140:
2025:
698:
810:
43:
482:. However, a republic was proclaimed, leaving Paris, like his cousin Chambord, merely a pretender to a no longer existing crown. Over the next several decades, there were several attempts at a so-called "fusion", to unite both groups of monarchists in support of the childless Chambord as king, who would recognize the Count of Paris as his heir. Those efforts failed in the 1850s, but after the establishment of the
375:, although he never made serious efforts to pursue the claims. The title of "Barone de Baccari" was created in 1508 for Jacques Matteo (sives Eugene Matteo) d'Armenia with the remainder to his descendants in perpetuity. Eugene, illegitimate son of King Jacques II of Cyprus, had, when his family were exiled, first gone to Naples, then Sicily, then settled on Malta, marrying a Sicilian heiress,
1353:, many European rulers have claimed to be its rightful heir. None of these, however, have actually ruled over a part of the former Kingdom. Today there are several potential European claimants on the basis of the inheritance of the title. None of the claimants have any power in the area of the former Kingdom.
1745:
is badly done. I protest. There should be more of the French
Nobility I have created and less of the German Princes who are no longer sovereign. Furthermore, the Imperial Family of Bonaparte should appear before all other royal dynasties, and let it be clear that we and not the Bourbons are the House
905:
in
December 1688; they were formally offered the English and Scottish thrones by their respective parliaments a month later – which was still 1688 in England (where New Year's Day was 25 March until 1752) but was already 1689 in Scotland (which adopted 1 January as New Year's Day in 1600). James made
648:
under Russia's monarchy, which was abolished in 1917. Others oppose her for reasons similar to those of the anti-Orleanist rationale: her grandfather's perceived disloyalty and dynastic ambition are seen as removing any rights which might otherwise have belonged to her branch of the former dynasty.
1434:
of the arms of the former holder of the title pretended to, known as an "inescutcheon of pretence". As well as being used by royalty, the inescutcheon of pretence is also used by
English aristocratic and gentry families where a husband of an heraldic heiress (i.e. a daughter with no brothers) will
568:
in 1789 and the usurpation of Louis
Philippe in 1830 are alleged to have extinguished all rights to the throne for the Orléans branch. The schism has continued to the present day, with supporters of the senior line reclaiming the title of "Legitimist", leaving their opponent royalists to be known,
985:
After 1807, the line of James VII and II became extinct. The
Jacobites had ceased to have much political significance after the failure of the 1745 uprising, and the movement essentially became completely dormant after Henry's death. Genealogically, the next most senior line to the English and
1187:
The business of Irish pretenders is rather more complicated because of the nature of kingship in
Ireland before the Norman take-over of 1171. In both Ireland and early Gaelic Scotland, succession to kingship was elective, often (if not usually) by contest, according to a system known as
900:
came to the throne. He had converted to
Catholicism but this only became a worry when his second wife bore a son who would precede his two Protestant daughters. James was thus deposed by his elder daughter and his son-in-law (who was also his nephew, son of his sister Mary) during the
465:, as supporters of the exiled senior line came to be known, were uncertain of whom to support. Some believed the abdication of Charles and his son legal, and recognized the young Chambord as king, while others maintained that abdication was unconstitutional in France of the
471:, and continued to recognize first Charles X and then Louis-Antoine, until the latter's death in 1844. On his uncle's death, Chambord claimed the crown, but lived in exile and upon his death in 1883, the direct male-line of Louis XV became extinct.
490:, fusion again became the monarchist strategy. As a result, in 1873 the Count of Paris withdrew his own bid for the throne and recognized Chambord as legitimate pretender to the French crown. In spite of this apparent unity among royalist forces,
204:
continued to list German princes whom he had deposed. This episode established that publication as the pre-eminent authority on the titles of deposed monarchs and nobility, many of which were restored in 1815 after the end of
Napoleon's reign.
1099:. Since 1301, the title of Prince of Wales has been given to the eldest living son of the King or Queen Regnant of England (subsequently of Great Britain, 1707, and of United Kingdom, 1801). The word "living" is important. Upon the death of
1393:, thus converting the emperors of the former Northern court into mere pretenders. In other words, six former emperors of the Northern Court have been counted as pretenders instead since then. As a result of this compromise, the present
169:
is someone who claims to be the rightful ruler of a country although not recognized as such by the current government. The term may often be used to either refer to a descendant of a deposed monarchy or a claim that is not legitimate.
925:(or rebellions). These were a series of uprisings or wars between 1688 and 1746 in which supporters of James, his son ("The Old Pretender") and grandson ("The Young Pretender") attempted to restore his direct male line to the throne.
1106:
Nevertheless, it is Glyndŵr whom many remember as the last native Prince of Wales. He was indeed proclaimed Prince of Wales by his supporters on 16 September 1400, and his revolt in quest of Welsh independence was not quashed by
1103:, Henry VII invested his second son, the future Henry VIII, with the title. The title is not automatic, however, but merges into the Crown when a prince dies or accedes to the throne, and has to be re-conferred by the sovereign.
552:, which occurred in 1883. On the other side, Anjou's renunciation is held to be invalid because prior to the revolution it was a fundamental tenet of the French monarchy that the crown could never be diverted from the rightful (
1087:, who died in 1282, was the only Prince of Wales whose status as ruler was formally recognised by the English Crown, though three of the four men who claimed the throne of Gwynedd between the assumption of the title by
948:
of the legitimate
Jacobite monarch and, therefore, were without legal effect. James was responsible for a number of conspiracies and rebellions, particularly in the Highlands of Scotland. The most notable was the
1435:
display his wife's paternal arms on an inescutcheon placed within his own coat of arms. Following the husband's death the couple's son and heir will remove the inescutcheon and show it instead as a quartering.
724:
supports Prince
Nikolai as the heir of the Russian throne, since they are of the opinion that Maria Vladimirovna Romanova and Nicholas Romanov are not dynasts. In early 2014, Nikolai Kirilovich declared himself
1211:. Because of the laws of succession, there could not be a pretender to this title in the sense it is normally understood. From the 5th century onwards the kingship tended to remain within the dynasty of the
1178:
in 1267. It was not to last and this new Wales was invaded by England and dismantled between 1277 and 1284. All of the descendants of Llywelyn "the last" and his brothers were either imprisoned or killed.
895:
in 1653. Thus, Charles II was pretender to the throne of England from 1649 to the restoration of 1660, and exiled/deposed King of Scots and King of Ireland, 1653 to 1660. He died in 1685 and his brother
906:
several attempts to regain the throne before his death in 1701, the most important of which was an effort he made with Irish support – that country having not yet acceded to the succession of
1704:
uses the "head of the house" terminology. It lists Karl von Habsburg as "Head of the Imperial House of Austria". It lists many others in the form "head of the royal house of ". (James, John.
1974:
1422:
ceded the territory of Singapore to the British in the 19th century, but their descendants lived in the former royal palace until expelled by the government. They now live in obscurity.
233:
no pejorative connotation, although one who pretends to a position with no plausible claim or with an entirely false claim, may be differentiated as a "false pretender", see for example
1374:, claimed the throne. Their rivalry was resolved in 1392: while every emperor of the Southern Court enthroned prior to 1392 was established as legitimate, the throne was determined by
1342:
dropped the use of this title. The Ethiopian Emperors continued to use the honorific of "Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah" up until the monarchy ended with the fall of Emperor
1130:
The various minor kingdoms that came together to form what is today known as the Principality of Wales each had their own royal dynasty. The most important of these realms were
271:
some five hundred years earlier; although the comparison is questionable, and the Romans were separate aspirants, not (as the Athenians were) a Committee of Public Safety. The
1449:
Throughout history people have claimed fraudulently to be displaced monarchs or heirs who had disappeared or supposedly died under mysterious circumstances. Some of them were
694:, as women could not succeed to the Russian throne so long as any male dynast survived, she became more famous than any of the various Romanov claimants to the throne.
540:
renounced any future claim to the French throne when he left France to become king of Spain as Philip V in 1700 (the renunciation was ratified internationally by the
792:
as a rival claimant. As of 2024, the two legitimate claimants to the Carlist succession are Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma, Duke of Aranjuez and his nephew
788:, held left-wing socialist views that were viewed as incompatible with Carlism, and thus an incompatible claimant, leaving his younger, more conservative brother
981:, who took up the claim to the throne as the would-be Henry IX of England, though he was the final Jacobite heir to publicly do so. He died unmarried in 1807.
588:
In addition to these two claims to the historic royal throne of France, there have also been pretenders to the imperial throne of France, created first by
1631:
394:
994:. To the very limited extent that Jacobitism survived the death of Cardinal York, they supported the claims of this line. Its current representative is
1083:(1349–1416) is probably the best-known Welsh pretender, though whether he was pretender or Prince of Wales depends upon one's source of information.
887:
was proclaimed king in Scotland (where he was crowned in 1651) and Ireland; but those two countries were invaded by English forces and annexed to the
1294:
born during his reign, claimed the Sultanate after the death of his father; he was defeated in battle months later by his eldest brother (by birth)
1832:
402:
435:, proclaimed himself regent in his nephew's name. After Louis XVII died in 1795, the Comte de Provence became pretender himself, as Louis XVIII.
1982:
2209:
316:, there came to be three Byzantine successor states, each of which claimed to be the Roman Empire, and several Latin claimants (including the
1310:
came into power, the successive heads of the Ottoman family claimed the throne of the Ottoman Empire. The latest pretender to the Imperial
679:
506:
candidate. But Chambord lived until 1883, while France's royalists had lost their majority in parliament by 1877. The erstwhile Orléanist
2127:
1385:
has declared the southern claimants were actually the rightful emperors despite the fact that all subsequent emperors including the then-
1223:
in 1002. Following his death in 1014 and that of Máel Sechnaill in 1022, the struggle for dominance resulted in Norman intervention from
712:
in 2013, is the latest pretender to the Russian throne under the name of Prince Nikolai Kirillovich of Leiningen. He is the grandson of
1052:
625:
549:
2593:
1783:
773:
717:
644:. Some of her opponents believe she is ineligible to claim the throne because she was born of a marriage that would have been deemed
629:
1154:
had expired. Merfyn was descended from royalty through his own father Gwriad and claimed ancestors from among the rulers of British
940:, he claimed the separate thrones of Scotland, as James VIII, and of England and Ireland, as James III, until his death in 1766. In
1476:
1028:
713:
1675:
2666:
1712:
1569:
1485:
1271:. After the failure of the Rising, the royalists were a minority among the rebels, and so the offer was never made. According to
174:
17:
2566:
765:
513:
By 1883 most French monarchists accepted the Count of Paris as head of royal house. A minority of reactionaries, the so-called
963:), James Francis' elder son and the would-be Charles III, who led in his father's name the last major Jacobite rebellion, the
2543:
2269:
2242:
2080:
2053:
1272:
2152:
565:
2588:
2573:
2327:
1162:). It was acknowledged by all of the realms of Wales after the time of Rhodri Mawr that the House of Gwynedd (known as the
789:
455:
1299:
2578:
2538:
2528:
2518:
2095:
1046:
944:
terms, Acts of Parliament (of England or Scotland) after 1688 (including the Acts of Union) did not receive the required
624:
There is much debate over who is the legitimate heir to the Russian throne, and bitter dispute within the family itself.
414:
1230:
There were later attempts by Irish rulers fighting against the Normans to revive the High Kingship such as in 1258 when
601:
447:
107:
2598:
2513:
657:
139:
79:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2553:
2533:
2523:
2007:
1962:
1941:
1660:
857:
332:
the Crusaders had set up in its place. At times, some of these states and titles were subjected to multiple claims.
126:
839:
2561:
2548:
1642:. "someone who claims to be the true king, queen, or leader of a country, when another person holds this position."
1246:. Apart from the coronation oath, the title was not even used by the Kings of England, each of whom styled himself
1084:
668:, which consists of most living male-line descendants of the Romanov emperors. Neither he nor his younger brother,
283:
by "Thirty Pretenders" to avoid this artificial and confusing parallel. Not all of them were afterwards considered
191:
heir, in an address to Parliament in 1708: "The French fleet sailed from Dunkirk ... with the Pretender on board."
2101:
1732:, 2nd edition, Oxford Dictionaries, 1989. Stuart had earlier been referred to as "the pretended prince of Wales".
1444:
577:
of Spain) who was born and raised in Spain. The Orléanist line, which returned to live in France when the law of
86:
1628:
582:
2638:
1885:
1864:
1574:
835:
777:
705:
390:
64:
2113:
1746:
of France. Summon the Minister of the Interior of Gotha at once so that I personally may order these changes."
1220:
932:, the Roman Catholic son of the deposed James II and VII, was barred from the succession to the throne by the
1056:
987:
570:
793:
458:, a descendant of Louis XIV's younger brother, mounted the throne as Louis Philippe I, King of the French.
180:
93:
656:
of the Romanovs leave no one who can claim to be rightful heir to the dynasty's legacy. Others recognized
287:; several were actually successful in becoming emperor at least in part of the empire for a brief period.
2470:
1458:
1096:
929:
548:
as heirs to the throne of France in the event of extinction of descendants of Louis XIV's elder grandson
253:
184:
143:
1829:
1123:, from whom the current British monarch is descended (through his daughter Margaret Tudor, who married
978:
831:
785:
721:
665:
60:
31:
784:. However, following the death of Xavier in 1977, the Carlist succession was in disarray as the heir,
560:. Moreover, although the Orléans volunteered to defer their rival claim to the throne after 1873, the
75:
2506:
1530:
1390:
1260:
475:
2201:
1692:, 2nd edition, Oxford Dictionaries, 1989. "applied to a claimant who is held to have no just title."
2501:
2320:
1609:
1539:
1394:
1150:, the father of Rhodri Mawr, had come to power in Gwynedd because the native dynasty, known as the
820:
690:
on her remains eventually proved her to be an impersonator. Although she did not claim the throne,
479:
451:
313:
1407:, disputing the legitimacy of his bloodline. Kumazawa claimed to be the 19th direct descendant of
1166:) was senior and homage should be paid by each of them to the king of Gwynedd. After the reign of
1100:
964:
950:
888:
824:
701:
Karl Emich of Leiningen, also known under his Christian Orthodox name Nikolai Kirillovich Romanov
522:
499:
53:
1389:
were descended from the Northern Court, reasoning the Southern Court retained possession of the
2485:
2409:
995:
933:
907:
757:
669:
633:
321:
272:
260:
221:("to stretch out before", "to hold before (as a pretext)", "to extend before"), from the verb
173:
In addition, it may also refer to that of a deposed monarch, a type of claimant referred to as
2172:
2026:
n:ru:Монархическая партия объявила об обретении наследника российского Императорского престола
2618:
2603:
2583:
2480:
2465:
1741:
Napoleon wrote to his foreign minister, 20 October 1807: "Monsieur de Champagny, this year's
1494:
1431:
1419:
1253:
998:, though he himself does not claim the title, his secretary having announced once that "HRM (
970:
956:
884:
613:
483:
432:
420:
381:
Paola Mazzara (a descendant of the Royal House of Aragon of Sicily and Aragon), with issue.
1350:
1303:
1196:
1175:
1124:
1120:
1032:
880:
761:
737:
661:
431:. As Louis XVII was a child and imprisoned in Paris by the revolutionaries, his uncle, the
1780:
8:
2704:
2678:
2475:
2313:
1594:
1503:
1490:
1408:
1382:
1327:
1247:
1235:
1224:
1142:. After 878 the ruling dynasties in these kingdoms each claimed descent from the sons of
1108:
1091:
in the 1160s and the loss of Welsh independence in 1283 also used the title or similar.
914:
902:
897:
645:
487:
439:
341:
325:
158:
30:
This article is about the term "pretender" as applied to monarchies. For other uses, see
605:
518:
2149:
1672:
1557:
1400:
1375:
1307:
1163:
1131:
1116:
910:
597:
529:
pretender to the Spanish throne, who also happened to be the senior male descendant of
510:
thus called Chambord "The French Washington", i.e. the true "founder" of the Republic.
398:
317:
100:
1709:
1511:, actually reigned as Tsar of Russia for nearly a year before he was killed in a riot
1276:
545:
347:
in 1474, his younger and illegitimate brother, Eugène Matteo de Lusignan, also styled
27:
Someone who claims to be rightful holder of a throne that is vacant or held by another
2683:
2265:
2238:
2076:
2049:
2003:
1958:
1937:
1881:
1860:
1656:
1548:
1499:
1264:
1092:
937:
918:
709:
541:
537:
344:
200:
1231:
1049:, and tried twice to invade England and capture the throne in the late 15th Century.
427:
in 1793 led to the king's son becoming pretender to the abolished throne, styled as
2613:
2386:
2361:
2291:
1519:
1135:
922:
672:, had sons and since their deaths no new claims have been advanced by this branch.
641:
502:. The monarchists hoped that after Chambord's death they could unite and crown the
276:
1819:, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928, p. 429
1807:, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928, p. 569
1770:, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928, p. 436
1430:
Pretence is demonstrated in heraldry by placing on the shield of the pretender an
1330:
held the title of "King of Zion" through their claim of descent from the Biblical
1080:
491:
467:
2391:
2259:
2232:
2168:
2070:
2043:
1836:
1787:
1716:
1679:
1635:
1514:
1463:
892:
876:
772:
during the 19th centuries. Following the death of the last senior-line claimant,
697:
443:
438:
Louis XVIII was restored to the throne in 1814, and was succeeded by his brother
377:
1279:
raised the idea of an Irish monarchy with his great-grandfather Juan O'Donnell.
2608:
2295:
1535:
1508:
1481:
1472:
1467:
1371:
1367:
1343:
1311:
1064:
1042:
1038:
1013:
991:
507:
495:
309:
305:
264:
234:
2305:
1755:
Larousse, Dictionnaire de la langue francaise, "Lexis", Paris, 1979, p. 1494,
716:, (sister of Vladimir, and aunt of Maria Vladimirovna), and great-grandson of
569:
once again, as "Orléanists". The current representative of the senior line is
2698:
2285:
2156:
1526:
1386:
1268:
1212:
1167:
1146:
who had conquered them or otherwise achieved their thrones during his reign.
1088:
1060:
753:
675:
553:
249:
2145:, p. 251; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is the pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum,
1298:. He fled to the island of Rhodes, then eventually to the Papal States. His
183:
popularized this word, using it to refer to her Roman Catholic half-brother
2444:
2366:
2340:
1981:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. 12 September 2006. Archived from
1335:
1331:
1239:
1234:
of Cenel Eoghan was so acknowledged, in 1262 when the crown was offered to
1159:
1147:
945:
769:
653:
637:
609:
593:
329:
301:
245:
628:
is considered by some to be the legitimate heir. She is the only child of
503:
2449:
1584:
1579:
1315:
1208:
1143:
730:
683:
573:, the senior legitimate living descendant of Hugh Capet (and of Philip V
2644:
2336:
1589:
1553:
1450:
1339:
1295:
1287:
1216:
1139:
1112:
941:
589:
578:
557:
462:
428:
188:
2439:
1599:
1544:
1291:
530:
424:
368:
1306:
in the 16th century. After the Ottoman Empire was abolished and the
809:
161:
as the rightful claimant to the English, Irish, and Scottish thrones
42:
2673:
2029:
1604:
1404:
1243:
1204:
1189:
687:
561:
536:
The arguments are, on one side, that Louis XIV's younger grandson,
195:
2399:
2348:
1207:, who exercised actual power only within the realm which was his
1003:
749:
612:
re-marriage), both descendants of Napoleon I's youngest brother,
526:
372:
364:
2261:
Henry VII and the Tudor Pretenders: Simnel, Warbeck, and Warwick
2434:
2381:
2371:
1155:
360:
352:
268:
229:("before, in front"). The English, French and Latin words have
2202:"Cabbies and office workers: Meet Singapore's ordinary royals"
977:), the younger brother of Charles Edward and a Roman Catholic
494:
of the monarchy was not to be; Chambord refused to accept the
2404:
2376:
2356:
1957:. Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris 2002, p. 702 (French)
1686:, "a claimant to a throne who is held to have no just title."
498:
flag, which rendered him unacceptable to most Frenchmen as a
356:
2045:
The King Over the Water: A Complete History of the Jacobites
1027:) was a pretender to the throne of England. His claim to be
1366:
In the fourteenth century, two lines of the Imperial clan,
517:("Spanish Whites"), continued to withhold support from the
478:, and abdicated the throne in favor of his young grandson,
248:
knew many pretenders to the offices making up the title of
1170:
of Gwynedd the realm began to merge with the concept of a
442:
in 1824. Charles X was, however, forced into exile by the
308:. Most seriously, after the fall of Constantinople to the
1793:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language,
1259:
Some Irish rebels discussed offering the Irish throne to
999:
986:
Scottish thrones was through James II's youngest sister,
450:, abdicated their claims in favor of Charles's grandson,
359:. He was acknowledged as rightful heir to the thrones of
1953:
de Badts de Cugnac, Chantal. Coutant de Saisseval, Guy.
389:
The claimant to the throne of the last Greek kingdom is
1111:
until 1409. Later, however, one of Glyndŵr's cousins,
177:. In addition, it may also refer to a former monarchy.
2115:
Irish nationalism: a history of its roots and ideology
604:
and his own father, the self-avowed republican Prince
585:, senior male-line descendant of King Louis Philippe.
474:
In 1848, Louis Philippe was himself overthrown by the
2200:
Lin, Lin; Su, Edgar; Geddie, John (27 October 2020).
660:
as head of the family, being a descendant of Emperor
486:
in 1870, when a royalist majority was elected to the
213:
The noun "pretender" is derived from the French verb
1445:
List of impostors § False royal heritage claims
608:(deemed to be excluded from the succession due to a
1979:
Reburial of Empress Maria Fedorovna, September 2006
1238:and in 1315 when an offer was made to the Scottish
1219:of Munster wrested control of much of Ireland from
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2018:
2016:
1466:, who claimed to be the blinded Byzantine Emperor
1031:in 1487 threatened the newly established reign of
2141:Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).
875:After the execution by the English Parliament of
395:House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
2696:
2230:
1975:"Presence of the Romanov Family at the Reburial"
870:
403:Prince Constantine Alexios of Greece and Denmark
2335:
2231:Cheesman, Clive; Williams, Dr Jonathan (2000).
2013:
1757:prétendre à quelque chose = aspirer à l'obtenir
1878:Ladies of Medieval Cyprus and Caterina Cornaro
1857:Ladies of Medieval Cyprus and Caterina Cornaro
1009:Other pretenders to the throne have included:
780:became regent and later claimed the throne as
275:translation of the appropriate chapter of the
2321:
1708:2016: Volume I Parts I & II) The classic
1529:, who was claimed to be the stillborn son of
1457:Bertrand of Rais (or Ray), who claimed to be
1397:is descended of the Northern Court Emperors.
1304:the Knights Hospitaller defeated the Ottomans
766:Infante Carlos María Isidro, Count of Molina
680:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia
652:Still others maintain that the restrictive,
600:1870). This claim is today disputed between
592:in 1804 and recreated by his nephew Emperor
2199:
967:. He died in 1788 without legitimate issue.
838:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
736:In 2007 Nicholas married Countess Isabelle
2328:
2314:
2150:Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File
1994:
1992:
1411:, the last Emperor of the Southern Court.
1378:of the Northern Court and his successors.
1174:. This was realised by Owain's descendant
1053:Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun
1928:
1926:
1859:by Leto Severis, Nicosia 1995; p. 152;
858:Learn how and when to remove this message
794:Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma and Piacenza
774:Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime
718:Cyril Vladimirovich, Grand Duke of Russia
259:These are customarily referred to as the
157:, having been recognised in 1701 by King
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2174:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan,
2097:Memoirs of Desmond FitzGerald, 1913–1916
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1477:Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick
1203:) was essentially a ceremonial, federal
1029:Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick
714:Grand Duchess Maria Cyrillovna of Russia
696:
581:was repealed in 1950, is represented by
138:
2104:; Routledge & K. Paul, 1968, p. 141
1989:
1570:List of heads of former ruling families
1493:, one of four people who claimed to be
1486:Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York
1321:
921:, and set the stage for the subsequent
340:Following the defeat and death of King
14:
2697:
2118:, Seán Cronin, Continuum, 1981, p. 255
2068:
2041:
1923:
1920:Paris, 1967, pp. 11, 187–190 (French).
990:, whose daughter had married into the
632:who died in 1992, a great-grandson of
312:in 1204, and its eventual recovery by
2309:
1947:
1891:
1645:
1282:
799:
743:
636:, whom some considered the last male
619:
335:
225:("to stretch"), plus the preposition
2257:
2212:from the original on 27 October 2020
2186:Pan-Asia Newspaper Alliance. (1959)
1918:Les Prétendants aux trônes d'Europe.
1256:, styled himself "King of Ireland".
1002:) is very content being a Prince of
836:adding citations to reliable sources
803:
408:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
1438:
1356:
1242:. Effectively, the title fell into
1182:
1095:also briefly used the title during
1047:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York
786:Prince Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma
461:For most of the July Monarchy, the
415:English claims to the French throne
295:
290:
24:
2234:Rebels, Pretenders & Imposters
1719:uses "chef de la maison" (p. 104).
1273:Hugo O'Donnell, 7th Duke of Tetuan
1119:, and their grandson would become
708:(born 1952), who converted to the
658:Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia
25:
2716:
2042:Seward, Desmond (28 April 2021).
1841:Global French–English Dictionary,
1453:. Such false pretenders include:
664:and the elected president of the
401:. His designated heir is his son
2002:. New York, 1995, pp. 239, 251.
1085:Llywelyn ap Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
808:
626:Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna
602:Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon
538:Philip de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou
448:Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême
384:
41:
2278:
2264:. Amberley Publishing Limited.
2251:
2224:
2193:
2180:
2162:
2135:
2121:
2107:
2089:
2062:
2035:
2000:The Romanovs: The Final Chapter
1967:
1934:The Romanovs: The Final Chapter
1870:
1850:
1822:
1810:
1798:
654:pre-revolutionary marital rules
279:therefore represents the Latin
263:, which was an allusion to the
240:
52:needs additional citations for
2258:Amin, Nathen (15 April 2021).
1845:personne qui cherche à épouser
1773:
1761:
1749:
1735:
1722:
1695:
1666:
1622:
1575:List of Indian princely states
778:Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma
768:. Their claim was defended in
760:was succeeded by his daughter
740:and in 2010 had a son, Emich.
706:Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen
391:Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece
217:itself derived from the Latin
13:
1:
1655:. New York, 1973, pp. 4, 10.
1615:
1017:
871:England, Scotland and Ireland
571:Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou
151:
1420:Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor
1414:
1403:publicly challenged Emperor
583:Prince Jean, Duke of Vendôme
454:; however, their cousin the
208:
7:
2129:Ireland In The 20th Century
1563:
1459:Baldwin I of Constantinople
1425:
1221:Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill
1115:, would marry the widow of
930:James Francis Edward Stuart
678:attempted to prove she was
397:, the senior branch of the
254:Crisis of the Third Century
194:In 1807 the French Emperor
185:James Francis Edward Stuart
144:James Francis Edward Stuart
10:
2721:
1936:. New York, 1995, p. 278.
1817:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
1805:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
1768:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
1442:
965:Jacobite rising of 1745–46
951:Jacobite rising of 1715–16
722:Monarchist Party of Russia
666:Romanov Family Association
544:), ostensibly leaving the
412:
32:Pretender (disambiguation)
29:
2654:
2494:
2458:
2418:
2347:
1730:Oxford English Dictionary
1690:Oxford English Dictionary
1651:Curley Jr., Walter J. P.
1531:Karl, Grand Duke of Baden
1318:, since 18 January 2021.
1302:claimed his rights until
1261:Prince Joachim of Prussia
446:. Charles X and his son,
419:The establishment of the
2132:, Tim Pat Coogan, p. 175
1795:Fifth Edition, 2020. "."
1610:Self-proclaimed monarchy
1540:Margaret, Maid of Norway
1395:Japanese Imperial Family
1361:
1290:, eldest of the sons of
1075:
480:Philippe, Comte de Paris
452:Henri, Count of Chambord
314:Michael VIII Palaiologos
252:, especially during the
2069:Potter, Jeremy (1986).
1101:Arthur, Prince of Wales
961:"Bonnie Prince Charlie"
889:Commonwealth of England
764:instead of his brother
682:, the lost daughter of
564:vote of their ancestor
550:Louis, Duke of Burgundy
523:Juan, Count of Montizon
351:(died 1523) removed to
18:Pretender to the throne
1547:, who claimed to be a
1391:Three Sacred Treasures
1349:Since the fall of the
1067:family; also known as
996:Franz, Duke of Bavaria
936:. Notwithstanding the
934:Act of Settlement 1701
738:von und zu Egloffstein
702:
670:Prince Dimitri Romanov
162:
1640:MacMillian Dictionary
1495:Sebastian of Portugal
1172:Principality of Wales
1097:his revolt of 1294–95
975:Cardinal-Duke of York
971:Henry Benedict Stuart
957:Charles Edward Stuart
752:line has claimed the
700:
423:and the execution of
146:, later known as the
142:
1916:Valynseele, Joseph.
1556:, who claimed to be
1538:, who claimed to be
1502:, who claimed to be
1484:, who claimed to be
1475:, who claimed to be
1351:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1328:Emperors of Ethiopia
1322:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1292:Mehmet the Conqueror
1197:High King of Ireland
1176:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
1125:James IV of Scotland
1035:(reigned 1485–1509).
832:improve this section
790:the Duke of Aranjuez
727:Emperor Nicholas III
393:. He belongs to the
198:complained that the
61:improve this article
2679:Order of succession
2296:2027/wu.89094736824
2188:The Asia Who's Who,
1985:on 7 December 2008.
1653:Monarchs-in-Waiting
1595:Order of succession
1504:Peter III of Russia
1491:Gabriel de Espinosa
1409:Emperor Go-Kameyama
1383:Japanese government
1236:Haakon IV of Norway
1225:Henry II of England
973:(best known as the
915:Battle of the Boyne
913:– which led to the
903:Glorious Revolution
630:Grand Duke Vladimir
500:constitutional king
488:Chamber of Deputies
476:February Revolution
300:Successions to the
159:Louis XIV of France
2237:. British Museum.
2143:Japan Encyclopedia
2102:Desmond FitzGerald
1998:Massie, Robert K.
1932:Massie, Robert K.
1880:; Nicosia: 1995;
1835:2022-05-03 at the
1786:2023-01-30 at the
1715:2022-10-21 at the
1678:2021-06-24 at the
1634:2015-11-14 at the
1558:Olaf II of Denmark
1401:Kumazawa Hiromichi
1376:Emperor Go-Komatsu
1308:Republic of Turkey
1283:Ottoman pretenders
1267:) before the 1916
1164:House of Aberffraw
1059:& head of the
1045:who claimed to be
800:British pretenders
744:Spanish pretenders
703:
620:Russian pretenders
590:Napoleon Bonaparte
521:and chose instead
399:House of Oldenburg
336:Cypriot pretenders
320:and the houses of
318:Republic of Venice
304:long continued at
163:
2692:
2691:
2684:Coronation anthem
2271:978-1-4456-7509-1
2244:978-0-7141-0899-5
2082:978-0-09-465870-7
2055:978-1-78885-307-1
1743:Almanach de Gotha
1706:Almanach de Gotha
1702:Almanach de Gotha
1549:Sultan of Morocco
1500:Yemelyan Pugachev
1265:Kaiser Wilhelm II
1168:Owain ap Gruffudd
1093:Madog ap Llywelyn
938:Act of Union 1707
919:Battle of Aughrim
883:in 1649, his son
868:
867:
860:
710:Eastern Orthodoxy
634:Tsar Alexander II
542:Treaty of Utrecht
433:Comte de Provence
409:French pretenders
201:Almanach de Gotha
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
2712:
2507:Ancient Egyptian
2495:Specific customs
2362:Coronation crown
2330:
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2299:
2287:Famous Imposters
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1643:
1626:
1520:False Dmitry III
1439:False pretenders
1381:Since 1911, the
1357:Asian pretenders
1334:through his son
1183:Irish pretenders
1152:House of Cunedda
1063:. Member of the
1026:
1022:
1019:
923:Jacobite risings
898:James II and VII
863:
856:
852:
849:
843:
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804:
642:House of Romanov
614:Jérôme Bonaparte
606:Charles Napoléon
566:Philippe Égalité
546:Dukes of Orléans
519:House of Orléans
515:Blancs d'Espagne
296:Byzantine Empire
291:Greek pretenders
281:triginta tyranni
277:Augustan History
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2667:List of current
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1837:Wayback Machine
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1684:Merriam-Webster
1680:Wayback Machine
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1667:
1650:
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1636:Wayback Machine
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1623:
1618:
1566:
1515:False Dmitry II
1464:Thomas the Slav
1447:
1441:
1428:
1417:
1364:
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1277:Éamon de Valera
1249:Lord of Ireland
1185:
1158:(in particular
1078:
1057:Australian Peer
1024:
1020:
893:Oliver Cromwell
873:
864:
853:
847:
844:
829:
813:
802:
754:throne of Spain
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622:
456:Duke of Orléans
444:July Revolution
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2155:2012-05-24 at
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2012:
1988:
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1955:Le Petit Gotha
1946:
1922:
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1876:Leto Severis,
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1509:False Dmitry I
1506:
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1482:Perkin Warbeck
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1473:Lambert Simnel
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1468:Constantine VI
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1372:Southern Court
1368:Northern Court
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1360:
1358:
1355:
1344:Haile Selassie
1332:House of David
1323:
1320:
1312:House of Osman
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1281:
1232:Brian Ua Néill
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1181:
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1074:
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1065:Abney-Hastings
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1039:Perkin Warbeck
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1033:King Henry VII
1014:Lambert Simnel
992:House of Savoy
988:Henriette Anne
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729:(successor to
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484:Third Republic
421:First Republic
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345:King of Cyprus
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261:Thirty Tyrants
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2075:. Constable.
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2019:
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2471:the Americas
2459:By continent
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2032:, 11.06.2013
2023:(in Russian)
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1148:Merfyn Frych
1129:
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1069:King Simon I
1068:
1008:
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960:
946:royal assent
874:
854:
845:
830:Please help
818:
781:
770:several wars
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735:
726:
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691:
674:
651:
623:
610:non-dynastic
594:Napoleon III
587:
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535:
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83:
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2450:Investiture
2048:. Birlinn.
1673:"pretender"
1629:"pretender"
1585:Micronation
1580:Royal house
1451:look-alikes
1316:Harun Osman
1300:descendants
1144:Rhodri Mawr
1113:Owain Tudor
1055:, (1974- )
1025: 1525
1021: 1477
908:William and
762:Isabella II
731:Nicholas II
688:DNA testing
684:Nicholas II
554:senior line
492:restoration
463:legitimists
231:prima facie
219:praetendere
155: 1703
150:, depicted
117:August 2024
76:"Pretender"
2705:Pretenders
2574:Holy Roman
2337:Coronation
2216:27 October
2072:Pretenders
2028:— Russian
1886:9963810217
1865:9963810217
1830:prétendant
1616:References
1590:Monarchism
1554:False Olaf
1443:See also:
1340:Menelik II
1296:Bayezid II
1288:Cem Sultan
1254:Henry VIII
1252:. In 1542
1217:Brian Boru
1140:Deheubarth
1023: – c.
885:Charles II
848:March 2008
662:Nicholas I
646:morganatic
579:banishment
558:Hugh Capet
556:) heir of
429:Louis XVII
413:See also:
355:, then to
322:Montferrat
285:pretenders
215:prétendre,
181:Queen Anne
87:newspapers
2662:Pretender
2604:Norwegian
2594:Malaysian
2579:Hungarian
2539:Byzantine
2529:Bulgarian
2519:Brazilian
2502:Antiquity
2440:Anointing
1600:Anti-king
1545:Bou Hmara
1415:Singapore
1346:in 1974.
1227:in 1171.
1121:Henry VII
881:Charles I
819:does not
776:in 1936,
598:abolished
596:in 1852 (
562:regicidal
531:Louis XIV
504:Orléanist
440:Charles X
425:Louis XVI
369:Jerusalem
349:d'Arménie
342:James III
328:) to the
326:Courtenay
209:Etymology
167:pretender
2699:Category
2674:Papabile
2655:See also
2599:Nepalese
2589:Japanese
2567:Napoleon
2514:Bohemian
2210:Archived
2171:(2000).
2153:Archived
2030:Wikinews
1833:Archived
1784:Archived
1713:Archived
1676:Archived
1632:Archived
1605:Antipope
1564:See also
1426:Heraldry
1405:Hirohito
1263:(son of
1244:abeyance
1213:Uí Néill
1205:overlord
1190:Tanistry
1109:Henry IV
979:Cardinal
942:Jacobite
917:and the
782:Javier I
496:Tricolor
196:Napoleon
189:Jacobite
2634:Swedish
2629:Serbian
2624:Russian
2609:Ottoman
2558:French
2534:Burmese
2524:British
2486:Oceania
2425:rituals
2400:Sceptre
2349:Regalia
2206:Reuters
2190:p. 309.
2176:p. 566.
1843:2018, "
1781:pretend
1132:Gwynedd
1117:Henry V
1043:Fleming
1004:Bavaria
840:removed
825:sources
750:Carlist
640:of the
575:d'Anjou
527:Carlist
373:Antioch
365:Armenia
101:scholar
2645:others
2619:Polish
2584:Indian
2549:Danish
2481:Europe
2466:Africa
2435:Throne
2410:Mantle
2382:Armill
2372:Diadem
2268:
2241:
2079:
2052:
2006:
1961:
1940:
1884:
1863:
1659:
1215:until
1201:Ard Rí
1156:Rheged
891:under
877:Stuart
756:after
720:. The
692:per se
686:, but
638:dynast
525:, the
371:, and
361:Cyprus
353:Sicily
269:Athens
187:, the
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2614:Papal
2562:royal
2554:Dutch
2422:Items
2405:Sword
2395:(orb)
2377:Tiara
2357:Crown
1362:Japan
1136:Powys
1076:Wales
879:King
378:Donna
357:Malta
223:tendo
108:JSTOR
94:books
2639:Thai
2476:Asia
2387:Ring
2339:and
2266:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2218:2020
2077:ISBN
2050:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1370:and
1326:The
1195:The
1138:and
1041:, a
911:Mary
823:any
821:cite
748:The
324:and
273:Loeb
227:prae
80:news
2292:hdl
2147:see
2100:,
1839:,"
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1127:).
1006:".
1000:sic
834:by
733:).
267:of
63:by
2701::
2290:.
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2204:.
2015:^
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1925:^
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1682:,
1638:,
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2247:.
2220:.
2159:.
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846:(
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