Mary I of England - Knowledge

1752:, thought Mary's policies failed not because they were wrong but because she had too short a reign to establish them and because of natural disasters beyond her control. In other countries, the Catholic Counter-Reformation was spearheaded by Jesuit missionaries, but Mary's chief religious advisor, Cardinal Reginald Pole, refused to allow the Jesuits into England. Her marriage to Philip was unpopular among her subjects and her religious policies resulted in deep-seated resentment. The military loss of Calais to France was a bitter humiliation to English pride. Failed harvests increased public discontent. Philip spent most of his time abroad, while his wife remained in England, leaving her depressed at his absence and undermined by their inability to have children. After Mary's death, Philip sought to marry Elizabeth but she refused him. Although Mary's rule was ultimately ineffectual and unpopular, the policies of fiscal reform, naval expansion, and colonial exploration that were later lauded as Elizabethan accomplishments were started in Mary's reign. 1554: 1761: 1075: 7494: 1196:, which also involved the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane's father. Mary declared publicly that she would summon Parliament to discuss the marriage and if Parliament decided that the marriage was not to the kingdom's advantage, she would refrain from pursuing it. On reaching London, Wyatt was defeated and captured. Wyatt, the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane, and her husband Guildford Dudley were executed. Courtenay, who was implicated in the plot, was imprisoned and then exiled. Elizabeth, though protesting her innocence in the Wyatt affair, was imprisoned in the Tower of London for two months, then put under house arrest at 533: 1269: 1334: 1638: 5640: 1066: 9122: 8694: 1229:) were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple, for Mary's lifetime only. England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war, and Philip could not act without his wife's consent or appoint foreigners to office in England. Philip was unhappy with these conditions but ready to agree for the sake of securing the marriage. He had no amorous feelings for Mary and sought the marriage for its political and strategic gains; his aide 544: 317: 81: 835: 827: 1346: 8882: 934: 1458: 627: 1704:, Bishop of Winchester, praised Mary at her funeral service: "She was a king's daughter; she was a king's sister; she was a king's wife. She was a queen, and by the same title a king also." She was the first woman to successfully claim the throne of England, despite competing claims and determined opposition, and enjoyed popular support and sympathy during the earliest parts of her reign, especially from the Roman Catholics of England. 1727:(1563). Foxe's book remained popular throughout the following centuries and helped shape enduring perceptions of Mary as a bloodthirsty tyrant. Historian Lucy Wooding notes misogynistic undertones in descriptions of Mary. "She's simultaneously being lambasted for being 'vindictive and fierce' and 'spineless and weak', criticized for such actions as showing clemency to political prisoners and yielding authority to her husband." 1566: 1115:) from succeeding to the throne. While the English expected her to marry, there was a general consensus that the queen should not marry a foreigner, since that could lead to the interference of a foreign power in English affairs. On 16 November 1553, a Parliamentary delegation went to her and formally requested that she choose an English husband, with its obvious although tacit candidates being her kinsmen 1097: 976:, as his successor. Lady Jane's mother was Frances Brandon, Mary's cousin and goddaughter. Just before Edward's death, Mary was summoned to London to visit her dying brother, but was warned that the summons was a pretext on which to capture her and thereby facilitate Jane's accession to the throne. Therefore, instead of heading to London from her residence at Hunsdon, Mary fled to 1519:. Mary was in favour of declaring war, but her councillors opposed it because French trade would be jeopardised, it contravened the foreign war provisions of the marriage treaty, and a bad economic legacy from Edward VI's reign and a series of poor harvests meant England lacked supplies and finances. War was only declared in June 1557 after Reginald Pole's nephew 957:. He did not want the crown to go to Mary because he feared she would restore Catholicism and undo his and their father's reforms, and so he planned to exclude her from the line of succession. His advisers told him that he could not disinherit only one of his half-sisters: he would have to disinherit Elizabeth as well, even though she was a Protestant. Guided by 1840:". This style, which had been in use since 1554, was replaced when Philip inherited the Spanish Crown in 1556 with "Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol". 407:, succeeded their father in 1547 at the age of nine. When Edward became terminally ill in 1553, he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession because he supposed, correctly, that she would reverse the Protestant reforms that had taken place during his reign. Upon his death, leading politicians proclaimed Mary's and Edward's Protestant cousin, 1154:, and she decided to marry Philip. A marriage treaty was presented to the Privy Council on 7 December 1553, and even though the terms clearly favoured England and included several safeguards, many still thought that England would be drawn into Philip's wars and become a mere province of the Habsburg Empire. This was of particular concern to the 919:

and Elizabeth for Christmas 1550, where the 13-year-old Edward embarrassed Mary, then 34, and reduced both her and himself to tears in front of the court, by publicly reproving her for ignoring his laws regarding worship. Mary repeatedly refused Edward's demands that she abandon Catholicism, and Edward persistently refused to drop his demands.

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and Latimer being burned at the stake. He recanted, repudiated Protestant theology, and rejoined the Catholic faith. Under the normal process of the law, he should have been absolved as a repentant, but Mary refused to reprieve him. On the day of his burning, he dramatically withdrew his recantation.

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attempted to redress the tradition that Mary was intolerant and authoritarian, and scholarship since then has tended to view the older, simpler assessments of Mary with increasing reservations. A historiographical revisionism since the 1980s has improved her reputation among scholars to some degree.

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Mary is remembered in the 21st century for her vigorous efforts to restore the primacy of Roman Catholicism in England after the rise of Protestant influence during the previous reigns. Protestant historians have long deplored her reign, emphasizing that in just five years she burned several hundred

1289:, Philip expressed uncertainty as to whether Mary was pregnant. Mary's pregnancy had its pros and cons for Elizabeth: if Mary died during childbirth, Elizabeth would become the new queen; however, if her sister gave birth to a healthy baby, Elizabeth's chances of becoming queen would recede sharply. 1284:

making Philip regent in the event of Mary's death in childbirth. In the last week of April 1555, Elizabeth was released from house arrest, and called to court as a witness to the birth, which was expected imminently. According to Giovanni Michieli, the Venetian ambassador, Philip may have planned to

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became her close adviser, and interceded, unsuccessfully, on her behalf at court. The relationship between Mary and her father worsened; they did not speak to each other for three years. Although both she and her mother were ill, Mary was refused permission to visit Catherine. When Catherine died in

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and assigned him to oversee the revenue collection system. A failure to apply new tariffs to new forms of imports meant that a key source of revenue was neglected. To solve this, Mary's government published a revised "Book of Rates" (1558), which listed the tariffs and duties for every import. This

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For most of Edward's reign, Mary remained on her own estates and rarely attended court. A plan between May and July 1550 to smuggle her out of England to the safety of the European mainland came to nothing. Religious differences between Mary and Edward continued. Mary attended a reunion with Edward

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authority, acknowledge that the marriage between her parents was unlawful, and accept her own illegitimacy. She attempted to reconcile with Henry by submitting to his authority as far as "God and my conscience" permitted, but was eventually bullied into signing a document agreeing to all of Henry's

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argued that her revival of religious festivities and Catholic practices was generally welcomed. Haigh concluded that the "last years of Mary's reign were not a gruesome preparation for Protestant victory, but a continuing consolidation of Catholic strength." English Catholics often remembered Mary

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After Philip's visit in 1557, Mary again thought she was pregnant, with a baby due in March 1558. She decreed in her will that her husband would be the regent during the minority of their child. But no child was born, and Mary was forced to accept that her half-sister Elizabeth would be her lawful

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Spanish guarded their trade routes jealously, and Mary could not condone English smuggling or piracy against her husband. In an attempt to increase trade and rescue the English economy, Mary's counsellors continued Northumberland's policy of seeking out new commercial opportunities. She granted a

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was agreed. When the king saw Anne for the first time in late December 1539, a week before the scheduled wedding, he found her unattractive but was unable, for diplomatic reasons and without a suitable pretext, to cancel the marriage. Cromwell fell from favour and was arrested for treason in June

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Despite his affection for Mary, Henry was deeply disappointed that his marriage had produced no sons. By the time Mary was nine years old, it was apparent that Henry and Catherine would have no more children, leaving Henry without a legitimate male heir. In 1525, Henry sent Mary to the border of

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In January 1556, Mary's father-in-law the Emperor abdicated. Mary and Philip were still apart; he was declared King of Spain in Brussels, but she stayed in England. Philip negotiated an unsteady truce with the French in February 1556. The next month, the French ambassador in England, Antoine de

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From 1531, Mary was often sick with irregular menstruation and depression, although it is not clear whether this was caused by stress, puberty or a more deep-seated disease. She was not permitted to see her mother, whom Henry had sent to live away from court. In early 1533, Henry married

1512:, a second cousin of the executed Duke of Northumberland, attempted to assemble an invasion force in France. The plot, known as the Dudley conspiracy, was betrayed, and the conspirators in England were rounded up. Dudley remained in exile in France, and Noailles prudently left Britain. 730:. Catherine was demoted to Dowager Princess of Wales (a title she would have held as Arthur's widow), and Mary was deemed illegitimate. She was styled "The Lady Mary" rather than Princess, and her place in the line of succession was transferred to Henry and Anne's newborn daughter, 650:, Henry's chief adviser, then resumed marriage negotiations with the French, and Henry suggested that Mary marry the French king Francis I, who was eager for an alliance with England. A marriage treaty was signed which provided that Mary marry either Francis I or his second son 741:

Mary determinedly refused to acknowledge that Anne was the queen or that Elizabeth was a princess, enraging King Henry. Under strain and with her movements restricted, Mary was frequently ill, which the royal physician attributed to her "ill treatment". The Imperial ambassador

1305:, perhaps induced by Mary's overwhelming desire to have a child. In August, soon after the disgrace of the false pregnancy, which Mary considered "God's punishment" for her having "tolerated heretics" in her realm, Philip left England to command his armies against France in 677:

Although various possibilities for Mary's marriage had been considered, the marriage of Mary's parents was itself in jeopardy, which threatened her status. Disappointed at the lack of a male heir, and eager to remarry, Henry attempted to have his marriage to Catherine

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were held at the end of April after false rumours that Mary had given birth to a son spread across Europe. Through May and June, the apparent delay in delivery fed gossip that Mary was not pregnant. Susan Clarencieux revealed her doubts to the French ambassador,

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would come after him to judge Protestant heretics. Many English people knew the stories of the torments and cruelties suffered by the prisoners of the Inquisition, and there were even those “who had suffered from the rack of the inquisitors” themselves.

1441:, warned him that such "cruel enforcement" could "cause a revolt". Mary persevered with the policy, which continued for the rest of her reign and exacerbated anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish feeling among the English people. The victims became lauded as 915:. Mary remained faithful to Roman Catholicism and defiantly celebrated traditional Mass in her own chapel. She appealed to her cousin Emperor Charles V to apply diplomatic pressure demanding that she be allowed to practise her religion. 1169:. The marriage was unpopular with the English; Gardiner and his allies opposed it on the basis of patriotism, while Protestants were motivated by a fear that with the restoration of Catholicism and the arrival of the Spanish King, the 1279:

In September 1554, Mary stopped menstruating. She gained weight, and felt nauseated in the mornings. For these reasons, almost the entirety of her court, including her physicians, believed she was pregnant. Parliament passed the

882:, the unmarried Henry invited Mary to attend the royal Christmas festivities. At court, while her father was between marriages and thus without a consort, Mary acted as hostess. In 1543, Henry married his sixth and last wife, 1181:, the French ambassador to England, "threatened war and began immediate intrigues with any malcontents he could find". Before Christmas in 1553, anti-Spanish ballads and broadsheets were circulating in the streets of London. 1361:

In the month following her accession, Mary issued a proclamation that she would not compel any of her subjects to follow her religion, but by the end of September 1553, leading Protestant churchmen—including Thomas Cranmer,

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On 10 July 1553, Lady Jane was proclaimed queen by Northumberland and his supporters, and on the same day Mary's letter to the council arrived in London. By 12 July, Mary and her supporters had assembled a military force at

905:, and was granted Hunsdon and Beaulieu as her own. Since Edward was still a child, rule passed to a regency council dominated by Protestants, who attempted to establish their faith throughout the country. For example, the 1301:. Mary continued to exhibit signs of pregnancy until July 1555, when her abdomen receded. Michieli dismissively ridiculed the pregnancy as more likely to "end in wind rather than anything else". It was most likely a 814:

Rebels in the North of England, including Lord Hussey, Mary's former chamberlain, campaigned against Henry's religious reforms, and one of their demands was that Mary be made legitimate. The rebellion, known as the

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Reginald Pole, the son of Mary's executed governess, arrived as papal legate in November 1554. He was ordained a priest and appointed Archbishop of Canterbury immediately after Cranmer's execution in March 1556.

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that Mary never cried. Mary had a fair complexion with pale blue eyes and red or reddish-golden hair, traits very similar to those of her parents. She was ruddy-cheeked, a trait she inherited from her father.

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Elizabeth remained at court until October, apparently restored to favour. In the absence of any children, Philip was concerned that one of the next claimants to the English throne after his sister-in-law was

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Under Mary's marriage treaty with Philip, the official joint style reflected not only Mary's but also Philip's dominions and claims: "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God, King and Queen of England, France,

1217:, the property and titles belonging to a woman became her husband's upon marriage, and it was feared that any man she married would thereby become King of England in fact and name. While Mary's grandparents 574:, a treatise on the education of girls. By the age of nine, Mary could read and write Latin. She studied French, Spanish, music, dance, and perhaps Greek. Henry VIII doted on his daughter and boasted to the 1612:

Financially, Mary's regime tried to reconcile a modern form of government—with correspondingly higher spending—with a medieval system of collecting taxation and dues. Mary retained the Edwardian appointee

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1540; one of the unlikely charges against him was that he had plotted to marry Mary himself. Anne consented to the annulment of the marriage, which had not been consummated, and Cromwell was beheaded.

1309:. Mary was heartbroken and fell into a deep depression. Michieli was touched by the queen's grief; he wrote she was "extraordinarily in love" with her husband and disconsolate at his departure. 1420:. Those who stayed and persisted in publicly proclaiming their beliefs became targets of heresy laws. The first executions occurred over five days in February 1555: John Rogers on 4 February, 819:, was ruthlessly suppressed. Along with other rebels, Hussey was executed, but there is no suggestion that Mary was directly involved. In 1537, Queen Jane died after giving birth to a son, 702:

had issued a dispensation on that basis. Clement VII may have been reluctant to act because he was influenced by Charles V, Catherine's nephew and Mary's former betrothed, whose troops had

1000:. Mary rode triumphantly into London on 3 August 1553, on a wave of popular support. She was accompanied by her half-sister Elizabeth and a procession of over 800 nobles and gentlemen. 1539:, England's sole remaining possession on the European mainland. Although the territory was financially burdensome, its loss was a mortifying blow to the queen's prestige. According to 1717: 878:

was implicated. Her executioner was "a wretched and blundering youth" who "literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces". In 1542, following the execution of Henry's fifth wife,

8506: 734:. Mary's household was dissolved; her servants (including the Countess of Salisbury) were dismissed and, in December 1533, she was sent to join her infant half-sister's household at 8417: 5817: 1131:, as a person whom the religious and political interests of the world recommended for Mary. The Spanish prince had been widowed a few years before by the death of his first wife, 7754: 4743: 399:. She was declared illegitimate and barred from the line of succession following the annulment of her parents' marriage in 1533, though she would later be restored via the 7939: 1707:

Protestant writers at the time, and since, have often condemned Mary's reign. By the 17th century, the memory of her religious persecutions had led to the adoption of her

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monastery lands were not returned to the church but remained in the hands of their influential new owners. By the end of 1554, the pope had approved the deal, and the

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Now aged 37, Mary turned her attention to finding a husband and producing an heir, which would prevent the Protestant Elizabeth (still next-in-line under the terms of

7771: 7871: 726:, formally declared the marriage with Catherine void and the marriage to Anne valid. Henry repudiated the pope's authority, declaring himself Supreme Head of the 7525: 504:, which was conducted immediately after the baptism. The following year, Mary became a godmother herself when she was named as one of the sponsors of her cousin 1127:, also king of Spain, saw that an alliance with England would give him supremacy in Europe; he sent his minister to England to propose his only legitimate son, 8712: 8678: 1260:

on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip could not speak English, and so they spoke a mixture of Spanish, French, and Latin.

1020:. Mary understood that the young Lady Jane was essentially a pawn in Northumberland's scheme, and Northumberland was the only conspirator of rank executed for 1442: 8428: 5810: 1535:, with one eyewitness reporting, "Both sides fought most choicely, and the English best of all." Celebrations were brief, as in January 1558 French forces 555:

Mary was a precocious child. In July 1520, when scarcely four and a half years old, she entertained a visiting French delegation with a performance on the

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The weather during the years of Mary's reign was consistently wet. The persistent rain and flooding led to famine. Another problem was the decline of the

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Mary rejected the break with Rome her father instituted and the establishment of Protestantism by her brother's regents. Philip persuaded Parliament to

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epidemic that also claimed Archbishop Pole's life later that day. She was succeeded by Elizabeth. Philip, who was in Brussels, wrote to his sister

1253: 669:. According to the Venetian Mario Savorgnano, by this time Mary was developing into a pretty, well-proportioned young lady with a fine complexion. 424: 9025: 8217: 7701: 7337: 7021: 779:

Reconciled with her father, Mary resumed her place at court. Henry granted her a household, which included the reinstatement of Mary's favourite,

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Mary was baptised into the Catholic faith at the Church of the Observant Friars in Greenwich three days after her birth. Her godparents included

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with French help, in a failed attempt to depose Mary. As a result of the war, relations between England and the Papacy became strained, since

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It was not just the English who were alarmed by the pending marriage of Mary and Philip. France feared an alliance between England and Spain.

8353: 642:, but the contract was repudiated after three years. In 1522, at the age of six, she was instead contracted to marry her 22-year-old cousin 3068: 1800:

on Earth Supreme Head". The title Supreme Head of the Church was repugnant to Mary's Catholicism, and she omitted it after Christmas 1553.

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had retained sovereignty of their respective realms during their marriage, there was no precedent to follow in England. Under the terms of

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1545 painting showing left to right: 'Mother Jak', Mary, Edward, Henry VIII, Jane Seymour (posthumous), Elizabeth, Will Somers (court fool)

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Although he was in deacon's orders and prominent in the church, Pole was not ordained until the day before his consecration as archbishop.

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Throughout Mary's childhood, Henry negotiated potential future marriages for her. When she was only two years old, Mary was promised to

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In 1536, Queen Anne fell from the king's favour and was beheaded. Elizabeth, like Mary, was declared illegitimate and stripped of her

9160: 8900: 1237:, "the marriage was concluded for no fleshly consideration, but in order to remedy the disorders of this kingdom and to preserve the 513: 4804:

Mayer, Thomas F. (1996). "A Test of Wills: Cardinal Pole, Ignatius Loyola, and the Jesuits in England". In McCoog, Thomas M. (ed.).

771:, who urged her husband to make peace with Mary. Henry insisted that Mary recognise him as head of the Church of England, repudiate 9249: 9140: 7840: 1696: 8320: 1165:

unsuccessfully petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of the

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and parliamentary classes, who foresaw having to pay greater taxes to cover the cost of England’s participation in foreign wars.

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and was the heir apparent to vast territories in Continental Europe and the New World. Both Philip and Mary were descendants of

890:(also known as the Third Succession Act), placing them after Edward – though both remained legally illegitimate. 9334: 9204: 7511: 7197: 7080: 6840: 2126: 1676: 361: 7696: 996:, Suffolk. Northumberland's support collapsed, and Jane was deposed on 19 July. She and Northumberland were imprisoned in the 9234: 8795: 8302: 7776: 7464: 7212: 6873: 6659: 5539: 5381: 5185: 4915: 4665: 1367: 4760: 886:, who was able to bring the family closer together. Henry returned Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession through the 9279: 9214: 9199: 8790: 8612: 8472: 8075: 7798: 7373: 7237: 7217: 497: 7855: 9329: 9209: 8950: 8569: 8296: 8140: 8063: 7876: 7813: 7728: 7596: 7559: 7456: 7440: 7307: 7302: 6997: 6991: 6899: 6779: 6771: 6667: 2242: 2116: 1785: 1580:

cloth trade. Despite Mary's marriage to Philip, England did not benefit from Spain's enormously lucrative trade with the

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had been implicated in the plot to put Lady Jane on the throne. She appointed Gardiner to the council and made him both

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Haigh, pp. 203–234, quoted in Freeman, Thomas S. (2017). "Restoration and Reaction: Reinterpreting the Marian Church."

2662: 1009: 1378:—were imprisoned. Mary's first Parliament, which assembled in early October, declared her parents' marriage valid and 1028:, though found guilty, were kept under guard in the Tower rather than immediately executed, while Lady Jane's father, 9299: 9294: 8406: 8114: 8086: 7073: 6935: 6909: 6856: 6833: 5635: 5554: 5524: 5467: 5449: 5431: 5351: 5296: 5267: 5232: 5147: 5093: 5063: 5037: 5000: 4952: 1769: 1322: 1286: 1248:

To elevate his son to Mary's rank, Emperor Charles V ceded to Philip the crown of Naples as well as his claim to the

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When Mary ascended the throne, she was proclaimed under the same official style as Henry VIII and Edward VI: "Mary,

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and John Hooper on 9 February. Thomas Cranmer, the imprisoned archbishop of Canterbury, was forced to watch Bishops

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Mary was convinced that the safety of England required her to form a closer relationship with Charles's family, the

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on 14 December, in a tomb she eventually shared with Elizabeth. The inscription on their tomb, affixed there by

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of Henry VIII, which (among other things) reaffirmed clerical celibacy. Married priests were deprived of their

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In 1541, Henry had the Countess of Salisbury, Mary's old governess and godmother, executed on the pretext of a

349: 474:, to survive infancy. Before Mary, her mother had three miscarriages and stillbirths and one short-lived son, 9150: 8396: 8359: 8196: 7545: 6919: 4782: 2817: 1742: 968:, which restored Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession, Edward named Northumberland's daughter-in-law 643: 635: 521: 7829: 7675: 9304: 9239: 9229: 8554: 8190: 6477: 6440: 1532: 1516: 1222: 911: 615:, although she was never technically invested with the title. She appears to have spent three years in the 439: 42: 17: 8960: 8423: 7317: 7009: 4895: 4490: 1397:, returning the English church to Roman jurisdiction. Reaching an agreement took many months and Mary and 1241:." A future child of Mary and Philip would be not only heir to the throne of England but also heir to the 9309: 9254: 9111: 8737: 8559: 8326: 8152: 8047: 7974: 7803: 6202: 5785: 3040: 2702: 973: 707: 7957:

Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.

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died on 6 July. Mary was proclaimed his successor in London on 19 July; sources differ on whether her

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was allied with Henry II of France. In August, English forces were victorious in the aftermath of the

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and deposed Jane, who was eventually beheaded. Mary was—excluding the disputed reigns of Jane and the

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and Hunsdon were among her principal places of residence, as well as Henry's palaces at Greenwich,

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marry Elizabeth in the event of Mary's death in childbirth, but in a letter to his brother-in-law

988:, Norfolk, she wrote to the privy council with orders for her proclamation as Edward's successor. 984:. Many adherents to the Catholic faith, opponents of Northumberland, lived there. On 9 July, from 316: 9194: 9101: 8466: 8332: 7257: 6252: 6247: 6232: 6207: 5745: 1570: 1558: 1520: 1379: 843: 823:. Mary was made godmother to her half-brother and acted as chief mourner at the queen's funeral. 691: 475: 63: 7892: 6619: 5914: 5493: 5211: 5027: 1040:

and Lord Chancellor, offices he held until his death in November 1555. Susan Clarencieux became

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and William Towerson sailed south in an attempt to develop links with the coast of Africa.

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Regno consortes et urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis

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Philip returned to England from March to July 1557 to persuade Mary to support Spain in a

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In total, 283 were executed, most by burning. The burnings proved so unpopular that even

1383: 1298: 1281: 1178: 1170: 981: 862:, who was the same age, came to nothing, but a match between Henry and the Duke's sister 816: 703: 662: 536: 471: 459: 396: 385: 381: 369: 295: 197: 5588: 8955: 8838: 8168: 7312: 7252: 7157: 7123: 7044: 7003: 6945: 6763: 6463: 6101: 6049: 5973: 5707: 5639: 5120: 2967: 2349: 2235: 1809: 1789: 1680: 1524: 1252:. Mary thus became Queen of Naples and titular Queen of Jerusalem upon marriage. Their 1226: 1128: 993: 796: 651: 646:. However, Charles broke off the engagement within a few years with Henry's agreement. 575: 563:). A great part of her early education came from her mother, who consulted the Spanish 463: 357: 246: 163: 1760: 9035: 9015: 8925: 8915: 8866: 8800: 8668: 8026: 7917: 7534: 7358: 7172: 7138: 6884: 6731: 5909: 5550: 5535: 5520: 5502: 5463: 5445: 5427: 5387: 5377: 5347: 5292: 5263: 5238: 5228: 5191: 5181: 5153: 5143: 5099: 5089: 5059: 5033: 5006: 4996: 4988: 4948: 4921: 4911: 2655: 2512: 1833: 1805: 1797: 1737: 1732: 1675:

Although Mary's will stated that she wished to be buried next to her mother, she was

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prescribed Protestant rites for church services, such as the use of Thomas Cranmer's

871: 780: 727: 690:

20:21), that the marriage was unclean because Catherine was the widow of his brother

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Loades, pp. 153–157; Porter, pp. 169–176; Waller, pp. 41–42; Whitelock, pp. 144–147.

1008:

One of Mary's first actions as queen was to order the release of the Roman Catholic

961:, and perhaps others, Edward excluded both from the line of succession in his will. 8975: 8905: 8005: 8000: 7277: 7262: 7227: 7222: 7104: 6961: 6950: 6924: 6414: 6404: 6294: 6267: 6119: 5951: 5871: 5864: 5582: 5437: 5328: 1871: 1856: 1825: 1354: 1338: 1197: 1013: 879: 683: 619:, making regular visits to her father's court, before returning permanently to the 8693: 5322: 1192:

to depose Mary in favour of Elizabeth, as part of a wider conspiracy now known as

850:

and his suit for her hand was unsuccessful. Over 1539, the king's chief minister,

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began. Their principal towns were named, respectively, Maryborough (later called

1398: 1302: 1268: 1204: 997: 855: 851: 743: 735: 647: 608: 567: 505: 482: 467: 416: 373: 353: 7503: 4104:

Loades, pp. 224–225; Porter, pp. 318, 321; Waller, pp. 86–87; Whitelock, p. 237.

3807:

Loades, pp. 176–181; Porter, pp. 213–214; Waller, p. 54; Whitelock, pp. 170–174.

1437:, one of Philip's own ecclesiastical staff, condemned them and another adviser, 7177: 6507: 6394: 6351: 6305: 6090: 5687: 5369: 5332: 4404: 3010: 2695: 2252: 1891: 1821: 1657: 1581: 1481: 1425: 1242: 1225:, Philip was to be styled "King of England", all official documents (including 980:, where she owned extensive estates and Northumberland had ruthlessly put down 969: 953:

On 6 July 1553, at the age of 15, Edward VI died of a lung infection, possibly

938: 883: 863: 792: 719: 699: 666: 639: 432: 408: 275: 136: 5460:

The Reign of Mary Tudor: Politics, Government and Religion in England, 1553–58

5313: 4735:

Loades, David (1989). "The Reign of Mary Tudor: Historiography and Research."

4672:, volume XIII, quoted in Loades, p. 311; Waller, p. 109 and Whitelock, p. 303. 1341:

of "Mary I, Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith", 1555

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in the immediate aftermath of the attempted coup. Lady Jane and her husband,

893:

Henry VIII died in 1547, and Edward succeeded him. Mary inherited estates in

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Loades, pp. 127–129; Porter, pp. 135–136; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 101.

3045: 1837: 1749: 1653: 1585: 1528: 1485: 1438: 1375: 1021: 954: 768: 501: 5884: 543: 8597: 7759: 7039: 6691: 6565: 6537: 6522: 6107: 5718: 5339: 4903: 3789:

Loades, p. 176; Porter, p. 195; Tittler, pp. 8, 81–82; Whitelock, p. 168.

1602: 1462: 1350: 1273: 1213: 1032:, was released. Mary was left in a difficult position, as almost all the 985: 977: 784: 715: 596: 560: 447: 412: 380:, but during her five-year reign, Mary had over 280 religious dissenters 218: 153: 86: 826: 694:(Mary's uncle). Catherine claimed that her marriage to Arthur was never 551:. She is aged 6 and wears a rectangular brooch inscribed "The Emperour". 8632: 6512: 6502: 6492: 6079: 5941: 1497: 1245:

in the event that Philip's eldest son, Don Carlos, died without issue.

788: 695: 337: 3654:

Contemporary Spanish and English reports, quoted in Whitelock, p. 108.

3318:

Loades, pp. 22–23; Porter, pp. 21–24; Waller, p. 21; Whitelock, p. 23.

1565: 8881: 6527: 6497: 6084: 6059: 5683: 5608: 4993:

English Reformations: religion, politics and society under the Tudors

3064: 1712: 1708: 1665: 1413: 1151: 933: 687: 556: 509: 404: 201: 143: 6185: 1457: 1382:. Church doctrine was restored to the form it had taken in the 1539 1345: 626: 6517: 6458: 6064: 5889: 1844: 1606: 1501: 1387: 1321:. Philip persuaded his wife that Elizabeth should marry his cousin 1306: 1234: 1166: 847: 679: 654:, but Wolsey secured an alliance with France without the marriage. 564: 80: 5565:

Before the Armada: The Growth of English Foreign Policy, 1485–1588

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The Reckoned Expense: Edmund Campion and the Early English Jesuits

1718:

First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women

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Mary and Philip: The Marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain

5140:

The Lineage & Ancestry of HRH Prince Charles, Prince of Wales

4511:

Loades, pp. 295–297; Porter, pp. 392–395; Whitelock, pp. 291–292.

4081:

Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain

3980:

Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain

3708:

Loades, pp. 143–147; Porter, pp. 160–162; Whitelock, pp. 133–134.

1577: 1492:(later called Counties Laois and Offaly) were founded, and their 1016:

from imprisonment in the Tower of London, as well as her kinsman

898: 894: 752: 270: 5242: 5103: 1184:

When Mary insisted on marrying Philip, insurrections broke out.

1143:. As part of the marriage negotiations, a portrait of Philip by 6227: 6175: 5899: 5894: 1813: 1144: 1101: 5578: 5475:

Mary Tudor: The Tragical History of the First Queen of England

4070:, volume XIII, quoted in Porter, p. 320 and Whitelock, p. 244. 3238:

Domine Orator, per Deum immortalem, ista puella nunquam plorat

3165:

Loades, p. 29; Porter, p. 16; Waller, p. 20; Whitelock, p. 21.

686:

refused his request. Henry claimed, citing biblical passages (

7903:

Since 1987, the spouses of infantes are no longer infantas.

6147: 5285:

Weikel, Ann (1980). Tittler, Robert; Loach, Jennifer (eds.).

4975:. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, New York: P. Dutton & Co 3533:

Porter, pp. 119–123; Waller, pp. 34–36; Whitelock, pp. 90–91.

3524:

Porter, pp. 119–123; Waller, pp. 34–36; Whitelock, pp. 83–89.

1867: 902: 772: 588: 1812:, and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and 1652:

Mary was weak and ill from May 1558. In pain, possibly from

1119:, recently created Earl of Devon, and the Catholic Cardinal 1096: 8555:

Freiin Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva

5931: 4493:. Calendar of State Papers, Spain. London. pp. 308–318 4048:

Porter, pp. 291–292; Waller, p. 85; Whitelock, pp. 226–227.

3960:

Porter, pp. 279–284; Waller, p. 72; Whitelock, pp. 202–209.

3309:

Porter, pp. 20–21; Waller, pp. 20–21; Whitelock, pp. 18–23.

1189: 9072: 5825: 5218:(4th ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell's Guide. 1962. 5212:"Chapter Five: Table of regnal year of English Sovereigns" 3591:

Loades, p. 114; Porter, pp. 126–127; Whitelock, pp. 95–96.

508:. In 1520, the Countess of Salisbury was appointed Mary's 328:(18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as 4349:

Loades, p. 325; Porter, pp. 355–356; Waller, pp. 104–105.

1847:

was the same as those used by all her predecessors since

747:

1536, Mary was "inconsolable". Catherine was interred in

5291:. The Marian Council Revisited: Rowman and Littlefield. 4619:

Porter, p. 398; Waller, pp. 106, 112; Whitelock, p. 299.

3906:, p. 55); Loades, pp. 199–201; Porter, pp. 265–267. 630:

Emperor Charles V, Mary's cousin and later father-in-law

5216:

Sweet & Maxwell's Guide to Law Reports and Statutes

4376:

Porter, pp. 358–359; Waller, p. 103; Whitelock, p. 266.

4358:

Loades, p. 326; Waller, pp. 104–105; Whitelock, p. 274.

4095:

Porter, pp. 321, 324; Waller, p. 90; Whitelock, p. 238.

3273:

Loades, p. 37; Porter, pp. 38–39; Whitelock, pp. 32–33.

411:, as queen instead. Mary speedily assembled a force in 364:

in 1558. She is best known for her vigorous attempt to

8218:

Princess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

7947: 7388: 4275:

Loades, pp. 207–208; Waller, p. 65; Whitelock, p. 198.

767:. Within two weeks of Anne's execution, Henry married 5056:

The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s

4012:

Porter, p. 300; Waller, pp. 74–75; Whitelock, p. 216.

1741:

favourably; decades after her death, the epitaph for

1622:

publication was not extensively reviewed until 1604.

1508:

Noailles, was implicated in a plot against Mary when

1203:

Mary was—excluding the brief, disputed reigns of the

5517:

Bloody Mary's Martyrs: The Story of England's Terror

5495:

Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary, 1536–1544

5260:

Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England

1211:. Further, under the English common law doctrine of 438:

After Mary's death in 1558, her re-establishment of

8315:

Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym

7734:

Infanta Maria Teresa of Portugal, Princess of Beira

5547:

The Lady Mary: A Biography of Mary Tudor, 1516–1558

5484:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Amberley Publishing. 1731:Protestants at the stake. In the mid-20th century, 972:, the granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister 8837: 8644: 5509:. Second edition. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. 4470:Porter, p. 389; Waller, p. 111; Whitelock, p. 289. 3358:. Vol. 4, part IV. London. 1836. p. 545. 1721:(1558), and John Foxe vilified her prominently in 937:Edward VI declared his first cousin once removed, 372:, which had begun during the reign of her father, 7533: 4908:Fires of Faith: Catholic England Under Mary Tudor 4140:Porter, p. 338; Waller, p. 95; Whitelock, p. 255. 3690:Loades, p. 120; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 112. 1353:, 1554. She wears a jewelled pendant bearing the 661:discussed the idea of her marriage to her cousin 9181: 8376:Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria, Duchess of Modena 8213:Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg 5344:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy 5227:(2nd ed.). London & New York: Longman. 4248:Antoine de Noailles quoted in Whitelock, p. 269. 3515:Porter, p. 121; Waller, p. 33; Whitelock, p. 81. 8589:also an archduchess of Austria in her own right 8507:Princess Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg 7544:Generations start with the daughters-in-law of 5426:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 3417:Loades, p. 77; Porter, p. 92; Whitelock, p. 57. 547:Mary in 1522, at the time of her engagement to 520:from 1530, and his wife Lady Anne, daughter of 8197:Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg 7841:Maria Luisa de Silva y Fernández de Henestrosa 5534:. Manchester UK: Manchester University Press. 5415:Doran, Susan and Thomas Freeman, eds. (2011). 4717:Porter, pp. 361–362, 418; Waller, pp. 113–115. 3475:Porter, pp. 103–104; Whitelock, pp. 67–69, 72. 3147:Porter, p. 13; Waller, p. 17; Whitelock, p. 7. 3129:Porter, p. 13; Waller, p. 16; Whitelock, p. 7. 1672:: "I felt a reasonable regret for her death." 591:to preside, presumably in name only, over the 59:Queen of England and Ireland from 1553 to 1558 9026:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 8613: 8418:Princess Maria Immaculata of the Two Sicilies 8402:Princess Maria Annunciata of the Two Sicilies 7933: 7772:Princess Maria Amalia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 7519: 7374: 7338:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 7081: 7022:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 6841: 6581: 5811: 4394:Waller, pp. 101, 103, 105; Whitelock, p. 266. 3553:The Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary 1890:. She adopted "Truth, the Daughter of Time" ( 1745:refers to "Queene Marie of happie memorie". 1147:was sent to Mary in the latter half of 1553. 1090:: both were potential candidates for marriage 62:"Mary I" redirects here. For other uses, see 7739:Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily 7095: 6855: 5619:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 4091: 4089: 4021:Porter, pp. 311–313; Whitelock, pp. 217–225. 4003:Porter, pp. 288–299; Whitelock, pp. 212–213. 3870:Porter, pp. 257–261; Whitelock, pp. 195–197. 3744:Porter, pp. 179–182; Whitelock, pp. 148–160. 1660:, she died on 17 November 1558, aged 42, at 8461:Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies 8291:Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 7755:Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies 7724:Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily 7409:Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily 6378:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 5599:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 5142:. Edinburgh & London: Charles Skilton. 5032:(Second ed.). Hodder & Stoughton. 4030:Waller, pp. 84–85; Whitelock, pp. 202, 227. 3780:Waller, pp. 51–53; Whitelock, pp. 165, 138. 3372:, vol. IV, p. 682, quoted in Loades, p. 63. 1627:debased under both Henry VIII and Edward VI 854:, negotiated a potential alliance with the 23: 8627: 8620: 8606: 8371:Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 8365:Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria 8309:Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia 7940: 7926: 7851:Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 7846:Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 7526: 7512: 7381: 7367: 7088: 7074: 6848: 6834: 6595: 6588: 6574: 6555:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 5818: 5804: 5638: 4947:(Second ed.). Longman Group Limited. 3843:Waller, pp. 59–60; Whitelock, pp. 185–186. 3252:Catherine of Aragon, Henry's Spanish Queen 1755: 1615:William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester 751:, while Mary grieved in semi-seclusion at 496:. Henry VIII's first cousin once removed, 446:by her younger half-sister and successor, 79: 24: 7872:Princess Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 5368: 5312:Weikel, Ann (2004; online edition 2008). 4319: 4317: 4086: 3435:Porter, pp. 97–101; Whitelock, pp. 55–69. 1906:Both Mary and Philip were descended from 570:for advice and commissioned him to write 458:Mary was born on 18 February 1516 at the 8191:Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria 5603: 4940: 4910:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 4529:Porter, pp. 229, 375; Whitelock, p. 277. 3948: 3282:Porter, pp. 38–39; Whitelock, pp. 32–33. 1759: 1697:Cultural depictions of Mary I of England 1636: 1564: 1552: 1480:, English colonists were settled in the 1456: 1344: 1332: 1267: 1095: 932: 833: 825: 625: 542: 531: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 9260:English pretenders to the French throne 8268:Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa 8153:Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria 5477:. Kew, Richmond, UK: National Archives. 5318:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5222: 5029:Edward VI and Mary: A Mid-Tudor Crisis? 4284:Porter, p. 241; Whitelock, pp. 200–201. 4212:Porter, pp. 337–338; Waller, pp. 97–98. 4057:Porter, pp. 308–309; Whitelock, p. 229. 3699:Loades, pp. 137–138; Whitelock, p. 130. 3681:Porter, pp. 143–144; Whitelock, p. 110. 3609:Loades, pp. 126–127; Whitelock, p. 101. 1548: 1412:Around 800 rich Protestants, including 959:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland 947:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland 14: 9182: 8585:also a princess of Tuscany by marriage 5284: 5257: 5172: 5122:Politics and Nation, England 1450-1660 5118: 5080: 4968: 4314: 4266:Tittler, pp. 23–24; Whitelock, p. 187. 3991: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3564:Porter, pp. 129–132; Whitelock, p. 28. 1796:, and of the Church of England and of 1601:, and commissioned a world atlas from 9071: 8836: 8643: 8601: 8581:*also an infanta of Spain by marriage 8321:Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg 8303:Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg 7921: 7507: 7362: 7069: 6829: 6569: 5799: 5137: 5053: 5025: 4987: 4902: 4803: 4664:Letter from the King of Spain to the 4488: 4239:Waller, pp. 98–99; Whitelock, p. 268. 3936: 3924: 3771:Waller, pp. 48–49; Whitelock, p. 165. 3497:Porter, p. 107; Whitelock, pp. 76–77. 3381:Porter, pp. 56, 78; Whitelock, p. 40. 3368:Mario Savorgnano, 25 August 1531, in 3120:Loades, pp. 12–13; Weir, pp. 152–153. 3009: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2981: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2823: 2816: 2814: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2722: 2701: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2683: 2668: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2598: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2530: 2528: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2389: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2251: 2249: 2241: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2125: 2123: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2022: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 941:, his heir. Lady Jane was married to 8473:Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria 8429:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria 8169:Countess Palatine Hedwig of Sulzbach 7893:Princess Sofía of Greece and Denmark 7799:Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma 7697:Infanta Mariana Victoria of Portugal 5417:Mary Tudor: Old and New Perspectives 5338: 4818:Loades, pp. 342–343; Waller, p. 116. 3408:Porter, p. 92; Whitelock, pp. 55–56. 3249: 1401:had to make a major concession: the 498:Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury 259: 9161:María Teresa Mestre y Batista-Falla 8570:Princess Marie Astrid of Luxembourg 8297:Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily 8064:Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal 7814:Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal 7729:Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal 7708:Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria 7676:Princess Louise Élisabeth of France 7560:Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal 6900:Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 6668:Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies 5442:Bloody Mary: The Life of Mary Tudor 4501:– via British History Online. 4113:Porter, p. 319; Waller, pp. 87, 91. 1328: 1207:and Lady Jane Grey—England's first 1084:Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon 1055: 572:De Institutione Feminae Christianae 453: 56: 9051:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 7949:Austrian archduchesses by marriage 7390:Princesses of Asturias by marriage 5408: 4690:Loades, p. 313; Whitelock, p. 305. 4646:Loades, p. 305; Whitelock, p. 300. 4122:Porter, p. 333; Waller, pp. 92–93. 3816:Porter, p. 210; Weir, pp. 159–160. 3735:Porter, p. 178; Whitelock, p. 149. 3370:Calendar of State Papers, Venetian 3138:Porter, pp. 13, 37; Waller, p. 17. 3071:were dated from 24 July or 6 July. 1641:Tomb of Elizabeth I and Mary I in 1263: 1010:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 945:, a son of the English politician 787:accounts for this period, kept by 611:. Vives and others called her the 425:she married Prince Philip of Spain 57: 9346: 9270:History of Catholicism in England 9245:English people of Spanish descent 8523:Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen 8435:Princess Auguste Maria of Bavaria 8407:Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal 8256:Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria 8185:Infanta Margaret Theresa of Spain 7907:*also an Infanta in her own right 7856:Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal 7457:Infanta Maria Manuela of Portugal 5636:National Portrait Gallery, London 5572: 5374:Mary Tudor: England's First Queen 4896:"Calendar of State Papers, Spain" 4872:Waller, p. 60; Whitelock, p. 310. 4757:Journal of Ecclesiastical History 4670:Calendar of State Papers, Spanish 4203:Waller, p. 97; Whitelock, p. 259. 4176:Waller, p. 95; Whitelock, p. 256. 4068:Calendar of State Papers, Spanish 3834:Waller, p. 59; Whitelock, p. 181. 3484:Letter from Emperor Charles V to 3201:Loades, pp. 19–20; Porter, p. 21. 1452: 1380:abolished Edward's religious laws 1323:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 1161:Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the 929:1553 succession crisis in England 698:and so was not a valid marriage. 395:of Henry VIII by his first wife, 9120: 8880: 8692: 8456:Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony 8333:Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy 8285:Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg 7877:Princess Alicia of Bourbon-Parma 7492: 5596:Dictionary of National Biography 5519:. New York: Carroll & Graf. 5462:. London and New York: Longman. 5424:Mary I: England's Catholic Queen 5288:The Mid-Tudor Polity c.1540-1560 5262:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 4875: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4797: 4788: 4785:, Coughton Church, Warwickshire. 4775: 4766: 4749: 4729: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4684: 4681:Porter, p. 410; Whitelock, p. 1. 4675: 4658: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4505: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4419: 4410: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4073: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4033: 3426:Loades, p. 78; Whitelock, p. 57. 3399:Porter, p. 76; Whitelock, p. 48. 3219:Porter, p. 28; Whitelock, p. 27. 3074: 1683:when he succeeded Elizabeth, is 1073: 1064: 593:Council of Wales and the Marches 524:, was one of Mary's attendants. 494:Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk 315: 9250:English people of Welsh descent 9141:Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau 7766:Infanta Maria Cristina of Spain 7671:Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony 7465:Archduchess Margaret of Austria 5855:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 5581:at the official website of the 4610:Porter, p. 376; Tittler, p. 53. 4592:Porter, p. 375; Tittler, p. 51. 4024: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3985: 3972: 3963: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3645:Loades, p. 122; Porter, p. 137. 3639: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3362: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3243: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 1484:under Mary and Philip's reign. 1030:Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk 255: 9156:Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium 8986:Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy 8501:Princess Rosemary of Salm-Salm 7804:Louise Marie Thérèse of Artois 7777:Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy 7328:Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy 6676:Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony 6628:Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg 5852:Monarchs of England until 1603 5444:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 5125:(Fifth ed.). David Loades 4969:Froude, James Anthony (1910). 4416:Loades, p. 238; Waller, p. 94. 4083:(Manchester, 2020), pp. 71–73. 4066:Letter of 29 July 1554 in the 4039:Porter, p. 269; Waller, p. 85. 3798:Porter, p. 203; Waller, p. 52. 3717:Porter, p. 154; Waller, p. 40. 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3102: 3093: 3058: 1901: 1044:. On 1 October 1553, Gardiner 858:. Suggestions that Mary marry 672: 13: 1: 9335:Deaths from cancer in England 9205:16th-century English monarchs 8451:Princess Stéphanie of Belgium 8397:Princess Margaretha of Saxony 8392:Princess Charlotte of Belgium 8360:Princess Hildegard of Bavaria 8354:Princess Maria Anna of Saxony 8115:Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria 8087:Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria 7835:Infanta María Teresa of Spain 7702:Infanta Maria Amalia of Spain 7692:Princess Maria Luisa of Parma 7417:Princess Maria Luisa of Parma 6920:Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine 5507:Mary Tudor: The Spanish Tudor 4367:Duffy, p. 79; Waller, p. 104. 3488:, quoted in Whitelock, p. 75. 3240:, quoted in Whitelock, p. 17. 3210:Loades, p. 31; Porter, p. 30. 3156:Loades, p. 28; Porter, p. 15. 3087: 2818:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1886:(depicted side-by-side) with 1748:Catholic historians, such as 1677:interred in Westminster Abbey 1466: 1395:repeal Henry's religious laws 1292:Thanksgiving services in the 846:, from late 1539, but he was 644:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 522:George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent 9235:Burials at Westminster Abbey 8528:Princess Margherita of Savoy 8262:Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain 8141:Princess Elisabeth of France 8043:Infanta Isabella of Portugal 7441:Princess Elisabeth of France 6620:Sophía of Greece and Denmark 5323:UK public library membership 4781:Epitaph plaque, tomb of Sir 1916:Family of Mary I of England 1882:). Sometimes, her arms were 1233:wrote to a correspondent in 922: 758: 704:surrounded and occupied Rome 527: 516:(later Lord Hussey) was her 490:Catherine, Countess of Devon 466:. She was the only child of 440:Roman Catholicism in England 403:. Her younger half-brother, 7: 9280:Wives of Philip II of Spain 9215:16th-century Irish monarchs 9200:16th-century queens regnant 9112:Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont 8738:Margaret, Countess of Blois 8560:Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg 8327:Princess Elisabeth of Savoy 8103:Archduchess Anna of Austria 8048:Anne of Bohemia and Hungary 7975:Mechthild of the Palatinate 7666:Infanta Barbara of Portugal 7425:Infanta Barbara of Portugal 6462:British monarchs after the 5786:Duchess consort of Burgundy 5327:. Oxford University Press. 5178:Mary Tudor: The First Queen 5088:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 5058:. Oxford University Press. 4995:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4489:Tyler, Royall, ed. (1954). 3555:, quoted in Loades, p. 111. 3041:Jewels of Mary I of England 3034: 1523:invaded England and seized 1317:, who was betrothed to the 1123:. But Mary's first cousin, 708:War of the League of Cognac 665:with the Scottish diplomat 623:around London in mid-1528. 500:, stood sponsor for Mary's 10: 9351: 9330:Deaths from uterine cancer 9210:16th-century English women 9036:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 9006:Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska 8862:Joanna, Duchess of Brabant 8816:Joanna, Duchess of Brabant 8565:Princess Astrid of Belgium 8495:Princess Ileana of Romania 8467:Princess Blanca of Bourbon 8349:Princess Sophie of Bavaria 8250:Princess Isabella of Parma 8147:Infanta Maria Ana of Spain 7830:Princess Louise of Orléans 7661:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans 7433:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans 6724:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans 6636:Maria Christina of Austria 5590:"Mary I (1516–1558)" 5530:Samson, Alexander (2020). 4941:Fletcher, Anthony (1970). 4887: 3982:(Manchester, 2020), p. 70. 3448:, quoted in Waller, p. 31. 1694: 1517:renewed war against France 926: 636:Francis, Dauphin of France 435:on his accession in 1556. 423:of England. In July 1554, 212:17 November 1558 (aged 42) 61: 9285:Queens regnant of England 9129: 9118: 9085: 9081: 9074:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 9067: 9034: 9014: 8994: 8974: 8914: 8889: 8878: 8850: 8846: 8832: 8764: 8746: 8726: 8701: 8690: 8659:Elder House of Luxembourg 8657: 8653: 8639: 8578: 8547: 8533:Princess Yolande of Ligne 8515: 8482: 8443: 8424:Princess Isabella of Croÿ 8384: 8341: 8277: 8242: 8226: 8205: 8177: 8133: 8095: 8056: 8035: 8019: 8006:Anne, Duchess of Brittany 8001:Mary, Duchess of Burgundy 7993: 7962: 7955: 7901: 7885: 7864: 7822: 7785: 7747: 7716: 7684: 7653: 7637: 7621: 7605: 7589: 7573: 7552: 7542: 7490: 7396: 7348:Maria Carolina of Austria 7137: 7103: 7053: 7034:Maria Carolina of Austria 6863: 6603: 6550: 6473: 6457: 6453: 6390: 6373: 6369: 5846: 5842: 5771: 5756: 5743: 5730: 5725: 5715: 5692: 5680: 5675: 5648: 5632:Portraits of Queen Mary I 5180:. London: Little, Brown. 5119:Loades, David M. (1999). 4325:The Myth of 'Bloody Mary' 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2952: 2950: 2942: 2940: 2932: 2930: 2922: 2920: 2912: 2910: 2894: 2892: 2858: 2856: 2848: 2846: 2838: 2836: 2821: 2808: 2796: 2794: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2766: 2752: 2750: 2738: 2736: 2728: 2726: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2509: 2475: 2456: 2454: 2446: 2444: 2408: 2406: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2316: 2314: 2306: 2304: 2280: 2276: 2213: 2194: 2192: 2184: 2182: 2174: 2172: 2152: 2150: 2090: 2088: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1898:) as her personal motto. 1690: 1500:) and Philipstown (later 1478:Tudor conquest of Ireland 1357:set beneath two diamonds. 1223:Queen Mary's Marriage Act 1133:Maria Manuela of Portugal 1113:Act of Succession of 1544 860:William I, Duke of Cleves 401:Third Succession Act 1543 311: 301: 291: 281: 269: 240: 225: 208: 191: 187: 177: 170: 159: 149: 132: 122: 112: 94: 78: 73: 9300:Royal consorts of Sicily 9295:Royal consorts of Naples 9131:House of Nassau-Weilburg 8891:House of Valois-Burgundy 8027:Joanna, Queen of Castile 7809:Princess Berthe de Rohan 7793:Infanta Eulalia of Spain 7203:Helena Angelina Doukaina 7188:Isabella II of Jerusalem 7097:Royal consorts of Sicily 6890:Andrew, Duke of Calabria 6857:Royal consorts of Naples 6684:Maria Isabel of Portugal 6652:Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo 6609:Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano 5750:Duchess consort of Milan 5567:. London: Jonathan Cape. 5545:Waldman, Milton (1972). 5258:Waller, Maureen (2006). 5223:Tittler, Robert (1991). 3551:Madden, F. (ed.) (1831) 3051: 1632: 1407:Heresy Acts were revived 1186:Thomas Wyatt the Younger 1163:English House of Commons 1003: 724:Archbishop of Canterbury 657:In 1528, Wolsey's agent 607:normally reserved for a 595:. She was given her own 360:from January 1556 until 39:latest accepted revision 9290:Roman Catholic monarchs 9265:English Roman Catholics 9102:Anna Pavlovna of Russia 8412:Princess Anna of Saxony 7449:Queen Mary I of England 7258:Eleanor of Alburquerque 6756:Marie Louise of Orléans 5746:Queen consort of Naples 5616:Encyclopædia Britannica 5422:Edwards, John. (2011). 4972:The Reign of Mary Tudor 4845:Tittler, p. 80; Weikel. 4628:Whitelock, pp. 299–300. 4479:Whitelock, pp. 293–295. 4185:Whitelock, pp. 257–259. 3636:Whitelock, pp. 105–106. 3618:Whitelock, pp. 103–104. 3356:State Papers Henry VIII 1756:Titles, style, and arms 1533:Battle of Saint Quentin 844:Philip, Duke of Bavaria 799:(also called Newhall), 692:Arthur, Prince of Wales 476:Henry, Duke of Cornwall 64:Mary I (disambiguation) 9325:Countesses of Flanders 9320:Children of Henry VIII 9315:Spanish royal consorts 9151:Felix of Bourbon-Parma 9146:Marie Anne of Portugal 9087:House of Orange-Nassau 8961:Marie Louise d'Orléans 8674:Clementia of Aquitaine 8490:Princess Zita of Parma 8109:Isabella Clara Eugenia 8076:Infanta Maria of Spain 7481:Catherine of Lancaster 7343:Maria Amalia of Saxony 7318:Marie Louise d'Orléans 7233:Elizabeth of Carinthia 7028:Maria Amalia of Saxony 7010:Marie Louise d'Orléans 6735:(1714–1724, 1724–1746) 6708:Maria Amalia of Saxony 6660:Francis, Duke of Cádiz 6597:Spanish royal consorts 5774:Queen consort of Spain 5610:"Mary I., Queen" 5376:. London: Bloomsbury. 5333:10.1093/ref:odnb/18245 5138:Paget, Gerald (1977). 4668:, 4 December 1558, in 3300:Loades, pp. 41–42, 45. 2990:Elizabeth I of England 2479:Ferdinand II of Aragon 2384:Lady Margaret Beaufort 2217:Catherine of Lancaster 1896:Veritas Temporis Filia 1895: 1832:, Counts of Habsburg, 1773: 1645: 1605:. Adventurers such as 1573: 1562: 1542:Holinshed's Chronicles 1473: 1358: 1342: 1276: 1219:Ferdinand and Isabella 1104: 966:Act of Succession 1544 950: 907:Act of Uniformity 1549 888:Act of Succession 1544 839: 831: 749:Peterborough Cathedral 652:Henri, Duke of Orleans 631: 552: 540: 181:16 January 1556 – 172:Queen consort of Spain 9275:People from Greenwich 9107:Sophie of Württemberg 9097:Wilhelmine of Prussia 8966:Maria Anna of Neuburg 8728:House of Hohenstaufen 8684:Ermengarde of Zutphen 7473:Blanche II of Navarre 7323:Maria Anna of Neuburg 7273:Isabella I of Castile 7016:Maria Anna of Neuburg 6956:Isabella I of Castile 6748:Maria Anna of Neuburg 5458:(1979, 2d ed. 1991). 5419:. Palgrave MacMillan. 5054:Hoyle, R. W. (2001). 5026:Heard, Nigel (2000). 4854:Loades, pp. 217, 323. 4403:See for example, the 3345:Whitelock, pp. 37–38. 3336:Whitelock, pp. 36–37. 3327:Whitelock, pp. 30–31. 2685:Henry VIII of England 2472:Isabella I of Castile 1794:Defender of the Faith 1763: 1715:attacked Mary in his 1640: 1568: 1556: 1460: 1348: 1336: 1287:Maximilian of Austria 1271: 1099: 1042:Mistress of the Robes 1026:Lord Guildford Dudley 943:Lord Guildford Dudley 936: 912:Book of Common Prayer 837: 829: 629: 580:Sebastian Giustiniani 546: 539:, 1520, Mary's mother 535: 286:Henry VIII of England 9046:Maria Luisa of Spain 8996:House of Wittelsbach 8931:Isabella of Portugal 8901:Isabella of Portugal 8811:Anna von Schweidnitz 8791:Elizabeth of Bohemia 8713:Laurette of Flanders 8679:Mathilde of Northeim 8082:Anna Juliana Gonzaga 7760:Isabella II of Spain 7333:Anne Marie d'Orléans 7283:Isabella of Portugal 7248:Blanche I of Navarre 7213:Margaret of Burgundy 7208:Beatrice of Provence 7198:Elisabeth of Bavaria 7119:Eremburga of Mortain 6968:Isabella of Portugal 6931:Isabella of Clermont 6874:Margaret of Burgundy 6868:Beatrice of Provence 6812:Isabella of Portugal 6740:Maria Luisa of Savoy 6700:Maria Luisa of Parma 6432:William III & II 5997:Henry the Young King 5947:Edward the Confessor 5915:Æthelred the Unready 5739:Isabella of Portugal 5625:"Mary I (1516–1558)" 5314:"Mary I (1516–1558)" 4863:e.g. Waller, p. 106. 4827:Loades, pp. 340–343. 4794:Loades, pp. 340–341. 4742:(4) : 547–558. 4666:Princess of Portugal 4491:"Spain: August 1557" 4452:Porter, pp. 381–387. 4329:Smithsonian Magazine 4302:Loades, pp. 235–242. 4131:Loades, pp. 234–235. 3762:Porter, pp. 188–189. 3573:Porter, pp. 124–125. 3004:Mary, Queen of Scots 2997:Edward VI of England 2873:Lady Frances Brandon 2825:Isabella of Portugal 2506:Henry VII of England 2391:Edward IV of England 2210:Henry III of Castile 1888:those of her husband 1818:Archdukes of Austria 1772:, Philip II of Spain 1770:those of her husband 1625:English coinage was 1549:Commerce and revenue 1315:Mary, Queen of Scots 1258:Winchester Cathedral 1250:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1135:, mother of his son 1038:Bishop of Winchester 842:Mary was courted by 638:, the infant son of 470:and his first wife, 393:only surviving child 9305:Sicilian princesses 9240:Counter-Reformation 9230:Austrian princesses 8951:Elisabeth of France 8941:Elisabeth of Valois 8796:Beatrice of Bourbon 8786:Margaret of Brabant 8781:Beatrice of Avesnes 8646:County of Luxemburg 8538:Laetitia d'Arenberg 8011:Bianca Maria Sforza 7985:Catherine of Saxony 7980:Eleanor of Scotland 7970:Eleanor of Portugal 7597:Elisabeth of France 7308:Elisabeth of France 7303:Margaret of Austria 7293:Elisabeth of Valois 7238:Constance of Aragon 7218:Isabella of Castile 7193:Isabella of England 7183:Constance of Aragon 7163:Margaret of Navarre 7153:Sibylla of Burgundy 6998:Elisabeth of France 6992:Margaret of Austria 6980:Elisabeth of Valois 6905:Margaret of Durazzo 6895:James IV of Majorca 6796:Élisabeth of France 6780:Margaret of Austria 6772:Élisabeth of France 6716:Barbara of Portugal 6644:Mercedes of Orléans 6380:Union of the Crowns 5765:Elisabeth of France 5549:. London: Collins. 5346:. London: Pimlico. 5225:The Reign of Mary I 4556:Tittler, pp. 49–50. 3994:, pp. 190–191) 3228:Loades, pp. 32, 43. 3109:Sweet and Maxwell's 2866:James V of Scotland 2670:Catherine of Aragon 2377:Henry VI of England 2110:Henry IV of England 1778:by the Grace of God 1724:Actes and Monuments 1619:Lord High Treasurer 1424:on 8 February, and 1299:Antoine de Noailles 1282:Treason Act of 1554 1179:Antoine de Noailles 1100:Philip of Spain by 817:Pilgrimage of Grace 663:James V of Scotland 537:Catherine of Aragon 472:Catherine of Aragon 460:Palace of Placentia 397:Catherine of Aragon 386:Marian persecutions 382:burned at the stake 370:English Reformation 348:from July 1553 and 296:Catherine of Aragon 198:Palace of Placentia 29:Page version status 9310:Spanish princesses 9255:English princesses 8956:Mariana of Austria 8839:Duchy of Luxemburg 8125:Claudia de' Medici 7546:Charles I of Spain 7313:Mariana of Austria 7253:Margaret of Prades 7158:Beatrice of Rethel 7124:Adelaide del Vasto 7045:Caroline Bonaparte 7004:Mariana of Austria 6946:Isabella del Balzo 6764:Mariana of Austria 6464:Acts of Union 1707 6427:James II & VII 6120:Kenneth I MacAlpin 5905:Edgar the Peaceful 5761:Title next held by 5735:Title last held by 5650:Mary I of England 5503:Prescott, H. F. M. 5086:Mary Tudor: A Life 4989:Haigh, Christopher 4881:Whitelock, p. 242. 4637:Whitelock, p. 301. 4461:Whitelock, p. 288. 4340:Whitelock, p. 262. 4257:Whitelock, p. 284. 4194:Whitelock, p. 258. 4079:Alexander Samson, 3978:Alexander Samson, 3939:, pp. 48, 49) 3927:, pp. 46, 48) 3861:Whitelock, p. 183. 3852:Whitelock, p. 182. 3825:Waller, pp. 57–59. 3627:Whitelock, p. 105. 3457:Loades, pp. 84–85. 2968:Philip II of Spain 2350:John II of Castile 2236:Henry V of England 1774: 1646: 1574: 1563: 1525:Scarborough Castle 1474: 1359: 1343: 1277: 1231:Ruy Gómez de Silva 1227:Acts of Parliament 1105: 994:Framlingham Castle 964:Contradicting the 951: 840: 832: 797:Palace of Beaulieu 755:in Hertfordshire. 632: 605:royal prerogatives 553: 541: 464:Greenwich, England 354:Habsburg dominions 247:Philip II of Spain 35: 9190:Mary I of England 9177: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9063: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9016:House of Habsburg 8936:Mary I of England 8926:Joanna of Castile 8916:House of Habsburg 8867:Joanna of Bavaria 8828: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8801:Blanche of Valois 8718:Agnes of Guelders 8669:Hedwig of Nordgau 8595: 8594: 8070:Mary I of England 7915: 7914: 7565:Mary I of England 7535:Infantas of Spain 7501: 7500: 7356: 7355: 7288:Mary I of England 7173:Sibylla of Acerra 7148:Elvira of Castile 7139:Kingdom of Sicily 7129:Elvira of Castile 7063: 7062: 6974:Mary I of England 6885:Sancia of Majorca 6823: 6822: 6804:Mary I of England 6732:Elisabeth Farnese 6563: 6562: 6546: 6545: 6449: 6448: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6359: 5910:Edward the Martyr 5794: 5793: 5716:Succeeded by 5540:978-1-5261-4223-8 5490:Madden, Frederick 5438:Erickson, Carolly 5383:978-0-7475-9018-7 5321:(subscription or 5187:978-0-7499-0982-6 4917:978-0-300-15216-6 4808:. pp. 21–38. 4783:John Throckmorton 4331:. March 12, 2020. 3506:Whitelock, p. 91. 3250:Tremlett, Giles. 3192:Whitelock, p. 27. 3183:Whitelock, p. 23. 3032: 3031: 3028: 3027: 2983:Mary I of England 2656:Joanna of Castile 2513:Elizabeth of York 1956:Duke of Lancaster 1743:John Throckmorton 1738:Christopher Haigh 1733:H. F. M. Prescott 1662:St James's Palace 1643:Westminster Abbey 1435:Alfonso de Castro 1422:Laurence Saunders 1319:Dauphin of France 1294:diocese of London 1272:Mary and Philip, 1194:Wyatt's rebellion 1188:led a force from 1109:Henry VIII's will 1050:Westminster Abbey 1034:Privy Counsellors 874:in which her son 781:Susan Clarencieux 765:succession rights 738:, Hertfordshire. 728:Church of England 613:Princess of Wales 549:Emperor Charles V 488:; her great-aunt 323: 322: 306:Roman Catholicism 233:Westminster Abbey 215:St James's Palace 47:26 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 9342: 9124: 9083: 9082: 9069: 9068: 8976:House of Bourbon 8906:Margaret of York 8884: 8852:House of Limburg 8848: 8847: 8834: 8833: 8766:House of Limburg 8696: 8655: 8654: 8641: 8640: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8599: 8598: 8159:Eleonora Gonzaga 8120:Eleonora Gonzaga 7942: 7935: 7928: 7919: 7918: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7505: 7504: 7496: 7495: 7401:Letizia of Spain 7383: 7376: 7369: 7360: 7359: 7278:Germaine of Foix 7263:Maria of Castile 7228:Eleanor of Anjou 7223:Blanche of Anjou 7105:County of Sicily 7090: 7083: 7076: 7067: 7066: 6962:Germaine of Foix 6951:Anne of Brittany 6941:Joanna of Naples 6936:Joanna of Aragon 6925:Maria of Castile 6910:Mary of Lusignan 6850: 6843: 6836: 6827: 6826: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6567: 6566: 6455: 6454: 6415:Richard Cromwell 6405:The Protectorate 6395:James I & VI 6371: 6370: 5952:Harold Godwinson 5872:Edward the Elder 5865:Alfred the Great 5849: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5797: 5796: 5695:Queen of England 5681:Preceded by 5671: 5670:17 November 1558 5664: 5663:18 February 1516 5646: 5645: 5642: 5628: 5620: 5612: 5600: 5592: 5583:British monarchy 5456:Loades, David M. 5403: 5365: 5326: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5281: 5254: 5219: 5207: 5169: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5115: 5082:Loades, David M. 5077: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5022: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4944:Tudor Rebellions 4937: 4899: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4786: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4753: 4747: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4323:Solly, Meilan. " 4321: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3486:Empress Isabella 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3062: 2247:Duke of Somerset 2121:Earl of Somerset 1922: 1921: 1913: 1912: 1872:passant guardant 1782:Queen of England 1764:Arms of Mary I, 1557:Philip and Mary 1471: 1470: 1555–1558 1468: 1339:Jacopo da Trezzo 1329:Religious policy 1198:Woodstock Palace 1117:Edward Courtenay 1077: 1068: 1056:Spanish marriage 1018:Edward Courtenay 1014:Stephen Gardiner 982:Kett's Rebellion 880:Catherine Howard 684:Pope Clement VII 603:and many of the 454:Birth and family 342:Queen of England 319: 263: 261: 257: 229:14 December 1558 195:18 February 1516 183:17 November 1558 118:17 November 1558 116:July 1553 – 96:Queen of England 83: 71: 70: 21: 9350: 9349: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9340: 9339: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9165: 9133: 9125: 9116: 9089: 9077: 9055: 9038: 9030: 9018: 9010: 8998: 8990: 8978: 8970: 8946:Anna of Austria 8918: 8910: 8893: 8885: 8876: 8854: 8842: 8820: 8806:Anne of Bavaria 8776:Margaret of Bar 8768: 8760: 8750: 8742: 8730: 8722: 8705: 8697: 8688: 8661: 8649: 8635: 8626: 8596: 8591: 8574: 8548:18th generation 8543: 8516:17th generation 8511: 8483:16th generation 8478: 8444:15th generation 8439: 8385:14th generation 8380: 8342:13th generation 8337: 8278:12th generation 8273: 8243:11th generation 8238: 8227:10th generation 8222: 8201: 8173: 8164:Anna de' Medici 8129: 8091: 8052: 8031: 8015: 7989: 7958: 7951: 7946: 7916: 7911: 7897: 7886:14th generation 7881: 7865:13th generation 7860: 7823:12th generation 7818: 7786:11th generation 7781: 7748:10th generation 7743: 7712: 7680: 7649: 7633: 7617: 7601: 7585: 7569: 7548: 7538: 7532: 7502: 7497: 7493: 7488: 7392: 7387: 7357: 7352: 7298:Anna of Austria 7243:Antonia of Baux 7168:Joan of England 7133: 7114:Judith d'Évreux 7099: 7094: 7064: 7059: 7057:Queen of Sicily 7049: 6986:Anna of Austria 6915:Mary of Enghien 6880:Mary of Hungary 6859: 6854: 6824: 6819: 6788:Anna of Austria 6599: 6594: 6564: 6559: 6542: 6469: 6445: 6410:Oliver Cromwell 6386: 6361: 6356: 6203:Constantine III 6112: 5937:Harold Harefoot 5927:Edmund Ironside 5838: 5833: and 5824: 5789: 5784: 5762: 5753: 5748: 5736: 5721: 5704: 5702: 5690: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5623: 5587: 5575: 5570: 5411: 5409:Further reading 5406: 5384: 5370:Whitelock, Anna 5354: 5320: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5270: 5235: 5210: 5188: 5150: 5128: 5126: 5096: 5066: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5003: 4978: 4976: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4918: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4836:Porter, p. 400. 4835: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4754: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4708:Waller, p. 115. 4707: 4703: 4699:Waller, p. 116. 4698: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4663: 4659: 4655:Waller, p. 108. 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601:Porter, p. 376. 4600: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4583:Porter, p. 372. 4582: 4578: 4574:Porter, p. 373. 4573: 4569: 4565:Porter, p. 371. 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4547:Tittler, p. 49. 4546: 4542: 4538:Tittler, p. 48. 4537: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4520:Porter, p. 393. 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4443:Tittler, p. 66. 4442: 4438: 4434:Loades, p. 319. 4433: 4429: 4425:Porter, p. 357. 4424: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385:Waller, p. 102. 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4322: 4315: 4311:Waller, p. 113. 4310: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4293:Porter, p. 331. 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230:Porter, p. 342. 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4078: 4074: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3915:Porter, p. 310. 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753:Porter, p. 187. 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3663:Porter, p. 143. 3662: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582:Loades, p. 108. 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3550: 3546: 3542:Loades, p. 105. 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466:Porter, p. 100. 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3367: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3037: 2663:Maria of Aragon 2246: 2120: 1955: 1904: 1758: 1711:"Bloody Mary". 1699: 1693: 1635: 1599:Sebastian Cabot 1597:under governor 1595:Muscovy Company 1551: 1521:Thomas Stafford 1490:King's Counties 1476:Furthering the 1469: 1455: 1399:Pope Julius III 1331: 1303:false pregnancy 1266: 1264:False pregnancy 1205:Empress Matilda 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1070: 1069: 1058: 1006: 998:Tower of London 931: 925: 856:Duchy of Cleves 852:Thomas Cromwell 761: 744:Eustace Chapuys 736:Hatfield Palace 675: 648:Cardinal Wolsey 609:Prince of Wales 568:Juan Luis Vives 530: 514:Sir John Hussey 506:Frances Brandon 483:Lord Chancellor 468:King Henry VIII 456: 417:Empress Matilda 374:King Henry VIII 356:as the wife of 340:opponents, was 265: 253: 249: 236: 230: 213: 196: 182: 117: 108: 90: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9348: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9195:House of Tudor 9192: 9175: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9137: 9135: 9134:(1890–present) 9127: 9126: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9093: 9091: 9079: 9078: 9065: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9042: 9040: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9028: 9022: 9020: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9002: 9000: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8988: 8982: 8980: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8922: 8920: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8897: 8895: 8887: 8886: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8872:Agnes of Opole 8869: 8864: 8858: 8856: 8844: 8843: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8772: 8770: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8758: 8754: 8752: 8748:House of Namur 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8734: 8732: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8709: 8707: 8703:House of Namur 8699: 8698: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8651: 8650: 8637: 8636: 8625: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8602: 8593: 8592: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8551: 8549: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8453: 8447: 8445: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8426: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8362: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8288: 8281: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8209: 8207: 8206:9th generation 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8188: 8181: 8179: 8178:8th generation 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8137: 8135: 8134:7th generation 8131: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8106: 8099: 8097: 8096:6th generation 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8073: 8067: 8060: 8058: 8057:5th generation 8054: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8039: 8037: 8036:4th generation 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8023: 8021: 8020:3rd generation 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7997: 7995: 7994:2nd generation 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7966: 7964: 7963:1st generation 7960: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7945: 7944: 7937: 7930: 7922: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7879: 7874: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7717:9th generation 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7699: 7694: 7688: 7686: 7685:8th generation 7682: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7654:7th generation 7651: 7650: 7648: 7647: 7641: 7639: 7638:6th generation 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7625: 7623: 7622:5th generation 7619: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7606:4th generation 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7593: 7591: 7590:3rd generation 7587: 7586: 7584: 7583: 7577: 7575: 7574:2nd generation 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7556: 7554: 7553:1st generation 7550: 7549: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7531: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7508: 7499: 7498: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7478: 7470: 7462: 7454: 7446: 7438: 7430: 7422: 7414: 7406: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7386: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7363: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7268:Juana Enríquez 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7178:Irene Angelina 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7144: 7142: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7110: 7108: 7101: 7100: 7093: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7070: 7061: 7060: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6853: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6830: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6809: 6801: 6793: 6785: 6777: 6769: 6761: 6753: 6745: 6737: 6729: 6721: 6713: 6705: 6697: 6689: 6681: 6673: 6665: 6657: 6649: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6613:(2014–present) 6604: 6601: 6600: 6593: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6570: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6402: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6306:Edward Balliol 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6166:Constantine II 6163: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6094: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5958:Edgar Ætheling 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5847: 5840: 5839: 5823: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5800: 5792: 5791: 5769: 5768: 5760: 5755: 5742: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5714: 5691: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5676:Regnal titles 5673: 5672: 5652: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5629: 5621: 5607:, ed. (1911). 5605:Chisholm, Hugh 5601: 5585: 5574: 5573:External links 5571: 5569: 5568: 5561:Wernham, R. B. 5558: 5543: 5528: 5513:Ridley, Jasper 5510: 5500: 5497:(London, 1831) 5487: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5453: 5435: 5420: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5382: 5366: 5352: 5336: 5310: 5297: 5282: 5268: 5255: 5233: 5220: 5208: 5186: 5170: 5148: 5135: 5116: 5094: 5078: 5064: 5051: 5038: 5023: 5001: 4985: 4966: 4953: 4938: 4916: 4900: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4796: 4787: 4774: 4772:Haigh, p. 234. 4765: 4748: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4427: 4418: 4409: 4405:Oxford Martyrs 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4167:Loades, p. 32. 4160: 4151: 4149:Waller, p. 96. 4142: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4097: 4085: 4072: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3984: 3971: 3969:Waller, p. 73. 3962: 3953: 3949:Fletcher (1970 3941: 3929: 3917: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3672:Waller, p. 37. 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3390:Waller, p. 27. 3383: 3374: 3361: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3291:Waller, p. 23. 3284: 3275: 3266: 3264:Tittler, p. 1. 3257: 3254:. p. 244. 3242: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3174:Hoyle, p. 407. 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3073: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3011:Lady Jane Grey 3008: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 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policy 1451: 1426:Rowland Taylor 1337:Gold medal by 1330: 1327: 1265: 1262: 1243:Spanish Empire 1082: 1081: 1072: 1071: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1005: 1002: 970:Lady Jane Grey 939:Lady Jane Grey 924: 921: 884:Catherine Parr 793:Hatfield House 760: 757: 720:Thomas Cranmer 700:Pope Julius II 674: 671: 667:Adam Otterburn 640:King Francis I 529: 526: 455: 452: 433:Habsburg Spain 409:Lady Jane Grey 358:King Philip II 350:Queen of Spain 321: 320: 313: 309: 308: 303: 299: 298: 293: 289: 288: 283: 279: 278: 273: 267: 266: 251: 245: 244: 242: 238: 237: 231: 227: 223: 222: 210: 206: 205: 193: 189: 188: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 168: 167: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 134: 130: 129: 128:1 October 1553 126: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 102: 92: 91: 84: 76: 75: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9347: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 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6698: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6586: 6584: 6579: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6383: 6381: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6279: 6278:Alexander III 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6134:Constantine I 6131: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5809: 5807: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5733: 5729: 5726:Royal titles 5724: 5720: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5655:Tudor dynasty 5647: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5555:0-00-211486-0 5552: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5525:0-7867-0854-9 5522: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5491: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468:0-582-05759-0 5465: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5450:0-385-11663-2 5447: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5432:0-300-11810-4 5429: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5353:0-7126-7448-9 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5300: 5298:9780333245286 5294: 5290: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5269:0-312-33801-5 5265: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5234:0-582-06107-5 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5174:Porter, Linda 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5149:0-284-98590-2 5145: 5141: 5136: 5124: 5123: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5095:0-631-15453-1 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5065:0-19-925906-2 5061: 5057: 5052: 5041: 5039:9780340743171 5035: 5031: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5002:0-198-22163-0 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4974: 4973: 4967: 4956: 4954:9780582313897 4950: 4946: 4945: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4878: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4842: 4833: 4824: 4815: 4807: 4800: 4791: 4784: 4778: 4769: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4687: 4678: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4652: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4616: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4492: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4406: 4400: 4391: 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Mary's 759:Adulthood 732:Elizabeth 688:Leviticus 599:based at 557:virginals 528:Childhood 510:governess 405:Edward VI 362:her death 336:" by her 312:Signature 221:, England 204:, England 202:Greenwich 150:Successor 144:Edward VI 8629:Consorts 6518:George V 6508:Victoria 6483:George I 6352:James VI 6337:James IV 6327:James II 6300:David II 6295:Robert I 6284:Margaret 6218:Duncan I 6127:Donald I 6065:Edward V 6055:Henry VI 6045:Henry IV 6025:Edward I 5991:Henry II 5890:Edmund I 5879:Ælfweard 5837:monarchs 5831:Scottish 5778:Sardinia 5563:(1966). 5515:(2001). 5505:(1952). 5440:(1978). 5372:(2009). 5362:7794712M 5342:(1996). 5278:9516816M 5251:1882426M 5243:90043171 5176:(2007). 5158:79311835 5112:2188907M 5104:89007163 5084:(1989). 5019:1718720M 5011:26720329 4991:(1992). 4906:(2009). 3035:See also 1849:Henry IV 1834:Flanders 1826:Burgundy 1607:John Lok 1571:shilling 1559:sixpence 1502:Daingean 1349:Mary by 1307:Flanders 1235:Brussels 1111:and the 1048:Mary at 848:Lutheran 801:Richmond 680:annulled 576:Venetian 565:humanist 444:reversed 352:and the 302:Religion 235:, London 43:reviewed 6436:Mary II 6342:James V 6322:James I 6258:David I 6223:Macbeth 6155:Eochaid 6050:Henry V 5985:Matilda 5979:Stephen 5974:Henry I 5835:British 5829:, 5827:English 5699:Ireland 5634:at the 4888:Sources 4726:Weikel. 3111:(p. 28) 1884:impaled 1830:Brabant 1798:Ireland 1790:Ireland 1766:impaled 1681:James I 1593:to the 1578:Antwerp 1486:Queen's 1443:martyrs 1254:wedding 1046:crowned 899:Suffolk 895:Norfolk 753:Hunsdon 706:in the 384:in the 366:reverse 346:Ireland 264: 252: 105:more... 100:Ireland 7468:(1497) 7055:*Also 6727:(1724) 6647:(1878) 6347:Mary I 6228:Lulach 6192:Amlaíb 6186:Cuilén 6176:Indulf 6102:Philip 6097:Mary I 5900:Eadwig 5895:Eadred 5782:Sicily 5758:Vacant 5732:Vacant 5708:Philip 5666: 5627:. BBC. 5579:Mary I 5553: 5538: 5523: 5466: 5448: 5430: 5398: 5390: 5380: 5360: 5350: 5295: 5276: 5266: 5249: 5241: 5231: 5202: 5194: 5184: 5164: 5156: 5146: 5110: 5102: 5092: 5072: 5062: 5036: 5017: 5009: 4999: 4951: 4932: 4924: 4914: 4761:online 4744:online 4737:Albion 1859:three 1814:Sicily 1806:Naples 1786:France 1691:Legacy 1670:Joanna 1584:. 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