684:
1007:
Pomaks in
Bulgaria were the subject of three state-sponsored forced assimilation campaigns – in 1912, the 1940s and the 1960s and 1970s which included the change of their Turkish-Arabic names to ethnic Bulgarian Christian Orthodox ones and in the first campaign conversions from Islam to Eastern Orthodoxy. The first two campaigns were abandoned after a few years, while the third was reversed in 1989. The campaigns were carried out under the pretext that the Pomaks as ancestral Christian Bulgarians who had been converted to Islam and who therefore needed to be repatriated back to the national domain. These attempts were met with stiff resistance by many Pomaks.
1049:
735:
Islamization, destroyed 218 churches and 336 chapels in these areas. A lot of
Bulgarians preferred to die instead of becoming Muslim. According to recent investigations the theory of forced conversion to Islam, supported by some scientists, has no solid grounds with all or most evidence being faked or misinterpreted. At the same time, the sincerity of the convert is a subject to suspicion and interrogation. Some authors for example, explain the mass conversions that occurred in the 17th century with the tenfold increase of the
755:
316:
3872:
4083:
264:
131:
296:
342:
5299:
32:
73:
928:(1923). The treaty made no mention of their language, but declared that their languages of education should be Turkish and Greek. The main school manual used for the teaching the language is 'Pomaktsou' by Moimin Aidin and Omer Hamdi, Komotini 1997. There is also a Pomak-Greek dictionary by Ritvan Karahodja, 1996. The Pomak dialects are on the Eastern side of the
816:. Bulgaria, after a brief period of control over the area, passed the sovereignty of Western Thrace at the end of World War I. The Provisional Government was revived between 1919 and 1920 under French protectorate (France had annexed the region from Bulgaria in 1918) before Greece took over in June 1920.
1006:
identity, down from 131,000 who declared Muslim
Bulgarian identity at the 2001 census. Unofficially, there may be between 150,000 and 250,000 Pomaks in Bulgaria, though maybe not in the ethnic sense as one part declare Bulgarian, another part – Turkish ethnic identity. During the 20th century the
734:
that he would execute them if they didn't turn to Islam. In 1656, Ottoman military troops entered the
Chepino valley and arrested the local Bulgarian provosts, in order to transfer them in the local Ottoman administrator. There, they converted to Islam. Grand Vizier Mehmed Köprülü, after the mass
841:
There is no specific Pomak dialect of the
Bulgarian language. Within Bulgaria, the Pomaks speak almost the same dialects as those spoken by the Christian Bulgarians with which they live side by side and Pomaks living in different regions speak different dialects. In Bulgaria there is a trend for
594:
within this population. This indicates that the Greek Pomaks are an isolated population with limited contacts with their neighbours. A 2014 study also confirmed high homozygosity and according to MDS analysis the Greek Pomaks cluster among
European populations, near the general Greek population.
901:
sub-dialects) dialects. The
Smolyan dialect is also spoken by the Pomaks living in the Western Thrace region of Greece. The Pomaks living in the region of Teteven in Northern Bulgaria speak the Balkan dialect, specifically the Transitional Balkan sub-dialect. The Rup dialects of the Bulgarian
932:
of
Bulgarian, yet many pockets of western Bulgarian speakers remain. A large number of them no longer transmit it; they have adopted Turkish as a first language and Greek as a second language. Recently the Community of the Pomaks of Xanthi, has announced its request to be treated equally and
642:, mentioned that around 1550 only 6 or 9 villages had turned to Islam. Furthermore the documents show that not only Islam has been spread in the area at that time, but that the Pomaks participated in Ottoman military operations voluntarily as is the case with the village of Shahin (
516:. The community in Greece is commonly fluent in Greek, and in Turkey, Turkish, while the communities in these two countries, especially in Turkey, are increasingly adopting Turkish as their first language as a result of education and family links with the Turkish people.
544:", "more important than a Yamak", similar to "пó юнак", i.e. "more than a hero"). It has also been argued that the name comes from the dialectal words "помáкан, омáкан, омáчен, помáчен" (pomákan, omákan, omáchen, pomáchen), meaning "tormented, tortured".
539:
The name "Pomak" first appeared in the
Bulgarian Christian-heretical language surroundings of North Bulgaria (the regions of Lovech, Teteven, Lukovit, Byala Slatina). According to one theory, it comes from the expression "по-ямак" ("more than a
812:. The Ottoman administration didn't support the rebels and finally under the neutrality of Greek and Ottoman governments, Bulgaria took over the lands on 30 October 1913. The rebels requested support by the Greek state and put Greek major in
680:. So, in North Central Bulgaria Pomaks became those of Bulgarian Christian heretics, for which it was unacceptable or impossible to convert to the Eastern Orthodox Christian because of dogmatic, economic, family or other reasons.
842:
dialects to give way to the standard
Bulgarian language and this is also affecting the dialects spoken by the Pomaks and their usage is now rare in urban areas and among younger people. As part of the wider Pomak community, the
3307:
3374:
Bulgarians in the region of Korcha and Mala Prespa (Albania) nowadays, Balkanistic Forum (1-3/2005), South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Blagoevgrad, Pashova, Anastasija Nikolaeva; Issue: 1-3/2005, Page Range:
527:. However, in Greece and Turkey the practice for declaring the ethnic group at census has been abolished for decades. Different members of the group today declare a variety of ethnic identities: Bulgarian, Pomak,
714:
local administrator to announce their decision, but he sent them to the Greek bishop of Philippoupolis Gabriel (1636–1672). The bishop could not change their mind. According to the verbal tradition of the
2331:
Archimandrite Nikodemos Anagnostopoulos, Orthodoxy and Islam: Theology and Muslim–Christian Relations in Modern Greece and Turkey, Culture and Civilization in the Middle East, Taylor & Francis, 2017,
3128:"Capidan, Theodor. Meglenoromânii, istoria şi graiul lor, vol. I, Bucureşti, 1925, p.5, 19, 21–22 (Capidan, Theodor. Megleno-Romanians – their history and dialect, Bucharest 1925, vol 1, p.5, 19, 21–22)"
2294:. (Bulgarian language) С., 1925 (фототипно изд. С., 1970), с. 36 (Jordan. Bogomil Books and Legends, Sofia, 1925, p. 36: or in: Ivanov, Ĵ. Bogomil Books and Legends. Paris, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1976.
619:. They started to become Muslim gradually, from the Ottoman occupation (early 15th century) to the end of the 18th century. Subsequently, these people became part of the Muslim community of the
2607:
1787:
1120:) as a big village with 300 houses and two panes, inhabited exclusively by Pomaks. Greek nationalist scholars and government officials frequently refer to the Pomaks as "slavicised"
2165:
Martikainen, Tuomas; Mapril, José; Khan, Adil Hussain (2019). "Nation-state, Citizenship and Belonging: A Socio-historical Exploration of the Role of Indigenous Islam in Greece".
723:
took place in front of the old mosque of the city, near the Government House. After that, the villagers became Muslim, too. According to the verbal tradition of the Bulgarians,
3180:
3492:
2943:
2137:
1976:"Interview With Mr. Damjan Iskrenov* and Mr. Shikir Bujukov* from the Village of Kochan – Pomaks from Chech, Western Rodop Mountains (Pirin Part of Macedonia), R. of Bulgaria"
3203:Лабаури, Дмитрий Олегович. Болгарское национальное движение в Македонии и Фракии в 1894–1908 гг: Идеология, программа, практика политической борьбы, София 2008, с. 184–186,
2093:
3219:
Fikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage: ihre entestehung und etwicklung bis 1908., Wiessbaden 1979 (in Bulgarian: Аданър, Фикрет. Македонският въпрос, София 2002, с. 20)
3177:
Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, published by the Endowment Washington, D.C. 1914, p.28, 155, 288, 317
2866:
When languages collide: perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence, Brian D. Joseph, Ohio State University Press, 2003, p. 281
1619:
The Pomaks, known officially in Bulgaria as Bulgarian Muhammadans or Bulgarian Muslims, are an ethno-confessional minority at present numbering about 220,000 people.
4304:
3228:
1396:
552:
Their precise origin has been interpreted differently by Bulgarian, Greek and Turkish historians, but it is generally considered they are descendants of native
2929:
Adamou E. & Drettas G. 2008, Slave, Le patrimoine plurilingue de la Grèce – Le nom des langues II, E. Adamou (éd.), BCILL 121, Leuven, Peeters, p. 107-132.
3631:
1975:
1509:
3569:
In: Voss, C.; Steinke, K. (ed.): The Pomaks in Greece and Bulgaria - a model case for borderland minorities in the Balkans, p. 227-234. Munich: Biblion.
635:
827:
system disappeared and the members of the Pomak groups today declare a variety of ethnic identities, depending predominantly on the country they live in.
3183:, Петров Гьорче, Материали по изучаванието на Македония, София 1896, с. 475 (Petrov, Giorche. Materials on the Study of Macedonia, Sofia, 1896, p. 475)
3697:
3684:
2638:
2615:
4071:
1255:
3860:
2351:"HbO-Arab mutation originated in the Pomak population of Greek Thrace, Haematologica, Vol 90, Issue 2, 255–257, 2005 by Ferrata Storti Foundation"
3276:Асенова, Петя. Местни имена от Голо бърдо, Североизточна Албания, в: Езиковедски проучвания в памет на проф. Йордан Заимов, София 2005, с. 42–53.
2493:
5035:
3730:
3483:
3651:
1878:
1089:
4049:
4038:
3838:
3457:
920:
The Pomak language is taught at primary school level (using the Greek alphabet) in the Pomak regions of Greece, which are primarily in the
792:. In 1886 the Ottoman government accepted the Bulgarian rule over Eastern Rumelia and that was the end of the free Pomak state. During the
3205:Кънчов, Васил. Македония. Етнография и статистика, с. 39–53 (Kanchov, Vasil. Macedonia — ethnography and statistics Sofia, 1900, p. 39-53)
649:
In North Central Bulgaria (the regions of Lovech, Teteven, Lukovit, Byala Slatina) the Ottoman authorities requested in 1689, after the
4392:
4033:
2350:
2119:
2091:
Vemund Aarbakke, The Muslim Minority of Greek Thrace, University of Bergen, Bergen, 2000, pp.5 and 12 (pp. 27 and 34 in the pdf file).
657:(heterodox Christian sect) to convert to one of the officially recognized religions in the Ottoman Empire. One part of them became the
1688:
Identity, nationalism, and cultural heritage under siege : five narratives of Pomak heritage - from forced renaming to weddings /
3828:
1861:
1465:
3523:
3127:
1124:, to give the impression and support Greek narratives that they are the descendants of Ottoman-era Greek converts to Islam like the
1510:"Social Construction of Identities: Pomaks in Bulgaria, Ali Eminov, JEMIE 6 (2007) 2 © 2007 by European Centre for Minority Issues"
1318:
3615:
1177:
3334:
2097:
3193:
Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe – Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE). Muslims of Macedonia. p. 2, 11
2414:"Genetic characterization of Greek population isolates reveals strong genetic drift at missense and trait-associated variants"
1180:, their language has been regarded as Macedonian, while within Bulgarian academia, their dialect is considered as part of the
5881:
4064:
3749:
3673:
3601:
3582:
3556:
3467:
3426:
3321:
3050:
3022:
2995:
2537:
2316:
2229:
2203:
2176:
2063:
1920:
1696:
1669:
1642:
1612:
1582:
1552:
1380:
3354:
2249:
2013:
1999:
3853:
3308:"Българетѣ въ Македония: издирвания и документи за тѣхното потекло, езикъ и народность, съ етнографска карта и статистика"
1434:
4197:
2938:
Demetriou, Olga (January 2004). "Prioritizing 'ethnicities': The uncertainty of Pomak-ness in the urban Greek Rhodoppe".
1225:
687:
Ethnographic map of European Turkey from the late 19th century, showing the regions largely populated by Pomaks in brown.
528:
400:
5876:
5783:
5028:
4242:
898:
482:
by the government. The term has also been used as a wider designation, including also the Slavic Muslim populations of
3066:
2954:
1936:
1589:
The name ... refers to about 220,000 people in Bulgaria ... Pomaks inhabit borderlands ... between Bulgaria and Greece
5861:
4028:
3710:
3392:
3362:
3342:
3293:
3260:
2893:
2873:
2853:
2833:
2813:
2793:
2773:
2753:
2733:
2477:
2337:
1085:
820:
773:
232:
214:
195:
112:
59:
5866:
5856:
5851:
4057:
1982:
1516:
1259:
933:
therefore to have the right of education in Greek schools without the obligation of learning the Turkish language.
167:
924:. The Pomaks of Thrace were, together with Turks and Roma, exempted from the population exchanges provided by the
83:
5741:
3846:
3229:Смиљанић, Тома. Пастирски живот код Миjака, Гласник српског географског друштва, Свеска 5, Београд, 1921, с. 232.
1160:. However the estimated 100,000 Pomaks in North Macedonia maintain a strong affiliation to the Turkish identity.
966:(pejorative, meaning "infidels"), Pogantsi, Poturani, Poturnatsi, Eruli, Charaklii, etc. They mainly inhabit the
3384:
877:
in Northern Bulgaria. The Pomaks living in the Bulgarian part of the Rhodopes speak the Rhodope (especially the
5896:
5704:
4385:
152:
710:
in the middle of the 17th century, some Bulgarian provosts agreed to become Muslim en masse. They visited the
174:
5891:
5080:
5021:
4079:
3932:
1559:
living in the Rhodope Mountains in Thrace in southern Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, and northwestern Turkey.
1417:
3868:
3014:
Religious Minorities, Nation States, and Security: Five Cases from the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean
2132:
Olga Demetriou, "Prioritizing 'ethnicities': The uncertainty of Pomak-ness in the urban Greek Rhodoppe", in
1634:
Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria
1144:), are also referred to as Pomaks, especially in historical context. They are a minority religious group in
683:
4990:
4284:
3665:
Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria
3646:
3535:
2664:
2308:
Religious Minorities, Nation States and Security: Five Cases from the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean
1153:
3761:"Urban culture, religious conversion, and crossing ethnic fluidity among the Bulgarian Muslims ("Pomaks")"
3413:. Modernity, Memory and Identity in South-East Europe. Springer International Publishing. pp. 21–36.
3285:
727:
5160:
4161:
707:
181:
5886:
5694:
4916:
4869:
3596:(in Bulgarian). София: Институт за изследване на близкото минало; Фондация "Отворено общество"; Сиела.
1574:
Culture and Power at the Edges of the State: National Support and Subversion in European Border Regions
1224:. By the last censuses at the end of the 20th century in Yugoslavia they had declared themselves to be
1152:
national identity and are linguistically distinct from the larger Muslim ethnic groups in the country,
3788:"Historical and ethnological influences on the traditional civilization of Pomaks of the Greek Thrace"
3109:
5808:
5467:
4620:
4378:
1061:
1043:
421:
3096:
1761:
5751:
5075:
4459:
4309:
3964:
3820:
1200:
occasionally are also referred to as Pomaks in historical context. They are people who inhabit the
1157:
163:
90:
3192:
2148:
Brunnbauer, Ulf (1999). "Diverging (Hi-)Stories: The Contested Identity of the Bulgarian Pomaks".
5482:
4586:
4571:
4414:
4265:
4258:
4227:
4087:
2030:
1295:
1285:
1073:
995:
764:
665:
148:
141:
45:
3406:
2032:
Histories and Identities: Nation-state and Minority Discourses. The Case of the Bulgarian Pomaks
1912:
1168:
Slavic-speaking Muslims, sometimes referred to as "Pomaks", live also in the Albanian region of
5726:
5699:
5605:
5576:
5536:
5521:
4466:
3927:
3876:
3739:
3097:"In Search of a Homogeneous Nation: The Assimilation of Bulgaria's Turkish Minority, 1984–1985"
2765:
2494:"Greek newspaper "Kathimerini", Column "Exploring the Pomak villages", Athens 12 December 2009"
1069:
696:
639:
624:
2985:
2885:
2865:
2845:
2825:
2725:
2221:
Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties
2219:
1907:
Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties
1686:
1659:
1572:
1542:
1370:
563:
who also previously converted to Orthodoxy and Catholicism, who converted to Islam during the
5630:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5396:
5085:
5070:
5060:
4481:
4299:
3954:
3949:
2805:
2785:
2745:
1632:
1602:
1185:
1077:
1034:. The Pomak community in Turkey is unofficially estimated to be between 300,000 and 600,000.
805:
441:
3239:Матов, Милан. За премълчаното в историята на ВМРО. Спомени, Второ издание София 2011, с. 58.
3176:
3159:
2357:
751:; thus, a Muslim of any ethnic background enjoyed precisely the same rights and privileges.
623:. At that time people were bound to their millets by their religious affiliations (or their
5871:
5594:
5433:
5252:
5146:
4980:
4339:
4237:
4181:
4115:
3937:
3900:
3209:
Leonhard Schultze Jena. «Makedonien, Landschafts- und Kulturbilder», Jena, G. Fischer, 1927
2918:
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2714:
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5451:
3825:
3787:
3760:
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1886:
1859:
1469:
8:
5798:
5793:
5756:
5640:
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5566:
5561:
4324:
4319:
4294:
4176:
4141:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3944:
3905:
3134:
2250:
http://www.znam.bg/com/action/showBook?bookID=979&elementID=935883124§ionID=5
1048:
986:. There are Pomaks in other parts of Bulgaria as well. There are a few Pomak villages in
979:
851:
789:
650:
2695:
in Greek: General Administration of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, "Thrace" Komotini 1994
2429:
590:
is characteristic of the Greek Pomaks. Its frequency increased as a consequence of high
5813:
5803:
5766:
5714:
5581:
5571:
5288:
4955:
4864:
4847:
4790:
4354:
4110:
3917:
3724:
3659:
3611:
3515:
3493:"Prioritizing 'ethnicities': The uncertainty of Pomak-ness in the urban Greek Rhodoppe"
3477:
3453:
3432:
3310:. Изд. на Българската академия на наукитѣ от фонда "Напрѣдък" – via Google Books.
2446:
2413:
1905:
1815:
1743:
1714:"Migration in the Southern Balkans. From Ottoman Territory to Globalized Nation States"
1338:
1181:
1137:
1105:
975:
863:
739:
tax. Muslim communities prospered under the Ottoman Empire, as the Sultan was also the
412:
366:
2786:
Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States Religion and Global Politics
571:. Information through Ottoman and Catholic missionaries reports supports this theory.
5657:
5386:
5269:
5129:
5124:
4970:
4906:
4859:
4526:
4217:
3959:
3745:
3669:
3623:
3597:
3578:
3552:
3519:
3463:
3436:
3422:
3411:
New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. the State
3388:
3358:
3338:
3289:
3256:
3046:
3018:
2991:
2889:
2869:
2849:
2829:
2809:
2789:
2769:
2749:
2729:
2543:
2533:
2473:
2451:
2333:
2312:
2225:
2199:
2172:
2113:
2059:
1916:
1819:
1807:
1747:
1735:
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1638:
1608:
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1548:
1451:
1376:
1280:(born 1956 as Margarita Ibrahimoff), American actress and producer, married to actor
1149:
1003:
967:
954:
947:
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915:
911:
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855:
740:
692:
509:
479:
328:
780:
valley, apprehensive of retribution for their role in the bloody suppression of the
695:
happened between the 16th and the 17th century. According to the Codes of Bishop of
523:. The term is widely used colloquially for Eastern South Slavic Muslims, considered
188:
5761:
5600:
5462:
5264:
4975:
4765:
4658:
4581:
4576:
4566:
4449:
4314:
4190:
3974:
3910:
3795:
3772:
3744:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.; London: Greenwood Press. pp. 1516–1522.
3507:
3414:
3208:
2441:
2433:
2245:
2078:
Fred de Jong, "The Muslim Minority in Western Thrace", in Georgina Ashworth (ed.),
1965:
Muslim identity and the Balkan State; Hugh Poulton, Suha Taji-Farouki; 1997, p. 102
1842:
1799:
1725:
1015:
971:
797:
553:
452:
374:
603:
Pomaks are today usually considered descendants of native Orthodox Bulgarians and
5846:
5818:
5391:
5332:
5211:
5139:
5108:
4837:
4750:
4740:
4735:
4683:
4663:
4591:
4454:
4359:
4344:
4334:
4289:
4209:
3922:
3895:
3832:
3250:
3012:
2306:
2193:
2166:
2149:
1865:
1438:
1213:
1145:
1109:
1065:
991:
987:
925:
882:
878:
874:
785:
669:
483:
3511:
3418:
2686:
in German: Peter Soustal, "Thrakien (Thrake, Rodope und Haimimontos)" Wienn 1991
89:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
5531:
5504:
5428:
5151:
5134:
5119:
4950:
4943:
4926:
4808:
4770:
4673:
4648:
4561:
4531:
4514:
4491:
4427:
4232:
4154:
4120:
3890:
1431:
1313:
1308:
1249:
1217:
1081:
1019:
907:
903:
894:
886:
836:
813:
801:
781:
769:
768:
concept was altered during the 19th century and rise of nationalism within the
731:
704:
612:
564:
513:
432:
370:
354:
94:
5413:
3663:
2579:
2507:
1846:
1803:
806:
Provisional Government of Western Thrace" (Garbi Trakya Hukumet i Muvakkatesi)
5840:
5731:
5689:
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5376:
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4911:
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1811:
1739:
1291:
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1201:
1197:
1121:
999:
847:
777:
754:
711:
620:
591:
5472:
3286:
Urgent anthropology Vol. 3 Problems of Multiethnicity in the Western Balkans
5771:
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2962:
2455:
1944:
1730:
1245:
1221:
1113:
870:
859:
724:
720:
478:
strong ethno-confessional minority in Bulgaria is recognized officially as
5443:
3716:
1418:
https://m.novinite.com/articles/217761/71.5+are+the+Christians+in+Bulgaria
5548:
5354:
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4610:
3800:
3698:"Ислямизацията като мотив в българската историография, литература и кино"
3407:"Revisiting Armenians in the Ottoman Empire: Deportations and Atrocities"
2639:"Ислямизацията като мотив в българската историография, литература и кино"
2532:] (in Bulgarian). София: Българска академия на науките. p. 416.
1491:
1277:
793:
748:
387:
51:
3777:
3652:"The Human Rights of Muslims in Bulgaria in Law and Politics since 1878"
3337:, Gail Warrander, Verena Knaus, Published by Bradt Travel Guides, 2007,
2888:, Miranda Vickers, James Pettifer, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1997,
2704:
in Turkish: Aydinli Ahmet, "Bati Trakya faciasinin icyuzu" Istanbul 1972
2677:
in Turkish: Biyiklioglou Tevfik, "Trakya' da millî mücadele" Ankara 1956
2411:
2136:, Vol. 27, No. 1, January 2004, pp.106–107 (pp. 12–13 in the pdf file).
1258:(born 1953), Member of the Bulgarian Parliament; Parliamentary Group of
664:
by converting to Ottoman recognized Christian denominations, either the
5672:
5588:
5477:
5339:
5307:
5276:
5222:
5217:
5200:
5185:
5052:
5013:
4965:
4938:
4798:
4725:
4633:
2437:
2168:
Muslims at the Margins of Europe: Finland, Greece, Ireland and Portugal
1169:
1125:
929:
660:
654:
604:
560:
556:
524:
5406:
3594:Възродителният процес. Мюсюлманските общности и комунистическият режим
519:
They are not officially recognized as one people with the ethnonym of
5825:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5457:
5438:
5423:
5401:
5371:
5366:
5281:
5247:
5242:
5190:
4921:
4816:
4536:
4422:
4168:
4147:
2580:"NATPRESH: 6. Λαϊκές παραδόσεις, παροιμίες και αινίγματα των Πομάκων"
2154:. Vol. 3. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 38–49. GGKEY:X5ZYCWAEE9A.
1281:
1271:
869:
Most Pomaks speak some of the Eastern Bulgarian dialects, mainly the
744:
587:
512:
whereas in Greece and Turkey they self-declare their language as the
4876:
4370:
2382:
2270:"The Descendants of Paulicians: the Pomaks, Catholics, and Orthodox"
1713:
1173:
263:
130:
5788:
5667:
5652:
5556:
5361:
5227:
5195:
5097:
4901:
4688:
4509:
4434:
4349:
3045:. Pencheva, Maya (translator). Sofia: National Museum of Bulgaria.
2269:
2244:Любен Каравелов. Мемоари. Павликяни и семейният бит на българите. (
1229:
1101:
1023:
843:
809:
583:
502:
460:
321:
5682:
2987:
Balkan Border Crossings: First Annual of the Konitsa Summer School
2806:
Culture and Learning in Islam Different Aspects of Islamic Culture
2412:
Panoutsopoulou K; Hatzikotoulas K; Xifara DK; et al. (2014).
2383:"The origin of Greek Pomaks is based on HbO-Arab mutation history"
1661:
Dismembering the State: The Death of Yugoslavia and why it Matters
1002:. Officially no ethnic Pomaks are recorded, while 67,000 declared
5511:
5381:
5349:
5232:
5205:
5180:
5165:
4960:
4896:
4854:
4755:
4705:
4628:
4541:
4504:
2728:, Jorgen S. Nielsen, Samim Akgönül, Ahmet Alibasic, BRILL, 2009,
1466:"Ethnologue: Languages of the World Fourteenth Edition.Bulgarian"
1389:
1205:
1117:
1097:
1093:
643:
616:
568:
498:
487:
5298:
1216:. The general view is that they should be treated as a distinct
862:), which are sometimes also considered to be part of the "wider
5709:
5647:
5418:
5327:
5315:
5259:
5237:
5175:
5170:
5092:
4985:
4556:
4546:
4105:
4091:
4082:
3871:
3551:. Pencheva, Maya (translator). Sofia: Natl Museum of Bulgaria.
1570:
1209:
914:, it has words and resemblance to the grammatical forms of the
716:
700:
494:
468:
464:
347:
301:
20:
3387:
by Gerlachlus Duijzings, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000,
3073:(in Bulgarian). National Statistical Institute. Archived from
2248:. Memoirs. Paulicians and the family life of the Bulgarians).
5778:
5736:
5526:
5516:
5344:
5320:
5044:
4842:
4832:
4444:
2568:. Ankara: Publishing House of the Turkish Historical Society.
1600:
736:
673:
608:
541:
3179:, Поп Антов, Христо. Спомени, Скопje 2006, с. 22–23, 28–29,
2472:, İstanbul, Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Press), 2006. pp. 87–89.
2470:"Son İmparatorluk Osmanlı (The Last Empire: Ottoman Empire)"
2014:"Помаците искат да бъдат признати като етнос | Dnes.bg"
2917:
Bulgarian dialectology; Stoyan Stoykov; 4th edition, 2002;
2905:
Bulgarian dialectology; Stoyan Stoykov; 4th edition, 2002;
2713:
Bulgarian dialectology; Stoyan Stoykov; 4th edition, 2002;
2508:"NATPRESH: 1. Η προφορική παράδοση των Πομάκων της Ροδόπης"
1540:
580:
1762:"Muslim Minorities in Bulgaria - [PDF Document]"
3826:
http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/english/reports/pomaks.html
3815:
3758:
3591:
426:
3324:. Tipografija. 20 March 1923 – via Google Books.
3041:
Raichevsky, Stoyan (2004). "Geographical Boundaries".
1833:
Turan, Ömer (2007). "Pomaks, Their Past and Present".
627:), rather than their ethnic origins, according to the
2848:, Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000,
2748:, James Pettifer, Miranda Vickers, I.B.Tauris, 2007,
2164:
2158:
586:, HbO, which emerged about 2,000 years ago on a rare
501:
as a result of escaping previous ethnic cleansing in
3785:
2983:
1092:
in 1923 did Pomaks inhabit a part of the regions of
796:, at 16 August 1913, an Islamic revolt begun in the
2828:Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000,
2788:, Vjekoslav Perica, Oxford University Press, 2004,
446:
155:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3658:
3610:
3452:
1904:
3255:. Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite.
3242:
3181:Дедиjeр, Jевто, Нова Србија, Београд 1913, с. 229
3099:, London School of Economics, UK 23 December 2000
2530:Turkish sources for Bulgarian history. Volume 3:2
2462:
2191:
1939:[STRUCTURE OF THE RELIGIOUS POPULATION].
1788:"The Pomaks: A Religious Minority in the Balkans"
5838:
3712:Помаците и торбешите в Мизия, Тракия и Македония
1601:Hugh Poulton; Suha Taji-Farouki (January 1997).
1172:. However these people are also referred to as "
1080:. Their estimated population is 50,000, only in
743:. Ottoman law did not recognize such notions as
3385:Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo
3010:
2147:
1902:
1630:
1294:(born 1987), Greek footballer. Born in Passos,
2667:. LIT Verlag Münster – via Google Books.
2523:Turski izvori za bŭlgarskata istoriya. Tom 3:2
2267:
2082:, Sunbury, Quartermaine House Ltd., 1980, p.95
638:(1508–1553), who visited the mountain area of
5029:
4386:
4065:
3854:
3821:Pomaknews Agency | Nezavisen Glas na Pomacite
3004:
2977:
2526:Турски извори за българската история. Том 3:2
2298:
1937:"СТРУКТУРА НА НАСЕЛЕНИЕТО ПО ВЕРОИЗПОВЕДАНИЕ"
1484:
1444:
1184:. Part of this people still self-identify as
1090:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
1068:, particularly the eastern regional units of
893:subdialects) and Western Rup (especially the
850:in North Macedonia, Albania and Kosovo speak
823:following the First World War, the religious
3741:Encyclopedia of the stateless nations 3, L-R
3288:. Fieldwork Edited by Antonina Zhelyazkova,
3036:
3034:
2776:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 1517.
2746:The Albanian Question: Reshaping The Balkans
1657:
1368:
1262:. His ancestor was an Ottoman feudal called
1052:Medusa Pomak village, Xanthi, Thrace, Greece
788:and established an autonomous state, called
719:of Philippoupolis, a large ceremony of mass
459:) are Bulgarian-speaking Muslims inhabiting
2195:Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey
1868:THE POMAKS, Report – Greek Helsinki Monitor
1684:
1624:
1452:"Ethnologue, Languages of Greece.Bulgarian"
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5036:
5022:
4393:
4379:
4072:
4058:
3861:
3847:
3729:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3592:Груев, Михаил; Кальонски, Алексей (2008).
3577:(in Bulgarian). София: ИК "Ваньо Недков".
3546:
3482:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3040:
2886:Albania: from anarchy to a Balkan identity
2766:Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R
1898:
1896:
1637:. Princeton University Press. p. 38.
1571:Thomas M. Wilson; Hastings Donnan (2005).
952:The Pomaks in Bulgaria are referred to as
312:
3799:
3776:
3668:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3533:
3490:
3252:Dijalektite na makedonskiot jazik. Vol. 1
3067:"Structure of the population by religion"
3031:
2520:
2445:
2304:
2285:
2283:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2000:"READING ROOM 3: Raw deal for the Pomaks"
1785:
1729:
1458:
1427:
1425:
730:(1656–1661) threatened the Bulgarians of
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
5043:
3695:
3572:
3248:
2636:
2044:Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary, Sofia
1577:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 158–159.
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1319:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
1047:
753:
682:
508:Bulgaria recognizes their language as a
338:
292:
3737:
3682:
3357:, Robert Elsie, Scarecrow Press, 2004,
2605:
1893:
1492:"Pomak | people | Britannica"
1288:, to a Pomak father and a Greek mother.
5839:
3708:
3305:
2808:, Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, UNESCO, 2003,
2560:
2280:
2254:
2118:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1711:
1547:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 607–.
1541:Carl Waldman; Catherine Mason (2006).
1502:
1422:
1372:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
691:The mass turn to Islam in the Central
5017:
4400:
4374:
4053:
3842:
3715:(in Bulgarian). София. Archived from
3404:
1832:
1349:
3685:"Балканите: съжителство на вековете"
3683:Горчева, Даниела (1 February 2009).
2608:"Балканите: съжителство на вековете"
2606:Горчева, Даниела (1 February 2009).
2224:. M.E. Sharpe. 1994. pp. 243–.
2035:. Ulf Brunnbauer, University of Graz
1604:Muslim Identity and the Balkan State
1274:. He was born in Sandrovo, Bulgaria.
962:), and under the locally used names
784:two years earlier, rebelled against
672:, while the other part converted to
287:Regions with significant populations
153:adding citations to reliable sources
124:
66:
25:
3765:Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU
3696:Тодорова, Мария (4 February 2009).
2990:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 189.
2955:"An article in the Greek Newspaper
2637:Тодорова, Мария (4 February 2009).
2614:(in Bulgarian) (21). Archived from
2053:
1220:. Part of these people are already
1026:, where they are called in Turkish
13:
5784:Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia
3534:Georgieva, Bozhidara (June 2009).
3446:
3043:The Mohammedan Bulgarians (Pomaks)
3011:Mario Apostolov (1 January 2001).
2289:
1835:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
1664:. Lexington Books. pp. 246–.
1131:
1060:) in Greece inhabit the region of
574:
373:(by those resident in Greece) and
14:
5908:
3809:
3567:The presence of Pomaks in Turkey.
2080:Muslim Minorities in the Eighties
1691:. Balkan studies library. Brill.
1235:
1116:in 1898 describes Konstantia (in
821:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
762:Meanwhile, the perception of the
666:Eastern Orthodox Christian Church
653:, for military reasons Bulgarian
41:This article has multiple issues.
5297:
4081:
3870:
3759:Benovska-Sabkova Milena (2015).
3491:Demetriou, Olga (January 2004).
3306:Иванов, Йордан (20 March 1815).
1631:Kristen Ghodsee (27 July 2009).
1544:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
1397:"Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!"
1369:Carl Skutsch (7 November 2013).
1260:Movement for Rights and Freedoms
340:
314:
294:
268:Pomaks in the early 20th century
262:
129:
71:
30:
5742:Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs
3398:
3378:
3368:
3355:Historical dictionary of Kosova
3348:
3328:
3314:
3299:
3279:
3270:
3233:
3222:
3213:
3197:
3186:
3170:
3152:
3120:
3102:
3089:
3059:
2947:
2932:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2879:
2859:
2839:
2819:
2799:
2779:
2759:
2739:
2719:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2657:
2630:
2599:
2586:
2572:
2554:
2514:
2500:
2486:
2405:
2375:
2343:
2325:
2268:Edouard Selian (January 2020).
2238:
2212:
2185:
2141:
2126:
2085:
2072:
2047:
2038:
2024:
2006:
1992:
1968:
1959:
1929:
1871:
1853:
1826:
1779:
1754:
1705:
1678:
1658:P. H. Liotta (1 January 2001).
1651:
1594:
1564:
1534:
1337:Pomaks are speakers of various
1018:community is present mostly in
140:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
4034:Cities and towns by population
3459:Muslim lives in Eastern Europe
3335:Kosovo: the Bradt travel guide
2594:Folk tales of Pomaks in Thrace
2563:"Les villages pomaks de Lovca"
1943:(in Bulgarian). Archived from
1885:. 19 June 2015. Archived from
1411:
1331:
1270:is situated in the village of
327:107,777 (2021 Census) 67,350
1:
3786:Varvounis Manolis G. (2003).
2984:Basilēs G. Nitsiakos (2008).
2726:Yearbook of Muslims in Europe
2198:. Greenwood Pr. p. 612.
2056:История на Османската империя
1324:
1148:, although not all espouse a
1086:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
936:
873:in Southern Bulgaria and the
774:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
497:, where they have settled as
472:
377:(by those resident in Turkey)
279:
5882:Muslim communities in Europe
4991:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
4039:Provinces by life expectancy
3647:Bulgarian Helsinki Committee
3405:Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020).
3110:"Türk Tarih Kurumu E-Mağaza"
1375:. Routledge. pp. 974–.
804:. On 1 September 1913, the "
534:
7:
4162:Albanians of Western Thrace
3573:Арденски, Владимир (2005).
3547:Raichevsky, Stoyan (2004).
3512:10.1080/0141987032000147959
3419:10.1007/978-3-030-59400-8_2
1685:Myuhtar-May, Fatme (2014).
1432:2011 Bulgarian census, p.29
1302:
1004:Muslim and ethnic Bulgarian
941:
864:Bulgarian dialect continuum
830:
447:
427:
10:
5913:
3249:Vidoeski, Božidar (1998).
2521:Tsvetkova, Bistra (1972).
2292:Богомилски книги и легенди
2192:Richard V. Weekes (1984).
2058:. Рива. pp. 472–535.
1163:
1041:
1022:and to a lesser extent in
945:
834:
598:
547:
493:Most Pomaks today live in
18:
16:Bulgarian-speaking Muslims
5877:Ethnic groups in Bulgaria
5547:
5306:
5295:
5051:
4889:
4825:
4807:
4789:
4619:
4490:
4413:
4406:
4277:
4134:
4098:
4021:
3973:
3883:
3835:(related to Greek Pomaks)
3500:Ethnic and Racial Studies
3462:. Princeton, New Jersey.
2940:Ethnic and Racial Studies
2305:Apostolov, Mario (2018).
2134:Ethnic and Racial Studies
1847:10.1080/13602009908716425
1804:10.1080/00905999608408481
1786:Apostolov, Mario (1996).
1399:(in Turkish). 6 June 2008
1191:
1062:East Macedonia and Thrace
1057:
1056:Today the Pomaks (Greek:
1044:Muslim minority of Greece
1037:
1010:
436:
416:
398:
393:
386:
381:
365:
360:
337:
311:
291:
286:
278:
273:
261:
5862:Ethnic groups in Albania
3965:Demographics of Istanbul
2846:Who are the Macedonians?
2826:Who Are the Macedonians?
2525:
2311:. Taylor & Francis.
1911:. M.E. Sharpe. pp.
1903:Janusz Bugajski (1994).
1204:region, located between
1104:and some other parts of
910:(Pomaktsou). Similar to
708:Konstantin Josef Jireček
625:confessional communities
19:Not to be confused with
5867:Ethnic groups in Kosovo
5857:Ethnic groups in Turkey
5852:Ethnic groups in Greece
4029:Provinces by population
3738:Minahan, James (2002).
3709:Мехмед, Хюсеин (2007).
1712:Haksöz, Cengiz (2018).
1607:. Hurst. pp. 33–.
1286:Los Angeles, California
996:Veliko Tarnovo Province
676:and began to be called
5606:Bessarabian Bulgarians
5076:Belarusian Lithuanians
3877:Demographics of Turkey
3655:, Sofia, November 2003
3164:macedonia.kroraina.com
3160:"4.3. Greek Macedonia"
3114:emagaza-ttk.ayk.gov.tr
2665:"Ethnologia Balkanica"
2561:Gozler, Kemal (2001).
2171:. BRILL. p. 133.
1731:10.1515/soeu-2018-0047
1053:
759:
688:
456:
5897:Ethnoreligious groups
5705:Bulgarian Macedonians
5631:Macedonian Bulgarians
5397:Greater Poland people
3549:Mohammedan Bulgarians
3536:"Who are the Pomaks?"
2959:, printed 17.03.2010"
1883:Minority Rights Group
1051:
1042:Further information:
906:are called in Greece
757:
686:
670:Roman Catholic Church
531:, Turkish and other.
394:Related ethnic groups
5892:Slavic ethnic groups
5700:Albanian Macedonians
5621:Bulgarian Hungarians
5595:Anatolian Bulgarians
5577:Bosniak Montenegrins
5434:Lesser Poland people
5147:Zaporozhian Cossacks
5045:Slavic ethnic groups
3831:4 March 2016 at the
3801:10.2298/BALC0334268V
3704:(in Bulgarian) (21).
3691:(in Bulgarian) (21).
3565:Kahl, Thede (2007):
3529:on 4 September 2011.
3095:DIMITROV, VESSELIN:
2965:on 28 September 2011
2151:Ethnologia Balkanica
1864:4 March 2016 at the
1792:Nationalities Papers
1437:27 July 2013 at the
1128:of Greek Macedonia.
1030:, and their speech,
984:Blagoevgrad Province
728:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
401:South Slavic Muslims
149:improve this article
5794:Carinthian Slovenes
5641:Thracian Bulgarians
5616:Bulgarian Croatians
5611:Bulgarian Albanians
5086:Belarusian Russians
5071:Belarusian Latvians
3778:10.2298/GEI1501049B
3719:on 2 February 2011.
3614:(21 January 2009).
3077:on 25 December 2009
2942:(27)., pg. 105–108
2645:(in Bulgarian) (21)
2582:. 6 September 2009.
2510:. 6 September 2009.
2430:2014NatCo...5.5345P
1947:on 25 December 2009
1341:as native language.
1266:. The Agush castle
1178:Macedonian academia
1112:. German sightseer
980:Pazardzhik Province
960:Bǎlgari-Mjusjulmani
958:(българи-мюсюлмани
902:language spoken in
808:was established in
790:Republic of Tamrash
758:Tuhovishta's Mosque
651:Chiprovtsi Uprising
636:Pachomios Roussanos
467:, and northeastern
258:
5814:Prekmurje Slovenes
5804:Hungarian Slovenes
5626:Bulgarian Italians
4870:in the Netherlands
4460:in the Netherlands
4243:Slavic Macedonians
3660:Kristen R. Ghodsee
3620:Transitions Online
3612:Kristen R. Ghodsee
3454:Kristen R. Ghodsee
2438:10.1038/ncomms6345
2393:(3): 380–394. 2006
2363:on 31 October 2008
1879:"Turks and Pomaks"
1496:www.britannica.com
1472:on 16 January 2009
1339:Bulgarian dialects
1182:Bulgarian language
1138:Macedonian Muslims
1054:
976:Kardzhali Province
856:Torlakian dialects
760:
689:
250:
5887:Sub-ethnic groups
5834:
5833:
5799:Croatian Slovenes
5757:Montenegrin Serbs
5658:Burgenland Croats
5567:Bosniak Croatians
5562:Bosniak Albanians
5452:Międzyrzec Boyars
5387:Borderlands Poles
5130:Siberian Cossacks
5125:Nekrasov Cossacks
5011:
5010:
4971:Megleno-Romanians
4885:
4884:
4401:Muslims in Europe
4368:
4367:
4218:Megleno-Romanians
4047:
4046:
3751:978-0-313-32111-5
3702:Либерален Преглед
3689:Либерален Преглед
3675:978-0-691-13955-5
3603:978-954-28-0291-4
3584:978-954-8176-96-5
3558:978-954-9308-41-9
3469:978-0-691-13955-5
3428:978-3-030-59400-8
3052:978-954-9308-41-9
3024:978-0-7546-1677-1
2997:978-3-8258-0918-8
2768:, James Minahan,
2643:Либерален Преглед
2618:on 30 August 2010
2612:Либерален Преглед
2539:978-0-439-01834-0
2318:978-1-351-78441-2
2231:978-0-7656-1911-2
2205:978-0-313-23392-0
2178:978-90-04-40456-4
2065:978-954-320-369-7
1922:978-1-56324-282-3
1698:978-90-04-27207-1
1671:978-0-7391-0212-1
1644:978-1-4008-3135-7
1614:978-1-85065-276-2
1584:978-3-8258-7569-5
1554:978-1-4381-2918-1
1382:978-1-135-19388-1
968:Rhodope Mountains
955:Bulgarian Muslims
948:Bulgarian Muslims
922:Rhodope Mountains
916:Armenian language
912:Paulician dialect
772:begun. After the
693:Rhodope Mountains
607:who converted to
510:Bulgarian dialect
480:Bulgarian Muslims
445:
425:
406:
405:
329:Muslim Bulgarians
243:
242:
235:
225:
224:
217:
199:
123:
122:
115:
64:
5904:
5809:Italian Slovenes
5752:Macedonian Serbs
5601:Banat Bulgarians
5582:Bosniak Serbians
5572:Bosniak Kosovars
5463:Polish Uplanders
5301:
5265:Pannonian Rusyns
5081:Belarusian Poles
5038:
5031:
5024:
5015:
5014:
4587:Western Thracian
4411:
4410:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4372:
4371:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4212:
4200:
4193:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4086:
4085:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4051:
4050:
3975:Census in Turkey
3911:Turkish language
3875:
3874:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3805:
3803:
3782:
3780:
3755:
3734:
3728:
3720:
3705:
3692:
3679:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3630:. Archived from
3616:"Identity Shift"
3607:
3588:
3575:Загаснали огнища
3562:
3543:
3530:
3528:
3522:. Archived from
3497:
3487:
3481:
3473:
3441:
3440:
3402:
3396:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3352:
3346:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3211:
3201:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3133:. Archived from
3132:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3106:
3100:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2961:. Archived from
2951:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2883:
2877:
2863:
2857:
2843:
2837:
2823:
2817:
2803:
2797:
2783:
2777:
2763:
2757:
2743:
2737:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2603:
2597:
2592:M. G. Varvounis
2590:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2468:Ortaylı, İlber.
2466:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2356:. Archived from
2355:
2347:
2341:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2290:Ivanov, Йордан.
2287:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2252:
2246:Lyuben Karavelov
2242:
2236:
2235:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2100:on 23 April 2012
2096:. Archived from
2089:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2054:Мантран, Робер.
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1988:on 3 March 2016.
1987:
1981:. Archived from
1980:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1910:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1889:on 14 July 2015.
1875:
1869:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1522:on 26 March 2017
1521:
1515:. Archived from
1514:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1468:. Archived from
1462:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1429:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1366:
1342:
1335:
1059:
1016:Pomaks in Turkey
972:Smolyan Province
798:Eastern Rhodopes
776:, Pomaks in the
554:Eastern Orthodox
477:
474:
450:
440:
438:
430:
420:
418:
350:
346:
344:
343:
324:
320:
318:
317:
307:350,000- 600,000
304:
300:
298:
297:
281:
274:Total population
266:
259:
249:
238:
231:
220:
213:
209:
206:
200:
198:
157:
133:
125:
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
75:
74:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5767:Vojvodina Serbs
5543:
5392:Bug River Poles
5333:Silesian Gorals
5302:
5293:
5270:Rusyn Romanians
5212:Harbin Russians
5140:Greben Cossacks
5109:Baikal Cossacks
5061:Alaskan Creoles
5047:
5042:
5012:
5007:
4881:
4821:
4803:
4785:
4621:North Caucasian
4615:
4527:Dobrujan Tatars
4486:
4402:
4399:
4369:
4364:
4273:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4208:
4196:
4189:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4130:
4094:
4080:
4078:
4048:
4043:
4017:
3969:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3833:Wayback Machine
3812:
3794:(34): 268–283.
3752:
3722:
3721:
3676:
3637:
3635:
3634:on 2 March 2007
3604:
3585:
3559:
3526:
3495:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3449:
3447:Further reading
3444:
3429:
3403:
3399:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3353:
3349:
3333:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3304:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3187:
3175:
3171:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3140:on 3 March 2016
3137:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2884:
2880:
2864:
2860:
2844:
2840:
2824:
2820:
2804:
2800:
2784:
2780:
2764:
2760:
2744:
2740:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2540:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2467:
2463:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2303:
2299:
2288:
2281:
2266:
2255:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2163:
2159:
2146:
2142:
2131:
2127:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2094:"Archived copy"
2092:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1901:
1894:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1866:Wayback Machine
1858:
1854:
1831:
1827:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1439:Wayback Machine
1430:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1367:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1305:
1256:Arif Sami Agush
1238:
1214:North Macedonia
1194:
1166:
1146:North Macedonia
1134:
1132:North Macedonia
1110:North Macedonia
1106:Greek Macedonia
1066:Northern Greece
1046:
1040:
1013:
992:Lovech Province
988:Burgas Province
950:
944:
939:
926:Lausanne Treaty
875:Balkan dialects
839:
833:
786:Eastern Rumelia
601:
577:
575:Genetic studies
550:
537:
484:North Macedonia
475:
463:, northwestern
341:
339:
332:
315:
313:
295:
293:
269:
256:
254:
252:
248:
239:
228:
227:
226:
221:
210:
204:
201:
158:
156:
146:
134:
119:
108:
102:
99:
88:
82:has an unclear
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5910:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5819:Venetian Slavs
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5762:Croatian Serbs
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5734:
5729:
5727:Ethnic Muslims
5724:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5692:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5553:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5505:Cieszyn Vlachs
5497:
5492:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5312:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5208:
5203:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5152:Kuban Cossacks
5144:
5143:
5142:
5135:Terek Cossacks
5132:
5127:
5122:
5120:Kuban Cossacks
5117:
5112:
5105:
5095:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5041:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5018:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4532:Finnish Tatars
4529:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4515:Crimean Tatars
4512:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4428:Cham Albanians
4419:
4417:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4375:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:Western Thrace
4262:
4255:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4233:Romaniote Jews
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4155:Cham Albanians
4151:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4054:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:Turkish people
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3810:External links
3808:
3807:
3806:
3783:
3756:
3750:
3735:
3706:
3693:
3680:
3674:
3656:
3644:
3608:
3602:
3589:
3583:
3570:
3563:
3557:
3544:
3531:
3506:(27): 95–119.
3488:
3468:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3427:
3397:
3377:
3367:
3347:
3327:
3313:
3298:
3278:
3269:
3261:
3241:
3232:
3221:
3212:
3196:
3185:
3169:
3151:
3119:
3101:
3088:
3058:
3051:
3030:
3023:
3003:
2996:
2976:
2946:
2931:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2878:
2858:
2838:
2818:
2798:
2778:
2758:
2738:
2718:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2656:
2629:
2598:
2585:
2571:
2553:
2538:
2513:
2499:
2485:
2461:
2424:(5345): 5345.
2404:
2374:
2342:
2324:
2317:
2297:
2279:
2253:
2237:
2230:
2211:
2204:
2184:
2177:
2157:
2140:
2125:
2084:
2071:
2064:
2046:
2037:
2023:
2005:
1991:
1967:
1958:
1928:
1921:
1892:
1870:
1852:
1825:
1798:(4): 727–742.
1778:
1753:
1724:(4): 603–605.
1704:
1697:
1677:
1670:
1650:
1643:
1623:
1613:
1593:
1583:
1563:
1553:
1533:
1501:
1483:
1457:
1443:
1441:(in Bulgarian)
1421:
1410:
1388:
1381:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1314:Pomak Republic
1311:
1309:Pomak language
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1275:
1253:
1250:Ottoman Empire
1237:
1236:Notable people
1234:
1226:ethnic Muslims
1218:minority group
1193:
1190:
1165:
1162:
1133:
1130:
1082:Western Thrace
1039:
1036:
1020:Eastern Thrace
1012:
1009:
946:Main article:
943:
940:
938:
935:
908:Pomak language
904:Western Thrace
837:Pomak language
835:Main article:
832:
829:
814:Alexandroupoli
802:Western Thrace
782:April Uprising
770:Ottoman Empire
732:Chepino Valley
703:historian and
697:Philippoupolis
600:
597:
576:
573:
549:
546:
536:
533:
529:ethnic Muslims
514:Pomak language
476: 220,000
404:
403:
396:
395:
391:
390:
384:
383:
379:
378:
363:
362:
358:
357:
355:Western Thrace
351:
335:
334:
325:
309:
308:
305:
289:
288:
284:
283:
276:
275:
271:
270:
267:
246:
241:
240:
223:
222:
137:
135:
128:
121:
120:
84:citation style
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5909:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5678:Molise Croats
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5663:Croat Muslims
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:Russian Poles
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5034:
5032:
5027:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4604:Mishar Tatars
4602:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4415:Indo-European
4412:
4409:
4405:
4396:
4391:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:Sephardi Jews
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4088:Ethnic groups
4084:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3393:1-85065-431-X
3390:
3386:
3381:
3371:
3364:
3363:0-8108-5309-4
3360:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3343:1-84162-199-4
3340:
3336:
3331:
3323:
3322:"Нова Европа"
3317:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3294:954-8872-53-6
3291:
3287:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3262:9789989649509
3258:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2895:
2894:1-85065-279-1
2891:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2874:0-8142-0913-0
2871:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2854:1-85065-534-0
2851:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2834:1-85065-534-0
2831:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2814:92-3-103909-1
2811:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2794:0-19-517429-1
2791:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2774:0-313-31617-1
2771:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2754:1-86064-974-2
2751:
2747:
2742:
2735:
2734:90-04-17505-9
2731:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2666:
2660:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2596:, Athens 1996
2595:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2495:
2489:
2479:
2478:975-263-490-7
2475:
2471:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2339:
2338:9781315297927
2335:
2328:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1398:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1292:Hussein Mumin
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:(1874–1921),
1243:
1242:Mehmed Talaat
1240:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:Greek Muslims
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:(Karadjova),
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:Ruse Province
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:
949:
934:
931:
927:
923:
918:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
899:Gotse Delchev
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
828:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:
756:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
713:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
621:millet system
618:
614:
610:
606:
596:
593:
592:genetic drift
589:
585:
582:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:
545:
543:
532:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
443:
434:
429:
423:
414:
410:
402:
397:
392:
389:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
356:
352:
349:
336:
333:up to 250,000
331:(2011 census)
330:
326:
323:
310:
306:
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5772:Serb Muslims
5747:Kosovo Serbs
5722:Montenegrins
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5210:
5115:Don Cossacks
5107:
4996:Crimean Roma
4599:Volga Tatars
4552:Lipka Tatars
4520:Crimean Roma
4500:Azerbaijanis
4471:
4222:
4111:Cappadocians
3928:Christianity
3896:Ethnic Kurds
3791:
3771:(1): 49–71.
3768:
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1391:
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1246:Grand Vizier
1195:
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1135:
1114:Adolf Struck
1084:. Until the
1055:
1031:
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951:
930:Yat isogloss
919:
871:Rup dialects
868:
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840:
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725:Grand Vizier
721:circumcision
690:
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615:rule of the
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567:rule of the
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247:Ethnic group
244:
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205:January 2021
202:
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185:
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171:
159:
147:Please help
142:verification
139:
109:
100:
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40:
5872:South Slavs
5695:Macedonians
5549:South Slavs
5537:Upper Sorbs
5532:Texas Wends
5522:Lower Sorbs
5355:Slovincians
5223:Kamenschiks
5103:Albazinians
5066:Belarusians
4701:Circassians
4300:Australians
4135:Traditional
4116:Macedonians
3955:Immigration
3071:Census 2001
3017:. Ashgate.
2649:12 December
2622:12 December
2397:27 February
2018:www.dnes.bg
1771:19 February
1278:Rita Wilson
858:(incl. the
794:Balkan Wars
749:citizenship
611:during the
579:A specific
388:Sunni Islam
103:August 2022
5841:Categories
5673:Krashovani
5589:Bulgarians
5478:Sieradzans
5473:Sącz Lachs
5414:Kociewians
5340:Kashubians
5308:West Slavs
5277:Ukrainians
5253:Starozhily
5218:Kamchadals
5201:Doukhobors
5186:Podlashuks
5053:East Slavs
4966:Pakistanis
4956:Macedonian
4939:Vallahades
4865:in Belgium
4791:Kartvelian
4766:Tabasarans
4634:Abkhazians
4582:Meskhetian
4572:Dodecanese
4450:in Germany
4340:Pakistanis
4259:Dodecanese
4198:Dodecanese
4182:Aromanians
3938:Irreligion
3901:Minorities
3638:25 January
3144:7 February
3081:4 November
2919:pp.117–118
2907:pp.128–143
2418:Nat Commun
2367:19 October
2104:7 February
1526:17 October
1476:3 December
1325:References
1284:. Born in
1186:Bulgarians
1176:". Within
1170:Golloborda
1150:Macedonian
1126:Vallahades
937:Population
852:Macedonian
819:After the
661:Christians
659:Bulgarian-
655:Paulicians
605:Paulicians
561:Paulicians
557:Bulgarians
525:derogatory
369:(native),
353:50,000 in
175:newspapers
95:footnoting
46:improve it
5826:Yugoslavs
5500:Silesians
5495:Ruhrpolen
5490:Obotrites
5458:Poborzans
5444:Łowiczans
5439:Masovians
5429:Łęczycans
5424:Lasovians
5402:Kaliszans
5372:Moravians
5367:Masurians
5282:Podolyans
5248:Siberians
5243:Semeiskie
5191:Poleshuks
4976:Ossetians
4961:Maghrebis
4951:Hemshenis
4922:Adjarians
4917:Georgians
4907:Bulgarian
4860:in France
4838:in Europe
4817:Besermyan
4741:Khwarshis
4736:Khinalugs
4684:Chamalals
4664:Bagvalals
4537:Karachays
4455:in France
4423:Albanians
4325:Georgians
4320:Filipinos
4310:Bavarians
4295:Assyrians
4186:Italians
4177:Armenians
4169:Souliotes
4148:Arvanites
4142:Albanians
3945:Education
3906:Languages
3792:Balcanica
3725:cite book
3628:1214-1615
3520:143619160
3478:cite book
3437:236785226
3345:, p. 211.
2969:28 August
2896:, p. 205.
2856:, p. 116.
2836:, p. 208.
2736:, p. 221.
2548:405458491
2340:, p. 128.
1820:153397474
1812:0090-5992
1766:cupdf.com
1748:187892002
1740:2364-933X
1403:17 August
1298:, Greece.
1282:Tom Hanks
1272:Mogilitsa
1264:Agush Aga
1222:albanised
1154:Albanians
891:Zlatograd
745:ethnicity
705:slavicist
631:concept.
588:haplotype
535:Etymology
442:romanized
422:romanized
413:Bulgarian
367:Bulgarian
361:Languages
282:1 million
52:talk page
5789:Slovenes
5668:Janjevci
5653:Bunjevci
5557:Bosniaks
5483:Warmians
5362:Lechites
5228:Lipovans
5196:Russians
5181:Molokans
5098:Cossacks
4927:Ingiloys
4902:Bengalis
4890:Minority
4848:in Spain
4771:Tsakhurs
4689:Chechens
4649:Akhvakhs
4510:Bashkirs
4435:Bosniaks
4407:Majority
4355:Russians
4350:Persians
4205:Maltese
4121:Cypriots
4099:Hellenic
3918:Religion
3829:Archived
3662:(2009).
3540:Vagabond
3456:(2010).
3395:, p. 27.
3375:113–130.
3365:, p. 70.
2796:, p. 75.
2756:, p. XV.
2456:25373335
2114:cite web
1862:Archived
1435:Archived
1303:See also
1230:Bosniaks
1102:Kastoria
1088:and the
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1024:Anatolia
942:Bulgaria
844:Torbeshi
831:Language
810:Komotini
699:and the
584:mutation
503:Bulgaria
499:muhacirs
461:Bulgaria
457:Pomaklar
382:Religion
322:Bulgaria
257:Pomaklar
164:"Pomaks"
91:citation
5732:Resians
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5419:Kurpies
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5350:Krubans
5345:Gochans
5289:Litvins
5233:Polekhs
5206:Goryuns
5166:Hutsuls
4897:Afghans
4855:Berbers
4756:Lezgins
4706:Dargins
4674:Botlikh
4629:Abazins
4567:Cypriot
4542:Kazakhs
4505:Balkars
4467:Muslims
4330:Indians
4315:Chinese
4305:British
4285:African
3960:Poverty
3933:Judaism
3267:p. 214.
2447:4242463
2426:Bibcode
1951:6 April
1296:Rhodope
1268:(konak)
1248:of the
1228:, like
1206:Albania
1164:Albania
1142:Torbeši
1118:Moglena
1098:Almopia
1094:Moglena
1074:Rhodope
1058:Πομάκοι
1032:Pomakça
964:Ahryani
883:Chepino
879:Smolyan
712:Ottoman
668:or the
644:Echinos
634:A monk
617:Balkans
613:Ottoman
599:History
569:Balkans
565:Ottoman
548:Origins
488:Albania
453:Turkish
444::
437:Πομάκοι
428:Pomatsi
424::
375:Turkish
255:Πομάκοι
189:scholar
5847:Pomaks
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5648:Croats
5636:Pomaks
5328:Gorals
5316:Czechs
5260:Rusyns
5238:Pomors
5176:Lemkos
5171:Karyms
5161:Gurans
5093:Boykos
4986:Arlije
4981:Romani
4944:Cretan
4912:Croats
4877:Dönmeh
4809:Uralic
4776:Tindis
4761:Rutuls
4731:Karata
4721:Ingush
4716:Hunzib
4711:Hinukh
4679:Budukh
4669:Bezhta
4654:Archis
4639:Aghuls
4611:Yörüks
4577:German
4557:Nogais
4547:Kumyks
4492:Turkic
4477:Talysh
4472:Pomaks
4440:Gorani
4278:Recent
4247:Turks
4223:Pomaks
4126:Pontic
4106:Greeks
4092:Greece
3950:Health
3884:Topics
3816:Page 1
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1070:Xanthi
1038:Greece
1011:Turkey
895:Babyak
887:Hvoyna
848:Gorani
825:millet
765:millet
741:Caliph
717:Greeks
678:Pomaks
640:Xanthi
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559:, and
521:Pomaks
495:Turkey
471:. The
469:Greece
465:Turkey
448:Pomáki
417:Помаци
409:Pomaks
399:Other
348:Greece
345:
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4934:Greek
4843:Moors
4833:Arabs
4826:Other
4746:Kryts
4694:Kists
4659:Avars
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4592:Other
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4445:Kurds
4360:Serbs
4345:Poles
4335:Kurds
4290:Arabs
4252:Crete
4210:Corfu
4191:Corfu
4022:Lists
3923:Islam
3542:(33).
3527:(PDF)
3516:S2CID
3496:(PDF)
3433:S2CID
3138:(PDF)
3131:(PDF)
2715:p.128
2566:(PDF)
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1986:(PDF)
1979:(PDF)
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1744:S2CID
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1158:Turks
1078:Evros
778:Vacha
737:Jizya
701:Czech
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609:Islam
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433:Greek
371:Greek
196:JSTOR
182:books
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4751:Laks
4726:Jeks
4482:Tats
4228:Roma
4013:2020
4008:2010
4003:2000
3998:1990
3993:1965
3988:1935
3983:1927
3746:ISBN
3731:link
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3640:2009
3624:ISSN
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2624:2009
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