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Pomaks

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Pomaks in Bulgaria were the subject of three state-sponsored forced assimilation campaigns – in 1912, the 1940s and the 1960s and 1970s which included the change of their Turkish-Arabic names to ethnic Bulgarian Christian Orthodox ones and in the first campaign conversions from Islam to Eastern Orthodoxy. The first two campaigns were abandoned after a few years, while the third was reversed in 1989. The campaigns were carried out under the pretext that the Pomaks as ancestral Christian Bulgarians who had been converted to Islam and who therefore needed to be repatriated back to the national domain. These attempts were met with stiff resistance by many Pomaks.
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Islamization, destroyed 218 churches and 336 chapels in these areas. A lot of Bulgarians preferred to die instead of becoming Muslim. According to recent investigations the theory of forced conversion to Islam, supported by some scientists, has no solid grounds with all or most evidence being faked or misinterpreted. At the same time, the sincerity of the convert is a subject to suspicion and interrogation. Some authors for example, explain the mass conversions that occurred in the 17th century with the tenfold increase of the
755: 316: 3872: 4083: 264: 131: 296: 342: 5299: 32: 73: 928:(1923). The treaty made no mention of their language, but declared that their languages of education should be Turkish and Greek. The main school manual used for the teaching the language is 'Pomaktsou' by Moimin Aidin and Omer Hamdi, Komotini 1997. There is also a Pomak-Greek dictionary by Ritvan Karahodja, 1996. The Pomak dialects are on the Eastern side of the 816:. Bulgaria, after a brief period of control over the area, passed the sovereignty of Western Thrace at the end of World War I. The Provisional Government was revived between 1919 and 1920 under French protectorate (France had annexed the region from Bulgaria in 1918) before Greece took over in June 1920. 1006:
identity, down from 131,000 who declared Muslim Bulgarian identity at the 2001 census. Unofficially, there may be between 150,000 and 250,000 Pomaks in Bulgaria, though maybe not in the ethnic sense as one part declare Bulgarian, another part – Turkish ethnic identity. During the 20th century the
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that he would execute them if they didn't turn to Islam. In 1656, Ottoman military troops entered the Chepino valley and arrested the local Bulgarian provosts, in order to transfer them in the local Ottoman administrator. There, they converted to Islam. Grand Vizier Mehmed Köprülü, after the mass
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There is no specific Pomak dialect of the Bulgarian language. Within Bulgaria, the Pomaks speak almost the same dialects as those spoken by the Christian Bulgarians with which they live side by side and Pomaks living in different regions speak different dialects. In Bulgaria there is a trend for
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within this population. This indicates that the Greek Pomaks are an isolated population with limited contacts with their neighbours. A 2014 study also confirmed high homozygosity and according to MDS analysis the Greek Pomaks cluster among European populations, near the general Greek population.
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sub-dialects) dialects. The Smolyan dialect is also spoken by the Pomaks living in the Western Thrace region of Greece. The Pomaks living in the region of Teteven in Northern Bulgaria speak the Balkan dialect, specifically the Transitional Balkan sub-dialect. The Rup dialects of the Bulgarian
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of Bulgarian, yet many pockets of western Bulgarian speakers remain. A large number of them no longer transmit it; they have adopted Turkish as a first language and Greek as a second language. Recently the Community of the Pomaks of Xanthi, has announced its request to be treated equally and
642:, mentioned that around 1550 only 6 or 9 villages had turned to Islam. Furthermore the documents show that not only Islam has been spread in the area at that time, but that the Pomaks participated in Ottoman military operations voluntarily as is the case with the village of Shahin ( 516:. The community in Greece is commonly fluent in Greek, and in Turkey, Turkish, while the communities in these two countries, especially in Turkey, are increasingly adopting Turkish as their first language as a result of education and family links with the Turkish people. 544:", "more important than a Yamak", similar to "пó юнак", i.e. "more than a hero"). It has also been argued that the name comes from the dialectal words "помáкан, омáкан, омáчен, помáчен" (pomákan, omákan, omáchen, pomáchen), meaning "tormented, tortured". 539:
The name "Pomak" first appeared in the Bulgarian Christian-heretical language surroundings of North Bulgaria (the regions of Lovech, Teteven, Lukovit, Byala Slatina). According to one theory, it comes from the expression "по-ямак" ("more than a
812:. The Ottoman administration didn't support the rebels and finally under the neutrality of Greek and Ottoman governments, Bulgaria took over the lands on 30 October 1913. The rebels requested support by the Greek state and put Greek major in 680:. So, in North Central Bulgaria Pomaks became those of Bulgarian Christian heretics, for which it was unacceptable or impossible to convert to the Eastern Orthodox Christian because of dogmatic, economic, family or other reasons. 842:
dialects to give way to the standard Bulgarian language and this is also affecting the dialects spoken by the Pomaks and their usage is now rare in urban areas and among younger people. As part of the wider Pomak community, the
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Bulgarians in the region of Korcha and Mala Prespa (Albania) nowadays, Balkanistic Forum (1-3/2005), South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Blagoevgrad, Pashova, Anastasija Nikolaeva; Issue: 1-3/2005, Page Range:
527:. However, in Greece and Turkey the practice for declaring the ethnic group at census has been abolished for decades. Different members of the group today declare a variety of ethnic identities: Bulgarian, Pomak, 714:
local administrator to announce their decision, but he sent them to the Greek bishop of Philippoupolis Gabriel (1636–1672). The bishop could not change their mind. According to the verbal tradition of the
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Archimandrite Nikodemos Anagnostopoulos, Orthodoxy and Islam: Theology and Muslim–Christian Relations in Modern Greece and Turkey, Culture and Civilization in the Middle East, Taylor & Francis, 2017,
3128:"Capidan, Theodor. Meglenoromânii, istoria şi graiul lor, vol. I, Bucureşti, 1925, p.5, 19, 21–22 (Capidan, Theodor. Megleno-Romanians – their history and dialect, Bucharest 1925, vol 1, p.5, 19, 21–22)" 2294:. (Bulgarian language) С., 1925 (фототипно изд. С., 1970), с. 36 (Jordan. Bogomil Books and Legends, Sofia, 1925, p. 36: or in: Ivanov, Ĵ. Bogomil Books and Legends. Paris, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1976. 619:. They started to become Muslim gradually, from the Ottoman occupation (early 15th century) to the end of the 18th century. Subsequently, these people became part of the Muslim community of the 2607: 1787: 1120:) as a big village with 300 houses and two panes, inhabited exclusively by Pomaks. Greek nationalist scholars and government officials frequently refer to the Pomaks as "slavicised" 2165:
Martikainen, Tuomas; Mapril, José; Khan, Adil Hussain (2019). "Nation-state, Citizenship and Belonging: A Socio-historical Exploration of the Role of Indigenous Islam in Greece".
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took place in front of the old mosque of the city, near the Government House. After that, the villagers became Muslim, too. According to the verbal tradition of the Bulgarians,
3180: 3492: 2943: 2137: 1976:"Interview With Mr. Damjan Iskrenov* and Mr. Shikir Bujukov* from the Village of Kochan – Pomaks from Chech, Western Rodop Mountains (Pirin Part of Macedonia), R. of Bulgaria" 3203:Лабаури, Дмитрий Олегович. Болгарское национальное движение в Македонии и Фракии в 1894–1908 гг: Идеология, программа, практика политической борьбы, София 2008, с. 184–186, 2093: 3219:
Fikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage: ihre entestehung und etwicklung bis 1908., Wiessbaden 1979 (in Bulgarian: Аданър, Фикрет. Македонският въпрос, София 2002, с. 20)
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Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, published by the Endowment Washington, D.C. 1914, p.28, 155, 288, 317
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When languages collide: perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence, Brian D. Joseph, Ohio State University Press, 2003, p. 281
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The Pomaks, known officially in Bulgaria as Bulgarian Muhammadans or Bulgarian Muslims, are an ethno-confessional minority at present numbering about 220,000 people.
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Their precise origin has been interpreted differently by Bulgarian, Greek and Turkish historians, but it is generally considered they are descendants of native
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Adamou E. & Drettas G. 2008, Slave, Le patrimoine plurilingue de la Grèce – Le nom des langues II, E. Adamou (éd.), BCILL 121, Leuven, Peeters, p. 107-132.
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In: Voss, C.; Steinke, K. (ed.): The Pomaks in Greece and Bulgaria - a model case for borderland minorities in the Balkans, p. 227-234. Munich: Biblion.
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system disappeared and the members of the Pomak groups today declare a variety of ethnic identities, depending predominantly on the country they live in.
3183:, Петров Гьорче, Материали по изучаванието на Македония, София 1896, с. 475 (Petrov, Giorche. Materials on the Study of Macedonia, Sofia, 1896, p. 475) 3697: 3684: 2638: 2615: 4071: 1255: 3860: 2351:"HbO-Arab mutation originated in the Pomak population of Greek Thrace, Haematologica, Vol 90, Issue 2, 255–257, 2005 by Ferrata Storti Foundation" 3276:Асенова, Петя. Местни имена от Голо бърдо, Североизточна Албания, в: Езиковедски проучвания в памет на проф. Йордан Заимов, София 2005, с. 42–53. 2493: 5035: 3730: 3483: 3651: 1878: 1089: 4049: 4038: 3838: 3457: 920:
The Pomak language is taught at primary school level (using the Greek alphabet) in the Pomak regions of Greece, which are primarily in the
792:. In 1886 the Ottoman government accepted the Bulgarian rule over Eastern Rumelia and that was the end of the free Pomak state. During the 3205:Кънчов, Васил. Македония. Етнография и статистика, с. 39–53 (Kanchov, Vasil. Macedonia — ethnography and statistics Sofia, 1900, p. 39-53) 649:
In North Central Bulgaria (the regions of Lovech, Teteven, Lukovit, Byala Slatina) the Ottoman authorities requested in 1689, after the
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Vemund Aarbakke, The Muslim Minority of Greek Thrace, University of Bergen, Bergen, 2000, pp.5 and 12 (pp. 27 and 34 in the pdf file).
657:(heterodox Christian sect) to convert to one of the officially recognized religions in the Ottoman Empire. One part of them became the 1688:
Identity, nationalism, and cultural heritage under siege : five narratives of Pomak heritage - from forced renaming to weddings /
3828: 1861: 1465: 3523: 3127: 1124:, to give the impression and support Greek narratives that they are the descendants of Ottoman-era Greek converts to Islam like the 1510:"Social Construction of Identities: Pomaks in Bulgaria, Ali Eminov, JEMIE 6 (2007) 2 © 2007 by European Centre for Minority Issues" 1318: 3615: 1177: 3334: 2097: 3193:
Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe – Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE). Muslims of Macedonia. p. 2, 11
2414:"Genetic characterization of Greek population isolates reveals strong genetic drift at missense and trait-associated variants" 1180:, their language has been regarded as Macedonian, while within Bulgarian academia, their dialect is considered as part of the 5881: 4064: 3749: 3673: 3601: 3582: 3556: 3467: 3426: 3321: 3050: 3022: 2995: 2537: 2316: 2229: 2203: 2176: 2063: 1920: 1696: 1669: 1642: 1612: 1582: 1552: 1380: 3354: 2249: 2013: 1999: 3853: 3308:"Българетѣ въ Македония: издирвания и документи за тѣхното потекло, езикъ и народность, съ етнографска карта и статистика" 1434: 4197: 2938:
Demetriou, Olga (January 2004). "Prioritizing 'ethnicities': The uncertainty of Pomak-ness in the urban Greek Rhodoppe".
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Ethnographic map of European Turkey from the late 19th century, showing the regions largely populated by Pomaks in brown.
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by the government. The term has also been used as a wider designation, including also the Slavic Muslim populations of
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The name ... refers to about 220,000 people in Bulgaria ... Pomaks inhabit borderlands ... between Bulgaria and Greece
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therefore to have the right of education in Greek schools without the obligation of learning the Turkish language.
167: 924:. The Pomaks of Thrace were, together with Turks and Roma, exempted from the population exchanges provided by the 83: 5741: 3846: 3229:Смиљанић, Тома. Пастирски живот код Миjака, Гласник српског географског друштва, Свеска 5, Београд, 1921, с. 232. 1160:. However the estimated 100,000 Pomaks in North Macedonia maintain a strong affiliation to the Turkish identity. 966:(pejorative, meaning "infidels"), Pogantsi, Poturani, Poturnatsi, Eruli, Charaklii, etc. They mainly inhabit the 3384: 877:
in Northern Bulgaria. The Pomaks living in the Bulgarian part of the Rhodopes speak the Rhodope (especially the
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in the middle of the 17th century, some Bulgarian provosts agreed to become Muslim en masse. They visited the
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living in the Rhodope Mountains in Thrace in southern Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, and northwestern Turkey.
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Religious Minorities, Nation States, and Security: Five Cases from the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean
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Olga Demetriou, "Prioritizing 'ethnicities': The uncertainty of Pomak-ness in the urban Greek Rhodoppe", in
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Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria
1144:), are also referred to as Pomaks, especially in historical context. They are a minority religious group in 683: 4990: 4284: 3665:
Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria
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Religious Minorities, Nation States and Security: Five Cases from the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean
1153: 3761:"Urban culture, religious conversion, and crossing ethnic fluidity among the Bulgarian Muslims ("Pomaks")" 3413:. Modernity, Memory and Identity in South-East Europe. Springer International Publishing. pp. 21–36. 3285: 727: 5160: 4161: 707: 181: 5886: 5694: 4916: 4869: 3596:(in Bulgarian). София: Институт за изследване на близкото минало; Фондация "Отворено общество"; Сиела. 1574:
Culture and Power at the Edges of the State: National Support and Subversion in European Border Regions
1224:. By the last censuses at the end of the 20th century in Yugoslavia they had declared themselves to be 1152:
national identity and are linguistically distinct from the larger Muslim ethnic groups in the country,
3788:"Historical and ethnological influences on the traditional civilization of Pomaks of the Greek Thrace" 3109: 5808: 5467: 4620: 4378: 1061: 1043: 421: 3096: 1761: 5751: 5075: 4459: 4309: 3964: 3820: 1200:
occasionally are also referred to as Pomaks in historical context. They are people who inhabit the
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Brunnbauer, Ulf (1999). "Diverging (Hi-)Stories: The Contested Identity of the Bulgarian Pomaks".
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Histories and Identities: Nation-state and Minority Discourses. The Case of the Bulgarian Pomaks
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Slavic-speaking Muslims, sometimes referred to as "Pomaks", live also in the Albanian region of
5726: 5699: 5605: 5576: 5536: 5521: 4466: 3927: 3876: 3739: 3097:"In Search of a Homogeneous Nation: The Assimilation of Bulgaria's Turkish Minority, 1984–1985" 2765: 2494:"Greek newspaper "Kathimerini", Column "Exploring the Pomak villages", Athens 12 December 2009" 1069: 696: 639: 624: 2985: 2885: 2865: 2845: 2825: 2725: 2221:
Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties
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Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties
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who also previously converted to Orthodoxy and Catholicism, who converted to Islam during the
5630: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5396: 5085: 5070: 5060: 4481: 4299: 3954: 3949: 2805: 2785: 2745: 1632: 1602: 1185: 1077: 1034:. The Pomak community in Turkey is unofficially estimated to be between 300,000 and 600,000. 805: 441: 3239:Матов, Милан. За премълчаното в историята на ВМРО. Спомени, Второ издание София 2011, с. 58. 3176: 3159: 2357: 751:; thus, a Muslim of any ethnic background enjoyed precisely the same rights and privileges. 623:. At that time people were bound to their millets by their religious affiliations (or their 5871: 5594: 5433: 5252: 5146: 4980: 4339: 4237: 4181: 4115: 3937: 3900: 3209:
Leonhard Schultze Jena. «Makedonien, Landschafts- und Kulturbilder», Jena, G. Fischer, 1927
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http://www.znam.bg/com/action/showBook?bookID=979&elementID=935883124&sectionID=5
1048: 986:. There are Pomaks in other parts of Bulgaria as well. There are a few Pomak villages in 979: 851: 789: 650: 2695:
in Greek: General Administration of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, "Thrace" Komotini 1994
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is characteristic of the Greek Pomaks. Its frequency increased as a consequence of high
5813: 5803: 5766: 5714: 5581: 5571: 5288: 4955: 4864: 4847: 4790: 4354: 4110: 3917: 3724: 3659: 3611: 3515: 3493:"Prioritizing 'ethnicities': The uncertainty of Pomak-ness in the urban Greek Rhodoppe" 3477: 3453: 3432: 3310:. Изд. на Българската академия на наукитѣ от фонда "Напрѣдък" – via Google Books. 2446: 2413: 1905: 1815: 1743: 1714:"Migration in the Southern Balkans. From Ottoman Territory to Globalized Nation States" 1338: 1181: 1137: 1105: 975: 863: 739:
tax. Muslim communities prospered under the Ottoman Empire, as the Sultan was also the
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Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States Religion and Global Politics
571:. Information through Ottoman and Catholic missionaries reports supports this theory. 5657: 5386: 5269: 5129: 5124: 4970: 4906: 4859: 4526: 4217: 3959: 3745: 3669: 3623: 3597: 3578: 3552: 3519: 3463: 3436: 3422: 3411:
New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. the State
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valley, apprehensive of retribution for their role in the bloody suppression of the
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happened between the 16th and the 17th century. According to the Codes of Bishop of
523:. The term is widely used colloquially for Eastern South Slavic Muslims, considered 188: 5761: 5600: 5462: 5264: 4975: 4765: 4658: 4581: 4576: 4566: 4449: 4314: 4190: 3974: 3910: 3795: 3772: 3744:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.; London: Greenwood Press. pp. 1516–1522. 3507: 3414: 3208: 2441: 2433: 2245: 2078:
Fred de Jong, "The Muslim Minority in Western Thrace", in Georgina Ashworth (ed.),
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Muslim identity and the Balkan State; Hugh Poulton, Suha Taji-Farouki; 1997, p. 102
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Pomaks are today usually considered descendants of native Orthodox Bulgarians and
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in German: Peter Soustal, "Thrakien (Thrake, Rodope und Haimimontos)" Wienn 1991
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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concept was altered during the 19th century and rise of nationalism within the
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Provisional Government of Western Thrace" (Garbi Trakya Hukumet i Muvakkatesi)
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Urgent anthropology Vol. 3 Problems of Multiethnicity in the Western Balkans
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strong ethno-confessional minority in Bulgaria is recognized officially as
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https://m.novinite.com/articles/217761/71.5+are+the+Christians+in+Bulgaria
5548: 5354: 5102: 5065: 4780: 4700: 4693: 4643: 4610: 3800: 3698:"Ислямизацията като мотив в българската историография, литература и кино" 3407:"Revisiting Armenians in the Ottoman Empire: Deportations and Atrocities" 2639:"Ислямизацията като мотив в българската историография, литература и кино" 2532:] (in Bulgarian). София: Българска академия на науките. p. 416. 1491: 1277: 793: 748: 387: 51: 3777: 3652:"The Human Rights of Muslims in Bulgaria in Law and Politics since 1878" 3337:, Gail Warrander, Verena Knaus, Published by Bradt Travel Guides, 2007, 2888:, Miranda Vickers, James Pettifer, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1997, 2704:
in Turkish: Aydinli Ahmet, "Bati Trakya faciasinin icyuzu" Istanbul 1972
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in Turkish: Biyiklioglou Tevfik, "Trakya' da millî mücadele" Ankara 1956
2411: 2136:, Vol. 27, No. 1, January 2004, pp.106–107 (pp. 12–13 in the pdf file). 1258:(born 1953), Member of the Bulgarian Parliament; Parliamentary Group of 664:
by converting to Ottoman recognized Christian denominations, either the
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Muslims at the Margins of Europe: Finland, Greece, Ireland and Portugal
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They are not officially recognized as one people with the ethnonym of
5825: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5457: 5438: 5423: 5401: 5371: 5366: 5281: 5247: 5242: 5190: 4921: 4816: 4536: 4422: 4168: 4147: 2580:"NATPRESH: 6. Λαϊκές παραδόσεις, παροιμίες και αινίγματα των Πομάκων" 2154:. Vol. 3. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 38–49. GGKEY:X5ZYCWAEE9A. 1281: 1271: 869:
Most Pomaks speak some of the Eastern Bulgarian dialects, mainly the
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whereas in Greece and Turkey they self-declare their language as the
4876: 4370: 2382: 2270:"The Descendants of Paulicians: the Pomaks, Catholics, and Orthodox" 1713: 1173: 263: 130: 5788: 5667: 5652: 5556: 5361: 5227: 5195: 5097: 4901: 4688: 4509: 4434: 4349: 3045:. Pencheva, Maya (translator). Sofia: National Museum of Bulgaria. 2269: 2244:Любен Каравелов. Мемоари. Павликяни и семейният бит на българите. ( 1229: 1101: 1023: 843: 809: 583: 502: 460: 321: 5682: 2987:
Balkan Border Crossings: First Annual of the Konitsa Summer School
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Culture and Learning in Islam Different Aspects of Islamic Culture
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Panoutsopoulou K; Hatzikotoulas K; Xifara DK; et al. (2014).
2383:"The origin of Greek Pomaks is based on HbO-Arab mutation history" 1661:
Dismembering the State: The Death of Yugoslavia and why it Matters
1002:. Officially no ethnic Pomaks are recorded, while 67,000 declared 5511: 5381: 5349: 5232: 5205: 5180: 5165: 4960: 4896: 4854: 4755: 4705: 4628: 4541: 4504: 2728:, Jorgen S. Nielsen, Samim Akgönül, Ahmet Alibasic, BRILL, 2009, 1466:"Ethnologue: Languages of the World Fourteenth Edition.Bulgarian" 1389: 1205: 1117: 1097: 1093: 643: 616: 568: 498: 487: 5298: 1216:. The general view is that they should be treated as a distinct 862:), which are sometimes also considered to be part of the "wider 5709: 5647: 5418: 5327: 5315: 5259: 5237: 5175: 5170: 5092: 4985: 4556: 4546: 4105: 4091: 4082: 3871: 3551:. Pencheva, Maya (translator). Sofia: Natl Museum of Bulgaria. 1570: 1209: 914:, it has words and resemblance to the grammatical forms of the 716: 700: 494: 468: 464: 347: 301: 20: 3387:
by Gerlachlus Duijzings, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000,
3073:(in Bulgarian). National Statistical Institute. Archived from 2248:. Memoirs. Paulicians and the family life of the Bulgarians). 5778: 5736: 5526: 5516: 5344: 5320: 5044: 4842: 4832: 4444: 2568:. Ankara: Publishing House of the Turkish Historical Society. 1600: 736: 673: 608: 541: 3179:, Поп Антов, Христо. Спомени, Скопje 2006, с. 22–23, 28–29, 2472:, İstanbul, Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Press), 2006. pp. 87–89. 2470:"Son İmparatorluk Osmanlı (The Last Empire: Ottoman Empire)" 2014:"Помаците искат да бъдат признати като етнос | Dnes.bg" 2917:
Bulgarian dialectology; Stoyan Stoykov; 4th edition, 2002;
2905:
Bulgarian dialectology; Stoyan Stoykov; 4th edition, 2002;
2713:
Bulgarian dialectology; Stoyan Stoykov; 4th edition, 2002;
2508:"NATPRESH: 1. Η προφορική παράδοση των Πομάκων της Ροδόπης" 1540: 580: 1762:"Muslim Minorities in Bulgaria - [PDF Document]" 3826:
http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/english/reports/pomaks.html
3815: 3758: 3591: 426: 3324:. Tipografija. 20 March 1923 – via Google Books. 3041:
Raichevsky, Stoyan (2004). "Geographical Boundaries".
1833:
Turan, Ömer (2007). "Pomaks, Their Past and Present".
627:), rather than their ethnic origins, according to the 2848:, Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, 2748:, James Pettifer, Miranda Vickers, I.B.Tauris, 2007, 2164: 2158: 586:, HbO, which emerged about 2,000 years ago on a rare 501:
as a result of escaping previous ethnic cleansing in
3785: 2983: 1092:
in 1923 did Pomaks inhabit a part of the regions of
796:, at 16 August 1913, an Islamic revolt begun in the 2828:Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, 2788:, Vjekoslav Perica, Oxford University Press, 2004, 446: 155:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3658: 3610: 3452: 1904: 3255:. Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite. 3242: 3181:Дедиjeр, Jевто, Нова Србија, Београд 1913, с. 229 3099:, London School of Economics, UK 23 December 2000 2530:Turkish sources for Bulgarian history. Volume 3:2 2462: 2191: 1939:[STRUCTURE OF THE RELIGIOUS POPULATION]. 1788:"The Pomaks: A Religious Minority in the Balkans" 5838: 3712:Помаците и торбешите в Мизия, Тракия и Македония 1601:Hugh Poulton; Suha Taji-Farouki (January 1997). 1172:. However these people are also referred to as " 1080:. Their estimated population is 50,000, only in 743:. Ottoman law did not recognize such notions as 3385:Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo 3010: 2147: 1902: 1630: 1294:(born 1987), Greek footballer. Born in Passos, 2667:. LIT Verlag Münster – via Google Books. 2523:Turski izvori za bŭlgarskata istoriya. Tom 3:2 2267: 2082:, Sunbury, Quartermaine House Ltd., 1980, p.95 638:(1508–1553), who visited the mountain area of 5029: 4386: 4065: 3854: 3821:Pomaknews Agency | Nezavisen Glas na Pomacite 3004: 2977: 2526:Турски извори за българската история. Том 3:2 2298: 1937:"СТРУКТУРА НА НАСЕЛЕНИЕТО ПО ВЕРОИЗПОВЕДАНИЕ" 1484: 1444: 1184:. Part of this people still self-identify as 1090:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey 1068:, particularly the eastern regional units of 893:subdialects) and Western Rup (especially the 850:in North Macedonia, Albania and Kosovo speak 823:following the First World War, the religious 3741:Encyclopedia of the stateless nations 3, L-R 3288:. Fieldwork Edited by Antonina Zhelyazkova, 3036: 3034: 2776:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 1517. 2746:The Albanian Question: Reshaping The Balkans 1657: 1368: 1262:. His ancestor was an Ottoman feudal called 1052:Medusa Pomak village, Xanthi, Thrace, Greece 788:and established an autonomous state, called 719:of Philippoupolis, a large ceremony of mass 459:) are Bulgarian-speaking Muslims inhabiting 2195:Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey 1868:THE POMAKS, Report – Greek Helsinki Monitor 1684: 1624: 1452:"Ethnologue, Languages of Greece.Bulgarian" 60:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5036: 5022: 4393: 4379: 4072: 4058: 3861: 3847: 3729:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3592:Груев, Михаил; Кальонски, Алексей (2008). 3577:(in Bulgarian). София: ИК "Ваньо Недков". 3546: 3482:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3040: 2886:Albania: from anarchy to a Balkan identity 2766:Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R 1898: 1896: 1637:. Princeton University Press. p. 38. 1571:Thomas M. Wilson; Hastings Donnan (2005). 952:The Pomaks in Bulgaria are referred to as 312: 3799: 3776: 3668:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3533: 3490: 3252:Dijalektite na makedonskiot jazik. Vol. 1 3067:"Structure of the population by religion" 3031: 2520: 2445: 2304: 2285: 2283: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2000:"READING ROOM 3: Raw deal for the Pomaks" 1785: 1729: 1458: 1427: 1425: 730:(1656–1661) threatened the Bulgarians of 233:Learn how and when to remove this message 215:Learn how and when to remove this message 113:Learn how and when to remove this message 5043: 3695: 3572: 3248: 2636: 2044:Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary, Sofia 1577:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 158–159. 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1319:Provisional Government of Western Thrace 1047: 753: 682: 508:Bulgaria recognizes their language as a 338: 292: 3737: 3682: 3357:, Robert Elsie, Scarecrow Press, 2004, 2605: 1893: 1492:"Pomak | people | Britannica" 1288:, to a Pomak father and a Greek mother. 5839: 3708: 3305: 2808:, Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, UNESCO, 2003, 2560: 2280: 2254: 2118:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1711: 1547:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 607–. 1541:Carl Waldman; Catherine Mason (2006). 1502: 1422: 1372:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 691:The mass turn to Islam in the Central 5017: 4400: 4374: 4053: 3842: 3715:(in Bulgarian). София. Archived from 3404: 1832: 1349: 3685:"Балканите: съжителство на вековете" 3683:Горчева, Даниела (1 February 2009). 2608:"Балканите: съжителство на вековете" 2606:Горчева, Даниела (1 February 2009). 2224:. M.E. Sharpe. 1994. pp. 243–. 2035:. Ulf Brunnbauer, University of Graz 1604:Muslim Identity and the Balkan State 1274:. He was born in Sandrovo, Bulgaria. 962:), and under the locally used names 784:two years earlier, rebelled against 672:, while the other part converted to 287:Regions with significant populations 153:adding citations to reliable sources 124: 66: 25: 3765:Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU 3696:Тодорова, Мария (4 February 2009). 2990:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 189. 2955:"An article in the Greek Newspaper 2637:Тодорова, Мария (4 February 2009). 2614:(in Bulgarian) (21). Archived from 2053: 1220:. Part of these people are already 1026:, where they are called in Turkish 13: 5784:Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia 3534:Georgieva, Bozhidara (June 2009). 3446: 3043:The Mohammedan Bulgarians (Pomaks) 3011:Mario Apostolov (1 January 2001). 2289: 1835:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 1664:. Lexington Books. pp. 246–. 1131: 1060:) in Greece inhabit the region of 574: 373:(by those resident in Greece) and 14: 5908: 3809: 3567:The presence of Pomaks in Turkey. 2080:Muslim Minorities in the Eighties 1691:. Balkan studies library. Brill. 1235: 1116:in 1898 describes Konstantia (in 821:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 762:Meanwhile, the perception of the 666:Eastern Orthodox Christian Church 653:, for military reasons Bulgarian 41:This article has multiple issues. 5297: 4081: 3870: 3759:Benovska-Sabkova Milena (2015). 3491:Demetriou, Olga (January 2004). 3306:Иванов, Йордан (20 March 1815). 1631:Kristen Ghodsee (27 July 2009). 1544:Encyclopedia of European Peoples 1397:"Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!" 1369:Carl Skutsch (7 November 2013). 1260:Movement for Rights and Freedoms 340: 314: 294: 268:Pomaks in the early 20th century 262: 129: 71: 30: 5742:Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs 3398: 3378: 3368: 3355:Historical dictionary of Kosova 3348: 3328: 3314: 3299: 3279: 3270: 3233: 3222: 3213: 3197: 3186: 3170: 3152: 3120: 3102: 3089: 3059: 2947: 2932: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2879: 2859: 2839: 2819: 2799: 2779: 2759: 2739: 2719: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2657: 2630: 2599: 2586: 2572: 2554: 2514: 2500: 2486: 2405: 2375: 2343: 2325: 2268:Edouard Selian (January 2020). 2238: 2212: 2185: 2141: 2126: 2085: 2072: 2047: 2038: 2024: 2006: 1992: 1968: 1959: 1929: 1871: 1853: 1826: 1779: 1754: 1705: 1678: 1658:P. H. Liotta (1 January 2001). 1651: 1594: 1564: 1534: 1337:Pomaks are speakers of various 1018:community is present mostly in 140:needs additional citations for 49:or discuss these issues on the 4034:Cities and towns by population 3459:Muslim lives in Eastern Europe 3335:Kosovo: the Bradt travel guide 2594:Folk tales of Pomaks in Thrace 2563:"Les villages pomaks de Lovca" 1943:(in Bulgarian). Archived from 1885:. 19 June 2015. Archived from 1411: 1331: 1270:is situated in the village of 327:107,777 (2021 Census) 67,350 1: 3786:Varvounis Manolis G. (2003). 2984:Basilēs G. Nitsiakos (2008). 2726:Yearbook of Muslims in Europe 2198:. Greenwood Pr. p. 612. 2056:История на Османската империя 1324: 1148:, although not all espouse a 1086:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) 936: 873:in Southern Bulgaria and the 774:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 497:, where they have settled as 472: 377:(by those resident in Turkey) 279: 5882:Muslim communities in Europe 4991:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians 4039:Provinces by life expectancy 3647:Bulgarian Helsinki Committee 3405:Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020). 3110:"Türk Tarih Kurumu E-Mağaza" 1375:. Routledge. pp. 974–. 804:. On 1 September 1913, the " 534: 7: 4162:Albanians of Western Thrace 3573:Арденски, Владимир (2005). 3547:Raichevsky, Stoyan (2004). 3512:10.1080/0141987032000147959 3419:10.1007/978-3-030-59400-8_2 1685:Myuhtar-May, Fatme (2014). 1432:2011 Bulgarian census, p.29 1302: 1004:Muslim and ethnic Bulgarian 941: 864:Bulgarian dialect continuum 830: 447: 427: 10: 5913: 3249:Vidoeski, Božidar (1998). 2521:Tsvetkova, Bistra (1972). 2292:Богомилски книги и легенди 2192:Richard V. Weekes (1984). 2058:. Рива. pp. 472–535. 1163: 1041: 1022:and to a lesser extent in 945: 834: 598: 547: 493:Most Pomaks today live in 18: 16:Bulgarian-speaking Muslims 5877:Ethnic groups in Bulgaria 5547: 5306: 5295: 5051: 4889: 4825: 4807: 4789: 4619: 4490: 4413: 4406: 4277: 4134: 4098: 4021: 3973: 3883: 3835:(related to Greek Pomaks) 3500:Ethnic and Racial Studies 3462:. Princeton, New Jersey. 2940:Ethnic and Racial Studies 2305:Apostolov, Mario (2018). 2134:Ethnic and Racial Studies 1847:10.1080/13602009908716425 1804:10.1080/00905999608408481 1786:Apostolov, Mario (1996). 1399:(in Turkish). 6 June 2008 1191: 1062:East Macedonia and Thrace 1057: 1056:Today the Pomaks (Greek: 1044:Muslim minority of Greece 1037: 1010: 436: 416: 398: 393: 386: 381: 365: 360: 337: 311: 291: 286: 278: 273: 261: 5862:Ethnic groups in Albania 3965:Demographics of Istanbul 2846:Who are the Macedonians? 2826:Who Are the Macedonians? 2525: 2311:. Taylor & Francis. 1911:. M.E. Sharpe. pp.  1903:Janusz Bugajski (1994). 1204:region, located between 1104:and some other parts of 910:(Pomaktsou). Similar to 708:Konstantin Josef Jireček 625:confessional communities 19:Not to be confused with 5867:Ethnic groups in Kosovo 5857:Ethnic groups in Turkey 5852:Ethnic groups in Greece 4029:Provinces by population 3738:Minahan, James (2002). 3709:Мехмед, Хюсеин (2007). 1712:Haksöz, Cengiz (2018). 1607:. Hurst. pp. 33–. 1286:Los Angeles, California 996:Veliko Tarnovo Province 676:and began to be called 5606:Bessarabian Bulgarians 5076:Belarusian Lithuanians 3877:Demographics of Turkey 3655:, Sofia, November 2003 3164:macedonia.kroraina.com 3160:"4.3. Greek Macedonia" 3114:emagaza-ttk.ayk.gov.tr 2665:"Ethnologia Balkanica" 2561:Gozler, Kemal (2001). 2171:. BRILL. p. 133. 1731:10.1515/soeu-2018-0047 1053: 759: 688: 456: 5897:Ethnoreligious groups 5705:Bulgarian Macedonians 5631:Macedonian Bulgarians 5397:Greater Poland people 3549:Mohammedan Bulgarians 3536:"Who are the Pomaks?" 2959:, printed 17.03.2010" 1883:Minority Rights Group 1051: 1042:Further information: 906:are called in Greece 757: 686: 670:Roman Catholic Church 531:, Turkish and other. 394:Related ethnic groups 5892:Slavic ethnic groups 5700:Albanian Macedonians 5621:Bulgarian Hungarians 5595:Anatolian Bulgarians 5577:Bosniak Montenegrins 5434:Lesser Poland people 5147:Zaporozhian Cossacks 5045:Slavic ethnic groups 3831:4 March 2016 at the 3801:10.2298/BALC0334268V 3704:(in Bulgarian) (21). 3691:(in Bulgarian) (21). 3565:Kahl, Thede (2007): 3529:on 4 September 2011. 3095:DIMITROV, VESSELIN: 2965:on 28 September 2011 2151:Ethnologia Balkanica 1864:4 March 2016 at the 1792:Nationalities Papers 1437:27 July 2013 at the 1128:of Greek Macedonia. 1030:, and their speech, 984:Blagoevgrad Province 728:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha 401:South Slavic Muslims 149:improve this article 5794:Carinthian Slovenes 5641:Thracian Bulgarians 5616:Bulgarian Croatians 5611:Bulgarian Albanians 5086:Belarusian Russians 5071:Belarusian Latvians 3778:10.2298/GEI1501049B 3719:on 2 February 2011. 3614:(21 January 2009). 3077:on 25 December 2009 2942:(27)., pg. 105–108 2645:(in Bulgarian) (21) 2582:. 6 September 2009. 2510:. 6 September 2009. 2430:2014NatCo...5.5345P 1947:on 25 December 2009 1341:as native language. 1266:. The Agush castle 1178:Macedonian academia 1112:. German sightseer 980:Pazardzhik Province 960:Bǎlgari-Mjusjulmani 958:(българи-мюсюлмани 902:language spoken in 808:was established in 790:Republic of Tamrash 758:Tuhovishta's Mosque 651:Chiprovtsi Uprising 636:Pachomios Roussanos 467:, and northeastern 258: 5814:Prekmurje Slovenes 5804:Hungarian Slovenes 5626:Bulgarian Italians 4870:in the Netherlands 4460:in the Netherlands 4243:Slavic Macedonians 3660:Kristen R. Ghodsee 3620:Transitions Online 3612:Kristen R. Ghodsee 3454:Kristen R. Ghodsee 2438:10.1038/ncomms6345 2393:(3): 380–394. 2006 2363:on 31 October 2008 1879:"Turks and Pomaks" 1496:www.britannica.com 1472:on 16 January 2009 1339:Bulgarian dialects 1182:Bulgarian language 1138:Macedonian Muslims 1054: 976:Kardzhali Province 856:Torlakian dialects 760: 689: 250: 5887:Sub-ethnic groups 5834: 5833: 5799:Croatian Slovenes 5757:Montenegrin Serbs 5658:Burgenland Croats 5567:Bosniak Croatians 5562:Bosniak Albanians 5452:Międzyrzec Boyars 5387:Borderlands Poles 5130:Siberian Cossacks 5125:Nekrasov Cossacks 5011: 5010: 4971:Megleno-Romanians 4885: 4884: 4401:Muslims in Europe 4368: 4367: 4218:Megleno-Romanians 4047: 4046: 3751:978-0-313-32111-5 3702:Либерален Преглед 3689:Либерален Преглед 3675:978-0-691-13955-5 3603:978-954-28-0291-4 3584:978-954-8176-96-5 3558:978-954-9308-41-9 3469:978-0-691-13955-5 3428:978-3-030-59400-8 3052:978-954-9308-41-9 3024:978-0-7546-1677-1 2997:978-3-8258-0918-8 2768:, James Minahan, 2643:Либерален Преглед 2618:on 30 August 2010 2612:Либерален Преглед 2539:978-0-439-01834-0 2318:978-1-351-78441-2 2231:978-0-7656-1911-2 2205:978-0-313-23392-0 2178:978-90-04-40456-4 2065:978-954-320-369-7 1922:978-1-56324-282-3 1698:978-90-04-27207-1 1671:978-0-7391-0212-1 1644:978-1-4008-3135-7 1614:978-1-85065-276-2 1584:978-3-8258-7569-5 1554:978-1-4381-2918-1 1382:978-1-135-19388-1 968:Rhodope Mountains 955:Bulgarian Muslims 948:Bulgarian Muslims 922:Rhodope Mountains 916:Armenian language 912:Paulician dialect 772:begun. After the 693:Rhodope Mountains 607:who converted to 510:Bulgarian dialect 480:Bulgarian Muslims 445: 425: 406: 405: 329:Muslim Bulgarians 243: 242: 235: 225: 224: 217: 199: 123: 122: 115: 64: 5904: 5809:Italian Slovenes 5752:Macedonian Serbs 5601:Banat Bulgarians 5582:Bosniak Serbians 5572:Bosniak Kosovars 5463:Polish Uplanders 5301: 5265:Pannonian Rusyns 5081:Belarusian Poles 5038: 5031: 5024: 5015: 5014: 4587:Western Thracian 4411: 4410: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4212: 4200: 4193: 4171: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4086: 4085: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4051: 4050: 3975:Census in Turkey 3911:Turkish language 3875: 3874: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3805: 3803: 3782: 3780: 3755: 3734: 3728: 3720: 3705: 3692: 3679: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3630:. Archived from 3616:"Identity Shift" 3607: 3588: 3575:Загаснали огнища 3562: 3543: 3530: 3528: 3522:. Archived from 3497: 3487: 3481: 3473: 3441: 3440: 3402: 3396: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3352: 3346: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3303: 3297: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3201: 3195: 3190: 3184: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3139: 3133:. Archived from 3132: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3106: 3100: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2961:. Archived from 2951: 2945: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2883: 2877: 2863: 2857: 2843: 2837: 2823: 2817: 2803: 2797: 2783: 2777: 2763: 2757: 2743: 2737: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2603: 2597: 2592:M. G. Varvounis 2590: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2490: 2484: 2482: 2468:Ortaylı, İlber. 2466: 2460: 2459: 2449: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2362: 2356:. Archived from 2355: 2347: 2341: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2290:Ivanov, Йордан. 2287: 2278: 2277: 2265: 2252: 2246:Lyuben Karavelov 2242: 2236: 2235: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2117: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2100:on 23 April 2012 2096:. Archived from 2089: 2083: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2054:Мантран, Робер. 2051: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1988:on 3 March 2016. 1987: 1981:. Archived from 1980: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1910: 1900: 1891: 1890: 1889:on 14 July 2015. 1875: 1869: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1733: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1522:on 26 March 2017 1521: 1515:. Archived from 1514: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1468:. Archived from 1462: 1456: 1455: 1448: 1442: 1429: 1420: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1366: 1342: 1335: 1059: 1016:Pomaks in Turkey 972:Smolyan Province 798:Eastern Rhodopes 776:, Pomaks in the 554:Eastern Orthodox 477: 474: 450: 440: 438: 430: 420: 418: 350: 346: 344: 343: 324: 320: 318: 317: 307:350,000- 600,000 304: 300: 298: 297: 281: 274:Total population 266: 259: 249: 238: 231: 220: 213: 209: 206: 200: 198: 157: 133: 125: 118: 111: 107: 104: 98: 75: 74: 67: 56: 34: 33: 26: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5767:Vojvodina Serbs 5543: 5392:Bug River Poles 5333:Silesian Gorals 5302: 5293: 5270:Rusyn Romanians 5212:Harbin Russians 5140:Greben Cossacks 5109:Baikal Cossacks 5061:Alaskan Creoles 5047: 5042: 5012: 5007: 4881: 4821: 4803: 4785: 4621:North Caucasian 4615: 4527:Dobrujan Tatars 4486: 4402: 4399: 4369: 4364: 4273: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4208: 4196: 4189: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4130: 4094: 4080: 4078: 4048: 4043: 4017: 3969: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3833:Wayback Machine 3812: 3794:(34): 268–283. 3752: 3722: 3721: 3676: 3637: 3635: 3634:on 2 March 2007 3604: 3585: 3559: 3526: 3495: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3449: 3447:Further reading 3444: 3429: 3403: 3399: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3353: 3349: 3333: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3304: 3300: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3187: 3175: 3171: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3140:on 3 March 2016 3137: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2884: 2880: 2864: 2860: 2844: 2840: 2824: 2820: 2804: 2800: 2784: 2780: 2764: 2760: 2744: 2740: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2587: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2559: 2555: 2540: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2467: 2463: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2303: 2299: 2288: 2281: 2266: 2255: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2163: 2159: 2146: 2142: 2131: 2127: 2111: 2110: 2103: 2101: 2094:"Archived copy" 2092: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2025: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1901: 1894: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1866:Wayback Machine 1858: 1854: 1831: 1827: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1599: 1595: 1585: 1569: 1565: 1555: 1539: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1439:Wayback Machine 1430: 1423: 1416: 1412: 1402: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1383: 1367: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1305: 1256:Arif Sami Agush 1238: 1214:North Macedonia 1194: 1166: 1146:North Macedonia 1134: 1132:North Macedonia 1110:North Macedonia 1106:Greek Macedonia 1066:Northern Greece 1046: 1040: 1013: 992:Lovech Province 988:Burgas Province 950: 944: 939: 926:Lausanne Treaty 875:Balkan dialects 839: 833: 786:Eastern Rumelia 601: 577: 575:Genetic studies 550: 537: 484:North Macedonia 475: 463:, northwestern 341: 339: 332: 315: 313: 295: 293: 269: 256: 254: 252: 248: 239: 228: 227: 226: 221: 210: 204: 201: 158: 156: 146: 134: 119: 108: 102: 99: 88: 82:has an unclear 76: 72: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5910: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5819:Venetian Slavs 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5762:Croatian Serbs 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5734: 5729: 5727:Ethnic Muslims 5724: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5553: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5514: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5505:Cieszyn Vlachs 5497: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5312: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5208: 5203: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5152:Kuban Cossacks 5144: 5143: 5142: 5135:Terek Cossacks 5132: 5127: 5122: 5120:Kuban Cossacks 5117: 5112: 5105: 5095: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5041: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4625: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4532:Finnish Tatars 4529: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4515:Crimean Tatars 4512: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4428:Cham Albanians 4419: 4417: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4266:Western Thrace 4262: 4255: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4233:Romaniote Jews 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4194: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4155:Cham Albanians 4151: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3891:Turkish people 3887: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3866: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3823: 3818: 3811: 3810:External links 3808: 3807: 3806: 3783: 3756: 3750: 3735: 3706: 3693: 3680: 3674: 3656: 3644: 3608: 3602: 3589: 3583: 3570: 3563: 3557: 3544: 3531: 3506:(27): 95–119. 3488: 3468: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3427: 3397: 3377: 3367: 3347: 3327: 3313: 3298: 3278: 3269: 3261: 3241: 3232: 3221: 3212: 3196: 3185: 3169: 3151: 3119: 3101: 3088: 3058: 3051: 3030: 3023: 3003: 2996: 2976: 2946: 2931: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2878: 2858: 2838: 2818: 2798: 2778: 2758: 2738: 2718: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2656: 2629: 2598: 2585: 2571: 2553: 2538: 2513: 2499: 2485: 2461: 2424:(5345): 5345. 2404: 2374: 2342: 2324: 2317: 2297: 2279: 2253: 2237: 2230: 2211: 2204: 2184: 2177: 2157: 2140: 2125: 2084: 2071: 2064: 2046: 2037: 2023: 2005: 1991: 1967: 1958: 1928: 1921: 1892: 1870: 1852: 1825: 1798:(4): 727–742. 1778: 1753: 1724:(4): 603–605. 1704: 1697: 1677: 1670: 1650: 1643: 1623: 1613: 1593: 1583: 1563: 1553: 1533: 1501: 1483: 1457: 1443: 1441:(in Bulgarian) 1421: 1410: 1388: 1381: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1314:Pomak Republic 1311: 1309:Pomak language 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1289: 1275: 1253: 1250:Ottoman Empire 1237: 1236:Notable people 1234: 1226:ethnic Muslims 1218:minority group 1193: 1190: 1165: 1162: 1133: 1130: 1082:Western Thrace 1039: 1036: 1020:Eastern Thrace 1012: 1009: 946:Main article: 943: 940: 938: 935: 908:Pomak language 904:Western Thrace 837:Pomak language 835:Main article: 832: 829: 814:Alexandroupoli 802:Western Thrace 782:April Uprising 770:Ottoman Empire 732:Chepino Valley 703:historian and 697:Philippoupolis 600: 597: 576: 573: 549: 546: 536: 533: 529:ethnic Muslims 514:Pomak language 476: 220,000 404: 403: 396: 395: 391: 390: 384: 383: 379: 378: 363: 362: 358: 357: 355:Western Thrace 351: 335: 334: 325: 309: 308: 305: 289: 288: 284: 283: 276: 275: 271: 270: 267: 246: 241: 240: 223: 222: 137: 135: 128: 121: 120: 84:citation style 79: 77: 70: 65: 39: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5909: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5678:Molise Croats 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5663:Croat Muslims 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5468:Russian Poles 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4604:Mishar Tatars 4602: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4415:Indo-European 4412: 4409: 4405: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238:Sephardi Jews 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4088:Ethnic groups 4084: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3645: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3393:1-85065-431-X 3390: 3386: 3381: 3371: 3364: 3363:0-8108-5309-4 3360: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3343:1-84162-199-4 3340: 3336: 3331: 3323: 3322:"Нова Европа" 3317: 3309: 3302: 3295: 3294:954-8872-53-6 3291: 3287: 3282: 3273: 3264: 3262:9789989649509 3258: 3254: 3253: 3245: 3236: 3230: 3225: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3098: 3092: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3007: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2980: 2964: 2960: 2958: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2895: 2894:1-85065-279-1 2891: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2874:0-8142-0913-0 2871: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2854:1-85065-534-0 2851: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2834:1-85065-534-0 2831: 2827: 2822: 2815: 2814:92-3-103909-1 2811: 2807: 2802: 2795: 2794:0-19-517429-1 2791: 2787: 2782: 2775: 2774:0-313-31617-1 2771: 2767: 2762: 2755: 2754:1-86064-974-2 2751: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2734:90-04-17505-9 2731: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2666: 2660: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2596:, Athens 1996 2595: 2589: 2581: 2575: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2509: 2503: 2495: 2489: 2479: 2478:975-263-490-7 2475: 2471: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2339: 2338:9781315297927 2335: 2328: 2320: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2293: 2286: 2284: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2233: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2207: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2188: 2180: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2121: 2115: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2081: 2075: 2067: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2041: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2001: 1995: 1984: 1977: 1971: 1962: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1924: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1899: 1897: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1700: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1681: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1654: 1646: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1597: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1567: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1537: 1518: 1511: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1453: 1447: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1419: 1414: 1398: 1392: 1384: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1348: 1340: 1334: 1330: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1297: 1293: 1292:Hussein Mumin 1290: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1244:(1874–1921), 1243: 1242:Mehmed Talaat 1240: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1122:Greek Muslims 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100:(Karadjova), 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1050: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1008: 1005: 1001: 1000:Ruse 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