006:, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the
19050:
18220:
15099:
14725:
14610:
14490:
14480:
14443:
14428:
14413:
14403:
14326:
14321:
13788:
13273:
12714:
12392:
11829:
11788:
11640:"Science from the Sky: NASA Renews Search for Antarctic Meteorites"
10843:
10455:"Flock of Antarctica's Orthodox temple celebrates Holy Trinity Day"
10057:
8580:
8523:
Ancel, André; Beaulieu, Michaël; Gilbert, Caroline (January 2013).
8413:
7164:
6967:
5682:"Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica"
4925:"Highlights from the Bartholomew Archive: The naming of Antarctica"
4666:, were at the centre of the controversy about possible evidence of
4659:
4311:
4299:
4174:
3977:
3969:
3145:
2206:
2179:
2126:
2095:
2068:
1693:
1573:
1519:
1447:
1354:
1206:
1167:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1100:
1031:
1022:
were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where seafloor
1003:
966:
827:
606:
568:
490:
482:
384:. According to the terms of the treaty, military activity, mining,
305:
297:
169:
19278:
11915:"24 hours of sunlight — life and aerospace research in Antarctica"
11465:
9120:
7472:
7190:
6631:"Record low surface air temperature at Vostok station, Antarctica"
5493:"Late Paleozoic Ice Age glaciers shaped East Antarctica landscape"
5490:
2745:, recorded seeing an ice shelf on 27 January. The American sealer
2442:
first international agreement to protect Antarctica's biodiversity
2363:
Of the 700 species of algae in Antarctica, around half are marine
19290:
18847:
18227:
16492:
16468:
16456:
15202:
14745:
14740:
14505:
14485:
14465:
14433:
14423:
14356:
14351:
14341:
14336:
13533:
11858:
11856:
11565:
11505:"Science Goals: Celebrating a Century of Science and Exploration"
6689:
6363:"Geology and Paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula"
4642:
4326:
3991:
2858:
2524:
cover less than 2% of the area and provide better protection for
2413:
2389:
2372:
2302:
2294:
2198:
2083:
from the United States and the United Kingdom. Leopard seals are
2052:
1983:
1799:
1743:
1656:
1549:
1473:
1443:
1423:
1130:
1066:
1065:
remained. After deglaciation during the latter half of the Early
918:
301:
17014:
14876:
13202:
Antarctica: An Encyclopedia from Abbott Ice Shelf to Zooplankton
8573:
7015:"Record warming at the South Pole during the past three decades"
6783:"Mapping blue-ice areas in Antarctica using ETM+ and MODIS data"
6463:
5416:
4188:, is at the Amundsen-Scott Station. It consists of around 5,500
2274:
1960:
Invertebrate life of Antarctica includes species of microscopic
1933:. The species survived the periods of extremely cold climate in
1149:(also known as "mammal-like reptiles") included species such as
1121:, which grew as trees. Other associated Triassic flora included
600:
585:
17093:
16418:
15207:
15052:
14919:
14908:
14776:
14545:
14243:
14238:
14183:
14178:
13558:
12103:"Alexandria's Brooke Curran on winning the Antarctica Marathon"
10602:
The Antarctic Dictionary: A Complete Guide to Antarctic English
9681:
Coetzee, Bernard W.T.; Convey, Peter; Chown, Steven L. (2017).
7100:
6888:
4869:
4663:
4630:
4410:
There are two principal holidays celebrated across Antarctica:
4282:
on the ice sheets, and their potential contributions to global
4045:
3981:
3973:
3686:
3550:
3375:
3184:
3082:
2532:. Ecosystems are impacted by local and global threats, notably
2401:
2306:
2175:
2171:
2091:
2075:
was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its
1941:
or areas that remained ice-free throughout the colder climate.
1615:
1477:
1400:
1335:
1210:
1183:
771:
or the edge of glaciers, and the remaining 5% is exposed rock.
685:
646:
497:
317:
254:
143:
41:"Antipodea" redirects here. For Australia and New Zealand, see
12343:
The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery
11853:
10548:
10036:
Hobbs, William H. (October 1932). "Wilkes Land Rediscovered".
9450:
Wauchope, Hannah S.; Shaw, Justine D.; Terauds, Aleks (2019).
8728:
7358:
6409:
5229:
5109:
4893:
747:
that mark maps of the world), Antarctica is surrounded by the
165:
16479:
15114:
15027:
14550:
14155:
13571:
13173:
Von Tigerstrom, Barbara; Leane, Geoffrey W. G., eds. (2005).
13044:
Scott, Anne W.; Hiatt, Alfred; McIlroy, Claire, eds. (2012).
12890:
Hall & Ball Kiwi Mountaineers: from Mount Cook to Everest
11119:
11117:
10929:"Argentina angry after Antarctic territory named after Queen"
10146:
8811:
4267:
4263:
4216:
4129:
4013:
Tourism in Antarctica is, in part, ecologically focused with
3735:
3171:
2449:
2380:
2376:
2318:
2138:
2103:
2036:
1995:
1987:
1871:
1659:
because of the 24 hours of sunlight received there each day.
1439:
1126:
1035:
1019:
835:
803:
melt, and liquid moats temporarily form. Antarctica has both
775:
760:
720:
529:
523:
501:
230:
12865:
National Days: Constructing and Mobilising National Identity
12698:"Fungi of the Antarctic: evolution under extreme conditions"
11362:
10505:
8824:
after 1.5 years in space on the International Space Station"
7687:
7638:
6965:
6847:
6445:
6116:
6046:
5869:
2990:
became the first woman to step onto the Antarctic mainland.
2477:
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
2419:
1338:, is very similar to equivalent South American faunas; with
416:
causes the most uncertainty in century-scale projections of
197:
14213:
14208:
12839:
Aristotle's Meteorology and Its Reception in the Arab World
11010:
11008:
10722:
10403:
10401:
10084:
9754:
9385:
8953:
8817:
8138:
8134:"Large, Deep Antarctic Ozone Hole Persisting into November"
5600:. 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences.
5472:
4959:"IN PERSON: Adventurer set to tackle the great white south"
4117:
4029:– among other species. One site in particular –
3985:
3783:
W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and Argentina (1943)
2330:
2060:
1971:
1961:
1697:
1485:
1039:
321:
293:
212:
11114:
11040:... the US and Russia reserve the right to make claims ...
9778:
7972:
7848:
5824:
5765:
5342:
5042:
424:, which can eventually lead to significant impacts on the
261:, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).
13553:
13529:
of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (de facto government)
12391:. Developments in Soil Science. Vol. 16. Amsterdam:
10867:"Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen"
10017:
9195:"Bacteria Found Deep Under Antarctic Ice, Scientists Say"
8525:"The different breeding strategies of penguins: A review"
7562:
6361:
Feldmann, Michael O.; Woodburne, Rodney M., eds. (1988).
6342:
5273:
4905:
4132:
and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures.
3329:
South Africa formally reserved its right to make a claim.
2608:(G) and around the turn to the 20th century from 1900 by
2076:
1313:
206:
185:
115:
30:
This article is about the continent. For the region, see
11569:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica
11005:
10398:
7067:
6917:
Singh, Hansi A.; Polvani, Lorenzo M. (10 January 2020).
6876:
6680:"Antarctica records unofficial coldest temperature ever"
5676:
5623:
5562:
5020:
5018:
3237:, who in 1540 transferred the title to the conquistador
3050:
Antarctica's population consists mostly of the staff of
2994:
had landed on an island of Antarctica, earlier in 1935.
440:
A speculative representation of Antarctica labelled as '
17684:
13563:
12624:
Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge
12389:
Antarctica: Soils, Weathering Processes and Environment
12385:"Chapter 2 the Geology and Geomorphology of Antarctica"
11322:"A history of McMurdo Station through its architecture"
11289:
10817:
Francisco Orrego Vicuña; Augusto Salinas Araya (1977).
9766:
8872:
6074:
5354:
5318:
5253:
Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania
4094:
is one of the most modern stations and the first to be
3845:
W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and Chile (1940)
3081:
opened in 2004; it is staffed year-round by one or two
13099:
Marine Biology: Its Accomplishment and Future Prospect
11187:
International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
11159:
11141:
International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
10457:. Serbian Orthodox Church. 24 May 2004. Archived from
10158:
10072:
10005:
9833:
9552:
8501:
8037:(1 July 2014). "The Antarctic ozone hole: An update".
7579:
6555:"Soviet Team Finds a 'Mountain of Iron' in Antarctica"
6421:
6180:
DeConto, Robert M.; Pollard, David (16 January 2003).
4845:
4000:
International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
1205:) became prominent towards the end of the Cretaceous.
1199:
period (146–66 Ma), though southern beech trees (
767:, 38% consists of ice walls that rest on rock, 13% is
630:. The belief in such a land lasted until the European
18991:
13524:
10170:
9950:
9821:
9452:"A snapshot of biodiversity protection in Antarctica"
9105:
9023:"Poa annua L. in the maritime Antarctic: an overview"
8634:
8363:
Chung, Eui-Seok; Kim, Seong-Joong; Timmermann, Axel;
8029:
7012:
6534:
6007:
5015:
4881:
4857:
4486:, there is also variation between the pronunciations
4422:
on December 1, which commemorates the signing of the
2337:, all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula:
1457:
West Antarctica was formed by the merging of several
1030:
flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the
209:
200:
188:
12429:
The Vegetation of Antarctica through Geological Time
9938:
8522:
8416:
Past Antarctica: paleoclimatology and climate change
8362:
6500:
Salvini, Francesco; et al. (10 November 1997).
6433:
6294:
5565:
Past Antarctica: paleoclimatology and climate change
5398:
5330:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4086:, is capable of housing more than 1,000 people. The
3253:
respectively. In 1555 the claim was incorporated to
2775:, reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) of
2242:
might have been similar to Antarctic fungi, such as
830:. The vast majority of Antarctica is covered by the
203:
194:
13172:
12024:"Scot shoots first fictional feature in Antarctica"
11301:
10852:
10226:
9449:
8086:
8084:
7304:
7171:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"
5590:
4809:
4017:for bird watching tours due to the high numbers of
2902:today, with cargo operations of the supply ship MV
2722:. The woman, who was likely to have been part of a
1762:The fresh, 1100-1500 billion tons (GT) per year of
191:
13909:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
13392:
13358:
13199:
13147:
13125:Encyclopedia of Antarctica and the Southern Oceans
13018:
12862:
12645:
12506:
12312:
10096:
9853:
9680:
6173:
5003:
4810:
4454:The word was originally pronounced with the first
4128:have made discoveries concerning the spreading of
2694:. The hut (HSM 22) still stands and is located on
1655:reaches the surface at the South Pole than at the
856:from the northwest, the highest peak in Antarctica
13043:
11919:Ann and H.J. Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences
9445:
9443:
9441:
8418:. London: Academic Press. pp. 182, 187–188.
6360:
5586:
5584:
5204:
4875:
4684:
3393:Originally undefined; later specified to be 142°2
3307:Peru formally reserved its right to make a claim.
2180:colonised structural cavities within porous rocks
1626:and moderates temperatures in the Arctic region.
1103:having lived in Antarctica during the Paleozoic.
19347:
12860:
12382:
10737:
9407:
8735:"Non-lichenized fungi from the Antarctic region"
8081:
6780:
6451:
6312:
5909:
4899:
4116:study the history and dynamics of floating ice,
2634:. Much larger than and unrelated to Antarctica,
13305:. Australian Antarctic Program. 2 February 2014
13068:
12861:McCrone, David; McPherson, Gayle, eds. (2009).
12620:Antarctica: Glaciological and Geophysical Folio
12593:History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America
12383:Campbell, I.B.; Claridge, G.G.C., eds. (1987).
11870:. Australian Antarctic Program. 2 February 2014
10338:"Børge Ousland: How I crossed Antarctica alone"
9232:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
7817:
7252:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5235:
4985:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4562:are named after two ships from his expedition:
4537:The feature discovered by the Russians was the
4386:Sporting events held on Antarctica include the
2230:The same features can be observed in algae and
1579:Temperate conditions near the coast in December
1499:Coal was first recorded in Antarctica near the
1480:of rock, which is the basis of the Precambrian
1141:, with the earliest known fossils found in the
9799:"The bones that could shape Antarctica's fate"
9562:. Australian Antarctic Division. 17 May 2019.
9438:
7906:Fretwell, P.; et al. (28 February 2013).
6179:
5581:
4310:The southernmost music festival in the world,
3469:W claimed by Chile (1940) and Argentina (1943)
2854:landed on East Antarctica on 26 January 1853.
2043:, and many bird species, such as penguins and
1137:first appeared in Antarctica during the early
984:
672:Antarctica has also been known by the moniker
161:Composite satellite image of Antarctica (2002)
15886:
14892:
14136:
13587:
13245:"Australian Antarctic Science Strategic Plan"
13176:International Law Issues in the South Pacific
12425:
11754:"Australian Antarctic Science Strategic Plan"
11095:Australian Institute of International Affairs
11090:"Antarctica: The Madrid Protocol 25 Years On"
10723:Pinochet de la Barra, Óscar (November 1944).
9186:
8820:"Characterization of viability of the lichen
7407:
6241:
5916:Ely, Ricardo C.; Case, Judd A. (April 2019).
5720:
5610:
5594:Migration of Triassic tetrapods to Antarctica
5591:Collinson, James; William R., Hammer (2007).
5543:
5478:
3161:Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959
2301:by the end of that period. During the colder
1181:in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma).
1042:were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth,
13335:
12462:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Praxis Books.
12450:
11368:
10768:(in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia.
9376:
8768:
8766:
8764:
6916:
6635:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
6588:"The Undiscovered Oil and Gas of Antarctica"
6506:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
6467:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
6242:Ashworth, Allan C.; Erwin, Terry L. (2016).
5777:
5382:. National Science Foundation. p. 109.
5348:
5048:
4388:Antarctic Ice Marathon & 100k ultra race
4352:Bruno Penguin and the Staten Island Princess
2114:breed farther south than any other penguin.
1095:forest ecosystems collapsed, as part of the
887:. East Antarctica is largely covered by the
591:
13342:. Stuttgart: Bornträger Science Publisher.
12994:(4th ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts:
12988:Rohli, Robert V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018).
12959:
12786:Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida
12363:
12158:Association of Chilean Football Researchers
11179:"IAATO Antarctic visitor figures 2019–2020"
10993:
10962:
10958:
10956:
10954:
10152:
9760:
9325:
8479:Laboratory for Ecophysiological Cryobiology
8472:
8125:
8090:
7818:Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022).
7690:"The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet"
5863:
5771:
5641:
5172:"The Lost Dry Valleys of the Polar Plateau"
5060:
4911:
4158:at Antarctica than anywhere else on Earth.
1106:
618:
576:
513:
505:
459:
452:
441:
15893:
15879:
14899:
14885:
14143:
14129:
13594:
13580:
13119:
12426:Cantrill, David J.; Poole, Imogen (2012).
12337:
12232:"Celebrate Antarctica Day on December 1st"
12077:"Serious about sports at end of the Earth"
11999:"Redundancy forced on acclaimed musicians"
11662:
11609:"Finding Meteorite Hotspots in Antarctica"
11332:(2). Cambridge University Press: 167–185.
11171:
10600:Hince, Bernadette (2000). "Introduction".
10545:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
10271:"Dates in American Naval History: October"
10188:
9968:
9851:
9784:
8692:
8475:"Antarctic Bestiary – Terrestrial Animals"
7569:. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting.
6348:
5818:
5246:
5244:
5205:Hallberg, Robert; Sergienko, Olga (2019).
2297:ecosystem, which changed into a temperate
1334:in the Antarctic Peninsula, dating to the
616:Belief by Europeans in the existence of a
412:. The melting of the potentially unstable
13438:Ivanov, Lyubomir; Ivanova, Nusha (2022).
13424:. Jefferson, N.C. and London: McFarland.
13325:De Pomereu, Jean; and McCahey, Daniella.
13096:
12987:
12778:
12307:
12267:
12100:
11996:
11584:
11464:
11345:
11246:"Tourism and Non-Governmental Activities"
11129:
10686:
10676:
10658:
10023:
9932:
9886:
9796:
9698:
9491:
9353:
9343:
9255:
9119:
9046:
8989:
8979:
8930:
8847:
8773:Selbmann, L; de Hoog, G S; Mazzaglia, A;
8761:
8611:
8601:
8561:
8339:
8329:
8298:
8108:
8072:
8006:
7934:
7882:
7773:
7664:
7449:
7384:
7335:
7281:
7271:
7230:
7220:
7134:
7085:
6942:
6882:
6816:
6806:
6654:
6525:
6277:
6267:
6148:
5941:
5900:
5854:
5705:
5629:
5447:
5309:
5299:
5169:
5146:
5136:
5086:
4240:The Antarctic ice sheet's changing height
2547:
2420:Conservation and environmental protection
2349:(Antarctic pearlwort) and the non-native
1614:landscape. Antarctica is colder than the
899:, the earliest of which formed around 40
428:climate and Southern Ocean productivity.
331:were probably first seen in 1820, during
18951:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
13506:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
13489:
12887:
12835:
12670:
12282:
11527:
11380:
10951:
10511:
10407:
9721:
8706:. Natural Environment Research Council.
8166:"Record-breaking 2020 ozone hole closes"
7905:
6972:Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
6601:United States Department of the Interior
6585:
6552:
6427:
5783:
5324:
4851:
4293:
4235:
4134:
4065:
3943:
3200:
3144:
3085:, who are similarly rotated every year.
3034:
2878:
2676:
2579:
2481:
2423:
2273:
2189:of such fungi, along with their similar
2148:
1948:
1841:
1687:
1666:
1442:. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by
1410:
1317:
1010:, and during the time, large amounts of
988:
848:
778:that lie at the base of the continental
755:exist in Antarctica; the longest is the
719:
637:During the early 19th century, explorer
435:
420:, and the same melting also affects the
343:. The decades that followed saw further
237:. Situated almost entirely south of the
164:
156:
18526:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
14150:
13534:Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica
13047:European Perceptions of Terra Australis
13012:
12752:
12695:
12640:
12501:
12460:Antarctica : Earth's Own Ice World
11637:
11452:The Astronomy & Astrophysics Review
11248:. Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty.
10740:"El conjurado que gobernó la Antártida"
10523:
10332:
10298:
10296:
9772:
9166:
8890:
8878:
8518:
8516:
8292:
6499:
5915:
5567:. London: Academic Press. p. 170.
5241:
5103:
4863:
4768:
4371:. He later used it as the basis of his
3891:
3825:
3752:
3703:
3646:
3567:
3518:
3438:
3392:
3229:, which encompassed lands south of the
3100:was the first person born south of the
2918:Expedition led by the British explorer
1675:satellite projects caused gap in data.)
1629:
1372:separated from Antarctica, opening the
1115:(pteridosperms) belonging to the genus
1053:Antarctica became glaciated during the
998:sp. leaf from the Permian of Antarctica
596:) attested in 1270, and from there the
380:, all of which are parties of the 1959
172:photograph with Antarctica at top, 1967
14:
19348:
13339:The geology of the Antarctic continent
13268:. The National Academies Press. 2021.
13250:. Australian Antarctic Science Council
13197:
13179:. Aldershot, UK; Burlington, Vermont:
13145:
12906:
12807:
12614:
12586:
12476:
12271:The New Monthly Magazine and Humourist
12180:"Antarctica - football/soccer matches"
11939:
11824:. The National Academies Press. 2021.
11783:. The National Academies Press. 2021.
11759:. Australian Antarctic Science Council
11445:
11252:from the original on 30 September 2019
11165:
11123:
10999:
10865:Rapp, Ole Magnus (21 September 2015).
10772:from the original on 20 September 2022
10746:from the original on 20 September 2022
10716:
10176:
10164:
10134:from the original on 29 September 2010
10090:
10078:
10011:
9956:
9944:
9839:
9827:
9192:
8667:
8507:
8091:Schiermeier, Quirin (12 August 2009).
6628:
6540:
6439:
6415:
6368:Geological Society of America Bulletin
6300:
5995:
5967:"The Strange Lives of Polar Dinosaurs"
5964:
5404:
5372:
5336:
5250:
5170:Lucibella, Michael (21 October 2015).
5024:
5009:
4887:
4658:Antarctician meteorites, particularly
3919:
3856:W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908)
3772:W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908)
2779:and recorded sighting an ice shelf at
1772:Southern Ocean overturning circulation
1314:Cenozoic era before present (66–10 Ma)
538:', 'northern'). The Greek philosopher
422:Southern Ocean overturning circulation
17670:
15912:
15900:
15874:
14880:
14124:
13575:
12236:Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S
12224:
12198:
12172:
12120:
12094:
12074:
12068:
12042:
11990:
11970:
11964:
11933:
11567:recorded south of the 62° parallel".
11559:
11547:from the original on 13 February 2021
11515:from the original on 29 December 2007
11319:
11238:
11087:
10879:from the original on 21 February 2022
10640:from the original on 23 February 2022
10599:
10386:from the original on 25 February 2021
10314:from the original on 21 February 2022
10035:
9868:from the original on 13 February 2022
9852:Tammiksaar, Erki (14 December 2013).
9797:Henriques, Martha (22 October 2018).
9644:
9528:from the original on 24 December 2013
9225:
8131:
8093:"Atmospheric science: Fixing the sky"
7954:from the original on 16 February 2020
7488:
7476:The Global Tipping Points Report 2023
6906:from the original on 9 December 2020.
6553:Sullivan, Walter (19 December 1976).
5784:Smith, Nathan D.; Pol, Diego (2007).
5732:
5211:Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
5039:, Is all of Antarctica snow-covered?.
4939:from the original on 18 February 2022
4805:
4803:
4780:
4478:and was dropped from the spelling in
4171:cosmic microwave background radiation
4149:Smithsonian Museum of Natural History
3268:designated a previously unnamed area
3190:
2628:, feature the hypothetical continent
1229:of the Transantarctic Mountains, and
14100:
13399:. Edmonton: Golden Meteorite Press.
13327:Antarctica: A History in 100 Objects
13206:. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books.
12931:
12731:
12570:10.1093/wentk/9780190641320.001.0001
12016:
11638:Talbert, Tricia (14 November 2016).
11439:
11307:
11211:
11102:from the original on 18 January 2022
10939:from the original on 15 January 2013
10864:
10413:
10356:from the original on 10 October 2019
10293:
10277:. United States Navy. Archived from
10220:
10182:
10114:
9845:
9414:Coulter, Dana. Tony Phillips (ed.).
9395:from the original on 30 January 2022
9286:
9226:Bulat, Sergey A. (28 January 2016).
8513:
8448:Natural Environment Research Council
8280:from the original on 9 December 2019
8252:
6850:International Journal of Climatology
6762:from the original on 13 January 2022
6732:from the original on 13 January 2022
6696:from the original on 7 February 2021
6677:
6084:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
5360:
5186:from the original on 15 January 2022
4839:participating institution membership
4781:Smith, Cynthia (21 September 2021).
4436:Index of Antarctica-related articles
4358:production to shoot in Antarctica.
316:occurs, it is mostly in the form of
286:lowest measured temperature on Earth
233:'s southernmost and least-populated
18312:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
16509:Norse colonization of North America
12559:
12531:
12075:Roman, Benjamin (3 November 2010).
11997:Macdonald, Emma (1 November 2012).
11882:
11449:(2010). "Astronomy in Antarctica".
11427:from the original on 22 August 2020
11320:Davis, Georgina (30 January 2017).
11295:
10905:. HM Government. 18 December 2012.
10831:from the original on 19 August 2022
10798:from the original on 19 August 2022
10634:Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty
10593:
10102:
9596:from the original on 15 August 2020
9566:from the original on 15 August 2020
9546:
9413:
9207:from the original on 1 January 2022
9087:from the original on 19 August 2020
8454:from the original on 7 October 2008
7308:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
6923:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
6671:
6610:from the original on 7 January 2016
6546:
6397:from the original on 14 August 2023
6354:
6306:
5723:, pp. 9, 35, 56, 71, 185, 314.
5500:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5386:from the original on 14 August 2023
5280:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5036:
4991:from the original on 20 August 2023
4917:
4196:accumulates them in certain areas.
2460:—particularly of the highly prized
2121:by some 500 researchers during the
937:
917:is the world's southernmost active
676:, after which British photographer
86:0.00009/km to 0.00036/km (seasonal)
24:
17841:United States Exploring Expedition
13476:
13319:
12842:. Leiden; Boston (Massachusetts):
10794:(in Spanish). Biografía de Chile.
10711:Journal of Law and the Environment
10275:Naval History and Heritage Command
10208:from the original on 13 April 2020
8799:from the original on 29 April 2021
8680:from the original on 16 April 2016
8670:"Ice oceans 'are not poles apart'"
8473:Sandro, Luke; Constible, Juanita.
8240:from the original on 23 April 2021
6629:Turner, John; et al. (2009).
6567:from the original on 14 March 2022
5217:from the original on 28 April 2021
4800:
4365:wrote the score for the 1948 film
2754:First Russian Antarctic Expedition
2743:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
2428:Refuse littering the shoreline at
2358:
1831:
1770:, weakening the lower cell of the
1446:and the transformation of sea bed
950:Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula
874:
392:are all prohibited in Antarctica.
337:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
25:
19392:
18915:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
18283:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
14906:
13453:
12814:Antarctica and the Law of the Sea
12598:Springer International Publishing
12101:Bernstein, Lenny (2 April 2012).
11619:from the original on 9 March 2022
11214:"Tourism threatens the Antarctic"
11069:from the original on 3 April 2022
10903:Foreign & Commonwealth Office
10659:Yermakova, Yelena (3 July 2021).
10575:Antarctica Institute of Argentina
10493:from the original on 16 July 2011
10435:from the original on 2 March 2021
10130:. Australian Antarctic Division.
10128:"Tannatt William Edgeworth David"
9809:from the original on 22 July 2021
9307:from the original on 2 April 2022
9193:Gorman, James (6 February 2013).
8891:Godinho, Valeria M. (July 2013).
8668:Kinver, Mark (15 February 2009).
8271:World Meteorological Organization
8267:Scientific Assessment Panel (SAP)
8204:from the original on 4 March 2022
8171:World Meteorological Organization
6596:United States Geographical Survey
5806:from the original on 4 March 2016
5686:Geophysical Journal International
4305:
4167:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3266:Foreign & Commonwealth Office
3170:, the United Kingdom, Argentina,
2702:Borchgrevnik participated in the
2467:In analogy to the 1980 treaty on
1870:, discovered a large area of low
1696:observations made by a series of
1662:
1145:of the Transantarctic Mountains.
981:, and it was covered in forests.
19301:
19289:
19277:
19265:
19253:
19241:
19229:
19217:
19205:
19193:
19181:
19169:
19157:
19145:
19133:
19121:
19109:
19097:
19085:
19073:
19061:
19049:
19037:
19025:
19013:
19001:
18809:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
18202:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
14855:
14854:
14832:
14350:
14335:
14320:
14305:
14267:
14252:
14237:
14222:
14207:
14192:
14177:
14099:
14090:
14089:
13849:
13488:
13072:; Florindo, Fabio, eds. (2008).
12938:The Ice: A Journey to Antarctica
12756:(1992) . Viré, Ghislaine (ed.).
12368:. Sydney: Rosenberg Publishing.
12146:
11971:Kubny, Heiner (31 August 2022).
11940:Griggs, Kim (20 February 2019).
11907:
11812:
11771:
11746:
11717:
11688:
11631:
11601:
11497:
11409:
11374:
11313:
11264:
11205:
11193:from the original on 9 June 2020
11147:from the original on 7 June 2020
11081:
11045:
10909:from the original on 7 July 2013
10858:
10810:
10784:
10758:
10731:
10703:
10652:
10622:
10563:
10529:
10517:
10473:
10447:
10368:
10326:
10263:
10120:
10108:
10029:
9962:
9926:
9880:
9790:
9715:
9674:
9656:Antarctic and Southern Coalition
9652:"Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary"
9608:
9578:
9508:
9370:
9319:
9280:
9219:
9160:
9099:
9063:
9014:
8981:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.01.001
8947:
8884:
8722:
8710:from the original on 7 June 2011
8661:
8628:
8567:
8555:
8466:
8432:
8407:
8356:
8216:
8186:
8158:
8132:Bates, Sofie (30 October 2020).
8023:
7514:Science of the Total Environment
6678:Rice, Doyle (10 December 2013).
5707:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03450.x
4652:
4607:
4578:
4544:
4531:
3932:Telecommunications in Antarctica
3909:
3881:
3861:
3814:
3801:
3788:
3741:
3728:
3715:
3692:
3679:
3666:
3635:
3622:
3609:
3556:
3543:
3530:
3509:
3498:
3485:
3427:
3417:
3404:
3381:
3368:
3333:
3322:
3311:
3300:
3285:
3197:Territorial claims in Antarctica
2681:The first base on Antarctica of
2511:International Whaling Commission
1766:from the ice dilutes the saline
1680:This section is an excerpt from
1572:
1548:
1278:
1269:
1260:
469:The name given to the continent
181:
56:
14678:Possible future supercontinents
13299:"ICE SHEETS AND SEA-LEVEL RISE"
12254:
11973:"Freddie Mercury in Antarctica"
11864:"ICE SHEETS AND SEA-LEVEL RISE"
11212:Rowe, Mark (11 February 2006).
10853:Von Tigerstrom & Leane 2005
10194:"The first woman in Antarctica"
9616:"Now you see it now you don't!"
9549:, The Antarctic Treaty of 1959.
9108:The European Physical Journal E
8489:from the original on 4 May 2019
7526:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.168
7478:(Report). University of Exeter.
6841:
6774:
6744:
6708:
6622:
6579:
6493:
6457:
6235:
6133:American Meteorological Society
6110:
6068:
6040:
6001:
5989:
5965:Leslie, Mitch (December 2007).
5958:
5726:
5670:
5635:
5556:
5484:
5410:
5366:
5267:
5198:
5180:United States Antarctic Program
5163:
5054:
4973:
4951:
4876:Scott, Hiatt & McIlroy 2012
4613:The first settlements included
4522:
4497:
4474:had ceased to be pronounced in
4342:. An upcoming film directed by
4231:United States Antarctic Program
4112:, and the breakup of Gondwana.
4062:Research stations in Antarctica
3113:military activity in Antarctica
3009:
2874:
2769:and the 530-ton support vessel
2726:expedition, was found in 1985.
2672:
2509:was established in 1994 by the
1910:
1810:and formerly frozen pollution.
1742:, which float just offshore of
1069:, the land became dominated by
708:List of mountains in Antarctica
548:about an "Antarctic region" in
454:Zeekaart van het Zuidpoolgebied
13601:
13559:British Antarctic Survey (BAS)
13442:. Generis Publishing. 241 pp.
13146:Thomas, David Neville (2007).
12943:University of Washington Press
12738:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO, LLC.
12596:. Topics in Geobiology. Cham:
12364:Cameron-Ash, Margaret (2018).
11421:Australian Antarctic Programme
11088:Press, Tony (5 October 2016).
10738:Calamari, Andrea (June 2022).
9858:[Red Bellingshausen].
9590:Australian Antarctic Programme
7201:Environmental Research Letters
7074:Environmental Research Letters
4774:
4762:
4737:
4448:
4325:In 2011, Australian classical
4076:research station in Antarctica
3643:Australian Antarctic Territory
3296:" that is not an actual claim.
3227:Governorate of Terra Australis
3207:Governorate of Terra Australis
2968:. One month later, the doomed
2839:sovereignty over the territory
2588:records: pre-1521 possibly by
2538:invasion of non-native species
2507:Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
2488:Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
2333:). There are three species of
2317:and limited distribution. The
2051:. Antarctic sea life includes
1902:. The cooling strengthens the
1406:
1099:. There is no evidence of any
794:, discovered beneath Russia's
609:written by the English author
378:governed by about 30 countries
249:), it contains the geographic
27:Earth's southernmost continent
13:
1:
18188:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
18123:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
17671:
13564:U.S. Antarctic Program Portal
13532:High resolution map (2022) –
13021:1986 Guinness Book of Records
12996:Jones & Bartlett Learning
12966:Encyclopedia of the Antarctic
12732:Hund, Andrew J., ed. (2014).
12485:Cambridge Scholars Publishing
12401:10.1016/S0166-2481(08)70150-8
11942:"Antarctica Rocks Out on Ice"
10678:10.1080/2154896X.2021.1977048
10489:(in Russian). 28 April 2021.
10202:Australian Antarctic Division
9722:McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000).
8049:American Institute of Physics
7489:Logan, Tyne (29 March 2023).
6599:. Santa Barbara, California:
6373:Geological Society of America
5943:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.04.003
5893:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.09.009
5847:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.004
5793:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
5751:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.047.01.01
4677:
3480:W claimed by Argentina (1943)
2600:(D/E), early 19th century by
2568:List of Antarctic expeditions
2293:, it was dominated by a fern-
2201:cells make them resistant to
2019:, which congregates in large
1382:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
1289:
1155:, and were common during the
962:, Antarctica was part of the
549:
366:was first reached in 1911 by
18545:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
18361:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
18167:French Antarctic Expeditions
18097:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
17983:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
16101:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
14456:Other prehistoric continents
13336:Kleinschmidt, Georg (2021).
12321:University of Nebraska Press
11670:"Meteorites from Antarctica"
11540:IceCube Neutrino Observatory
11417:"Human Biology and Medicine"
10974:(in Spanish). Archived from
10198:Australian Antarctic Program
9076:Australian Antarctic Program
8733:; Roberts, Peter J. (2008).
8639:. Springer. pp. 35–55.
8637:Health of Antarctic Wildlife
8603:10.1371/journal.pone.0197767
8440:"Land Animals of Antarctica"
6756:Australian Antarctic Program
6721:Australian Antarctic Program
6452:Campbell & Claridge 1987
5743:Geological Society of London
5619:10.1017/cbo9781139024990.004
5552:10.1017/cbo9781139024990.003
4981:"How many oceans are there?"
4933:National Library of Scotland
4900:McCrone & McPherson 2009
4756:American Heritage Dictionary
4721:. 3 May 2022. Archived from
4338:, a 2012 low budget British
4224:Australian Antarctic Program
4186:IceCube Neutrino Observatory
4120:, glaciers, and ice sheets.
3129:, a distinct variety of the
2756:, led by Bellingshausen and
2436:Island, photographed in 1992
1854:Scientists have studied the
1756:Marine ice sheet instability
1713:climate change in Antarctica
1682:Climate change in Antarctica
716:List of places in Antarctica
712:List of ultras of Antarctica
704:Extreme points of Antarctica
691:
571:used for the South Pole the
431:
358:were the first to reach the
7:
17630:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
17309:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
16174:Andrée's balloon expedition
13421:Antarctica: An Encyclopedia
13075:Antarctic Climate Evolution
12915:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
12819:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
12674:The Island of South Georgia
12128:"Antarctica Cup Yacht Race"
11509:National Science Foundation
11403:10.1016/j.polar.2010.04.004
11063:Central Intelligence Agency
11024:Central Intelligence Agency
10963:Ribadeneira, Diego (1988).
9738:University of Georgia Press
8645:10.1007/978-3-540-93923-8_3
6989:"Impacts of climate change"
6336:10.1016/j.polar.2018.02.004
5236:Siegert & Florindo 2008
5088:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.07.011
4719:Central Intelligence Agency
4458:silent in English, but the
4429:
4414:on the day of the southern
4405:
4055:
3749:Chilean Antarctic Territory
3435:British Antarctic Territory
3140:
2624:Early world maps, like the
2526:animals with popular appeal
2234:, suggesting that they are
1886:to form. The clouds act as
1850:recorded, in September 2006
1622:is transferred through the
1097:End-Permian mass extinction
985:Palaeozoic era (540–250 Ma)
810:Antarctica is divided into
577:
511:('opposite to the north').
36:Antarctica (disambiguation)
10:
19397:
19381:Polar regions of the Earth
16831:Franklin's lost expedition
16531:Christian IV's expeditions
15913:
13231:. British Antarctic Survey
13222:"British Antarctic Survey"
13198:Trewby, Mary, ed. (2002).
12892:. Christchurch: Cloudcap.
12679:Cambridge University Press
12648:The Journals of James Cook
12434:Cambridge University Press
12345:. Vol. 2. Cambridge:
12291:Cambridge University Press
12283:Anderson, John B. (2010).
12261:Bibliography of Antarctica
12258:
11734:. British Antarctic Survey
11725:"British Antarctic Survey"
11705:. British Antarctic Survey
11696:"British Antarctic Survey"
11016:"Disputes – international"
10820:Desarrollo de la Antártica
9476:10.1038/s41467-019-08915-6
9416:"Extremophile Hunt Begins"
9130:10.1140/epje/i2017-11512-x
8541:10.1016/j.crvi.2013.02.002
8393:10.1038/s41558-022-01339-z
7999:10.1038/s41467-022-32847-3
7666:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x
7434:10.1038/s41598-021-04231-6
7127:10.1038/s41467-022-27979-5
6944:10.1038/s41612-020-00143-w
6371:(169). Boulder, Colorado:
6026:10.13679/j.advps.2019.0021
6014:Advances in Polar Sciences
5520:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.10.044
5301:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.008
4466:, and even with the first
4354:, will be the first major
4289:
4092:Princess Elisabeth station
4059:
3929:
3923:
3194:
3016:Demographics of Antarctica
3013:
2950:led by Norwegian explorer
2926:became the first to climb
2565:
2558:Colonization of Antarctica
2551:
2267:
2261:
2153:An orange lichen (perhaps
1944:
1914:
1884:polar stratospheric clouds
1835:
1679:
1651:. During the summer, more
1537:
1533:
1463:West Antarctic Rift System
1225:, from the Early Jurassic
947:
941:
860:East Antarctica comprises
701:
695:
530:
524:
40:
29:
18648:
18379:
17966:
17706:
17683:
17679:
17666:
17185:Great Northern Expedition
17079:
16861:Rae–Richardson expedition
16610:
16455:
16061:British Arctic Expedition
15953:
15925:
15921:
15908:
15845:
15811:
15786:
15777:
15729:
15707:
15634:
15625:
15457:
15414:
15392:
15339:
15296:
15221:
15143:
15085:
15076:
14953:
14915:
14824:
14582:
14578:
14377:
14373:
14294:
14290:
14166:
14162:
14085:
14038:
13937:
13901:
13858:
13847:
13802:
13751:
13674:
13609:
12969:. Vol. 1. New York:
12671:Headland, Robert (1984).
12206:"Midwinter in Antarctica"
11483:10.1007/s00159-010-0032-2
11347:10.1017/S0032247416000747
10727:. Editorial Andrés Bello.
10604:. Collingwood, Victoria:
10571:"Argentina in Antarctica"
10308:Royal Society Te Apārangi
10249:10.1017/S0032247400025985
9991:10.1017/S0032247416000449
9912:10.1017/S0032247400062112
9725:The Piri Reis Map of 1513
9332:Frontiers in Microbiology
9048:10.1017/S0032247414000916
8745:: 485–490. Archived from
8231:20 Questions: 2010 Update
7824:climatetippingpoints.info
7714:10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5
7328:10.1038/s41612-020-0121-5
7039:10.1038/s41558-020-0815-z
6269:10.3897/zookeys.635.10535
5721:Cantrill & Poole 2012
5611:Cantrill & Poole 2012
5544:Cantrill & Poole 2012
5479:Cantrill & Poole 2012
5440:10.1038/s41586-020-2148-5
4818:Oxford English Dictionary
4396:Antarctica Cup Yacht Race
4156:astronomical observations
4015:expeditions being offered
3458:W claimed by Chile (1940)
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3292:Brazil has a designated "
3090:Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen
2542:effects of climate change
2522:Specially protected areas
2444:was adopted in 1964. The
2257:
1673:GRACE and GRACE Follow-On
1484:. On top of the base are
1166:began to form during the
842:, a process described by
581:, from which derived the
460:
443:Terra Australis Incognita
329:ice shelves of Antarctica
142:
121:
108:
100:
90:
82:
78:1,300 to 5,100 (seasonal)
74:
70:5,500,000 sq mi
64:
55:
18469:British Antarctic Survey
18463:Captain Arturo Prat Base
17708:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
14865:Chronology of continents
13759:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
12907:Morris, Michael (1988).
12888:Monteath, Colin (1997).
12477:Cawley, Charles (2015).
12286:Antarctic Marine Geology
12154:"Fútbol en la Antártica"
11577:10.18778/1427-9711.20.01
11369:Carroll & Lopes 2019
10766:"Pedro Sancho de la Hoz"
10742:(in Spanish). Jot Down.
10481:
9345:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01019
9167:kazilek (15 July 2014).
8704:British Antarctic Survey
8529:Comptes Rendus Biologies
8444:British Antarctic Survey
8198:British Antarctic Survey
7222:10.1088/1748-9326/aa92b6
7087:10.1088/1748-9326/acd8d4
6418:, pp. 144, 197–198.
6150:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0554.1
5349:Carroll & Lopes 2019
5049:Carroll & Lopes 2019
4441:
4381:
4213:British Antarctic Survey
4088:British Antarctic Survey
3060:Villa Las Estrellas base
2922:in 1907, parties led by
2704:first documented landing
2343:(Antarctic hair grass),
2205:radiation. An Antarctic
2144:
2123:International Polar Year
1827:10 °C (18 °F).
1748:East Antarctic ice sheet
1709:greenhouse gas emissions
1564:Transantarctic Mountains
1516:Prince Charles Mountains
1492:and Victoria Land, some
1432:ground-penetrating radar
1368:Around 53 Ma, Australia-
1303:) and at c. 83 Ma (
1107:Mesozoic era (250–66 Ma)
889:East Antarctic Ice Sheet
820:Transantarctic Mountains
729:Transantarctic Mountains
414:West Antarctic ice sheet
19376:Extreme points of Earth
18945:Pole of inaccessibility
18608:Antarctic Treaty System
16949:2nd Grinnell expedition
14940:List of deserts by area
13440:The World of Antarctica
12836:Lettinck, Paul (2021).
12762:Bibliotheca Teubneriana
12760:(in Latin). Stuttgart:
12543:Oxford University Press
12538:Antarctica: A Biography
12515:Oxford University Press
12366:Lying for the Admiralty
11475:2010A&ARv..18..417B
9855:"Punane Bellingshausen"
9081:Government of Australia
8907:Nature Publishing Group
8331:10.1073/pnas.1906556116
7766:10.1126/science.abn7950
7610:10.1126/science.ade0664
7273:10.1073/pnas.1817205116
6726:Government of Australia
6586:Kingston, John (1991).
5512:2019E&PSL.506..123R
5292:2016E&PSL.440...20O
5261:10.26749/rstpp.141.1.35
4929:The Bartholomew Archive
4823:Oxford University Press
4787:The Library of Congress
4749:8 December 2015 at the
4190:digital optical modules
3936:Transport in Antarctica
2946:. On 14 December 1911,
2841:. The American captain
2576:List of polar explorers
2400:bacteria in the highly
2170:About 1,150 species of
1967:Alaskozetes antarcticus
1921:Antarctic microorganism
1864:Halley Research Station
1848:hole in the ozone layer
1288:Breakup of Gondwana at
1055:Late Paleozoic icehouse
743:(one of the five major
727:is to the right of the
698:Geography of Antarctica
667:John George Bartholomew
601:
586:
555:. The Greek geographer
491:
483:
382:Antarctic Treaty System
134:Other research stations
15522:Gran Desierto de Altar
14626:Great Australian Bight
13484:
13460:Listen to this article
13418:Stewart, John (2011).
13367:New Holland Publishers
13156:Natural History Museum
13013:Russell, Alan (1986).
12910:The Strait of Magellan
12809:Joyner, Christopher C.
12696:de Hoog, G.S. (2005).
12315:Before the Heroes Came
11672:. NASA. Archived from
11615:. NASA. 9 March 2022.
11026:. 2011. Archived from
10875:(in Norwegian). Oslo.
10380:Guinness World Records
9422:. NASA. Archived from
9257:10.1098/rsta.2014.0292
8700:"Plants of Antarctica"
7875:10.1126/sciadv.abf7787
7377:10.1126/sciadv.aap9467
6993:Discovering Antarctica
6062:10.1093/jmammal/gyz018
5376:; et al. (1995).
4460:spelling pronunciation
4368:Scott of the Antarctic
4363:Ralph Vaughan Williams
4322:of 5 minutes or less.
4302:
4298:Attendees at the 2013
4241:
4151:
4078:
3961:
3235:Pedro Sancho de la Hoz
3214:
3158:
3075:Bellingshausen Station
3047:
3045:Amundsen–Scott Station
3020:Religion in Antarctica
2978:The American explorer
2911:
2831:Jules Dumont d'Urville
2720:South Shetland Islands
2707:
2621:
2596:(A), 18th century by
2548:History of exploration
2530:marine protected areas
2490:
2437:
2430:Bellingshausen Station
2340:Deschampsia antarctica
2286:
2279:Deschampsia antarctica
2167:
1957:
1925:Wildlife of Antarctica
1851:
1768:Antarctic bottom water
1701:
1676:
1419:
1323:
999:
857:
807:and freshwater lakes.
736:
632:discovery of Australia
619:
592:
514:
506:
466:
453:
442:
390:nuclear waste disposal
241:and surrounded by the
173:
162:
34:. For other uses, see
18:Politics of Antarctica
18615:Transglobe Expedition
18514:Operation Deep Freeze
17923:Challenger expedition
16789:Coppermine expedition
16310:Drifting ice stations
15821:North American Arctic
15562:North American Arctic
13483:
13385:Mardon, Austin Albert
13129:John Wiley & Sons
12913:. Dordrecht; London:
12754:Hyginus, Caius Julius
12509:The Fight for English
12319:. Lincoln, Nebraska:
11894:antarcticsun.usap.gov
11535:"IceCube Quick Facts"
11423:. 16 September 2020.
11276:datazone.birdlife.org
11183:Data & Statistics
9888:Armstrong, Terence E.
9560:"The Madrid Protocol"
9516:"Toothfish fisheries"
9456:Nature Communications
9287:Raha, Bipasa (2013).
9173:askabiologist.asu.edu
8923:10.1038/ismej.2013.77
8849:10.1089/ast.2018.1894
8373:Nature Climate Change
7979:Nature Communications
7936:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013
7645:Nature Climate Change
7107:Nature Communications
7019:Nature Climate Change
6883:Rohli & Vega 2018
6808:10.3189/2014AoG66A069
6246:Antarctotrechus balli
5644:Geologische Rundschau
5138:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013
4361:The English composer
4297:
4239:
4201:Adelie Land meteorite
4138:
4126:Biomedical scientists
4069:
4038:Mount Erebus disaster
3947:
3926:Tourism in Antarctica
3875:(Unclaimed territory)
3247:Treaty of Tordesillas
3204:
3148:
3038:
3026:Antarctic Convergence
2908:Operation Deep Freeze
2882:
2739:Imperial Russian Navy
2683:Carstens Borchgrevink
2680:
2583:
2554:History of Antarctica
2499:a base on Ross Island
2485:
2427:
2410:extraterrestrial life
2346:Colobanthus quitensis
2277:
2268:Further information:
2245:Cryomyces antarcticus
2219:, has been used as a
2191:biological structures
2152:
2119:Census of Marine Life
1952:
1937:, such as those with
1935:isolated warmer areas
1846:Image of the largest
1845:
1691:
1670:
1540:Climate of Antarctica
1414:
1321:
992:
948:Further information:
944:Geology of Antarctica
891:. There are numerous
852:
840:Antarctic ice shelves
822:, which stretch from
723:
500:') and, in turn, the
462:Het Scheepvaartmuseum
439:
364:geographic South Pole
168:
160:
14850:Continental fragment
14845:Regions of the world
13515:More spoken articles
13357:Lucas, Mike (1996).
13150:Surviving Antarctica
12791:Springer Netherlands
12758:Hygini de astronomia
11952:on 15 September 2014
11272:"BirdLife Data Zone"
11030:on 15 September 2020
10935:. 22 December 2012.
10725:La Antártica Chilena
10336:(13 December 2013).
10093:, pp. 154, 185.
9687:Conservation Letters
8960:Organic Geochemistry
8777:; Onofri, S (2005).
8300:Parkinson, Claire L.
6787:Annals of Glaciology
6758:. 18 February 2019.
6728:. 18 February 2019.
6656:10.1029/2009JD012104
6512:(B11): 24669–24696.
6487:10.1002/2016JB013841
6050:Journal of Mammalogy
5971:Smithsonian Magazine
5735:Special Publications
5379:Antarctic News Clips
5207:"Ice Sheet Dynamics"
4418:(June 20 or 21) and
4400:Association football
4245:Antarctic ice sheets
3822:Argentine Antarctica
3270:Queen Elizabeth Land
3211:Governorate of Chile
3135:subantarctic islands
2966:Axel Heiberg Glacier
2798:69.35778°S 2.24722°W
2638:was a landmass that
2610:Carsten Borchgrevink
2462:Patagonian toothfish
2416:-rich environments.
2355:(annual bluegrass).
2321:largely consists of
2305:(17–2.5 Ma), a
2135:free-swimming snails
1630:Regional differences
1518:contain deposits of
1173:206 to 146
954:From the end of the
782:occur mainly in the
565:Gaius Julius Hyginus
519:is derived from the
333:a Russian expedition
95:7 territorial claims
19371:Demilitarized zones
19328: /
18785:South magnetic pole
17451:Brusilov expedition
16560:Danish colonization
15998:North magnetic pole
15749:Los Médanos de Coro
15497:Channeled scablands
15120:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
14807:Indian Subcontinent
14597:Submerged continent
14072:Robert Falcon Scott
13729:South magnetic pole
13687:Antarctic Peninsula
13682:Biogeographic realm
13121:Stonehouse, Bernard
13027:Sterling Publishing
12869:. Basingstoke, UK:
12706:Studies in Mycology
12560:Day, David (2019).
12339:Beaglehole, John C.
11650:on 19 November 2016
11395:2010PolSc...4...97S
11338:2017PoRec..53..167D
11298:, pp. 507–509.
11226:on 24 February 2008
11219:The Daily Telegraph
11137:"During Your Visit"
11126:, pp. 187–188.
11053:"Natural Resources"
10514:, pp. 12, 130.
10429:National Geographic
10241:1998PoRec..34..293N
10050:1932GeoRv..22..632H
10038:Geographical Review
9983:2016PoRec..52..578T
9904:1971PoRec..15..887A
9632:on 20 February 2022
9468:2019NatCo..10..946W
9293:Science and Culture
9248:2016RSPTA.37440292B
9039:2015PoRec..51..637C
8972:2018OrGeo.118....4R
8915:2013ISMEJ...7.1434G
8840:2019AsBio..19..233B
8786:Studies in Mycology
8594:2018PLoSO..1397767S
8385:2022NatCC..12..461C
8322:2019PNAS..11614414P
8316:(29): 14414–14423.
8057:2014PhT....67g..42D
8033:; Newman, Paul A.;
7991:2022NatCo..13.5328C
7927:2013TCry....7..375F
7867:2021SciA....7.7787P
7706:2020Natur.585..538G
7657:2023NatCC..13.1222N
7602:2023Sci...382.1384L
7596:(6677): 1384–1389.
7520:(Pt 1): 1534–1548.
7426:2022NatSR..12..383P
7320:2020npCAS...3...18H
7264:2019PNAS..11611195B
7258:(23): 11195–11200.
7232:20.500.11850/230713
7213:2017ERL....12k4002N
7191:Nauels, Alexander;
7119:2022NatCo..13..340B
7031:2020NatCC..10..762C
6935:2020npCAS...3...39S
6862:2010IJCli..30..633F
6799:2014AnGla..55..129H
6752:"Antarctic weather"
6716:"Antarctic Weather"
6647:2009JGRD..11424102T
6518:1997JGR...10224669S
6479:2017JGRB..122.2390P
6328:2018PolSc..16...23P
6260:2016ZooK..635..109A
6213:10.1038/nature01290
6205:2003Natur.421..245D
6141:2017JCli...30.5775E
6096:2013GGG....14.2771B
5934:2019CrRes.101....1E
5922:Cretaceous Research
5885:2016CrRes..57..311R
5873:Cretaceous Research
5839:2013CrRes..41..186C
5827:Cretaceous Research
5698:2007GeoJI.170..151G
5656:1994GeoRu..83..309B
5432:2020Natur.580...81K
5363:, pp. 362–363.
5129:2013TCry....7..375F
5079:2017Tectp.717..127J
4635:Prince Olav Harbour
4392:Antarctica Marathon
3996:visiting Antarctica
3940:Crime in Antarctica
3920:Economy and tourism
3582: /
3205:Map of the Spanish
3102:60th parallel south
3098:Emilio Marcos Palma
3096:on 8 October 1913.
3071:Holy Trinity Church
2944:south Polar Plateau
2932:south magnetic pole
2888:Hut Point Peninsula
2833:disembarked on the
2803:-69.35778; -2.24722
2794: /
2733:, a captain in the
2572:Women in Antarctica
2493:The pressure group
2469:sustainable fishing
2329:and 100 species of
2264:Flora of Antarctica
2165:Wilhelm Archipelago
2013: in) in size.
1880:chlorofluorocarbons
1780:Northern Hemisphere
1776:Southern Hemisphere
1721:Antarctic Peninsula
1388:caused by lowering
1332:La Meseta Formation
1299:), c. 126 Ma (
1179:Indian subcontinent
1164:Antarctic Peninsula
1133:, and sphenopsids.
1048:Pensacola Mountains
1008:Northern Hemisphere
973:, Antarctica had a
911:Ellsworth Mountains
832:Antarctic ice sheet
784:McMurdo Dry Valleys
745:circles of latitude
628:classical antiquity
605:, found first in a
477:, which comes from
426:Southern Hemisphere
360:magnetic South Pole
352:Robert Falcon Scott
259:Antarctic ice sheet
245:(also known as the
122:Largest settlements
52:
18476:Operation Windmill
18457:Operation Highjump
17432:Rusanov expedition
17337:A. E. Nordenskiöld
17081:North East Passage
16885:McClure expedition
15542:Jornada del Muerto
14945:Desert exploration
14588:
14383:
14300:
14172:
14010:Telecommunications
13924:Territorial claims
13485:
13331:online book review
13181:Ashgate Publishing
13052:Ashgate Publishing
12871:Palgrave Macmillan
12276:Chapman & Hall
12160:. 20 December 2020
12003:The Canberra Times
11447:Burton, Michael G.
11058:The World Factbook
11020:The World Factbook
10608:. pp. vii–x.
10551:on 6 February 2006
10431:. 4 January 2012.
9700:10.1111/conl.12342
9662:on 13 January 2022
9388:. pp. 25–26.
9200:The New York Times
8146:on 31 October 2020
7760:(6611): eabn7950.
7414:Scientific Reports
6124:Journal of Climate
6104:10.1002/ggge.20160
5998:, pp. 185–198
5977:on 30 January 2008
5664:10.1007/BF00210547
5374:Browne, Malcolm W.
5311:20.500.11937/13606
4715:The World Factbook
4375:Sinfonia antartica
4303:
4242:
4184:in the world, the
4152:
4147:on display at the
4079:
4070:An aerial view of
3964:Deposits of coal,
3962:
3274:Queen Elizabeth II
3231:Strait of Magellan
3215:
3191:Territorial claims
3159:
3149:The U.S. delegate
3121:Argentine military
3079:King George Island
3048:
2992:Caroline Mikkelsen
2988:Ingrid Christensen
2975:reached the pole.
2912:
2900:base on Antarctica
2708:
2646:Captain James Cook
2626:1513 Piri Reis map
2622:
2594:Ferdinand Magellan
2540:, and the various
2515:commercial whaling
2491:
2438:
2287:
2195:metabolism systems
2168:
2073:Antarctic fur seal
2000:Belgica antarctica
1958:
1852:
1731:has absorbed more
1702:
1700:satellite sensors.
1677:
1528:natural gas fields
1459:continental plates
1420:
1324:
1000:
885:Eastern Hemisphere
858:
844:ice-sheet dynamics
737:
733:Western Antarctica
725:Eastern Antarctica
496:('opposite to the
467:
386:nuclear explosions
368:Norwegian explorer
290:species of animals
174:
163:
83:Population density
68:14,200,000 km
50:
18989:
18988:
18985:
18984:
18981:
18980:
18443:Operation Tabarin
18305:Far Eastern Party
18151:Nimrod Expedition
17662:
17661:
17658:
17657:
17221:M. Pronchishcheva
17143:Siberian Cossacks
16612:Northwest Passage
15945:Research stations
15902:Polar exploration
15868:
15867:
15841:
15840:
15725:
15724:
15410:
15409:
15087:Arabian Peninsula
15043:Plaine des Sables
14874:
14873:
14820:
14819:
14815:
14814:
14636:Kerguelen Plateau
14574:
14573:
14569:
14568:
14369:
14368:
14364:
14363:
14286:
14285:
14281:
14280:
14118:
14117:
14077:Ernest Shackleton
14005:Research stations
13950:Antarctic English
13919:National programs
13914:Military activity
13888:COVID-19 pandemic
13845:
13844:
13714:Floristic Kingdom
13619:Antarctic sea ice
13481:
13448:979-8-88676-403-1
13431:978-0-7864-3590-6
13406:978-18974-7-235-4
13389:Mardon, Catherine
13376:978-1-85368-743-3
13349:978-3-443-11034-5
13303:antarctica.gov.au
13283:978-0-309-26818-9
13213:978-1-55297-590-9
13190:978-0-7546-4419-4
13165:978-0-565-09217-7
13138:978-0-471-98665-2
13112:978-0-444-98696-2
13089:978-0-08-093161-6
13061:978-1-4094-3941-7
13036:978-0-8069-4768-6
13015:McWhirter, Norris
13005:978-1-284-12656-3
12980:978-1-1358-7866-5
12961:Riffenburgh, Beau
12952:978-0-295-80523-8
12924:978-0-7923-0181-3
12899:978-0-938567-42-4
12880:978-02302-5-117-5
12853:978-90-04-44917-6
12828:978-0-7923-1823-1
12800:978-94-007-6841-3
12771:978-35190-1-438-6
12745:978-1-61069-392-9
12688:978-0-521-25274-4
12663:978-0-14-192808-1
12633:978-0-901021-04-5
12607:978-3-319-98448-3
12579:978-0-19-064132-0
12552:978-0-19-967055-0
12524:978-0-19-920764-0
12494:978-14438-8-128-9
12469:978-3-319-74623-4
12443:978-1-139-56028-3
12410:978-0-444-42784-7
12395:. pp. 7–42.
12375:978-06480-4-396-6
12356:978-1-4724-5324-2
12330:978-0-8032-1228-2
12300:978-05211-3-168-1
12238:. 1 December 2022
12030:. 17 October 2012
11946:archive.wired.com
11921:. 14 January 2020
11868:antarctica.gov.au
11839:978-0-309-26818-9
11798:978-0-309-26818-9
11613:Earth Observatory
10825:Santiago de Chile
10665:The Polar Journal
10461:on 26 August 2016
10192:(December 2012).
10190:Blackadder, Jesse
10155:, pp. 30–32.
9240:The Royal Society
8749:on 11 August 2013
8731:Spooner, Brian M.
8729:Bridge, Paul D.;
8654:978-3-540-93922-1
8425:978-0-12-817925-3
8103:(7257): 792–795.
8065:10.1063/PT.3.2449
8031:Douglass, Anne R.
7700:(7826): 538–544.
7651:(11): 1222–1228.
6527:10.1029/97JB01643
6199:(6920): 245–249.
5574:978-0-12-817925-3
5176:The Antarctic Sun
4837:(Subscription or
4647:Carl Anton Larsen
4623:King Edward Point
4182:neutrino detector
4145:Allan Hills 84001
4040:in 1979, when an
4004:COVID-19 pandemic
3917:
3916:
3587:68.833°S 90.583°W
3239:Pedro de Valdivia
3157:in December 1959.
3127:Antarctic English
3064:research stations
3052:research stations
3039:The "ceremonial"
2930:and to reach the
2920:Ernest Shackleton
2812:Trinity Peninsula
2731:Edward Bransfield
2698:, the cape where
2692:Expetition (1899)
2315:species diversity
2251:Cryomyces minteri
2159:) growing on the
1892:Montreal Protocol
1815:Isostatic rebound
1788:marine ecosystems
1530:in the Ross Sea.
1501:Beardmore Glacier
1452:metamorphic rocks
1436:satellite imagery
1374:Tasmanian Passage
1326:During the early
1187:trees, conifers,
1175:million years ago
1143:Fremouw Formation
979:temperate climate
897:Kerguelen Plateau
798:, is the largest
682:Great White North
674:Great White South
578:polus antarcticus
398:research stations
362:in 1909, and the
356:Ernest Shackleton
349:British explorers
268:. It is mainly a
155:
154:
16:(Redirected from
19388:
19361:Antarctic region
19343:
19342:
19340:
19339:
19338:
19333:
19329:
19326:
19325:
19324:
19321:
19306:
19305:
19294:
19293:
19282:
19281:
19270:
19269:
19268:
19258:
19257:
19256:
19246:
19245:
19244:
19234:
19233:
19232:
19222:
19221:
19220:
19210:
19209:
19198:
19197:
19196:
19186:
19185:
19184:
19174:
19173:
19172:
19162:
19161:
19160:
19150:
19149:
19148:
19138:
19137:
19136:
19126:
19125:
19114:
19113:
19112:
19102:
19101:
19100:
19090:
19089:
19088:
19078:
19077:
19076:
19066:
19065:
19064:
19054:
19053:
19042:
19041:
19040:
19030:
19029:
19028:
19018:
19017:
19006:
19005:
19004:
18997:
18490:Ronne Expedition
17975:
17969:
17833:Dumont d'Urville
17681:
17680:
17668:
17667:
17216:V. Pronchishchev
15923:
15922:
15910:
15909:
15895:
15888:
15881:
15872:
15871:
15784:
15783:
15632:
15631:
15083:
15082:
14901:
14894:
14887:
14878:
14877:
14858:
14857:
14839:World portal
14837:
14836:
14774:
14723:
14680:
14608:
14585:
14584:
14580:
14579:
14458:
14396:
14380:
14379:
14375:
14374:
14354:
14339:
14324:
14309:
14297:
14296:
14292:
14291:
14271:
14256:
14241:
14226:
14211:
14196:
14181:
14169:
14168:
14164:
14163:
14145:
14138:
14131:
14122:
14121:
14103:
14102:
14093:
14092:
14067:James Clark Ross
14039:Famous explorers
13853:
13672:
13671:
13596:
13589:
13582:
13573:
13572:
13528:
13527:
13525:Official website
13505:
13503:
13492:
13491:
13482:
13472:
13470:
13466:
13461:
13435:
13414:
13411:Internet Archive
13398:
13380:
13364:
13353:
13314:
13312:
13310:
13294:
13292:
13290:
13259:
13257:
13255:
13249:
13240:
13238:
13236:
13226:
13217:
13205:
13194:
13169:
13153:
13142:
13116:
13103:Elsevier Science
13093:
13080:Elsevier Science
13065:
13040:
13024:
13009:
12984:
12956:
12933:Pyne, Stephen J.
12928:
12903:
12884:
12868:
12857:
12844:Brill Publishers
12832:
12804:
12775:
12749:
12728:
12702:
12692:
12667:
12651:
12637:
12611:
12583:
12556:
12528:
12512:
12498:
12473:
12452:Carroll, Michael
12447:
12422:
12379:
12360:
12334:
12318:
12309:Baughmann, T. H.
12304:
12279:
12248:
12247:
12245:
12243:
12228:
12222:
12221:
12219:
12217:
12202:
12196:
12195:
12193:
12191:
12176:
12170:
12169:
12167:
12165:
12150:
12144:
12143:
12141:
12139:
12134:. 16 August 2007
12124:
12118:
12117:
12115:
12113:
12098:
12092:
12091:
12089:
12087:
12072:
12066:
12065:
12063:
12061:
12046:
12040:
12039:
12037:
12035:
12020:
12014:
12013:
12011:
12009:
11994:
11988:
11987:
11985:
11983:
11968:
11962:
11961:
11959:
11957:
11948:. Archived from
11937:
11931:
11930:
11928:
11926:
11911:
11905:
11904:
11902:
11900:
11886:
11880:
11879:
11877:
11875:
11860:
11851:
11850:
11848:
11846:
11816:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11805:
11775:
11769:
11768:
11766:
11764:
11758:
11750:
11744:
11743:
11741:
11739:
11729:
11721:
11715:
11714:
11712:
11710:
11700:
11692:
11686:
11685:
11683:
11681:
11666:
11660:
11659:
11657:
11655:
11646:. Archived from
11635:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11624:
11605:
11599:
11598:
11588:
11563:
11557:
11556:
11554:
11552:
11531:
11525:
11524:
11522:
11520:
11501:
11495:
11494:
11468:
11443:
11437:
11436:
11434:
11432:
11413:
11407:
11406:
11378:
11372:
11366:
11360:
11359:
11349:
11317:
11311:
11305:
11299:
11293:
11287:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11268:
11262:
11261:
11259:
11257:
11242:
11236:
11235:
11233:
11231:
11222:. Archived from
11209:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11198:
11175:
11169:
11163:
11157:
11156:
11154:
11152:
11133:
11127:
11121:
11112:
11111:
11109:
11107:
11085:
11079:
11078:
11076:
11074:
11049:
11043:
11042:
11037:
11035:
11012:
11003:
10997:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10986:
10980:
10969:
10960:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10944:
10925:
10919:
10918:
10916:
10914:
10895:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10884:
10862:
10856:
10850:
10841:
10840:
10838:
10836:
10814:
10808:
10807:
10805:
10803:
10788:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10777:
10762:
10756:
10755:
10753:
10751:
10735:
10729:
10728:
10720:
10714:
10707:
10701:
10700:
10690:
10680:
10656:
10650:
10649:
10647:
10645:
10626:
10620:
10619:
10606:CSIRO Publishing
10597:
10591:
10590:
10588:
10586:
10577:. Archived from
10567:
10561:
10560:
10558:
10556:
10547:. Archived from
10539:Antarctic Treaty
10533:
10527:
10521:
10515:
10509:
10503:
10502:
10500:
10498:
10477:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10466:
10451:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10440:
10425:Resource Library
10417:
10411:
10405:
10396:
10395:
10393:
10391:
10372:
10366:
10365:
10363:
10361:
10330:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10319:
10300:
10291:
10290:
10288:
10286:
10267:
10261:
10260:
10235:(191): 293–304.
10224:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10213:
10186:
10180:
10174:
10168:
10162:
10156:
10153:Riffenburgh 2007
10150:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10139:
10124:
10118:
10112:
10106:
10100:
10094:
10088:
10082:
10076:
10070:
10069:
10033:
10027:
10021:
10015:
10009:
10003:
10002:
9966:
9960:
9954:
9948:
9942:
9936:
9930:
9924:
9923:
9884:
9878:
9877:
9875:
9873:
9857:
9849:
9843:
9837:
9831:
9825:
9819:
9818:
9816:
9814:
9794:
9788:
9782:
9776:
9770:
9764:
9761:Riffenburgh 2007
9758:
9752:
9751:
9719:
9713:
9712:
9702:
9678:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9667:
9658:. Archived from
9648:
9642:
9641:
9639:
9637:
9631:
9620:
9612:
9606:
9605:
9603:
9601:
9582:
9576:
9575:
9573:
9571:
9556:
9550:
9544:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9512:
9506:
9505:
9495:
9447:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9431:
9426:on 23 March 2010
9411:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9400:
9394:
9383:
9374:
9368:
9367:
9357:
9347:
9323:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9259:
9223:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9190:
9184:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9169:"Brine Channels"
9164:
9158:
9157:
9123:
9103:
9097:
9096:
9094:
9092:
9067:
9061:
9060:
9050:
9018:
9012:
9011:
8993:
8983:
8951:
8945:
8944:
8934:
8898:The ISME Journal
8888:
8882:
8876:
8870:
8869:
8851:
8815:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8804:
8798:
8783:
8775:Friedmann, E. I.
8770:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8726:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8665:
8659:
8658:
8632:
8626:
8625:
8615:
8605:
8571:
8565:
8559:
8553:
8552:
8520:
8511:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8483:Miami University
8470:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8436:
8430:
8429:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8360:
8354:
8353:
8343:
8333:
8296:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8279:
8264:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8239:
8228:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8209:
8200:. 1 April 2017.
8194:"The Ozone Hole"
8190:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8174:. 6 January 2021
8162:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8142:. Archived from
8129:
8123:
8122:
8112:
8088:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8027:
8021:
8020:
8010:
7970:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7959:
7953:
7938:
7912:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7886:
7855:Science Advances
7846:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7815:
7804:
7803:
7777:
7745:
7734:
7733:
7685:
7679:
7678:
7668:
7636:
7630:
7629:
7587:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7486:
7480:
7479:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7453:
7405:
7399:
7398:
7388:
7365:Science Advances
7356:
7350:
7349:
7339:
7302:
7296:
7295:
7285:
7275:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7224:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7175:
7165:Fox-Kemper, B.;
7162:
7149:
7148:
7138:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7010:
7004:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6985:
6976:
6975:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6946:
6914:
6908:
6907:
6900:climate.NASA.gov
6892:
6886:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6870:10.1002/joc.1933
6845:
6839:
6838:
6820:
6810:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6658:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6609:
6592:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6550:
6544:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6473:(3): 2390–2408.
6461:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6358:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6310:
6304:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6281:
6271:
6254:(635): 109–122.
6239:
6233:
6232:
6190:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6152:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6090:(8): 2771–2799.
6081:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5973:. Archived from
5962:
5956:
5955:
5945:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5790:
5781:
5775:
5772:Riffenburgh 2007
5769:
5763:
5762:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5588:
5579:
5578:
5560:
5554:
5541:
5532:
5531:
5497:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5451:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5303:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5248:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5150:
5140:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5013:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4921:
4915:
4912:Cameron-Ash 2018
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4821:(3rd ed.).
4814:
4807:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4707:
4671:
4656:
4650:
4611:
4605:
4594:Eileen McSaveney
4588:, Jean Pearson,
4582:
4576:
4548:
4542:
4539:Fimbul ice shelf
4535:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4501:
4495:
4452:
4424:Antarctic Treaty
4104:primarily study
3913:
3899:
3895:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3865:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3829:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3756:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3613:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:-68.833; -90.583
3588:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3489:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3294:zone of interest
3291:
3289:
3288:
3163:Antarctic Treaty
3155:Antarctic Treaty
3131:English language
3109:Antarctic Treaty
3068:Russian Orthodox
2847:James Clark Ross
2835:Dumoulin Islands
2818:, apparently at
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2747:Nathaniel Palmer
2606:James Clark Ross
2367:. Multicoloured
2335:flowering plants
2270:Flora Antarctica
2025:keystone species
2012:
2011:
2007:
1954:Emperor penguins
1808:greenhouse gases
1778:but more in the
1594:Antarctica is a
1576:
1552:
1490:Shackleton Range
1465:has resulted in
1363:meridiolestidans
1294:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1227:Hanson Formation
1176:
938:Geologic history
877:. Robertson Land
876:
741:Antarctic Circle
639:Matthew Flinders
624:
611:Geoffrey Chaucer
604:
595:
593:pôle antarctique
589:
580:
554:
551:
533:
532:
527:
526:
517:
509:
494:
486:
465:
464:
456:
445:
239:Antarctic Circle
228:
227:
226:
225:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
151:
60:
53:
49:
21:
19396:
19395:
19391:
19390:
19389:
19387:
19386:
19385:
19346:
19345:
19336:
19334:
19330:
19327:
19322:
19319:
19317:
19315:
19314:
19312:
19300:
19288:
19276:
19266:
19264:
19254:
19252:
19242:
19240:
19230:
19228:
19218:
19216:
19204:
19194:
19192:
19182:
19180:
19170:
19168:
19158:
19156:
19146:
19144:
19134:
19132:
19120:
19110:
19108:
19098:
19096:
19086:
19084:
19074:
19072:
19062:
19060:
19048:
19038:
19036:
19026:
19024:
19012:
19002:
19000:
18992:
18990:
18977:
18652:
18644:
18520:McMurdo Station
18389:Modern research
18387:
18375:
18110:O. Nordenskjöld
17973:
17967:
17962:
17878:Ross expedition
17702:
17675:
17654:
17083:
17075:
16616:Northern Canada
16614:
16606:
16459:
16451:
15957:
15949:
15917:
15904:
15899:
15869:
15864:
15837:
15807:
15773:
15721:
15703:
15664:Nullarbor Plain
15621:
15532:Great Salt Lake
15477:Baja California
15453:
15424:Bardenas Reales
15406:
15388:
15341:Iranian Plateau
15335:
15292:
15217:
15198:Saryesik-Atyrau
15139:
15072:
15008:Farafra (White)
14949:
14935:List of deserts
14925:Desertification
14911:
14905:
14875:
14870:
14869:
14831:
14816:
14811:
14797:Eastern Siberia
14787:Central America
14775:
14768:
14762:
14757:Terra Australis
14724:
14708:
14702:
14698:Pangaea Proxima
14681:
14676:
14670:
14609:
14605:microcontinents
14594:
14570:
14565:
14511:East Antarctica
14459:
14454:
14448:
14397:
14393:supercontinents
14389:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14345:
14340:
14330:
14325:
14315:
14310:
14282:
14277:
14272:
14262:
14257:
14247:
14242:
14232:
14227:
14217:
14212:
14202:
14197:
14187:
14182:
14158:
14149:
14119:
14114:
14081:
14051:Richard E. Byrd
14034:
13995:Protected areas
13933:
13897:
13854:
13841:
13798:
13752:Bodies of Water
13747:
13736:West Antarctica
13692:East Antarctica
13670:
13605:
13600:
13569:
13523:
13522:
13519:
13518:
13507:
13501:
13499:
13496:This audio file
13493:
13486:
13477:
13474:
13468:
13464:
13463:
13459:
13456:
13432:
13417:
13407:
13383:
13377:
13356:
13350:
13329:(Conway, 2022)
13322:
13320:Further reading
13317:
13308:
13306:
13297:
13288:
13286:
13284:
13262:
13253:
13251:
13247:
13243:
13234:
13232:
13224:
13220:
13214:
13191:
13166:
13139:
13113:
13090:
13070:Siegert, Martin
13062:
13050:. Farnham, UK:
13037:
13006:
12981:
12953:
12925:
12900:
12881:
12854:
12829:
12801:
12772:
12746:
12725:
12700:
12689:
12664:
12642:Edwards, Philip
12634:
12608:
12580:
12553:
12525:
12495:
12470:
12444:
12411:
12376:
12357:
12347:Hakluyt Society
12331:
12301:
12263:
12257:
12252:
12251:
12241:
12239:
12230:
12229:
12225:
12215:
12213:
12210:Cool Antarctica
12204:
12203:
12199:
12189:
12187:
12178:
12177:
12173:
12163:
12161:
12152:
12151:
12147:
12137:
12135:
12126:
12125:
12121:
12111:
12109:
12107:Washington Post
12099:
12095:
12085:
12083:
12073:
12069:
12059:
12057:
12048:
12047:
12043:
12033:
12031:
12022:
12021:
12017:
12007:
12005:
11995:
11991:
11981:
11979:
11969:
11965:
11955:
11953:
11938:
11934:
11924:
11922:
11913:
11912:
11908:
11898:
11896:
11888:
11887:
11883:
11873:
11871:
11862:
11861:
11854:
11844:
11842:
11840:
11818:
11817:
11813:
11803:
11801:
11799:
11777:
11776:
11772:
11762:
11760:
11756:
11752:
11751:
11747:
11737:
11735:
11727:
11723:
11722:
11718:
11708:
11706:
11698:
11694:
11693:
11689:
11679:
11677:
11676:on 6 March 2006
11668:
11667:
11663:
11653:
11651:
11636:
11632:
11622:
11620:
11607:
11606:
11602:
11564:
11560:
11550:
11548:
11533:
11532:
11528:
11518:
11516:
11503:
11502:
11498:
11444:
11440:
11430:
11428:
11415:
11414:
11410:
11379:
11375:
11367:
11363:
11318:
11314:
11306:
11302:
11294:
11290:
11280:
11278:
11270:
11269:
11265:
11255:
11253:
11244:
11243:
11239:
11229:
11227:
11210:
11206:
11196:
11194:
11177:
11176:
11172:
11164:
11160:
11150:
11148:
11135:
11134:
11130:
11122:
11115:
11105:
11103:
11086:
11082:
11072:
11070:
11051:
11050:
11046:
11033:
11031:
11014:
11013:
11006:
10998:
10994:
10984:
10982:
10978:
10967:
10961:
10952:
10942:
10940:
10927:
10926:
10922:
10912:
10910:
10897:
10896:
10892:
10882:
10880:
10863:
10859:
10851:
10844:
10834:
10832:
10815:
10811:
10801:
10799:
10790:
10789:
10785:
10775:
10773:
10764:
10763:
10759:
10749:
10747:
10736:
10732:
10721:
10717:
10708:
10704:
10657:
10653:
10643:
10641:
10628:
10627:
10623:
10616:
10598:
10594:
10584:
10582:
10581:on 6 March 2006
10569:
10568:
10564:
10554:
10552:
10535:
10534:
10530:
10522:
10518:
10510:
10506:
10496:
10494:
10483:
10479:
10478:
10474:
10464:
10462:
10453:
10452:
10448:
10438:
10436:
10419:
10418:
10414:
10406:
10399:
10389:
10387:
10374:
10373:
10369:
10359:
10357:
10331:
10327:
10317:
10315:
10302:
10301:
10294:
10284:
10282:
10281:on 26 June 2004
10269:
10268:
10264:
10225:
10221:
10211:
10209:
10187:
10183:
10175:
10171:
10163:
10159:
10151:
10147:
10137:
10135:
10126:
10125:
10121:
10113:
10109:
10101:
10097:
10089:
10085:
10077:
10073:
10034:
10030:
10022:
10018:
10010:
10006:
9967:
9963:
9955:
9951:
9943:
9939:
9931:
9927:
9898:(99): 887–889.
9885:
9881:
9871:
9869:
9864:(in Estonian).
9850:
9846:
9838:
9834:
9826:
9822:
9812:
9810:
9795:
9791:
9785:Beaglehole 1968
9783:
9779:
9771:
9767:
9759:
9755:
9748:
9720:
9716:
9679:
9675:
9665:
9663:
9650:
9649:
9645:
9635:
9633:
9629:
9618:
9614:
9613:
9609:
9599:
9597:
9592:. 17 May 2019.
9584:
9583:
9579:
9569:
9567:
9558:
9557:
9553:
9545:
9541:
9531:
9529:
9524:. 2 July 2021.
9514:
9513:
9509:
9448:
9439:
9429:
9427:
9412:
9408:
9398:
9396:
9392:
9381:
9375:
9371:
9324:
9320:
9310:
9308:
9295:(79): 120–122.
9285:
9281:
9224:
9220:
9210:
9208:
9191:
9187:
9177:
9175:
9165:
9161:
9104:
9100:
9090:
9088:
9069:
9068:
9064:
9019:
9015:
8952:
8948:
8889:
8885:
8877:
8873:
8822:Buellia frigida
8816:
8812:
8802:
8800:
8796:
8781:
8771:
8762:
8752:
8750:
8727:
8723:
8713:
8711:
8698:
8697:
8693:
8683:
8681:
8666:
8662:
8655:
8633:
8629:
8588:(6): e0197767.
8572:
8568:
8560:
8556:
8521:
8514:
8506:
8502:
8492:
8490:
8471:
8467:
8457:
8455:
8438:
8437:
8433:
8426:
8412:
8408:
8361:
8357:
8297:
8293:
8283:
8281:
8277:
8262:
8258:
8257:
8253:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8226:
8222:
8221:
8217:
8207:
8205:
8192:
8191:
8187:
8177:
8175:
8164:
8163:
8159:
8149:
8147:
8130:
8126:
8110:10.1038/460792a
8089:
8082:
8028:
8024:
7971:
7967:
7957:
7955:
7951:
7910:
7904:
7900:
7847:
7838:
7828:
7826:
7816:
7807:
7746:
7737:
7686:
7682:
7637:
7633:
7585:
7578:
7574:
7561:
7557:
7506:
7502:
7487:
7483:
7471:
7467:
7406:
7402:
7371:(4): eaap9467.
7357:
7353:
7303:
7299:
7244:
7240:
7189:
7185:
7173:
7163:
7152:
7099:
7095:
7066:
7062:
7011:
7007:
6997:
6995:
6987:
6986:
6979:
6964:
6960:
6915:
6911:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6881:
6877:
6846:
6842:
6793:(66): 129–137.
6779:
6775:
6765:
6763:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6735:
6733:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6699:
6697:
6676:
6672:
6641:(D24): D24102.
6627:
6623:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6590:
6584:
6580:
6570:
6568:
6551:
6547:
6539:
6535:
6498:
6494:
6462:
6458:
6450:
6446:
6438:
6434:
6426:
6422:
6414:
6410:
6400:
6398:
6383:
6359:
6355:
6349:Stonehouse 2002
6347:
6343:
6311:
6307:
6299:
6295:
6240:
6236:
6188:
6185:
6178:
6174:
6115:
6111:
6079:
6073:
6069:
6045:
6041:
6006:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5978:
5963:
5959:
5914:
5910:
5868:
5864:
5823:
5819:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5788:
5782:
5778:
5770:
5766:
5731:
5727:
5719:
5715:
5675:
5671:
5640:
5636:
5628:
5624:
5609:
5605:
5597:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5561:
5557:
5542:
5535:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5477:
5473:
5426:(7801): 81–86.
5415:
5411:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5371:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5347:
5343:
5335:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5272:
5268:
5249:
5242:
5234:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5187:
5168:
5164:
5108:
5104:
5059:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5023:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4994:
4992:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4964:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4940:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4886:
4882:
4878:, pp. 2–3.
4874:
4870:
4862:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4836:
4828:
4826:
4825:. December 2021
4808:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4779:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4751:Wayback Machine
4742:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4709:
4708:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4657:
4653:
4612:
4608:
4584:The women were
4583:
4579:
4549:
4545:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4502:
4498:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4432:
4416:winter solstice
4408:
4384:
4373:Symphony No. 7
4348:Anthony Hopkins
4344:Nick Cassavetes
4335:South of Sanity
4308:
4292:
4163:Astrophysicists
4106:plate tectonics
4084:McMurdo Station
4072:McMurdo Station
4064:
4058:
4052:in Antarctica.
4042:Air New Zealand
4027:Gentoo penguins
3942:
3928:
3922:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:Marie Byrd Land
3882:
3880:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3827:
3815:
3813:
3802:
3800:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3754:
3742:
3740:
3729:
3727:
3709:
3705:
3700:Queen Maud Land
3693:
3691:
3680:
3678:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3636:
3634:
3623:
3621:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3557:
3555:
3544:
3542:
3524:
3520:
3515:Ross Dependency
3497:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3440:
3428:
3426:
3423:United Kingdom
3416:
3398:
3394:
3382:
3380:
3369:
3367:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3286:
3284:
3278:Diamond Jubilee
3199:
3193:
3183:, instead of a
3143:
3022:
3014:Main articles:
3012:
2999:George J. Dufek
2980:Richard E. Byrd
2924:Edgeworth David
2896:McMurdo Station
2877:
2852:Mercator Cooper
2827:Balleny Islands
2802:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2777:Queen Maud Land
2760:on the 985-ton
2758:Mikhail Lazarev
2675:
2636:Terra Australis
2631:Terra Australis
2578:
2564:
2552:Main articles:
2550:
2486:A whale in the
2458:illegal fishing
2422:
2361:
2359:Other organisms
2325:(25 species of
2283:Collins Glacier
2272:
2266:
2260:
2216:Buellia frigida
2185:The simplified
2147:
2108:emperor penguin
2065:colossal squids
2017:Antarctic krill
2009:
2005:
2004:
1947:
1939:geothermal heat
1927:
1917:Antarctic realm
1913:
1868:Brunt Ice Shelf
1840:
1834:
1832:Ozone depletion
1829:
1828:
1792:Antarctic flora
1725:East Antarctica
1717:West Antarctica
1685:
1665:
1653:solar radiation
1641:katabatic winds
1632:
1606:, the wind and
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1553:
1542:
1536:
1444:geologic uplift
1417:Antarctic Plate
1409:
1398:
1393:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1216:Cryolophosaurus
1171:
1109:
1032:Devonian period
1004:Cambrian period
987:
952:
946:
940:
927:volcanic crater
866:Queen Maud Land
816:East Antarctica
812:West Antarctica
800:subglacial lake
735:is to the left.
718:
700:
694:
678:Herbert Ponting
621:Terra Australis
557:Marinus of Tyre
552:
434:
406:ozone depletion
341:Mikhail Lazarev
247:Antarctic Ocean
221:
220:
184:
180:
149:
138:
129:McMurdo Station
69:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19394:
19384:
19383:
19378:
19373:
19368:
19363:
19358:
19311:
19310:
19298:
19286:
19274:
19262:
19250:
19238:
19226:
19214:
19202:
19190:
19178:
19166:
19154:
19142:
19130:
19118:
19106:
19104:Earth sciences
19094:
19082:
19070:
19058:
19046:
19034:
19022:
19010:
18987:
18986:
18983:
18982:
18979:
18978:
18976:
18975:
18970:
18965:
18960:
18959:
18958:
18953:
18941:
18940:
18939:
18937:Vostok Station
18927:
18922:
18917:
18912:
18907:
18902:
18897:
18892:
18891:
18890:
18888:Cherry-Garrard
18885:
18880:
18875:
18870:
18865:
18853:
18852:
18851:
18844:
18839:
18834:
18829:
18824:
18819:
18805:
18804:
18803:
18798:
18793:
18781:
18780:
18779:
18774:
18769:
18764:
18752:
18751:
18750:
18738:
18737:
18736:
18728:Southern Cross
18724:
18723:
18722:
18709:
18708:
18707:
18694:
18689:
18688:
18687:
18674:
18673:
18672:
18658:
18656:
18650:Farthest South
18646:
18645:
18643:
18642:
18637:
18630:
18629:
18628:
18623:
18611:
18604:
18603:
18602:
18601:
18600:
18588:
18587:
18586:
18574:
18573:
18572:
18565:
18560:
18541:
18540:
18539:
18534:
18522:
18517:
18510:
18509:
18508:
18503:
18498:
18486:
18485:
18484:
18472:
18465:
18460:
18453:
18452:
18451:
18439:
18438:
18437:
18425:
18424:
18423:
18411:
18404:
18399:
18393:
18391:
18377:
18376:
18374:
18373:
18372:
18371:
18357:
18356:
18355:
18347:Ross Sea party
18343:
18334:
18333:
18332:
18327:
18322:
18308:
18301:
18300:
18299:
18294:
18279:
18274:
18273:
18272:
18267:
18262:
18257:
18252:
18247:
18233:
18232:
18231:
18224:
18217:
18212:
18198:
18197:
18196:
18184:
18183:
18182:
18177:
18163:
18162:
18161:
18147:
18140:
18139:
18138:
18131:
18119:
18118:
18117:
18112:
18107:
18093:
18092:
18091:
18086:
18072:
18071:
18070:
18065:
18051:
18050:
18049:
18044:
18041:Southern Cross
18034:Southern Cross
18030:
18029:
18028:
18023:
18018:
18013:
18008:
18003:
17998:
17993:
17978:
17976:
17964:
17963:
17961:
17960:
17959:
17958:
17946:
17945:
17944:
17939:
17934:
17919:
17914:
17913:
17912:
17899:
17893:
17874:
17873:
17872:
17859:
17858:
17857:
17852:
17837:
17836:
17835:
17823:
17818:
17813:
17808:
17803:
17798:
17797:
17796:
17784:
17783:
17782:
17780:Bellingshausen
17770:
17763:
17758:
17757:
17756:
17743:
17742:
17741:
17728:
17723:
17718:
17712:
17710:
17704:
17703:
17701:
17700:
17695:
17690:
17677:
17676:
17664:
17663:
17660:
17659:
17656:
17655:
17653:
17652:
17651:
17650:
17639:
17627:
17622:
17615:
17608:
17607:
17606:
17594:
17593:
17592:
17580:
17579:
17578:
17566:
17565:
17564:
17552:
17547:
17542:
17541:
17540:
17528:
17527:
17526:
17512:
17511:
17510:
17488:
17483:
17478:
17477:
17476:
17471:
17466:
17461:
17447:
17446:
17445:
17440:
17428:
17423:
17422:
17421:
17416:
17411:
17406:
17392:
17391:
17390:
17376:
17375:
17374:
17369:
17364:
17346:
17345:
17344:
17339:
17324:
17323:
17322:
17317:
17305:
17300:
17295:
17290:
17285:
17280:
17275:
17270:
17265:
17260:
17255:
17250:
17245:
17240:
17239:
17238:
17233:
17228:
17223:
17218:
17213:
17208:
17203:
17198:
17193:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17139:
17134:
17129:
17122:
17117:
17112:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17089:
17087:
17085:Russian Arctic
17077:
17076:
17074:
17073:
17068:
17067:
17066:
17052:
17051:
17050:
17045:
17031:
17026:
17025:
17024:
17010:
17009:
17008:
16996:
16995:
16994:
16981:
16980:
16979:
16967:
16966:
16965:
16960:
16945:
16944:
16943:
16931:
16926:
16921:
16916:
16915:
16914:
16909:
16901:
16896:
16881:
16876:
16875:
16874:
16869:
16857:
16852:
16851:
16850:
16842:
16827:
16826:
16825:
16812:
16807:
16802:
16797:
16792:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16774:
16773:
16760:
16759:
16758:
16745:
16744:
16743:
16730:
16725:
16720:
16715:
16714:
16713:
16700:
16699:
16698:
16685:
16680:
16675:
16674:
16673:
16668:
16656:
16651:
16646:
16641:
16636:
16631:
16626:
16620:
16618:
16608:
16607:
16605:
16604:
16599:
16594:
16593:
16592:
16587:
16575:
16570:
16569:
16568:
16556:
16555:
16554:
16549:
16544:
16539:
16527:
16522:
16520:Snæbjörn galti
16517:
16512:
16505:
16500:
16495:
16490:
16483:
16476:
16471:
16465:
16463:
16453:
16452:
16450:
16449:
16448:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16422:
16415:
16405:
16400:
16395:
16387:
16377:
16376:
16375:
16370:
16356:
16349:
16342:
16341:
16340:
16335:
16330:
16325:
16313:
16306:
16305:
16304:
16299:
16294:
16282:
16281:
16280:
16266:
16257:
16256:
16255:
16250:
16245:
16240:
16235:
16221:
16216:
16211:
16210:
16209:
16204:
16189:
16184:
16183:
16182:
16170:
16169:
16168:
16156:
16155:
16154:
16149:
16144:
16139:
16121:
16120:
16119:
16114:
16109:
16097:
16096:
16095:
16090:
16085:
16077:
16072:
16057:
16056:
16055:
16050:
16045:
16028:
16027:
16026:
16021:
16016:
16011:
16006:
15994:
15989:
15984:
15979:
15974:
15969:
15963:
15961:
15955:Farthest North
15951:
15950:
15948:
15947:
15942:
15937:
15932:
15919:
15918:
15906:
15905:
15898:
15897:
15890:
15883:
15875:
15866:
15865:
15863:
15862:
15857:
15852:
15846:
15843:
15842:
15839:
15838:
15836:
15835:
15833:Russian Arctic
15830:
15829:
15828:
15817:
15815:
15809:
15808:
15806:
15805:
15804:
15803:
15792:
15790:
15781:
15775:
15774:
15772:
15771:
15766:
15761:
15756:
15751:
15746:
15741:
15735:
15733:
15727:
15726:
15723:
15722:
15720:
15719:
15713:
15711:
15705:
15704:
15702:
15701:
15696:
15691:
15686:
15681:
15676:
15671:
15666:
15661:
15656:
15654:Great Victoria
15651:
15646:
15640:
15638:
15629:
15623:
15622:
15620:
15619:
15614:
15609:
15604:
15602:Tule (Arizona)
15599:
15597:Tonopah Desert
15594:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15574:
15572:Painted Desert
15569:
15564:
15559:
15554:
15549:
15544:
15539:
15534:
15529:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15509:
15504:
15499:
15494:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15474:
15469:
15463:
15461:
15455:
15454:
15452:
15451:
15446:
15441:
15436:
15431:
15426:
15420:
15418:
15412:
15411:
15408:
15407:
15405:
15404:
15398:
15396:
15394:Southeast Asia
15390:
15389:
15387:
15386:
15381:
15376:
15371:
15366:
15361:
15356:
15351:
15345:
15343:
15337:
15336:
15334:
15333:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15302:
15300:
15294:
15293:
15291:
15290:
15285:
15280:
15275:
15274:
15273:
15268:
15258:
15253:
15248:
15243:
15238:
15233:
15227:
15225:
15219:
15218:
15216:
15215:
15210:
15205:
15200:
15195:
15190:
15185:
15180:
15175:
15173:Dasht-e Naomid
15170:
15165:
15160:
15155:
15149:
15147:
15141:
15140:
15138:
15137:
15132:
15127:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15091:
15089:
15080:
15074:
15073:
15071:
15070:
15065:
15060:
15055:
15050:
15045:
15040:
15035:
15030:
15025:
15020:
15015:
15010:
15005:
15000:
14995:
14990:
14985:
14980:
14975:
14970:
14965:
14959:
14957:
14951:
14950:
14948:
14947:
14942:
14937:
14932:
14927:
14922:
14916:
14913:
14912:
14904:
14903:
14896:
14889:
14881:
14872:
14871:
14868:
14867:
14862:
14852:
14847:
14842:
14826:
14825:
14822:
14821:
14818:
14817:
14813:
14812:
14810:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14792:Eastern Africa
14789:
14784:
14779:
14765:
14763:
14761:
14760:
14753:
14748:
14743:
14738:
14733:
14728:
14705:
14703:
14701:
14700:
14695:
14690:
14685:
14673:
14671:
14669:
14668:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14638:
14633:
14628:
14623:
14618:
14613:
14591:
14589:
14583:
14576:
14575:
14572:
14571:
14567:
14566:
14564:
14563:
14558:
14553:
14548:
14543:
14538:
14533:
14528:
14523:
14518:
14513:
14508:
14503:
14498:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14451:
14449:
14447:
14446:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14416:
14411:
14406:
14401:
14386:
14384:
14378:
14371:
14370:
14367:
14366:
14362:
14361:
14348:
14346:
14333:
14331:
14318:
14316:
14303:
14301:
14295:
14288:
14287:
14284:
14283:
14279:
14278:
14265:
14263:
14250:
14248:
14235:
14233:
14220:
14218:
14205:
14203:
14190:
14188:
14175:
14173:
14167:
14160:
14159:
14148:
14147:
14140:
14133:
14125:
14116:
14115:
14113:
14112:
14107:
14097:
14086:
14083:
14082:
14080:
14079:
14074:
14069:
14064:
14061:Ui-te-Rangiora
14058:
14056:Douglas Mawson
14053:
14048:
14046:Roald Amundsen
14042:
14040:
14036:
14035:
14033:
14032:
14027:
14022:
14017:
14012:
14007:
14002:
13997:
13992:
13987:
13985:Gateway cities
13982:
13977:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13947:
13945:Antarctica Day
13941:
13939:
13935:
13934:
13932:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13905:
13903:
13899:
13898:
13896:
13895:
13890:
13885:
13880:
13875:
13870:
13864:
13862:
13856:
13855:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13842:
13840:
13839:
13838:
13837:
13832:
13827:
13817:
13815:Microorganisms
13812:
13806:
13804:
13800:
13799:
13797:
13796:
13791:
13786:
13781:
13779:List of rivers
13776:
13771:
13766:
13761:
13755:
13753:
13749:
13748:
13746:
13745:
13744:
13743:
13733:
13732:
13731:
13721:
13716:
13711:
13709:Extreme points
13706:
13705:
13704:
13699:
13689:
13684:
13678:
13676:
13669:
13668:
13663:
13658:
13653:
13648:
13643:
13638:
13637:
13636:
13631:
13629:Climate change
13621:
13615:
13613:
13607:
13606:
13599:
13598:
13591:
13584:
13576:
13567:
13566:
13561:
13556:
13541:
13530:
13508:
13494:
13487:
13475:
13458:
13457:
13455:
13454:External links
13452:
13451:
13450:
13436:
13430:
13415:
13405:
13381:
13375:
13354:
13348:
13333:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13315:
13295:
13282:
13274:10.17226/26338
13260:
13241:
13218:
13212:
13195:
13189:
13170:
13164:
13143:
13137:
13127:. Chichester:
13123:, ed. (2002).
13117:
13111:
13094:
13088:
13066:
13060:
13041:
13035:
13010:
13004:
12985:
12979:
12963:, ed. (2007).
12957:
12951:
12929:
12923:
12904:
12898:
12885:
12879:
12858:
12852:
12833:
12827:
12805:
12799:
12776:
12770:
12750:
12744:
12729:
12723:
12693:
12687:
12668:
12662:
12644:, ed. (1999).
12638:
12632:
12618:, ed. (1983).
12612:
12606:
12588:Defler, Thomas
12584:
12578:
12557:
12551:
12529:
12523:
12503:Crystal, David
12499:
12493:
12474:
12468:
12448:
12442:
12423:
12409:
12380:
12374:
12361:
12355:
12335:
12329:
12305:
12299:
12280:
12264:
12259:Main article:
12256:
12253:
12250:
12249:
12223:
12212:. 21 June 1986
12197:
12171:
12145:
12132:Sail-World.com
12119:
12093:
12067:
12041:
12015:
11989:
11963:
11932:
11906:
11881:
11852:
11838:
11830:10.17226/26338
11811:
11797:
11789:10.17226/26338
11770:
11745:
11716:
11687:
11661:
11630:
11600:
11558:
11526:
11496:
11459:(4): 417–469.
11438:
11408:
11373:
11371:, p. 160.
11361:
11312:
11300:
11288:
11263:
11237:
11204:
11170:
11168:, p. 107.
11158:
11128:
11113:
11080:
11044:
11004:
10992:
10981:on 7 July 2011
10965:"La Antartida"
10950:
10920:
10890:
10857:
10855:, p. 204.
10842:
10823:(in Spanish).
10809:
10783:
10757:
10730:
10715:
10702:
10671:(2): 342–359.
10651:
10621:
10615:978-0957747111
10614:
10592:
10562:
10528:
10516:
10504:
10472:
10446:
10412:
10410:, p. 238.
10397:
10367:
10334:Ousland, Børge
10325:
10304:"Pamela Young"
10292:
10262:
10219:
10181:
10169:
10167:, p. 159.
10157:
10145:
10119:
10107:
10095:
10083:
10081:, p. 154.
10071:
10058:10.2307/208819
10028:
10026:, p. 479.
10024:Ainsworth 1847
10016:
10014:, p. 131.
10004:
9977:(5): 578–600.
9961:
9949:
9937:
9933:Baughmann 1994
9925:
9879:
9844:
9842:, p. 139.
9832:
9820:
9789:
9787:, p. 643.
9777:
9775:, p. 250.
9765:
9763:, p. 296.
9753:
9746:
9714:
9693:(6): 670–680.
9673:
9643:
9607:
9577:
9551:
9539:
9507:
9437:
9406:
9369:
9318:
9279:
9218:
9185:
9159:
9098:
9062:
9033:(6): 637–643.
9013:
8946:
8883:
8881:, p. vii.
8871:
8834:(2): 233–241.
8810:
8760:
8721:
8691:
8660:
8653:
8627:
8566:
8562:Stromberg 1991
8554:
8512:
8510:, p. 114.
8500:
8465:
8431:
8424:
8406:
8379:(5): 461–468.
8355:
8291:
8251:
8233:. NOAA. 2010.
8215:
8185:
8157:
8124:
8080:
8035:Solomon, Susan
8022:
7965:
7915:The Cryosphere
7898:
7836:
7805:
7735:
7680:
7631:
7572:
7555:
7500:
7481:
7465:
7400:
7351:
7297:
7238:
7207:(11): 114002.
7183:
7150:
7093:
7060:
7025:(8): 762–770.
7005:
6977:
6958:
6909:
6902:. NASA. 2020.
6887:
6885:, p. 241.
6875:
6856:(5): 633–642.
6840:
6773:
6743:
6707:
6670:
6621:
6603:. p. 12.
6578:
6560:New York Times
6545:
6543:, p. 124.
6533:
6492:
6456:
6444:
6432:
6420:
6408:
6381:
6353:
6351:, p. 116.
6341:
6305:
6293:
6234:
6183:
6172:
6109:
6067:
6056:(3): 802–837.
6039:
6020:(3): 274–292.
6000:
5988:
5957:
5908:
5862:
5817:
5799:(4): 657–674.
5776:
5774:, p. 413.
5764:
5725:
5713:
5692:(1): 151–169.
5669:
5650:(2): 309–321.
5634:
5632:, p. 139.
5630:Jasinoski 2013
5622:
5603:
5580:
5573:
5555:
5533:
5483:
5471:
5409:
5397:
5365:
5353:
5341:
5329:
5327:, p. 135.
5317:
5266:
5240:
5238:, p. 532.
5228:
5197:
5162:
5123:(1): 375–393.
5117:The Cryosphere
5102:
5067:Tectonophysics
5053:
5041:
5029:
5027:, p. 115.
5014:
5002:
4972:
4961:. 16 June 2012
4950:
4916:
4904:
4892:
4890:, p. 130.
4880:
4868:
4866:, p. 176.
4856:
4854:, p. 158.
4844:
4799:
4773:
4761:
4736:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4662:discovered by
4651:
4606:
4602:Terry Tickhill
4577:
4552:Ross Ice Shelf
4543:
4530:
4521:
4505:Southern Ocean
4496:
4476:Medieval Latin
4446:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4431:
4428:
4420:Antarctica Day
4407:
4404:
4383:
4380:
4307:
4306:Music and film
4304:
4291:
4288:
4284:sea level rise
4280:climate change
4253:remote sensing
4096:carbon-neutral
4074:, the largest
4060:Main article:
4057:
4054:
4031:McDonald Beach
3959:Wilhelmina Bay
3924:Main article:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3904:Peter I Island
3890:
3878:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3846:
3824:
3811:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3773:
3751:
3738:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3702:
3689:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3645:
3632:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3598:Peter I Island
3566:
3564:Peter I Island
3553:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3517:
3507:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3470:
3459:
3437:
3424:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3391:
3378:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3330:
3319:
3308:
3297:
3272:in tribute to
3225:, created the
3195:Main article:
3192:
3189:
3151:Herman Phleger
3142:
3139:
3111:prohibits any
3056:Esperanza Base
3011:
3008:
2954:from the ship
2952:Roald Amundsen
2940:Ross Ice Shelf
2936:Douglas Mawson
2898:, the largest
2876:
2873:
2843:Charles Wilkes
2706:on Antarctica.
2688:Southern Cross
2674:
2671:
2614:Roald Amundsen
2586:Farthest South
2562:Farthest south
2549:
2546:
2421:
2418:
2360:
2357:
2262:Main article:
2259:
2256:
2221:model organism
2161:Yalour Islands
2146:
2143:
2112:Adélie penguin
2085:apex predators
1956:with juveniles
1946:
1943:
1931:glacial cycles
1912:
1909:
1836:Main article:
1833:
1830:
1806:thaws release
1752:sea level rise
1729:Southern Ocean
1705:Climate change
1686:
1678:
1664:
1663:Climate change
1661:
1647:often blow at
1636:Weather fronts
1631:
1628:
1624:Arctic sea ice
1604:blue-ice areas
1578:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1554:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:Main article:
1535:
1532:
1496:has occurred.
1428:remote sensing
1408:
1405:
1396:
1391:
1359:gondwanatheres
1352:astrapotherian
1315:
1312:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1222:Glacialisaurus
1157:Early Triassic
1108:
1105:
986:
983:
964:supercontinent
956:Neoproterozoic
942:Main article:
939:
936:
796:Vostok Station
749:Southern Ocean
696:Main article:
693:
690:
598:Middle English
587:pole antartike
553: 350 BCE
528:('anti-') and
473:from the word
448:Jan Janssonius
433:
430:
418:sea level rise
410:climate change
376:Antarctica is
371:Roald Amundsen
272:, with annual
243:Southern Ocean
153:
152:
147:
140:
139:
137:
136:
131:
125:
123:
119:
118:
113:
106:
105:
104:All time zones
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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18571:
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18218:
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18213:
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18099:
18098:
18094:
18090:
18087:
18085:
18084:
18080:
18079:
18078:
18077:
18073:
18069:
18068:Discovery Hut
18066:
18064:
18063:
18059:
18058:
18057:
18056:
18052:
18048:
18045:
18043:
18042:
18038:
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18024:
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17957:
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17910:
17906:
17905:
17900:
17897:
17894:
17892:
17888:
17887:
17882:
17881:
17880:
17879:
17875:
17871:
17868:
17867:
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17865:
17860:
17856:
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17850:
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17842:
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17834:
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17824:
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17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17802:
17799:
17795:
17792:
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17790:
17789:
17785:
17781:
17778:
17777:
17776:
17775:
17771:
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17762:
17759:
17755:
17752:
17751:
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17714:
17713:
17711:
17709:
17705:
17699:
17696:
17694:
17691:
17689:
17686:
17685:
17682:
17678:
17674:
17669:
17665:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17640:
17638:
17637:
17633:
17632:
17631:
17628:
17626:
17623:
17621:
17620:
17616:
17614:
17613:
17609:
17605:
17602:
17601:
17600:
17599:
17598:A. Sibiryakov
17595:
17591:
17588:
17587:
17586:
17585:
17581:
17577:
17574:
17573:
17572:
17571:
17570:Glavsevmorput
17567:
17563:
17560:
17559:
17558:
17557:
17553:
17551:
17548:
17546:
17543:
17539:
17536:
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17529:
17525:
17522:
17521:
17520:
17519:
17518:
17513:
17509:
17506:
17505:
17504:
17503:
17502:
17496:
17495:
17494:
17489:
17487:
17484:
17482:
17479:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17459:
17455:
17454:
17453:
17452:
17448:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17435:
17434:
17433:
17429:
17427:
17424:
17420:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17410:
17407:
17405:
17402:
17401:
17400:
17399:
17398:
17393:
17389:
17386:
17385:
17384:
17383:
17382:
17377:
17373:
17370:
17368:
17365:
17363:
17362:
17357:
17356:
17355:
17354:
17352:
17347:
17343:
17340:
17338:
17335:
17334:
17333:
17332:
17330:
17325:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17313:
17312:
17311:
17310:
17306:
17304:
17301:
17299:
17296:
17294:
17291:
17289:
17286:
17284:
17281:
17279:
17276:
17274:
17271:
17269:
17266:
17264:
17261:
17259:
17256:
17254:
17251:
17249:
17246:
17244:
17241:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17229:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17214:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
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17144:
17140:
17138:
17135:
17133:
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17128:
17127:
17123:
17121:
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17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17095:
17091:
17090:
17088:
17086:
17082:
17078:
17072:
17069:
17065:
17062:
17061:
17060:
17059:
17058:
17053:
17049:
17046:
17044:
17041:
17040:
17039:
17038:
17037:
17032:
17030:
17027:
17023:
17020:
17019:
17018:
17017:
17016:
17011:
17007:
17004:
17003:
17002:
17001:
16997:
16993:
16990:
16989:
16988:
16987:
16982:
16978:
16975:
16974:
16973:
16972:
16968:
16964:
16961:
16959:
16958:
16953:
16952:
16951:
16950:
16946:
16942:
16939:
16938:
16937:
16936:
16932:
16930:
16927:
16925:
16922:
16920:
16917:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16907:
16902:
16900:
16897:
16895:
16894:
16889:
16888:
16887:
16886:
16882:
16880:
16877:
16873:
16872:J. Richardson
16870:
16868:
16865:
16864:
16863:
16862:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16849:
16848:
16843:
16841:
16840:
16835:
16834:
16833:
16832:
16828:
16824:
16821:
16820:
16819:
16818:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16790:
16786:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16772:
16769:
16768:
16767:
16766:
16761:
16757:
16754:
16753:
16752:
16751:
16746:
16742:
16739:
16738:
16737:
16736:
16731:
16729:
16726:
16724:
16721:
16719:
16716:
16712:
16709:
16708:
16707:
16706:
16701:
16697:
16694:
16693:
16692:
16691:
16686:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16672:
16669:
16667:
16664:
16663:
16662:
16661:
16657:
16655:
16652:
16650:
16647:
16645:
16642:
16640:
16637:
16635:
16634:M. Corte-Real
16632:
16630:
16629:G. Corte-Real
16627:
16625:
16622:
16621:
16619:
16617:
16613:
16609:
16603:
16600:
16598:
16595:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16582:
16581:
16580:
16576:
16574:
16571:
16567:
16564:
16563:
16562:
16561:
16557:
16553:
16552:C. Richardson
16550:
16548:
16545:
16543:
16540:
16538:
16535:
16534:
16533:
16532:
16528:
16526:
16523:
16521:
16518:
16516:
16513:
16511:
16510:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16494:
16491:
16489:
16488:
16484:
16482:
16481:
16477:
16475:
16472:
16470:
16467:
16466:
16464:
16462:
16458:
16454:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16434:
16430:
16429:
16428:
16427:
16423:
16421:
16420:
16416:
16414:
16413:
16412:
16406:
16404:
16401:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16393:
16388:
16386:
16385:
16384:
16378:
16374:
16371:
16369:
16366:
16365:
16364:
16363:
16362:
16361:Georgiy Sedov
16357:
16355:
16354:
16350:
16348:
16347:
16343:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16321:
16320:
16319:
16318:
16314:
16312:
16311:
16307:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16293:
16290:
16289:
16288:
16287:
16283:
16279:
16276:
16275:
16274:
16273:
16272:
16267:
16265:
16264:
16263:
16258:
16254:
16251:
16249:
16248:Riiser-Larsen
16246:
16244:
16241:
16239:
16236:
16234:
16231:
16230:
16229:
16228:
16227:
16222:
16220:
16217:
16215:
16212:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16199:
16198:
16197:
16196:
16190:
16188:
16185:
16181:
16178:
16177:
16176:
16175:
16171:
16167:
16164:
16163:
16162:
16161:
16157:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16143:
16140:
16138:
16137:
16133:
16132:
16131:
16130:
16128:
16122:
16118:
16115:
16113:
16110:
16108:
16105:
16104:
16103:
16102:
16098:
16094:
16091:
16089:
16086:
16084:
16083:
16078:
16076:
16073:
16071:
16070:
16065:
16064:
16063:
16062:
16058:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16046:
16044:
16043:
16039:
16038:
16037:
16036:
16034:
16029:
16025:
16022:
16020:
16017:
16015:
16012:
16010:
16007:
16005:
16002:
16001:
16000:
15999:
15995:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15978:
15975:
15973:
15970:
15968:
15965:
15964:
15962:
15960:
15956:
15952:
15946:
15943:
15941:
15938:
15936:
15933:
15931:
15928:
15927:
15924:
15920:
15916:
15911:
15907:
15903:
15896:
15891:
15889:
15884:
15882:
15877:
15876:
15873:
15861:
15858:
15856:
15853:
15851:
15848:
15847:
15844:
15834:
15831:
15827:
15824:
15823:
15822:
15819:
15818:
15816:
15814:
15810:
15802:
15799:
15798:
15797:
15794:
15793:
15791:
15789:
15785:
15782:
15780:
15779:Polar regions
15776:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15750:
15747:
15745:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15736:
15734:
15732:
15731:South America
15728:
15718:
15715:
15714:
15712:
15710:
15706:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15675:
15672:
15670:
15667:
15665:
15662:
15660:
15657:
15655:
15652:
15650:
15647:
15645:
15642:
15641:
15639:
15637:
15633:
15630:
15628:
15624:
15618:
15615:
15613:
15610:
15608:
15607:Tule (Nevada)
15605:
15603:
15600:
15598:
15595:
15593:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15553:
15550:
15548:
15545:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15535:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15464:
15462:
15460:
15459:North America
15456:
15450:
15447:
15445:
15442:
15440:
15437:
15435:
15432:
15430:
15427:
15425:
15422:
15421:
15419:
15417:
15413:
15403:
15400:
15399:
15397:
15395:
15391:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15372:
15370:
15367:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15350:
15347:
15346:
15344:
15342:
15338:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15303:
15301:
15299:
15295:
15289:
15286:
15284:
15281:
15279:
15276:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15263:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15254:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15241:Gurbantünggüt
15239:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15228:
15226:
15224:
15220:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15156:
15154:
15151:
15150:
15148:
15146:
15142:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15125:Rub' al Khali
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15092:
15090:
15088:
15084:
15081:
15079:
15075:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15041:
15039:
15036:
15034:
15031:
15029:
15026:
15024:
15021:
15019:
15016:
15014:
15011:
15009:
15006:
15004:
15001:
14999:
14996:
14994:
14991:
14989:
14986:
14984:
14981:
14979:
14976:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14966:
14964:
14961:
14960:
14958:
14956:
14952:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14926:
14923:
14921:
14918:
14917:
14914:
14910:
14902:
14897:
14895:
14890:
14888:
14883:
14882:
14879:
14866:
14863:
14861:
14853:
14851:
14848:
14846:
14843:
14841:
14840:
14835:
14828:
14827:
14823:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14773:
14772:
14771:Subcontinents
14767:
14766:
14764:
14759:
14758:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14736:Kumari Kandam
14734:
14732:
14729:
14727:
14722:
14720:
14716:
14712:
14707:
14706:
14704:
14699:
14696:
14694:
14691:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14679:
14675:
14674:
14672:
14667:
14664:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14622:
14619:
14617:
14614:
14612:
14607:
14606:
14602:
14598:
14593:
14592:
14590:
14587:
14586:
14581:
14577:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14519:
14517:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14507:
14504:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14457:
14453:
14452:
14450:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14410:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14395:
14394:
14388:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14381:
14376:
14372:
14359:
14358:
14353:
14347:
14344:
14343:
14338:
14332:
14329:
14328:
14323:
14317:
14314:
14313:
14308:
14302:
14299:
14298:
14293:
14289:
14276:
14275:
14274:South America
14270:
14264:
14261:
14260:
14259:North America
14255:
14249:
14246:
14245:
14240:
14234:
14231:
14230:
14225:
14219:
14216:
14215:
14210:
14204:
14201:
14200:
14195:
14189:
14186:
14185:
14180:
14174:
14171:
14170:
14165:
14161:
14157:
14153:
14146:
14141:
14139:
14134:
14132:
14127:
14126:
14123:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14098:
14096:
14088:
14087:
14084:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14062:
14059:
14057:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14043:
14041:
14037:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14021:
14018:
14016:
14013:
14011:
14008:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13990:Midwinter Day
13988:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13942:
13940:
13936:
13930:
13929:Treaty System
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13906:
13904:
13900:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13865:
13863:
13861:
13857:
13852:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13822:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13808:
13807:
13805:
13801:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13785:
13784:McMurdo Sound
13782:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13756:
13754:
13750:
13742:
13739:
13738:
13737:
13734:
13730:
13727:
13726:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13712:
13710:
13707:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13694:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13679:
13677:
13673:
13667:
13664:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13635:
13632:
13630:
13627:
13626:
13625:
13622:
13620:
13617:
13616:
13614:
13612:
13608:
13604:
13597:
13592:
13590:
13585:
13583:
13578:
13577:
13574:
13570:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13551:
13550:
13545:
13542:
13539:
13535:
13531:
13526:
13521:
13520:
13516:
13512:
13497:
13449:
13445:
13441:
13437:
13433:
13427:
13423:
13422:
13416:
13412:
13408:
13402:
13397:
13396:
13390:
13386:
13382:
13378:
13372:
13368:
13363:
13362:
13355:
13351:
13345:
13341:
13340:
13334:
13332:
13328:
13324:
13323:
13304:
13300:
13296:
13285:
13279:
13275:
13271:
13267:
13266:
13261:
13246:
13242:
13230:
13223:
13219:
13215:
13209:
13204:
13203:
13196:
13192:
13186:
13182:
13178:
13177:
13171:
13167:
13161:
13157:
13152:
13151:
13144:
13140:
13134:
13130:
13126:
13122:
13118:
13114:
13108:
13104:
13100:
13095:
13091:
13085:
13081:
13078:. Amsterdam:
13077:
13076:
13071:
13067:
13063:
13057:
13053:
13049:
13048:
13042:
13038:
13032:
13028:
13023:
13022:
13016:
13011:
13007:
13001:
12997:
12993:
12992:
12986:
12982:
12976:
12972:
12968:
12967:
12962:
12958:
12954:
12948:
12944:
12940:
12939:
12934:
12930:
12926:
12920:
12916:
12912:
12911:
12905:
12901:
12895:
12891:
12886:
12882:
12876:
12872:
12867:
12866:
12859:
12855:
12849:
12845:
12841:
12840:
12834:
12830:
12824:
12820:
12817:. Dordrecht:
12816:
12815:
12810:
12806:
12802:
12796:
12792:
12788:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12773:
12767:
12763:
12759:
12755:
12751:
12747:
12741:
12737:
12736:
12730:
12726:
12724:9789070351557
12720:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12707:
12699:
12694:
12690:
12684:
12680:
12677:. Cambridge:
12676:
12675:
12669:
12665:
12659:
12655:
12654:Penguin Books
12650:
12649:
12643:
12639:
12635:
12629:
12625:
12622:. Cambridge:
12621:
12617:
12613:
12609:
12603:
12599:
12595:
12594:
12589:
12585:
12581:
12575:
12571:
12567:
12563:
12558:
12554:
12548:
12544:
12540:
12539:
12534:
12530:
12526:
12520:
12516:
12511:
12510:
12504:
12500:
12496:
12490:
12486:
12483:. Newcastle:
12482:
12481:
12475:
12471:
12465:
12461:
12457:
12456:Lopes, Rosaly
12453:
12449:
12445:
12439:
12435:
12432:. Cambridge:
12431:
12430:
12424:
12420:
12416:
12412:
12406:
12402:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12386:
12381:
12377:
12371:
12367:
12362:
12358:
12352:
12348:
12344:
12340:
12336:
12332:
12326:
12322:
12317:
12316:
12310:
12306:
12302:
12296:
12292:
12289:. Cambridge:
12288:
12287:
12281:
12277:
12273:
12272:
12266:
12265:
12262:
12237:
12233:
12227:
12211:
12207:
12201:
12186:. 19 May 1911
12185:
12181:
12175:
12159:
12155:
12149:
12133:
12129:
12123:
12108:
12104:
12097:
12082:
12078:
12071:
12056:. 14 May 2024
12055:
12051:
12045:
12029:
12025:
12019:
12004:
12000:
11993:
11978:
11977:Polar Journal
11974:
11967:
11951:
11947:
11943:
11936:
11920:
11916:
11910:
11895:
11891:
11885:
11869:
11865:
11859:
11857:
11841:
11835:
11831:
11827:
11823:
11822:
11815:
11800:
11794:
11790:
11786:
11782:
11781:
11774:
11755:
11749:
11733:
11726:
11720:
11704:
11697:
11691:
11675:
11671:
11665:
11649:
11645:
11641:
11634:
11618:
11614:
11610:
11604:
11596:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11578:
11574:
11570:
11562:
11546:
11542:
11541:
11536:
11530:
11514:
11510:
11506:
11500:
11492:
11488:
11484:
11480:
11476:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11458:
11454:
11453:
11448:
11442:
11426:
11422:
11418:
11412:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11389:(2): 97–101.
11388:
11384:
11383:Polar Science
11377:
11370:
11365:
11357:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11316:
11310:, p. 41.
11309:
11304:
11297:
11292:
11277:
11273:
11267:
11251:
11247:
11241:
11225:
11221:
11220:
11215:
11208:
11192:
11189:. July 2020.
11188:
11184:
11180:
11174:
11167:
11162:
11146:
11142:
11138:
11132:
11125:
11120:
11118:
11101:
11097:
11096:
11091:
11084:
11068:
11064:
11060:
11059:
11054:
11048:
11041:
11029:
11025:
11021:
11017:
11011:
11009:
11002:, p. 219
11001:
10996:
10977:
10973:
10966:
10959:
10957:
10955:
10938:
10934:
10930:
10924:
10908:
10904:
10900:
10894:
10878:
10874:
10873:
10868:
10861:
10854:
10849:
10847:
10830:
10826:
10822:
10821:
10813:
10797:
10793:
10787:
10771:
10767:
10761:
10745:
10741:
10734:
10726:
10719:
10713:Vol. 4, 1987.
10712:
10706:
10698:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10655:
10639:
10635:
10631:
10625:
10617:
10611:
10607:
10603:
10596:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10566:
10550:
10546:
10542:
10540:
10532:
10525:
10520:
10513:
10512:Headland 1984
10508:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10476:
10460:
10456:
10450:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10422:
10416:
10409:
10408:Headland 1984
10404:
10402:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10371:
10355:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10329:
10313:
10309:
10305:
10299:
10297:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10266:
10258:
10254:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10223:
10207:
10203:
10199:
10195:
10191:
10185:
10179:, p. 44.
10178:
10173:
10166:
10161:
10154:
10149:
10133:
10129:
10123:
10116:
10111:
10105:, p. 88.
10104:
10099:
10092:
10087:
10080:
10075:
10067:
10063:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10043:
10039:
10032:
10025:
10020:
10013:
10008:
10000:
9996:
9992:
9988:
9984:
9980:
9976:
9972:
9965:
9959:, p. 67.
9958:
9953:
9946:
9941:
9935:, p. 133
9934:
9929:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9901:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9883:
9867:
9863:
9862:
9856:
9848:
9841:
9836:
9830:, p. 39.
9829:
9824:
9808:
9804:
9800:
9793:
9786:
9781:
9774:
9769:
9762:
9757:
9749:
9747:9780820343594
9743:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9726:
9718:
9710:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9692:
9688:
9684:
9677:
9661:
9657:
9653:
9647:
9628:
9624:
9617:
9611:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9581:
9565:
9561:
9555:
9548:
9543:
9527:
9523:
9522:
9517:
9511:
9503:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9446:
9444:
9442:
9425:
9421:
9417:
9410:
9391:
9387:
9380:
9373:
9365:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9322:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9283:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9222:
9206:
9202:
9201:
9196:
9189:
9174:
9170:
9163:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9102:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9077:
9072:
9066:
9058:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9017:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8950:
8942:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8909:: 1434–1451.
8908:
8904:
8900:
8899:
8894:
8887:
8880:
8875:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8823:
8814:
8795:
8791:
8787:
8780:
8776:
8769:
8767:
8765:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8725:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8695:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8664:
8656:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8631:
8623:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8582:
8577:
8570:
8564:, p. 247
8563:
8558:
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8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8519:
8517:
8509:
8504:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8469:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8435:
8427:
8421:
8417:
8410:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8359:
8351:
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8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8310:
8305:
8301:
8295:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8261:
8255:
8236:
8232:
8225:
8219:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8189:
8173:
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8167:
8161:
8145:
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8135:
8128:
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8111:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8087:
8085:
8075:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8040:Physics Today
8036:
8032:
8026:
8018:
8014:
8009:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7969:
7950:
7946:
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7928:
7924:
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7916:
7909:
7902:
7894:
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7885:
7880:
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7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7845:
7843:
7841:
7825:
7821:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7801:
7797:
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7789:
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7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7731:
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7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
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7703:
7699:
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7684:
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7667:
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7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7635:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
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7584:
7576:
7568:
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7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7504:
7496:
7492:
7485:
7477:
7469:
7461:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7404:
7396:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7355:
7347:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7301:
7293:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7242:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7193:Rogelj, Joeri
7187:
7179:
7172:
7168:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7146:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7097:
7088:
7083:
7080:(6): 064034.
7079:
7075:
7071:
7064:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7009:
6994:
6990:
6984:
6982:
6973:
6969:
6962:
6954:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6891:
6884:
6879:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6844:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6819:
6818:1969.1/180875
6814:
6809:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6777:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6711:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6674:
6666:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6625:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6597:
6589:
6582:
6566:
6562:
6561:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6537:
6528:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6496:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6460:
6453:
6448:
6442:, p. 71.
6441:
6436:
6430:, p. 28.
6429:
6428:Anderson 2010
6424:
6417:
6412:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6382:9780813711690
6378:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6345:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6316:Polar Science
6309:
6303:, p. 88.
6302:
6297:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6247:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6176:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6113:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6043:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5992:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5903:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5866:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5768:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5717:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5678:Gaina, Carmen
5673:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5596:
5595:
5587:
5585:
5576:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5538:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5481:, p. 31.
5480:
5475:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5449:10044/1/76835
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5413:
5407:, p. 92.
5406:
5401:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5362:
5357:
5351:, p. 38.
5350:
5345:
5339:, p. 75.
5338:
5333:
5326:
5325:Monteath 1997
5321:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5245:
5237:
5232:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5201:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5106:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5057:
5051:, p. 99.
5050:
5045:
5038:
5033:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5011:
5006:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4960:
4954:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4914:, p. 20.
4913:
4908:
4902:, p. 75.
4901:
4896:
4889:
4884:
4877:
4872:
4865:
4860:
4853:
4852:Lettinck 2021
4848:
4840:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4813:
4806:
4804:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4771:, p. 172
4770:
4765:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4740:
4725:on 9 May 2022
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4639:Ocean Harbour
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4619:Leith Harbour
4616:
4610:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4540:
4534:
4525:
4518:
4517:Indian Oceans
4514:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4493:
4492:An-tar(c)tica
4489:
4488:Ant-ar(c)tica
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4447:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4412:Midwinter Day
4403:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4346:and starring
4345:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4301:
4296:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4229:In 2021, the
4227:
4225:
4222:In 2022, the
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4139:An Antarctic
4137:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4118:seasonal snow
4115:
4114:Glaciologists
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3847:
3836:
3835:
3823:
3812:
3810:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3774:
3763:
3762:
3750:
3739:
3737:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3701:
3690:
3688:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3644:
3633:
3631:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3565:
3554:
3552:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3471:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3436:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3390:
3379:
3377:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3356:Claim limits
3345:
3331:
3320:
3309:
3298:
3295:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3219:King of Spain
3217:In 1539, the
3212:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:South Georgia
3027:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3004:
3003:Børge Ousland
3000:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2962:Bay of Whales
2959:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2948:an expedition
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2904:American Tern
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2884:Discovery Hut
2881:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2619:
2616:reaching the
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:James Weddell
2599:
2595:
2592:(B), 1521 by
2591:
2590:Yaghan people
2587:
2584:Positions of
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:Lake Untersee
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:phytoplankton
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:cyanobacteria
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2209:species, the
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:sea cucumbers
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:phytoplankton
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:, fur seals,
2034:
2033:leopard seals
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1674:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:polar plateau
1642:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:precipitation
1597:
1592:
1588:
1575:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1394:
1387:
1386:feedback loop
1383:
1379:
1378:Drake Passage
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1361:and possibly
1360:
1357:, as well as
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1232:Antarctopelta
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Bennettitales
1186:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:, ferns, and
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:glossopterids
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:Carboniferous
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:invertebrates
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
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996:
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982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
965:
961:
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945:
935:
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928:
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916:
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907:Vinson Massif
904:
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894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
867:
863:
855:
854:Vinson Massif
851:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Victoria Land
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
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777:
772:
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766:
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541:
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522:
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510:
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487:
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480:
479:Middle French
476:
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463:
457:
455:
449:
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438:
429:
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423:
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274:precipitation
271:
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85:
81:
77:
73:
67:
63:
59:
54:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
19313:
19272:South Africa
19260:Solar System
19224:Paleontology
18943:
18931:Pole of Cold
18929:
18855:
18846:
18814:
18807:
18783:
18754:
18740:
18734:Borchgrevink
18726:
18713:
18698:
18678:
18663:
18632:
18613:
18606:
18590:
18576:
18567:
18550:
18543:
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18512:
18488:
18474:
18467:
18455:
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18406:
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18359:
18345:
18338:
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18318:
18310:
18303:
18290:
18281:
18243:
18235:
18226:
18219:
18207:
18200:
18186:
18174:Pourquoi-Pas
18173:
18165:
18157:
18149:
18144:Orcadas Base
18142:
18134:
18121:
18115:C. A. Larsen
18103:
18095:
18081:
18074:
18061:
18053:
18047:Borchgrevink
18040:
18032:
17989:
17981:
17956:C. A. Larsen
17949:
17930:
17921:
17903:
17885:
17876:
17863:
17848:
17839:
17826:
17787:
17773:
17766:
17747:
17732:
17687:
17642:
17635:
17618:
17611:
17597:
17582:
17568:
17555:
17530:
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17500:
17498:
17492:
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17456:
17449:
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17396:
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17378:
17360:
17350:
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17328:
17326:
17307:
17183:
17141:
17124:
17092:
17056:
17054:
17034:
17033:
17013:
17012:
16998:
16985:
16970:
16956:
16947:
16934:
16905:
16893:Investigator
16892:
16883:
16859:
16846:
16838:
16829:
16816:
16787:
16764:
16749:
16734:
16704:
16689:
16659:
16578:
16558:
16529:
16525:Erik the Red
16507:
16485:
16478:
16435:submersibles
16432:
16426:Arktika 2007
16424:
16417:
16410:
16407:
16391:
16382:
16379:
16360:
16358:
16351:
16344:
16315:
16308:
16284:
16270:
16269:
16261:
16259:
16225:
16223:
16194:
16191:
16180:S. A. Andrée
16172:
16159:
16134:
16126:
16123:
16099:
16081:
16068:
16059:
16041:
16032:
16030:
15996:
15801:Meyer Desert
15795:
15659:Little Sandy
15429:Cabo de Gata
15311:Indus Valley
15231:Badain Jaran
15153:Aral Karakum
15145:Central Asia
15135:Wahiba Sands
15048:Richtersveld
14973:Black Desert
14930:Polar desert
14830:
14769:
14755:
14719:hypothesised
14709:
14677:
14595:
14526:Kazakhstania
14501:Congo Craton
14455:
14391:Prehistoric
14390:
14349:
14334:
14319:
14312:Afro-Eurasia
14304:
14266:
14251:
14236:
14221:
14206:
14198:
14191:
14176:
13975:Firefighting
13960:Demographics
13883:Colonization
13878:World War II
13602:
13568:
13548:
13439:
13420:
13409:– via
13394:
13360:
13338:
13326:
13307:. Retrieved
13302:
13287:. Retrieved
13264:
13252:. Retrieved
13233:. Retrieved
13228:
13201:
13175:
13149:
13124:
13098:
13074:
13046:
13020:
12990:
12965:
12937:
12909:
12889:
12864:
12838:
12813:
12785:
12781:Lystrosaurus
12780:
12757:
12734:
12710:
12704:
12673:
12647:
12619:
12616:Drewry, D.J.
12592:
12561:
12537:
12508:
12479:
12459:
12428:
12388:
12365:
12342:
12314:
12285:
12270:
12255:Bibliography
12240:. Retrieved
12235:
12226:
12214:. Retrieved
12209:
12200:
12188:. Retrieved
12183:
12174:
12162:. Retrieved
12157:
12148:
12136:. Retrieved
12131:
12122:
12110:. Retrieved
12106:
12096:
12084:. Retrieved
12080:
12070:
12058:. Retrieved
12053:
12044:
12032:. Retrieved
12027:
12018:
12006:. Retrieved
12002:
11992:
11980:. Retrieved
11976:
11966:
11954:. Retrieved
11950:the original
11945:
11935:
11923:. Retrieved
11918:
11909:
11897:. Retrieved
11893:
11884:
11872:. Retrieved
11867:
11843:. Retrieved
11820:
11814:
11802:. Retrieved
11779:
11773:
11761:. Retrieved
11748:
11736:. Retrieved
11731:
11719:
11707:. Retrieved
11702:
11690:
11678:. Retrieved
11674:the original
11664:
11652:. Retrieved
11648:the original
11643:
11633:
11621:. Retrieved
11612:
11603:
11571:(20): 7–12.
11568:
11561:
11549:. Retrieved
11538:
11529:
11517:. Retrieved
11508:
11499:
11456:
11450:
11441:
11429:. Retrieved
11420:
11411:
11386:
11382:
11376:
11364:
11329:
11326:Polar Record
11325:
11315:
11303:
11291:
11279:. Retrieved
11275:
11266:
11254:. Retrieved
11240:
11228:. Retrieved
11224:the original
11217:
11207:
11195:. Retrieved
11182:
11173:
11161:
11149:. Retrieved
11131:
11104:. Retrieved
11093:
11083:
11071:. Retrieved
11056:
11047:
11039:
11032:. Retrieved
11028:the original
11019:
10995:
10983:. Retrieved
10976:the original
10971:
10941:. Retrieved
10932:
10923:
10911:. Retrieved
10902:
10893:
10881:. Retrieved
10870:
10860:
10833:. Retrieved
10819:
10812:
10800:. Retrieved
10786:
10774:. Retrieved
10760:
10748:. Retrieved
10733:
10724:
10718:
10710:
10705:
10668:
10664:
10654:
10642:. Retrieved
10633:
10624:
10601:
10595:
10583:. Retrieved
10579:the original
10565:
10553:. Retrieved
10549:the original
10538:
10531:
10526:, p. 17
10524:Russell 1986
10519:
10507:
10495:. Retrieved
10486:
10475:
10463:. Retrieved
10459:the original
10449:
10437:. Retrieved
10424:
10421:"Antarctica"
10415:
10388:. Retrieved
10379:
10370:
10358:. Retrieved
10342:The Guardian
10341:
10328:
10316:. Retrieved
10283:. Retrieved
10279:the original
10274:
10265:
10232:
10229:Polar Record
10228:
10222:
10210:. Retrieved
10197:
10184:
10172:
10160:
10148:
10138:27 September
10136:. Retrieved
10122:
10117:, p. 85
10110:
10098:
10086:
10074:
10041:
10037:
10031:
10019:
10007:
9974:
9971:Polar Record
9970:
9964:
9952:
9947:, p. 5.
9940:
9928:
9895:
9892:Polar Record
9891:
9882:
9870:. Retrieved
9859:
9847:
9835:
9823:
9811:. Retrieved
9802:
9792:
9780:
9773:Edwards 1999
9768:
9756:
9724:
9717:
9690:
9686:
9676:
9664:. Retrieved
9660:the original
9655:
9646:
9634:. Retrieved
9627:the original
9622:
9610:
9598:. Retrieved
9589:
9580:
9568:. Retrieved
9554:
9542:
9530:. Retrieved
9519:
9510:
9459:
9455:
9428:. Retrieved
9424:the original
9420:Science News
9419:
9409:
9397:. Retrieved
9372:
9335:
9331:
9321:
9309:. Retrieved
9292:
9282:
9242:. Abstract.
9235:
9231:
9221:
9209:. Retrieved
9198:
9188:
9176:. Retrieved
9172:
9162:
9111:
9107:
9101:
9089:. Retrieved
9074:
9065:
9030:
9027:Polar Record
9026:
9016:
8963:
8959:
8949:
8902:
8896:
8886:
8879:de Hoog 2005
8874:
8831:
8828:Astrobiology
8827:
8821:
8813:
8801:. Retrieved
8789:
8785:
8751:. Retrieved
8747:the original
8742:
8738:
8724:
8712:. Retrieved
8703:
8694:
8682:. Retrieved
8673:
8663:
8636:
8630:
8585:
8579:
8569:
8557:
8532:
8528:
8503:
8491:. Retrieved
8478:
8468:
8456:. Retrieved
8443:
8434:
8415:
8409:
8376:
8372:
8365:Ha, Kyung-Ja
8358:
8313:
8307:
8294:
8282:. Retrieved
8266:
8254:
8242:. Retrieved
8230:
8218:
8206:. Retrieved
8197:
8188:
8176:. Retrieved
8169:
8160:
8148:. Retrieved
8144:the original
8137:
8127:
8100:
8096:
8074:1721.1/99159
8044:
8038:
8025:
7982:
7978:
7968:
7956:. Retrieved
7918:
7914:
7901:
7858:
7854:
7827:. Retrieved
7823:
7775:10871/131584
7757:
7753:
7697:
7693:
7683:
7648:
7644:
7634:
7593:
7589:
7575:
7565:
7558:
7517:
7513:
7503:
7484:
7468:
7417:
7413:
7403:
7368:
7364:
7354:
7337:10356/143900
7311:
7307:
7300:
7255:
7251:
7241:
7204:
7200:
7186:
7177:
7167:Hewitt, H.T.
7110:
7106:
7096:
7077:
7073:
7063:
7022:
7018:
7008:
6996:. Retrieved
6992:
6971:
6961:
6926:
6922:
6912:
6899:
6890:
6878:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6790:
6786:
6776:
6764:. Retrieved
6755:
6746:
6734:. Retrieved
6719:
6710:
6698:. Retrieved
6683:
6673:
6638:
6634:
6624:
6612:. Retrieved
6594:
6581:
6569:. Retrieved
6558:
6548:
6536:
6509:
6505:
6495:
6470:
6466:
6459:
6447:
6435:
6423:
6411:
6399:. Retrieved
6366:
6356:
6344:
6319:
6315:
6308:
6296:
6251:
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6237:
6196:
6192:
6175:
6128:
6122:
6112:
6087:
6083:
6070:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6034:11336/154407
6017:
6013:
6003:
5991:
5979:. Retrieved
5975:the original
5960:
5925:
5921:
5911:
5876:
5872:
5865:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5808:. Retrieved
5796:
5792:
5779:
5767:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5716:
5689:
5685:
5672:
5647:
5643:
5637:
5625:
5606:
5593:
5564:
5558:
5503:
5499:
5486:
5474:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5400:
5388:. Retrieved
5378:
5368:
5356:
5344:
5332:
5320:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5252:
5231:
5219:. Retrieved
5210:
5200:
5188:. Retrieved
5175:
5165:
5120:
5116:
5105:
5070:
5066:
5056:
5044:
5032:
5005:
4993:. Retrieved
4984:
4975:
4963:. Retrieved
4953:
4941:. Retrieved
4928:
4919:
4907:
4895:
4883:
4871:
4864:Hyginus 1992
4859:
4847:
4827:. Retrieved
4816:
4790:. Retrieved
4786:
4776:
4769:Crystal 2006
4764:
4754:
4739:
4727:. Retrieved
4723:the original
4714:
4711:"Antarctica"
4668:life on Mars
4654:
4609:
4580:
4571:
4565:
4560:Mount Terror
4556:Mount Erebus
4546:
4533:
4524:
4499:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4455:
4450:
4409:
4385:
4374:
4366:
4360:
4351:
4333:
4324:
4309:
4273:
4266:, and solid
4257:
4243:
4228:
4221:
4209:
4205:Solar System
4198:
4194:
4180:The largest
4179:
4177:from space.
4160:
4153:
4100:
4080:
4035:
4012:
4008:cruise ships
3990:
3968:, iron ore,
3966:hydrocarbons
3963:
3954:Silver Cloud
3952:
3873:
3655:E, and 142°2
3263:
3259:
3216:
3168:Soviet Union
3160:
3125:
3117:Operation 90
3106:
3087:
3049:
3023:
3010:Demographics
2996:
2977:
2970:
2955:
2928:Mount Erebus
2915:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2875:20th century
2863:
2856:
2824:
2771:
2765:
2762:sloop-of-war
2751:
2728:
2716:Yamana Beach
2709:
2686:
2673:19th century
2657:
2651:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2620:in 1911 (K).
2519:
2497:established
2492:
2466:
2439:
2398:extremophile
2362:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2311:soil quality
2288:
2249:
2243:
2240:life on Mars
2229:
2225:astrobiology
2214:
2184:
2169:
2154:
2116:
2089:
2081:seal hunters
2015:
1998:
1965:
1959:
1928:
1911:Biodiversity
1904:polar vortex
1900:stratosphere
1897:
1853:
1824:Aurora Basin
1820:Wilkes Basin
1794:, and large
1761:
1737:
1733:oceanic heat
1703:
1633:
1620:Arctic Ocean
1598:with little
1596:polar desert
1593:
1589:
1585:
1560:Lake Fryxell
1522:. There are
1509:
1498:
1471:
1456:
1421:
1367:
1325:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1220:
1214:
1200:
1182:
1161:
1152:Lystrosaurus
1150:
1127:cycadophytes
1123:ginkgophytes
1116:
1110:
1093:glossopterid
1076:Glossopteris
1074:
1052:
1001:
995:Glossopteris
993:
953:
905:
870:Enderby Land
859:
809:
773:
738:
681:
673:
671:
664:cartographer
659:
655:
651:
636:
617:
615:
602:pol antartik
543:
512:
504:
489:
481:
474:
468:
451:
375:
326:
270:polar desert
263:
176:
175:
47:
19335: /
19188:New Zealand
19176:Marine life
19128:Environment
18634:Lake Vostok
18584:Tryoshnikov
18506:Schlossbach
18397:Christensen
18339:James Caird
18260:E. R. Evans
18026:Dobrowolski
17996:de Gerlache
17698:Expeditions
17584:Aviaarktika
17538:Samoylovich
17409:Kolomeitsev
17303:Middendorff
17263:Gedenshtrom
16683:I. Fyodorov
16445:Chilingarov
16333:E. Fyodorov
15940:Expeditions
15709:New Zealand
15689:Sturt Stony
15649:Great Sandy
15587:Smoke Creek
15552:Lechuguilla
15537:Great Sandy
15527:Great Basin
15168:Betpak-Dala
14693:Novopangaea
14561:South China
14541:North China
14063:(legendary)
13970:Field camps
13868:Expeditions
13794:Weddell Sea
13774:Lake Vostok
13769:Lake Mercer
13641:Ice shelves
13549:In Our Time
13544:Antarctica.
12991:Climatology
12060:4 September
12008:3 September
11925:17 December
11899:17 December
11586:11089/41341
11197:14 February
11166:Trewby 2002
11151:14 February
11124:Trewby 2002
11000:Morris 1988
10943:22 December
10913:22 December
10883:21 February
10872:Aftenposten
10688:10852/93248
10497:28 February
10487:Pravoslavye
10390:30 December
10360:30 December
10318:21 February
10285:12 February
10177:Trewby 2002
10165:Trewby 2002
10091:Trewby 2002
10079:Trewby 2002
10012:Cawley 2015
9957:Trewby 2002
9945:Joyner 1992
9872:13 February
9840:Trewby 2002
9828:Trewby 2002
9636:20 February
9570:20 February
9311:20 February
8991:10023/12701
8803:10 February
8535:(1): 1–12.
8508:Trewby 2002
8284:20 February
7985:(1): 5328.
6700:20 February
6541:Trewby 2002
6440:Trewby 2002
6416:Trewby 2002
6301:Trewby 2002
5996:Defler 2019
5902:11336/46572
5879:: 311–324.
5856:11336/76749
5833:: 186–193.
5506:: 123–133.
5405:Trewby 2002
5337:Trewby 2002
5073:: 127–138.
5025:Trewby 2002
5010:Drewry 1983
4965:9 September
4943:23 February
4888:Cawley 2015
4812:"Antarctic"
4598:Kay Lindsay
4503:Before the
4340:horror film
4330:Alice Giles
4320:short films
3950:cruise ship
3659:E to 160°00
3651:E to 136°11
3590: /
3505:New Zealand
3397:E to 136°11
3389:Adélie Land
2964:and up the
2914:During the
2892:Ross Island
2801: /
2446:overfishing
2434:King George
2386:Lake Vostok
2236:adaptations
2057:blue whales
2045:albatrosses
1992:springtails
1980:tardigrades
1856:ozone layer
1786:of certain
1740:ice shelves
1649:storm force
1643:off of the
1608:sublimation
1407:Present day
1344:xenarthrans
1250:Imperobator
1244:Morrosaurus
1085:sphenopsids
1081:Cordaitales
1002:During the
971:Phanerozoic
958:era to the
915:Ross Island
881:Wilkes Land
792:Lake Vostok
786:or various
769:ice streams
643:New Holland
575:Greek name
545:Meteorology
515:Antarcticus
507:antarcticus
492:antarctique
345:exploration
310:tardigrades
43:Australasia
19366:Continents
19356:Antarctica
19350:Categories
19284:Technology
19020:Arthropods
18857:Terra Nova
18762:Shackleton
18705:J. C. Ross
18664:Resolution
18654:South Pole
18429:New Swabia
18353:Mackintosh
18325:Shackleton
18244:Terra Nova
18237:Terra Nova
17971:Heroic Age
17931:Challenger
17891:J. C. Ross
17801:Bransfield
17733:Resolution
17648:icebreaker
17612:Chelyuskin
17353:expedition
17331:Expedition
17273:Matyushkin
17231:Kh. Laptev
17226:Chelyuskin
17120:Heemskerck
17110:Chancellor
17105:Willoughby
17100:Koch boats
17043:Stefansson
16977:McClintock
16941:Inglefield
16783:J. C. Ross
16690:Resolution
16542:Cunningham
16440:Sagalevich
16129:expedition
16088:Stephenson
16048:C. F. Hall
16035:expedition
16009:J. C. Ross
15972:Heemskerck
15959:North Pole
15796:Antarctica
15759:Patagonian
15744:La Guajira
15684:Strzelecki
15577:Red Desert
15517:Forty Mile
15502:Chihuahuan
15482:Black Rock
15298:South Asia
15283:Taklamakan
15058:Tanezrouft
14829:See also:
14731:Hyperborea
14721:continents
14656:Seychelles
14641:Madagascar
14621:Doggerland
14516:Euramerica
14471:Asiamerica
14199:Antarctica
14152:Continents
13873:Heroic Age
13724:South Pole
13634:Heat waves
13603:Antarctica
13511:Audio help
13502:2023-12-16
13361:Antarctica
13154:. London:
12652:. London:
12562:Antarctica
12541:. Oxford:
12533:Day, David
12513:. Oxford:
12274:. London:
12034:18 October
11680:9 February
11551:6 February
11519:19 January
11431:8 February
11256:7 February
11230:5 February
11106:19 January
11034:22 October
10585:9 February
10555:9 February
10465:7 February
10044:(4): 640.
9803:BBC Future
9666:13 January
9600:8 February
9532:13 January
9462:(1): 946.
9430:22 October
9399:30 January
9384:(Report).
9211:6 February
8753:22 October
8684:22 October
8493:22 October
8178:6 February
8150:6 February
7921:(1): 390.
7420:(1): 383.
7113:(1): 340.
6736:13 January
5981:24 January
5810:12 January
5390:2 February
5221:7 February
5190:16 January
5148:1808/18763
4841:required.)
4829:17 January
4744:Antarctica
4678:References
4590:Lois Jones
4480:Old French
4316:Scott Base
4260:atmosphere
4122:Biologists
4110:meteorites
4102:Geologists
3994:have been
3930:See also:
3779:W to 53°00
3768:W to 74°00
3708:W to 44°38
3596: (
3523:E to 150°0
3353:Territory
3243:South Pole
3153:signs the
3092:, born in
3041:South Pole
2973:Expedition
2971:Terra Nova
2886:(1902) at
2869:Cape Adare
2820:Hughes Bay
2816:John Davis
2786:69°21′28″S
2735:Royal Navy
2696:Cape Adare
2652:Resolution
2648:'s ships,
2618:South Pole
2598:James Cook
2566:See also:
2503:World Park
2495:Greenpeace
2404:waters of
2369:snow algae
2327:liverworts
2323:bryophytes
2299:rainforest
2291:Cretaceous
2227:research.
2211:crust-like
2187:morphology
2100:cormorants
1915:See also:
1860:atmosphere
1838:Ozone hole
1804:permafrost
1707:caused by
1612:desiccated
1512:Expedition
1505:Frank Wild
1370:New Guinea
1340:marsupials
1295: Ma (
1293: 150
1238:Trinisaura
1202:Nothofagus
1197:Cretaceous
1193:horsetails
1118:Dicroidium
1113:seed ferns
1089:lycophytes
1034:(416
1028:trilobites
1016:limestones
1012:sandstones
960:Cretaceous
931:Dome Argus
862:Coats Land
702:See also:
660:Antarctica
583:Old French
484:antartique
471:originates
314:vegetation
282:sea levels
278:freshwater
251:South Pole
177:Antarctica
101:Time zones
75:Population
51:Antarctica
19152:Geography
19092:Dinosaurs
19044:Australia
19032:Astronomy
19008:Argentina
18956:Tolstikov
18742:Discovery
18712:HMS
18697:HMS
18679:Adventure
18677:HMS
18662:HMS
18598:Tolstikov
18319:Endurance
18104:Antarctic
18089:Drygalski
18062:Discovery
18055:Discovery
18016:Arctowski
17929:HMS
17902:HMS
17896:Abernethy
17884:HMS
17862:USS
17849:Vincennes
17847:USS
17827:Astrolabe
17767:San Telmo
17748:Adventure
17746:HMS
17731:HMS
17726:Kerguelen
17688:Continent
17673:Antarctic
17550:Urvantsev
17508:Vilkitsky
17361:Jeannette
17359:USS
17351:Jeannette
17315:Weyprecht
17293:Pakhtusov
17243:Chichagov
17236:D. Laptev
17179:Permyakov
17154:Stadukhin
17149:Perfilyev
17126:Mangazeya
17064:H. Larsen
17029:Rasmussen
16984:HMS
16955:USS
16904:HMS
16891:HMS
16855:Collinson
16845:HMS
16837:HMS
16815:HMS
16763:HMS
16748:HMS
16733:HMS
16718:Mackenzie
16705:Discovery
16703:HMS
16688:HMS
16660:Discovery
16639:Frobisher
16602:Rasmussen
16515:Gunnbjörn
16461:Greenland
16390:USS
16381:USS
16253:Ellsworth
16195:Roosevelt
16125:Nansen's
16082:Discovery
16080:HMS
16067:HMS
16014:Abernethy
15982:Marmaduke
15826:Greenland
15788:Antarctic
15636:Australia
15512:Escalante
15449:Deliblato
15306:Cholistan
15223:East Asia
15023:Moçâmedes
14802:Greenland
14666:Zealandia
14631:Jan Mayen
14616:Cathaysia
14536:Laurentia
14531:Laramidia
14521:Kalaharia
14476:Atlantica
14409:Kenorland
14229:Australia
14025:Transport
13764:Lake CECs
13741:ice sheet
13697:ice sheet
13666:Volcanoes
13656:Mountains
13611:Geography
13467:hour and
13229:bas.ac.uk
12971:Routledge
12419:0166-2481
12242:26 August
12216:26 August
12190:26 August
12164:26 August
12138:26 August
12112:26 August
12086:26 August
11982:26 August
11956:26 August
11732:bas.ac.uk
11703:bas.ac.uk
11595:2353-6063
11466:1007.2225
11356:132258248
11308:Hund 2014
11281:21 August
10835:30 August
10802:30 August
10776:25 August
10750:30 August
10697:239218549
10630:"Parties"
10439:31 August
10350:0261-3077
10257:131433193
10115:Pyne 2017
9999:132425113
9920:129664580
9861:Postimees
9484:2041-1723
9301:0036-8156
9138:1292-895X
9121:1406.5031
9114:(3): 25.
9000:0146-6380
8739:Mycotaxon
8401:248151959
8051:: 42–48.
7958:6 January
7829:2 October
7800:252161375
7784:0036-8075
7730:221885420
7675:264476246
7626:266436146
7534:0048-9697
7442:2045-2322
7346:218541055
7314:(1): 18.
7055:220261150
7047:1758-6798
6953:222179485
6929:(1): 39.
6827:0260-3055
6685:USA Today
6665:2156-2202
6391:0016-7606
6322:: 23–46.
6167:133542067
5952:146325060
5759:131433262
5528:134360219
5466:214736648
5361:Hund 2014
5286:: 20–32.
5255:: 35–58.
5097:0040-1951
4627:Stromness
4615:Grytviken
4586:Pam Young
4564:HMS
4426:in 1959.
4356:Hollywood
4249:Satellite
4175:neutrinos
4141:meteorite
3896:W to 90°0
3852:W to 25°0
3841:W to 53°0
3830:W to 25°0
3809:Argentina
3757:W to 53°0
3630:Australia
3476:W to 25°0
3465:W to 53°0
3454:W to 74°0
3443:W to 20°0
3350:Claimant
3223:Charles V
3181:consensus
3094:Grytviken
2864:Antarctic
2789:2°14′50″W
2663:field ice
2658:Adventure
2650:HMS
2640:classical
2534:pollution
2412:in cold,
2352:Poa annua
2199:melanised
2156:Caloplaca
2127:cetaceans
2069:fur seals
2029:ecosystem
2023:, is the
1976:nematodes
1888:catalysts
1764:meltwater
1562:, in the
1558:covering
1467:volcanism
1448:sediments
1355:ungulates
1348:litoptern
1328:Paleogene
1207:Ammonites
1147:Synapsids
1135:Tetrapods
1101:tetrapods
909:, in the
780:ice sheet
765:ice shelf
692:Geography
656:Antipodea
573:romanised
542:wrote in
540:Aristotle
475:antarctic
432:Etymology
402:pollution
298:nematodes
266:elevation
235:continent
109:Internet
91:Countries
32:Antarctic
19332:90°S 0°E
19236:Reptiles
18968:A. Fuchs
18925:V. Fuchs
18905:McKinley
18868:E. Evans
18827:Bjaaland
18822:Amundsen
18772:Marshall
18685:Furneaux
18537:V. Fuchs
18501:E. Ronne
18496:F. Ronne
18435:Ritscher
18289:SY
18277:Filchner
18221:Framheim
18215:Amundsen
18021:Racoviță
18006:Amundsen
18001:Lecointe
17870:Ringgold
17864:Porpoise
17754:Furneaux
17590:Shevelev
17545:Begichev
17524:Amundsen
17486:Nagórski
17464:Brusilov
17458:Sv. Anna
17372:Melville
17342:Palander
17298:Tsivolko
17258:Sannikov
17253:Billings
17196:Chirikov
17115:Barentsz
17057:St. Roch
17048:Bartlett
17022:Amundsen
17006:Sverdrup
16906:Resolute
16795:Franklin
16723:Kotzebue
16590:Sverdrup
16573:Scoresby
16547:Lindenov
16398:Plaisted
16383:Nautilus
16328:Shirshov
16302:Belyakov
16297:Baydukov
16271:Nautilus
16233:Amundsen
16193:SS
16152:Sverdrup
16147:Johansen
16117:Brainard
16112:Lockwood
15967:Barentsz
15855:Category
15507:Colorado
15487:Carcross
15472:Amargosa
15444:Tabernas
15434:Monegros
15384:Registan
15188:Moiynkum
15183:Kyzylkum
15095:Ad-Dahna
15013:Kalahari
14963:Algerian
14860:Category
14726:Atlantis
14711:Mythical
14646:Mauritia
14611:Beringia
14496:Cimmeria
14491:Chilenia
14481:Avalonia
14461:Amazonia
14444:Vaalbara
14429:Pannotia
14414:Laurasia
14404:Gondwana
14399:Columbia
14327:Americas
14095:Category
14000:Religion
13902:Politics
13820:Wildlife
13789:Ross Sea
13651:Glaciers
13513: ·
13391:(2009).
13309:27 March
13289:27 March
13254:27 March
13235:27 March
12935:(2017).
12811:(1992).
12715:Elsevier
12590:(2019).
12535:(2013).
12505:(2006).
12458:(2019).
12393:Elsevier
12341:(1968).
12311:(1994).
12081:ESPN.com
12054:Deadline
12028:BBC News
11874:27 March
11845:27 March
11804:27 March
11763:27 March
11738:27 March
11709:27 March
11617:Archived
11545:Archived
11513:Archived
11511:. 2011.
11491:16843819
11425:Archived
11296:Day 2013
11250:Archived
11191:Archived
11145:Archived
11100:Archived
11067:Archived
10937:Archived
10933:BBC News
10907:Archived
10877:Archived
10829:Archived
10796:Archived
10770:Archived
10744:Archived
10638:Archived
10491:Archived
10433:Archived
10384:Archived
10354:Archived
10312:Archived
10206:Archived
10132:Archived
10103:Day 2013
9866:Archived
9807:Archived
9709:89943276
9594:Archived
9564:Archived
9547:Day 2019
9526:Archived
9502:30808907
9390:Archived
9364:31134036
9338:: 1019.
9305:Archived
9266:26667905
9238:(2059).
9205:Archived
9146:28255919
9091:24 April
9085:Archived
9057:84747627
9008:46651929
8966:: 4–14.
8941:23702515
8866:73420634
8858:30742495
8794:Archived
8792:: 1–32.
8708:Archived
8678:Archived
8674:BBC News
8622:29870541
8581:PLOS ONE
8549:23537764
8487:Archived
8458:25 April
8452:Archived
8350:31262810
8302:(2019).
8275:Archived
8273:. ES.3.
8235:Archived
8202:Archived
8119:19675624
8017:36088458
7949:Archived
7945:13129041
7893:33931453
7792:36074831
7722:32968257
7618:38127761
7550:53093132
7542:30360282
7495:ABC News
7460:35013425
7395:29675467
7292:31110015
7145:35039511
6904:Archived
6835:22195720
6760:Archived
6730:Archived
6694:Archived
6605:Archived
6571:14 March
6565:Archived
6401:18 March
6395:Archived
6288:27917060
6221:12529638
6159:26388506
6135:: 5775.
5928:: 1–16.
5801:Archived
5458:32238944
5384:Archived
5215:Archived
5184:Archived
5157:13129041
5037:Day 2019
4989:Archived
4937:Archived
4792:17 April
4747:Archived
4660:ALH84001
4513:Atlantic
4430:See also
4406:Holidays
4312:Icestock
4300:Icestock
4276:channels
4056:Research
4050:airports
3992:Tourists
3978:chromium
3970:platinum
3902:(except
3251:Zaragoza
3141:Politics
3058:and the
2984:tractors
2867:reached
2604:(F) and
2402:alkaline
2392:'s moon
2096:penguins
2053:penguins
1984:rotifers
1964:such as
1876:emission
1800:penguins
1798:such as
1784:collapse
1744:glaciers
1694:infrared
1556:Blue ice
1520:iron ore
1494:faulting
1170:period (
1168:Jurassic
1139:Triassic
1131:conifers
975:tropical
967:Gondwana
828:Ross Sea
607:treatise
590:(modern
569:Apuleius
563:authors
536:the Bear
531:ἀρκτικός
458:(1657),
312:. Where
302:penguins
292:include
170:Apollo 4
19212:Oceania
19116:Ecology
19056:Biology
18994:Portals
18973:Messner
18920:Hillary
18900:Balchen
18848:Polheim
18842:Wisting
18720:Crozier
18692:Weddell
18670:J. Cook
18640:Kapitsa
18621:Fiennes
18563:Klenova
18532:Hillary
18482:Ketchum
18408:BANZARE
18383:·
18228:Polheim
18194:Shirase
18180:Charcot
17990:Belgica
17909:Crozier
17821:Morrell
17816:Weddell
17794:Lazarev
17739:J. Cook
17693:History
17643:Arktika
17619:Krassin
17604:Voronin
17576:Schmidt
17562:Ushakov
17501:Vaygach
17469:Albanov
17438:Rusanov
17419:Kolchak
17414:Matisen
17388:Makarov
17367:De Long
17268:Wrangel
17248:Lyakhov
17201:Malygin
17159:Dezhnev
16986:Pandora
16957:Advance
16924:Kennedy
16919:Belcher
16912:Kellett
16899:McClure
16823:Beechey
16817:Blossom
16810:Simpson
16778:Crozier
16771:Hoppner
16728:J. Ross
16696:J. Cook
16644:Gilbert
16537:J. Hall
16503:Ingólfr
16493:Naddodd
16487:Vikings
16474:Brendan
16469:Pytheas
16457:Iceland
16411:Arktika
16403:Herbert
16368:Badygin
16338:Krenkel
16323:Papanin
16292:Chkalov
16278:Wilkins
16243:Wisting
16187:F. Cook
16093:Markham
16053:Bessels
16042:Polaris
16033:Polaris
16004:J. Ross
15987:Carolus
15935:History
15860:Commons
15850:Project
15769:Tatacoa
15764:Sechura
15739:Atacama
15717:Rangipo
15679:Simpson
15674:Pedirka
15669:Painted
15627:Oceania
15592:Sonoran
15439:Oleshky
15316:Katpana
15288:Tengger
15213:Ustyurt
15203:Sarykum
15178:Karakum
15163:Barsuki
15158:Aralkum
15110:Judaean
15105:Arabian
15068:Western
14998:Eastern
14988:Danakil
14909:deserts
14746:Meropis
14741:Lemuria
14556:Siberia
14506:Cuyania
14486:Baltica
14466:Arctica
14434:Rodinia
14424:Pangaea
14357:Oceania
14342:Eurasia
14105:Commons
14020:Tourism
13965:Economy
13938:Society
13860:History
13830:Mammals
13719:Islands
13675:Regions
13646:Geology
13624:Climate
13552:at the
13500: (
13471:minutes
13017:(ed.).
11654:2 April
11623:2 April
11471:Bibcode
11391:Bibcode
11334:Bibcode
10985:19 July
10644:2 April
10237:Bibcode
10212:27 June
10046:Bibcode
9979:Bibcode
9900:Bibcode
9813:22 July
9734:Georgia
9493:6391489
9464:Bibcode
9355:6524460
9274:8399775
9244:Bibcode
9178:25 June
9154:3759495
9071:"Algae"
9035:Bibcode
8968:Bibcode
8932:3695302
8911:Bibcode
8836:Bibcode
8714:12 July
8613:5988266
8590:Bibcode
8381:Bibcode
8341:6642375
8318:Bibcode
8244:2 April
8053:Bibcode
8008:9464198
7987:Bibcode
7923:Bibcode
7884:8087405
7863:Bibcode
7754:Science
7702:Bibcode
7653:Bibcode
7598:Bibcode
7590:Science
7451:8748732
7422:Bibcode
7386:5906079
7316:Bibcode
7283:6561295
7260:Bibcode
7209:Bibcode
7136:8764023
7115:Bibcode
7027:Bibcode
6931:Bibcode
6858:Bibcode
6795:Bibcode
6766:2 April
6690:Gannett
6643:Bibcode
6614:5 March
6514:Bibcode
6475:Bibcode
6375:: 551.
6324:Bibcode
6279:5126512
6256:Bibcode
6252:ZooKeys
6229:4326971
6201:Bibcode
6137:Bibcode
6092:Bibcode
5930:Bibcode
5881:Bibcode
5835:Bibcode
5694:Bibcode
5652:Bibcode
5508:Bibcode
5428:Bibcode
5288:Bibcode
5125:Bibcode
5075:Bibcode
4643:Godthul
4509:Pacific
4327:harpist
4290:Culture
4165:at the
4130:viruses
3577:90°35′W
3574:68°50′S
3176:acceded
3119:by the
3083:priests
3073:at the
2859:whaling
2724:sealing
2718:at the
2711:Sealers
2700:in 1895
2667:journal
2414:methane
2390:Jupiter
2373:sea ice
2303:Neogene
2295:conifer
2213:lichen
2207:endemic
2092:petrels
2041:icefish
2027:of the
2021:schools
2008:⁄
1945:Animals
1866:on the
1858:in the
1657:equator
1534:Climate
1507:on the
1474:Archean
1424:geology
1067:Permian
1044:Horlick
919:volcano
893:islands
826:to the
818:by the
394:Tourism
335:led by
19337:-90; 0
19248:Russia
19200:Norway
19080:Brazil
18883:Bowers
18878:Wilson
18837:Hassel
18832:Helmer
18801:Mackay
18791:Mawson
18756:Nimrod
18714:Terror
18699:Erebus
18626:Burton
18421:Rymill
18297:Mawson
18291:Aurora
18270:Lashly
18255:Wilson
18158:Nimrod
18135:Scotia
17942:Murray
17917:Cooper
17904:Terror
17886:Erebus
17855:Wilkes
17806:Palmer
17774:Vostok
17721:Bouvet
17645:-class
17625:Gakkel
17493:Taymyr
17474:Konrad
17443:Kuchin
17381:Yermak
17288:Lavrov
17206:Ovtsyn
17191:Bering
17169:Ivanov
17132:Hudson
17094:Pomors
17071:Cowper
17036:Karluk
16935:Isabel
16929:Bellot
16879:Austin
16847:Terror
16839:Erebus
16735:Griper
16711:Clerke
16671:Baffin
16654:Hudson
16585:Nansen
16498:Garðar
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