1738:("prince's regent's time"), as the regency of Luitpold is often called, was an era of the gradual transfer of Bavarian interests behind those of the German Empire. In connection with the unhappy end of the preceding rule of King Ludwig II this break in the Bavarian monarchy looked even stronger. Finally, the constitutional amendment of 1913 brought the determining break in the continuity of the king's rule in the opinion of historians, particularly as this change had been granted by the Landtag as a House of Representatives and meant therefore indirectly the first step toward full parliamentary government. Today the connection of these two developments is regarded as a main cause for the unspectacular end of the Bavarian kingdom without opposition in the course of the November revolution of 1918. However the course of his 26-year regency Luitpold knew to overcome, by modesty, ability and popularity, the initial uneasiness of his subjects. These prince regent's years were transfigured, finally—above all in the retrospect – to a golden age of Bavaria, even if one mourned the "fairy tale king" Ludwig II, which happens in a folkloric-nostalgic manner till this day.
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1957:). They were created in the fashion of the French departements, quite even in size and population, and named after their main rivers: Altmühl-, Eisack-, Etsch-, Iller-, Inn-, Isar-, Lech-, Main-, Naab-, Oberdonau-, Pegnitz-, Regen-, Rezat-, Salzach- and Unterdonaukreis. Because of the numerous territorial changes in 1810 and 1815, the divisions needed to be adjusted and the number of Kreise was reduced to 8: Isar-, Unterdonau-, Oberdonau-, Regen-, Rezat-, Untermain-, Obermain- and Rheinkreis.
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outside the
Prussian order of battle. The Bavarian infantry and cavalry regiments retained their historic light blue and green uniforms, distinctive from the Prussian model adopted throughout most of the army. The individual Bavarian soldier swore an oath of loyalty to King Ludwig, though in wartime this pledge of obedience was extended to Kaiser Wilhelm as supreme commander. In July 1914, the Bavarian Army numbered 92,400 or 11 percent of the total
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1363:, which was put down with the support of Prussian forces. However Maximilian II stood alongside Bavaria's ally, the Austrian Empire, in opposition to Austria's enemy, Prussia. This position was resented by many Bavarian citizens, who wanted a united Germany. In the end Prussia declined the crown offered by the Frankfurt Parliament as the proposed constitution of a German state was perceived to be too liberal and not in Prussia's interests.
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1727:("The Prince Regent Years"). In 1912, Luitpold died, and his son, Prince Regent Ludwig, took over as regent. By then, it had long been apparent that Otto would never be able to reign, and sentiment grew for Ludwig to become king in his own right. On 6 November, a day after the Landtag passed a law allowing him to do so, Ludwig ended the regency, deposed Otto and declared himself King of Bavaria as
1322:, came to power in the Bavarian parliament and began a campaign of reform to the constitution, which removed civil rights that had earlier been granted to Protestants, as well as enforcing censorship and forbidding the free discussion of internal politics. This regime was short-lived due to the demand by the Ultramontanes of the naturalization of Ludwig I's Irish mistress,
1630:. Ludwig used his personal wealth to finance these projects, and not state funds, and the construction projects landed him deeply in debt. These debts caused much concern among Bavaria's political elite, who sought to persuade Ludwig to cease his building; he refused, and relations between the government's ministers and the crown deteriorated.
1083:. In view of the scarcely disguised ambitions and intrigues of the Austrian court, Montgelas now believed that the interests of Bavaria lay in a frank alliance with the French Republic; he succeeded in overcoming the reluctance of Maximilian Joseph; and, on 24 August, a separate treaty of peace and alliance with France was signed at Paris.
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With the establishment of the German Empire, a series of conventions brought the bulk of the various state military forces directly under the administration of the
Prussian War Ministry. Bavaria however maintained a degree of autonomy in peacetime, with its own two (later three) army corps remaining
1517:
as part of its territorial claims. Ludwig II joined an alliance with
Prussia in 1870 against France, which was seen by Germans as the greatest enemy to a united Germany. At the same time, Bavaria increased its political, legal, and trade ties with the North German Confederation. In 1870, war erupted
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was used by
Austria and its allies (including Bavaria) to promote the isolation of Prussia in German political affairs. This diplomatic insult almost led to war when Austria, Bavaria, and other allies moved troops through Bavaria towards Hesse-Kassel in 1850. However, Prussia backed down to Austria,
1201:
Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister Count
Montgelas followed a strict policy of modernisation and laid the foundations of administrative structures that survived even the monarchy and are (in their core) valid until today. On 1 February 1817, Montgelas was dismissed and Bavaria entered a new
1797:
declared war on
Germany. Initially, in Bavaria and all across Germany, many recruits flocked enthusiastically to the Army. At the outbreak of the war, King Ludwig III sent an official dispatch to Berlin, to express Bavaria's solidarity. Later Ludwig even claimed annexations for Bavaria (Alsace and
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were safeguarded in the constitution with articles supporting the equality of all religions, despite opposition by supporters of the Roman
Catholic Church. The initial constitution almost proved disastrous for the monarchy, with controversies such as the army having to swear allegiance to the new
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became the new Prime
Minister of Bavaria. Accused of showing blind loyalty to Prussia, Ludwig III became increasingly unpopular during the war. In 1918, the kingdom attempted to negotiate a separate peace with the allies but failed. By 1918, civil unrest was spreading across Bavaria and Germany,
1242:
Within the
Kingdom of Bavaria, the Palatinate enjoyed a special legal and administrative position, as the Bavarian government maintained substantial achievements of the French period. The German historian Heiner Haan described the special status of the Palatinate within Bavaria as a relation of
1806:, to receive access to the sea). His hidden agenda was to maintain the balance of power between Prussia and Bavaria within the German Empire after a victory. Over time, with a stalemated and bloody war on the western front, Bavarians, like many Germans, grew weary of the conflict.
1230:, meaning "House of Representatives"), would include representatives of landowners, the three universities, clergy (Catholic and Protestant), the towns and the peasants. Without the consent of both houses, no law could be passed and no tax could be levied. The rights of
1347:. The revolutions also brought amendments to the constitution, including changes to the lower house of the Landtag with equal suffrage for every male who paid a direct tax. Maximilian II responded to the demands of the people for a united German state by attending the
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but also known as the "Humiliation of Olmütz" by
Prussia. This event solidified the Bavarian kingdom's alliance with Austria against Prussia. When the project to unite the German middle-sized powers under Bavarian leadership against Prussia and Austria (the so-called
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1645:(then called Lake Würm). Ludwig and the psychiatrist were found dead, floating in the lake. The official autopsy listed cause of death as suicide by drowning, but some sources claim that no water was found in Ludwig's lungs. While these claims could be explained by
1621:
After Bavaria's entry into the empire, Ludwig II became increasingly detached from Bavaria's political affairs and spent vast amounts of money on personal projects, such as the construction of a number of fairytale castles and palaces, the most famous being the
1689:, in 1900, by forbidding the flying of any other flag other than the Bavarian flag on public buildings for the emperor's birthday, but this was swiftly modified afterwards, allowing the German imperial flag to be hung beside the Bavarian flag.
1841:. He was the first of the monarchs in the German Empire to be deposed; only days later, the Kaiser abdicated the German throne. Ludwig took up residence in Austria for what was intended to be a temporary stay. On 12 November, he issued the
1665:. However, Otto had a long history of mental illness and had been placed under medical supervision three years earlier. The duties of head of state actually rested in the hands of Prince Luitpold, who continued to serve as regent for Otto.
1845:, declaring that under the circumstances, he was "in no position to lead the government." Accordingly, he released his soldiers and officials from their oath to him. Although he never formally abdicated, the socialist-led government of
172:
2023:. Ludwig's plan to acquire also the former eastern part could not be realized. The electorate, a former dominion of the Bavarian Wittelsbach dynasty, had been split up in 1815, the eastern bank of the Rhine with the former capital
1447:(3 July 1866) against Austria, which sued for peace shortly afterward. The states of the German Confederation had not agreed on a common strategy in the war. Their separate armies were therefore defeated in succession by Prussia.
1142:
against Napoleon in exchange for a guarantee of her continued sovereign and independent status. On 14 October, Bavaria made a formal declaration of war against Napoleonic France. The treaty was passionately backed by Crown Prince
1864:. Despite the abolition of the monarchy, the former king was laid to rest in front of the former royal family, the Bavarian government, military personnel, and an estimated 100,000 spectators, in the style of royal funerals.
1127:. In 1808, all relics of serfdom were abolished. In the same year, Maximilian promulgated Bavaria's first written constitution. Over the next five years, it was amended numerous times in accordance with Paris' wishes.
1090:
allowed Maximilian to raise Bavaria to the status of a kingdom. Accordingly, Maximilian proclaimed himself king on 1 January 1806 as Maximilian I. The king still served as an elector until Bavaria seceded from the
1378:
In the aftermath of the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament, Prussia and Austria continued to debate over which monarchy had the inherent right to rule Germany. A dispute between Austria and the Elector of
1235:
constitution. The monarchy appealed to Prussia and the Austria for advice; the two refused to take action on Bavaria's behalf, but the disturbances lessened and the state stabilized with the accession of
1263:
buildings and architecture across Bavaria. Ludwig also increased Bavaria's pace towards industrialization under his reign. In foreign affairs under Ludwig's rule, Bavaria supported the Greeks during the
857:
1039:, Bavaria was now in a bad situation. Before the death of Charles Theodore (16 February 1799), the Austrians had again occupied the country, in preparation for renewing the war with France.
1035:, leaving a regency, the members of which signed a convention with Moreau, by which he granted an armistice in return for a heavy contribution (7 September 1796). Between the French and the
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with the Coalition nations as the victors, in a complete failure for the French, although they achieved a minor victory when a Bavarian army attempted to block the retreat of the French
1170:
With the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814, Bavaria lost the territories it had gained from Austria, but was compensated for some of its losses, receiving new territories such as the
1679:
During the regency of Prince-Regent Luitpold, from 1886 to 1912, relations between Bavaria and Prussia remained cold, with Bavarians remembering the anti-Catholic agenda of Bismarck's
171:
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1505:, with the Prussian king leading the state. Bavaria's previous inhibitions towards Prussia changed, along with those of many of the south German states, after French Emperor
1432:, recognizing the immediate likelihood of war, tried to keep Bavaria neutral. Ludwig II refused Bismarck's offers and continued Bavaria's alliance with Austria. In 1866, the
1259:
In 1825, Ludwig I ascended the throne of Bavaria. Under Ludwig, the arts flourished in Bavaria, and Ludwig personally ordered and financially assisted the creation of many
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were opposed by Bavaria and Austria, with Bavaria taking part in its own discussions with Austria and other allies in 1863, in Frankfurt, without Prussia attending.
1633:
At last, in 1886, the crisis came to a head. A medical commission appointed by the cabinet declared Ludwig insane and thus incapable of reigning. His uncle, Prince
1602:
Bavaria's entry into the German Empire changed from jubilation over France's defeat to dismay shortly afterward because of the direction Germany took under the new
1575:
were declared, which included the states of the North German Confederation and all of the south German states, with the major exception of Austria. The empire also
2038:
After the Austro-Prussian War (1866) in which Bavaria had sided with defeated Austria, it had to cede several Lower Franconian districts to Prussia. The Duchy of
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did not wish to use the occasion of the passing of his father to attempt to re-establish the monarchy by force, preferring to do so by legal means. Cardinal
1685:, as well as Prussia's strategic dominance over the empire. Bavaria protested Prussian dominance over Germany and snubbed the Prussian-born German Emperor,
1618:). The Kingdom of Bavaria was even able to retain its own diplomatic body and its own army, which would fall under Prussian command only in times of war.
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was scattered and disorganized, left him helpless in the hands of Austria; on 2 December 1800, the Bavarian Army was involved in the Austrian defeat at
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As of 1838, at the instigation of King Ludwig I, the Kreise were renamed after the former historical tribes and territories of the respective area in:
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1641:. A day after Ludwig's deposition, the king died mysteriously after asking the commission's chief psychiatrist to go on a walk with him along
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in 1806. The crown continued to be held by the Wittelsbachs until the kingdom came to an end in 1918. Most of the border of modern Germany's
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Austria was defeated, and the German Confederation was dissolved, ending Austria's influence over the lesser German states. Bavaria lost
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1916:(1810–1816) were temporarily united with Bavaria but then returned (Tyrol) or ceded (Salzburg) to Habsburg/Austrian rule. In return the
1876:, in his funeral speech, made a clear commitment to the monarchy while Rupprecht only declared that he had stepped into his birthright.
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This article is about the 19th and early-20th century state. For the medieval state briefly known as the Kingdom of Bavaria, see
2008:. The town names of Neuburg, Regensburg and Aschaffenburg were later dropped. Accordingly, the king changed his royal titles to
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was ceded to Napoleon only in 1806. The new kingdom faced challenges from the outset of its creation, relying on the support of
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deposed. With this, the 700-year rule of the Wittelsbach dynasty came to an end, and the former Kingdom of Bavaria became the
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began. Bavaria and most of the south German states allied with Austria, but contributed far less to the war against Prussia.
1059:), the new elector, succeeded to a difficult inheritance. Though his own sympathies, and those of his all-powerful minister,
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Luitpold's years as regent were marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Bavaria where they are known as the
1603:
1598:. This castle was designed and constructed during the reign of Ludwig II and remains a major tourist attraction in Bavaria.
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the Prince Regent appointed a government headed by a representative of the Landtag's majority for the first time in 1912.
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With France's defeat and humiliation against the combined German forces, it was Ludwig II who proposed that Prussian King
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in 1832. As for politics, initial reforms advocated by Ludwig were both liberal and reform-oriented. However, after the
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Die Volkshymnen aller Staaten des deutschen Reiches. Beiträge zu einer Geschichte über ihre Entstehung und Verbreitung
1218:, meaning "House of Councillors") comprised the aristocracy and noblemen, including the royal princes, holders of the
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On 26 May 1818, Bavaria's second constitution was proclaimed. The constitution established a bicameral Parliament (
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After the founding of the kingdom the state was totally reorganised and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative
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1063:, were, if anything, French rather than Austrian, the state of the Bavarian finances, and the fact that the
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militant. Germany went to the side of its former rival-turned-ally, Austria-Hungary, and declared war on
1326:, a notorious courtesan and dancer, which was resented by Ludwig, and the Ultramontanes were pushed out.
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With Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, the northern German states quickly unified into the
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in 1832 showed the discontent of the population with high taxes and censorship. Bavaria joined the
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Gerhard Heyl, Emma Mages, Max Piendl, August Scherl, Bernhard Zittel (1983). Wilhelm Volkert, ed.
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Region and State in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Nation-Building, Regional Identities and Separatism
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1031:. Charles Theodore, who had done nothing to prevent the war or to resist the invasion, fled to
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2035:. The western bank was granted to Bavaria as compensation for the loss of Tyrol and Salzburg.
1425:, became King of Bavaria as tensions between Austria and Prussia escalated steadily. Prussian
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1583:, due in large part to Ludwig's desire to move the French frontier away from the Palatinate.
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The Catholic, conservative Patriotic Party founded in 1868 became the leading party in the
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of the new empire and was second in size, power, and wealth only to the leading state, the
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was never part of the Kingdom of Bavaria since it was annexed to Bavaria only in 1920.
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were elected to the parliament. From 1903, university education was also possible for
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Bavarian defiance to Prussian hegemony and Bavarian separatism being key motivators.
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had secured a privileged status for the Kingdom of Bavaria within the German Empire (
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of 8 October 1813 Bavaria left the Confederation of the Rhine and agreed to join the
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1027:—where they were received with joy by the long-suppressed Liberals—and laid siege to
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On 30 December 1777, the Bavarian line of the Wittelsbachs became extinct, and the
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1493:. From this time, Bavaria steadily progressed into Prussia's sphere of influence.
1351:, which intended to create such a state. However, when Maximilian II rejected the
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1513:'s need for "compensation" from its loss in 1814 and included the Bavarian-held
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in Bavaria and hereditary and lifelong nominees of the crown. The lower house (
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and accepted its political leadership of Germany. This event was known as the
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Historisches Lexikon Bayerns – Funeral of Ludwig III... accessed: 1 July 2011
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2677:"16 Bizarre Facts About King Ludwig II, The Most Extreme Fanboy of All Time"
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3941:
3886:
2130:: 3,707,966 (1818) / 4,370,977 (1840) / 6,176,057 (1900) / 6,524,372 (1910)
1778:
1646:
1506:
1191:
267:
5711:
5220:
5016:
4908:
4903:
4823:
4414:
4398:
3972:
3088:
1846:
1681:
1531:
1323:
561:
293:
151:
2873:
2390:
1190:. It was the second largest and second most powerful state south of the
5266:
5204:
5123:
4363:
4328:
4115:
3424:
2342:
2246:
2240:
2193:
2187:
2028:
1686:
1591:
1576:
1537:
1366:
1285:
1231:
1134:
in 1812 about 30,000 Bavarian soldiers were killed in action. With the
1028:
942:
1329:
5625:
5615:
5184:
4491:
4378:
2703:"Be careful what you wish for…especially if you wish you were a king"
2222:
2160:
2019:
which Bavaria had acquired was mainly the western part of the former
1921:
1623:
1548:
1422:
1297:
1194:, behind only Austria. In Germany as a whole, it ranked third behind
298:
1809:
5762:
5645:
5635:
5454:
4953:
4225:
3136:
2887:
2374:
2326:
2310:
2049:
In the first half of the 20th. century, the initial terminology of
2024:
1901:
1879:
1474:
3321:
1421:
In 1864, Maximilian II died early, and his eighteen-year-old son,
1293:
1075:(9 February 1801), Bavaria lost the Palatinate and the duchies of
5655:
5610:
5585:
5139:
4848:
4466:
4419:
4358:
4282:
4236:
4128:
3794:
2441:
2358:
2105:
2043:
1860:
The funeral of Ludwig III in 1921 was feared or hoped to spark a
1803:
1799:
1790:
1708:. Electoral reforms changed the elections of the parliament from
1478:
1343:, Ludwig abdicated on 20 March 1848 in favour of his eldest son,
1195:
1042:
843:
303:
2554:
Handbuch der bayerischen Ämter, Gemeinden und Gerichte 1799–1980
1814:
5737:
5650:
4913:
4813:
4456:
4312:
3878:
2822:
2600:"Constitutional monarchy in the Kingdom of Bavaria | bavarikon"
2406:
2294:
2010:
Ludwig, King of Bavaria, Duke of Franconia, Duke in Swabia and
1908:, and Bavaria became a kingdom in 1806, its land area doubled.
1638:
1417:, who left office following Bavaria's defeat in the war in 1866
1024:
914:
253:
1397:
resigned in 1859. Attempts by Prussia to reorganize the loose
1254:
976:
4194:
4015:
1318:
In 1837, the Roman Catholic-supported clerical movement, the
1107:. The kingdom was forced to give Napoleon conscripts for the
1011:
had been added, was thus reunited with Bavaria. In 1793, the
2727:
2599:
189:
The Kingdom of Bavaria in 1914, as part of the German Empire
5620:
4461:
4451:
4441:
4424:
3851:
1466:
took command, but the Bavarians were decisively beaten at
1760:
1239:
to the throne following the death of Maximilian in 1825.
890:
until 1825) was a German state that succeeded the former
1825:
became German Chancellor and Prime Minister of Prussia;
1526:
was sent under the command of the Prussian Crown Prince
1896:
The Electorate (1778) and the Kingdom of Bavaria (1815)
999:. After a separation of four and a half centuries, the
917:'s foundation dates back to the ascension of Elector
2728:"Foundation of the German Reich in 1871 | bavarikon"
964:, and the kingdom was thus succeeded by the current
894:
in 1806 and continued to exist until 1918. With the
1849:took Ludwig's declaration as such and declared the
1656:
2803:Beisetzung Ludwigs III., München, 5. November 1921
1496:
1292:was constructed in Bavaria, between the cities of
1567:), which occurred in 1871 at the German-occupied
5836:
1880:Geography, administrative regions and population
1119:in 1809 and from 1810 to 1814 lost territory to
2015:and these were retained by his successors. The
1888:The Kingdom of Bavaria in 1808, including Tyrol
1696:(Parliament). In 1887, its name was changed to
1071:, and Moreau once more occupied Munich. By the
1716:elections in 1906. With the Centre politician
1485:to Prussia; former two became part of the new
1280:, Ludwig turned to conservative reaction. The
79:
59:
5890:States and territories disestablished in 1918
4210:
3837:
3307:
2859:
2834:Catholic Encyclopedia: The Kingdom of Bavaria
2700:
960:In 1918, Bavaria became a republic after the
4179:
4170:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2400:
2384:
2368:
2352:
2336:
2320:
2304:
2288:
2276:
2214:
2137:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
1952:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1765:In 1914, a clash of alliances occurred over
1560:
149:
132:
71:
51:
2199:Salzachkreis (1810–1816 / ceded to Austria)
1837:with his family due to the outbreak of the
1789:. Following the German invasion of neutral
1255:Ludwig I, Maximilian II and the Revolutions
977:Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I
5885:States and territories established in 1806
4217:
4203:
3844:
3830:
3314:
3300:
2866:
2852:
2532:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
183:
2540:
2113:in 1816, including the Rhenish Palatinate
1833:On 7 November 1918, Ludwig fled from the
5870:States of the Confederation of the Rhine
2839:Guide to Bavaria: The Kingdom of Bavaria
2757:. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 24 & 26.
2148:Eisackkreis (1808–1810 / ceded to Italy)
2104:
2092:
2080:
1891:
1883:
1808:
1773:following the assassination of Austrian
1672:Statue of Prince Regent Luitpold at the
1667:
1585:
1536:
1408:
1365:
1328:
1302:
1251:(alongside state, i.e. the Palatinate).
1041:
937:, in which the Kingdom of Bavaria ceded
2755:The Army of the German Empire 1870-1888
2157:Innkreis (1808–1814 / ceded to Austria)
2151:Etschkreis (1808–1810 / ceded to Italy)
674:75,865 km (29,292 sq mi)
14:
5837:
4252:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
2777:
2752:
2437:List of minister-presidents of Bavaria
1761:World War I and the end of the kingdom
1404:
1023:, invaded Bavaria itself, advanced to
4482:
4198:
3825:
3295:
2847:
2507:
1821:In 1917, the Bavarian Prime Minister
1661:The crown passed to Ludwig's brother
1015:overran the Palatinate; in 1795, the
933:were established after 1814 with the
881:
868:
2626:"Forschung – Universität Regensburg"
2457:Aftermath of World War II in Bavaria
2184:Pegnitzkreis (1808–1810 / dissolved)
2145:Altmühlkreis (1808–1810 / dissolved)
1741:
2628:. Uni-regensburg.de. Archived from
2249:(transformed into Middle Franconia)
2243:(transformed into Upper Palatinate)
1357:uprising in the Bavarian Palatinate
576:• Proclamation of the kingdom
27:1806–1918 kingdom in Central Europe
24:
5865:States of the German Confederation
4247:List of current sovereign monarchs
3323:States of the German Confederation
2701:portiabridget (11 December 2010).
2261:(transformed into Lower Franconia)
2231:(transformed into Upper Franconia)
2154:Illerkreis (1808–1817 / dissolved)
2109:The Kingdom of Bavaria within the
2097:The Kingdom of Bavaria within the
2085:The Kingdom of Bavaria within the
1866:Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria
1817:(Lemberg), 1915 during World War I
1518:between France and Prussia in the
1489:whereas the latter became part of
25:
5911:
5880:1918 disestablishments in Germany
2815:
2175:Naabkreis (1808–1810 / dissolved)
2166:Lechkreis (1808–1810 / dissolved)
1993:Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg
1924:were annexed to Bavaria in 1815.
1579:the formerly French territory of
1571:, France. The territories of the
1057:Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken
5900:1918 disestablishments in Europe
4765:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3962:
3346:
2962:
2821:
2778:Thomas, Nigel (20 August 2003).
2490:Joost Augusteijn, Storm. H. J.,
2255:(transformed into Lower Bavaria)
2225:(transformed into Upper Bavaria)
1657:Regency and institutional reform
1610:. The Bavarian delegation under
823:
809:
784:
770:
756:
168:
112:
98:
4242:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
2796:
2771:
2753:Seaton, Albert (15 June 1973).
2746:
2720:
1981:Upper Palatinate and Regensburg
1497:Ludwig II and the German Empire
1247:(main state, i.e. Bavaria) and
1205:
870:[ˈkøːnɪkˌʁaɪ̯çˈbajɛɐ̯n]
5875:1806 establishments in Bavaria
4224:
3673:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf
2780:The German Army in World War I
2694:
2669:
2652:"The Royal Drama of Ludwig II"
2644:
2618:
2592:
2567:
2501:
2484:
2046:was added to Bavaria in 1945.
1551:be proclaimed German Emperor (
1464:Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria
1222:, archbishops, members of the
1202:era of constitutional reform.
1095:on 1 August 1806, joining the
902:in 1871, the kingdom became a
883:[ˈkɪnəˌraɪ̯xˈb̥ajɛɐ̯n]
13:
1:
5895:1806 establishments in Europe
2782:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 3.
2508:Boehm, König Schwein (1901).
2477:
2267:(transformed into Palatinate)
2076:
1612:Count Otto von Bray-Steinburg
1606:and Prussian Prime Minister,
1439:Prussia quickly defeated the
1393:) failed, Minister-President
4257:List of monarchy referendums
2494:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012,
1653:of political assassination.
1288:in 1834. In 1835, the first
1186:was given to Bavaria by the
792:Imperial County of Ortenburg
778:Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
7:
5860:States of the German Empire
3853:States of the German Empire
2707:portable pieces of thoughts
2575:"Bavaria Becomes a Kingdom"
2415:
2101:in 1812, including Salzburg
2012:Count Palatine of the Rhine
1862:restoration of the monarchy
10:
5916:
2876:Confederation of the Rhine
2099:Confederation of the Rhine
2087:Confederation of the Rhine
1906:Confederation of the Rhine
1745:
1503:North German Confederation
1155:in October 1813 ended the
1097:Confederation of the Rhine
1003:, to which the duchies of
980:
971:
214:Confederation of the Rhine
29:
5669:
5578:
5292:
5055:
4989:
4801:
4792:
4688:
4670:
4602:
4517:
4475:
4407:
4321:
4265:
4232:
4158:
4142:
4114:
4101:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
4060:
4014:
3971:
3960:
3860:
3808:
3777:
3750:
3717:
3643:
3610:
3603:
3541:
3496:
3460:
3453:
3407:
3391:
3355:
3344:
3330:
3266:
3160:
3107:
3059:
3050:
3020:
2994:
2978:
2971:
2960:
2942:
2921:
2895:
2883:
2237:(transformed into Swabia)
1855:People's State of Bavaria
1266:Greek War of Independence
1132:French invasion of Russia
1013:French Revolutionary Army
839:
805:People's State of Bavaria
735:
703:
699:
689:
685:
678:
670:
663:
659:
646:
633:
620:
607:
594:
584:
574:
570:
544:
532:
520:
510:
506:
494:
482:
470:
466:
456:
452:
440:
428:
424:
414:
410:
398:
386:
374:
362:
350:
338:
334:
324:
312:
274:
259:
246:
194:
182:
144:
128:
94:
89:
41:
4394:Self-proclaimed monarchy
3908:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
2462:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2089:in 1806, including Tyrol
1775:Archduke Franz Ferdinand
1649:, they have also led to
1487:Province of Hesse-Nassau
1334:King Ludwig I of Bavaria
1176:Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
1061:Maximilian von Montgelas
1047:Maximilian von Montgelas
819:Bavarian Soviet Republic
539:House of Representatives
477:Maximilian von Montgelas
140:("Steadfast in loyalty")
4662:Vatican City (Holy See)
2124:: 75,865 km (1900)
1415:Ludwig von der Pfordten
1228:Kammer der Abgeordneten
1172:Grand Duchy of Würzburg
878:
319:Constitutional monarchy
80:
60:
4944:Islands of Refreshment
4374:Legitimacy (political)
4180:
4171:
4166:German colonial empire
4096:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
2553:
2401:
2385:
2369:
2353:
2337:
2321:
2305:
2289:
2277:
2215:
2138:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1897:
1889:
1818:
1676:
1599:
1561:
1544:
1418:
1375:
1361:Joseph Martin Reichard
1355:in 1849, there was an
1353:Frankfurt Constitution
1336:
1315:
1149:Karl Philipp von Wrede
1049:
896:unification of Germany
865:
624:Unification of Germany
152:Bayerische Königshymne
150:
133:
72:
52:
4755:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4344:Criticism of monarchy
4334:Abolition of monarchy
2427:Electorate of Bavaria
2108:
2096:
2084:
2040:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1895:
1887:
1870:Michael von Faulhaber
1827:Otto Ritter von Dandl
1812:
1671:
1628:Neuschwanstein Castle
1596:Castle Neuschwanstein
1589:
1540:
1412:
1369:
1332:
1306:
1268:with his second son,
1216:Kammer der Reichsräte
1045:
989:Electorate of Bavaria
966:Free State of Bavaria
931:Free State of Bavaria
892:Electorate of Bavaria
764:Electorate of Bavaria
501:Otto Ritter von Dandl
260:Common languages
165:"Bavarian Royal Hymn"
4587:United Arab Emirates
4143:Imperial Territories
3996:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3991:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3912:Starostwo of Draheim
3435:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3430:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3147:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3142:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2830:at Wikimedia Commons
2514:. Wismar. p. 38
2472:Bavarian nationalism
2273:Government districts
2211:Government districts
2134:Government districts
2111:German Confederation
2033:Grand Duchy of Baden
2021:Electoral Palatinate
1945:) in Bavaria called
1929:government districts
1874:Archbishop of Munich
1851:House of Wittelsbach
1755:Imperial German Army
1569:Palace of Versailles
1445:Battle of Königgrätz
1399:German Confederation
1386:Punctation of Olmütz
1349:Frankfurt Parliament
1214:). The upper house (
1180:Grand Duchy of Hesse
1001:Electoral Palatinate
923:House of Wittelsbach
919:Maximilian IV Joseph
534:• Lower Chamber
527:House of Councillors
522:• Upper Chamber
225:German Confederation
5821:48.1333°N 11.5667°E
5817: /
5783:Trinidad and Tobago
5670:Commonwealth realms
5555:United Baltic Duchy
4698:Antigua and Barbuda
4690:Commonwealth realms
4384:Order of succession
4106:Waldeck and Pyrmont
3635:Waldeck and Pyrmont
2632:on 21 February 2008
1813:King Ludwig III in
1651:conspiracy theories
1637:, was appointed as
1520:Franco-Prussian War
1460:Battle of Kissingen
1434:Austro-Prussian War
1413:Minister-President
1405:Austro-Prussian War
1370:Aerial view of the
1341:Revolutions of 1848
1278:Revolutions of 1830
1073:Treaty of Lunéville
586:• Established
557:Franco-Prussian War
345:Maximilian I Joseph
5850:History of Bavaria
5845:Kingdom of Bavaria
3930:Schleswig-Holstein
2828:Kingdom of Bavaria
2447:History of Bavaria
2115:
2103:
2091:
1975:Swabia and Neuburg
1918:Rhenish Palatinate
1898:
1890:
1823:Georg von Hertling
1819:
1771:invasion of Serbia
1725:Prinzregentenjahre
1718:Georg von Hertling
1677:
1600:
1545:
1509:began speaking of
1491:Province of Saxony
1441:Kingdom of Hanover
1427:Minister-President
1419:
1376:
1337:
1316:
1184:Rhenish Palatinate
1088:Peace of Pressburg
1050:
983:History of Bavaria
908:Kingdom of Prussia
853:Kingdom of Bavaria
489:Georg von Hertling
458:Minister-President
43:Kingdom of Bavaria
5800:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5485:Piedmont-Sardinia
5237:Sip Song Chau Tai
5047:Thirteen Colonies
4788:
4787:
4192:
4191:
3819:
3818:
3773:
3772:
3699:
3686:
3599:
3598:
3543:Ernestine duchies
3289:
3288:
3262:
3261:
3046:
3045:
2958:
2957:
2826:Media related to
2656:www.museum.bayern
2579:www.museum.bayern
2219:) (1816/17–1838)
2031:was given to the
1934:Regierungsbezirke
1839:German Revolution
1742:Military autonomy
1736:Prinzregentenzeit
1608:Otto von Bismarck
1604:German Chancellor
1430:Otto von Bismarck
1372:Walhalla memorial
1224:Mediatized Houses
1178:and parts of the
1153:Battle of Leipzig
1105:Napoleonic France
1093:Holy Roman Empire
962:German Revolution
866:Königreich Bayern
849:
848:
835:
834:
831:
830:
797:
796:
725:German Papiermark
637:German Revolution
496:• 1917–1918
484:• 1912–1917
472:• 1806–1817
442:• 1912–1913
430:• 1886–1912
400:• 1913–1918
388:• 1886-1913
376:• 1864–1886
364:• 1848–1864
352:• 1825–1848
340:• 1806–1825
283:Roman Catholicism
206:Holy Roman Empire
175:
73:Königreich Bayern
67:(1825–1918)
53:Königreich Baiern
47:(1806–1825)
16:(Redirected from
5907:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5826:48.1333; 11.5667
5822:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5724:Irish Free State
5490:Poland–Lithuania
4799:
4798:
4750:Papua New Guinea
4480:
4479:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4176:
4091:Schaumburg-Lippe
4086:
4078:
4048:
3966:
3945:
3915:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3823:
3822:
3743:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3710:
3709:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3663:Reuss-Lobenstein
3659:
3658:
3630:Schaumburg-Lippe
3608:
3607:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3498:Anhalt (Ascania)
3479:
3458:
3457:
3350:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3232:Schaumburg-Lippe
3057:
3056:
2976:
2975:
2966:
2893:
2892:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2825:
2809:
2807:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2732:www.bavarikon.de
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2604:www.bavarikon.de
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2571:
2565:
2556:
2549:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2505:
2499:
2488:
2432:Duchy of Bavaria
2404:
2388:
2372:
2356:
2349:Middle Franconia
2340:
2333:Upper Palatinate
2324:
2308:
2292:
2280:
2218:
2141:
2072:
2066:
2064:Regierungsbezirk
2060:
2054:
1987:Middle Franconia
1956:
1950:
1944:
1941:Regierungsbezirk
1936:
1912:(1806–1814) and
1904:established the
1843:Anif declaration
1702:Social Democrats
1694:Bavarian Landtag
1566:
1470:(26 July 1866).
1462:(10 July 1866).
1454:was defeated in
1395:von der Pfordten
1313:Munich Residence
1309:Crown of Bavaria
1188:Treaty of Munich
997:Elector Palatine
993:Charles Theodore
949:while receiving
885:
879:Kinereich Bayern
872:
860:
827:
826:
813:
812:
801:
800:
788:
787:
774:
773:
760:
759:
753:
752:
737:
736:
718:German gold mark
655:12 November 1918
650:Anif declaration
590:26 December 1806
249:and largest city
187:
177:
176:
163:
155:
138:
116:
102:
84:
83:
81:Kinereich Bayern
76:
75:
68:
64:
63:
61:Kinereich Baiern
56:
55:
48:
39:
38:
32:Duchy of Bavaria
21:
18:Queen of Bavaria
5915:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5855:Former kingdoms
5835:
5834:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5792:
5717:princely states
5665:
5601:Kingdom of Fiji
5574:
5320:Austria-Hungary
5288:
5051:
4985:
4784:
4770:Solomon Islands
4684:
4666:
4598:
4513:
4471:
4403:
4349:Democratization
4317:
4261:
4228:
4223:
4193:
4188:
4154:
4150:Alsace–Lorraine
4138:
4110:
4084:
4076:
4056:
4046:
4010:
4006:Weimar-Eisenach
3986:Hesse-Darmstadt
3967:
3958:
3910:and the former
3906:(including the
3905:
3876:
3856:
3850:
3820:
3815:
3804:
3769:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3689:
3688:
3676:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3653:Reuss-Ebersdorf
3639:
3595:
3585:
3577:
3575:Gotha-Altenburg
3569:
3561:
3559:Coburg-Saalfeld
3553:
3537:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3492:
3477:
3449:
3445:Weimar-Eisenach
3420:Hesse-Darmstadt
3403:
3387:
3351:
3342:
3326:
3320:
3290:
3285:
3258:
3156:
3103:
3099:Weimar-Eisenach
3074:Gotha-Altenburg
3069:Coburg-Saalfeld
3052:
3042:
3016:
2990:
2967:
2954:
2938:
2917:
2885:
2879:
2872:
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2550:
2541:
2525:
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2517:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2422:King of Bavaria
2418:
2381:Lower Franconia
2301:Upper Franconia
2281:) (1838–1918):
2253:Unterdonaukreis
2203:Unterdonaukreis
2142:) (1808–1817):
2079:
1999:Upper Franconia
1882:
1835:Munich Residenz
1767:Austria-Hungary
1763:
1750:
1744:
1706:female students
1700:. In 1893, the
1698:Bavarian Centre
1659:
1581:Alsace-Lorraine
1563:Deutsches Reich
1499:
1456:Lower Franconia
1443:, then won the
1407:
1257:
1208:
1182:. Finally, the
1157:German Campaign
1147:and by Marshal
1140:Sixth Coalition
985:
979:
974:
947:Austrian Empire
935:Treaty of Paris
927:King of Bavaria
904:federated state
856:
824:
810:
785:
771:
757:
731:
727:
720:
713:
711:Bavarian gulden
692:
652:
642:9 November 1918
639:
629:18 January 1871
626:
613:
611:Treaty of Paris
600:
587:
577:
566:
552:Napoleonic Wars
535:
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389:
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28:
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5475:Ottoman Empire
5472:
5467:
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5457:
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5447:
5442:
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5435:Kartli-Kakheti
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4844:Central Africa
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4777:
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4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:Prince regnant
4434:
4433:
4432:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
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4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4354:Decolonization
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4308:Personal union
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Constitutional
4275:
4269:
4267:
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4111:
4109:
4108:
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4098:
4093:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4062:Principalities
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4041:
4036:
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4020:
4018:
4012:
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3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3604:Principalities
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:Hildburghausen
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
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3519:
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3448:
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3217:
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3207:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3164:
3162:
3161:Principalities
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:Hildburghausen
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3021:Principalities
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2973:
2972:States created
2969:
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2955:
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2899:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2880:
2874:States of the
2871:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2817:
2816:External links
2814:
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2259:Untermainkreis
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2235:Oberdonaukreis
2232:
2226:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2179:Oberdonaukreis
2176:
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2131:
2125:
2078:
2075:
1881:
1878:
1795:United Kingdom
1762:
1759:
1746:Main article:
1743:
1740:
1658:
1655:
1643:Lake Starnberg
1616:Reservatrechte
1542:King Ludwig II
1498:
1495:
1406:
1403:
1290:German railway
1282:Hambacher Fest
1274:King of Greece
1272:being elected
1256:
1253:
1207:
1204:
1136:Treaty of Ried
1109:Peninsular War
981:Main article:
978:
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970:
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603:8 October 1813
601:
598:Treaty of Ried
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582:
581:
580:1 January 1806
578:
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545:Historical era
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5596:Easter Island
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5135:Jabal Shammar
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5125:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:Liechtenstein
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4430:Queen regnant
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:Republicanism
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Head of state
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Non-sovereign
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4077:(Junior Line)
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3973:Grand Duchies
3970:
3965:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3765:Sondershausen
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3738:
3735:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3705:
3704:Reuss-Schleiz
3702:
3700:
3694:
3687:
3685:(Junior Line)
3681:
3674:
3671:
3664:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Liechtenstein
3618:
3616:
3615:Hesse-Homburg
3613:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:Grand duchies
3406:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3247:Sondershausen
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Lippe-Detmold
3193:
3191:
3190:Liechtenstein
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:Other duchies
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3061:Saxon duchies
3058:
3055:
3049:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Aschaffenburg
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:Grand Duchies
2993:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:Grand Duchies
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2884:Rank elevated
2882:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2804:
2799:
2791:
2789:1-84176-565-1
2785:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2764:0-85045-150-7
2760:
2756:
2749:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2563:3-406-09669-7
2560:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Bavarian Army
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:Lower Bavaria
2363:
2360:
2355:
2354:Mittelfranken
2350:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2285:Upper Bavaria
2283:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:Obermainkreis
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:Lower Bavaria
1965:
1964:
1963:Upper Bavaria
1958:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1749:
1748:Bavarian Army
1739:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:German Empire
1570:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1557:German Empire
1555:) of the new
1554:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:Bavarian Army
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:Bavarian Army
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:Maximilian II
1342:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1320:Ultramontanes
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:crown offices
1217:
1213:
1203:
1199:
1198:and Austria.
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:Duchy of Berg
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Bavarian Army
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:Maximilian IV
1048:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
984:
969:
967:
963:
958:
956:
952:
951:Aschaffenburg
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
900:German Empire
897:
893:
889:
884:
880:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
845:
842:
840:Today part of
838:
822:
820:
817:
816:
808:
806:
803:
802:
799:
793:
790:
783:
782:
779:
776:
769:
768:
765:
762:
755:
754:
751:
750:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
734:
726:
723:
719:
716:
712:
709:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
688:
684:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:
645:
641:
638:
632:
628:
625:
619:
615:
612:
606:
602:
599:
593:
589:
583:
579:
573:
569:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
547:
543:
540:
537:
531:
528:
525:
519:
516:
513:
509:
505:
502:
499:
493:
490:
487:
481:
478:
475:
469:
465:
461:
459:
455:
451:
448:
445:
439:
436:
433:
427:
423:
419:
417:
416:Prince Regent
413:
409:
406:
403:
397:
394:
391:
385:
382:
379:
373:
370:
369:Maximilian II
367:
361:
358:
355:
349:
346:
343:
337:
333:
329:
327:
323:
320:
317:
315:
311:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:
258:
255:
252:
245:
237:
236:German Empire
233:
232:Federal State
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
212:State of the
211:
207:
203:
200:
199:
197:
193:
186:
181:
161:
154:
153:
147:
143:
137:
136:
135:In Treue fest
131:
127:
121:
115:
107:
101:
93:
88:
82:
74:
62:
54:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5802:
5773:South Africa
5768:Sierra Leone
5715:
5545:Two Sicilies
5480:Papal States
5324:
5280:
5219:
5112:
4978:
4738:Cook Islands
4591:
4577:Saudi Arabia
4506:
4182:Mitteleuropa
4173:Mittelafrika
4085:(Elder Line)
4083:Reuss-Greiz
4047:(until 1876)
4039:Coburg-Gotha
3942:West Prussia
3899:Hohenzollern
3895:Hesse-Nassau
3887:East Prussia
3867:
3741:(until 1850)
3731:(until 1850)
3719:Hohenzollern
3708:(until 1848)
3698:(Elder Line)
3696:Reuss-Greiz
3667:(until 1824)
3657:(until 1824)
3586:(until 1826)
3578:(until 1826)
3567:Coburg-Gotha
3562:(until 1826)
3533:(until 1847)
3525:(until 1863)
3517:(until 1863)
3399:Hesse-Kassel
3367:
3168:Hohenzollern
3051:Pre-existing
2902:
2798:
2779:
2773:
2754:
2748:
2736:. Retrieved
2731:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2680:
2671:
2659:. Retrieved
2655:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:the original
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2603:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2578:
2569:
2516:. Retrieved
2510:
2503:
2491:
2486:
2452:Bayernpartei
2405:) (Capital:
2389:) (Capital:
2386:Unterfranken
2373:) (Capital:
2370:Niederbayern
2357:) (Capital:
2341:) (Capital:
2325:) (Capital:
2309:) (Capital:
2293:) (Capital:
2272:
2210:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2061:gave way to
2048:
2037:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1926:
1899:
1859:
1832:
1820:
1798:the city of
1779:Bosnian Serb
1764:
1751:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1691:
1680:
1678:
1674:Justizpalast
1660:
1647:dry drowning
1632:
1620:
1615:
1601:
1552:
1546:
1530:against the
1507:Napoleon III
1500:
1472:
1449:
1438:
1420:
1390:
1381:Hesse-Kassel
1377:
1338:
1317:
1261:neoclassical
1258:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1209:
1206:Constitution
1200:
1169:
1161:Grande Armée
1129:
1085:
1051:
986:
959:
912:
887:
852:
850:
746:Succeeded by
745:
740:
691:• 1910
278:
268:Upper German
145:
130:Motto:
129:
120:Coat of arms
36:
5824: /
5712:British Raj
5684:(Sri Lanka)
5570:Württemberg
5282:South Yemen
5170:Maguindanao
5063:Afghanistan
4824:Barotseland
4760:Saint Lucia
4733:New Zealand
4642:Netherlands
4415:Chhatrapati
4399:Sovereignty
4339:Aristocracy
4116:City-states
4075:Reuss-Gera
3954:Württemberg
3883:Brandenburg
3875:as a whole
3855:(1871–1918)
3778:Free cities
3752:Schwarzburg
3737:Sigmaringen
3690:(from 1848)
3683:Reuss-Gera
3677:(1824-1848)
3570:(from 1826)
3554:(from 1826)
3509:(from 1863)
3478:(from 1839)
3392:Electorates
3383:Württemberg
3325:(1815–1866)
3237:Schwarzburg
3178:Sigmaringen
2913:Württemberg
2878:(1806–1813)
2806:(in German)
2738:26 November
2734:(in German)
2712:26 November
2686:26 November
2661:26 November
2636:9 September
2610:26 November
2606:(in German)
2584:26 November
2306:Oberfranken
2205:(1808–1838)
2196:(1808–1838)
2190:(1808–1838)
2181:(1808–1838)
2172:(1808–1838)
2163:(1808–1838)
1937:, singular
1847:Kurt Eisner
1682:Kulturkampf
1532:French Army
1374:of Ludwig I
1339:During the
1324:Lola Montez
1232:Protestants
1151:. With the
1130:During the
1121:Württemberg
1077:Zweibrücken
1069:Hohenlinden
1055:Joseph (of
741:Preceded by
728:(1914–1918)
721:(1873–1914)
714:(1806–1873)
616:30 May 1814
562:World War I
511:Legislature
294:Lutheranism
288:Minorities:
239:(1871–1918)
228:(1815–1866)
217:(1806–1813)
5839:Categories
5812:11°34′00″E
5809:48°08′00″N
5778:Tanganyika
5693:The Gambia
5621:Niuē-Fekai
5560:Yugoslavia
5460:Montenegro
5267:Upper Yafa
5262:Upper Asir
4899:Madagascar
4632:Luxembourg
4364:Government
4329:Abdication
4298:Hereditary
4226:Monarchies
3938:Westphalia
3760:Rudolstadt
3425:Luxembourg
3282:until 1811
3276:until 1809
3273:until 1810
3242:Rudolstadt
3215:Lobenstein
3038:Regensburg
2986:Westphalia
2557:, Munich.
2478:References
2397:Palatinate
2343:Regensburg
2290:Oberbayern
2265:Rheinkreis
2247:Rezatkreis
2241:Regenkreis
2194:Rezatkreis
2188:Regenkreis
2128:Population
2077:Statistics
2029:Heidelberg
2017:Palatinate
2005:Palatinate
1951:(singular
1729:Ludwig III
1687:Wilhelm II
1592:photochrom
1515:Palatinate
1286:Zollverein
1249:Nebenstaat
1245:Hauptstaat
1029:Ingolstadt
991:passed to
943:Vorarlberg
886:; spelled
680:Population
405:Ludwig III
314:Government
202:Electorate
5748:Mauritius
5641:Rarotonga
5626:Nuku Hiva
5616:Mangareva
5591:Bora Bora
5470:Neuchâtel
5440:Lithuania
5345:Catalonia
5232:Sri Lanka
5185:Manchukuo
5160:Kurdistan
5114:Indonesia
5037:Talamanca
4997:Araucanía
4980:and other
4959:Wassoulou
4703:Australia
4379:Oligarchy
4052:Meiningen
4044:Lauenburg
4034:Altenburg
4029:Brunswick
4001:Oldenburg
3922:Rhineland
3903:Pomerania
3812:partially
3790:Frankfurt
3727:Hechingen
3591:Meiningen
3551:Altenburg
3488:Lauenburg
3465:Brunswick
3440:Oldenburg
3279:from 1809
3270:from 1810
3205:Ebersdorf
3173:Hechingen
3152:Oldenburg
3084:Meiningen
3007:Frankfurt
2528:cite book
2338:Oberpfalz
2223:Isarkreis
2170:Mainkreis
2161:Isarkreis
2070:Landkreis
1922:Franconia
1624:Wagnerian
1594:print of
1590:An 1890s
1549:Wilhelm I
1528:Frederick
1483:Kaulsdorf
1423:Ludwig II
1298:Nuremberg
1113:faced war
1086:The 1805
1037:Austrians
898:into the
858:‹See Tfd›
695:6,524,372
381:Ludwig II
299:Calvinism
279:Majority:
275:Religion
90:1806–1918
5763:Rhodesia
5758:Pakistan
5677:Barbados
5646:Rimatara
5636:Rapa Iti
5565:Valencia
5540:Tavolara
5530:Scotland
5495:Portugal
5455:Moldavia
5340:Bulgaria
5335:Brittany
5310:Asturias
5190:Mongolia
5180:Maldives
5042:Trinidad
5032:Suriname
4990:Americas
4974:Zimbabwe
4969:Zanzibar
4954:Wituland
4929:Ngazidja
4924:Ndzuwani
4859:Ethiopia
4582:Thailand
4562:Malaysia
4542:Cambodia
4492:Eswatini
4288:Elective
4273:Absolute
3861:Kingdoms
3514:Bernburg
3470:Holstein
3356:Kingdoms
3185:Isenburg
3137:Arenberg
3120:Bernburg
3094:Eisenach
3012:Würzburg
2979:Kingdoms
2896:Kingdoms
2888:Napoleon
2416:See also
2391:Würzburg
2375:Landshut
2327:Augsburg
2322:Schwaben
2311:Bayreuth
2117:Source:
2025:Mannheim
1914:Salzburg
1902:Napoleon
1710:indirect
1635:Luitpold
1475:Gersfeld
1468:Roßbrunn
1237:Ludwig I
1019:, under
955:Würzburg
875:Bavarian
704:Currency
435:Luitpold
357:Ludwig I
270:dialects
264:Bavarian
5753:Nigeria
5728:Ireland
5656:Tahuata
5631:Raiatea
5611:Huahine
5586:Abemama
5579:Oceania
5550:Tuscany
5505:Romania
5500:Prussia
5465:Navarre
5445:Majorca
5425:Ireland
5420:Imereti
5415:Iceland
5410:Hungary
5405:Hanover
5400:Granada
5390:Germany
5385:Georgia
5380:Galicia
5370:Finland
5360:Corsica
5355:Cilicia
5325:Bavaria
5315:Austria
5300:Albania
5272:Vietnam
5215:Sarawak
5205:Qu'aiti
5140:Kathiri
5103:Dapitan
5078:Bukhara
5027:Miskito
4949:Tunisia
4939:Shilluk
4849:Dahomey
4839:Burundi
4829:Bagirmi
4809:Adamawa
4728:Jamaica
4723:Grenada
4708:Bahamas
4672:Oceania
4622:Denmark
4617:Belgium
4612:Andorra
4527:Bahrain
4502:Morocco
4497:Lesotho
4476:Current
4467:Pharaoh
4420:Emperor
4359:Dynasty
4313:Regency
4293:Federal
4283:Diarchy
4237:Monarch
4129:Hamburg
4016:Duchies
3934:Silesia
3891:Hanover
3873:Prussia
3868:Bavaria
3795:Hamburg
3475:Limburg
3454:Duchies
3378:Hanover
3368:Bavaria
3363:Prussia
3338:Austria
3331:Empires
3254:Waldeck
3220:Schleiz
2943:Duchies
2903:Bavaria
2518:15 July
2442:Bavaria
2359:Ansbach
2044:Ostheim
1804:Belgium
1800:Antwerp
1791:Belgium
1626:-style
1577:annexed
1479:Bad Orb
1458:at the
1212:Landtag
1196:Prussia
1117:Austria
972:History
945:to the
921:of the
844:Germany
648:•
635:•
622:•
609:•
596:•
515:Landtag
304:Judaism
247:Capital
234:of the
223:of the
204:of the
146:Anthem:
5788:Uganda
5738:Malawi
5703:Guyana
5682:Ceylon
5661:Tahiti
5651:Rurutu
5606:Hawaii
5535:Serbia
5520:Saxony
5510:Russia
5395:Greece
5375:France
5365:Cyprus
5350:Crimea
5330:Bosnia
5305:Aragon
5293:Europe
5257:Taiwan
5227:Sikkim
5210:Ryukyu
5195:Najran
5093:Chehab
5073:Bengal
5022:Mexico
5007:Brazil
4934:Rwanda
4914:Maravi
4814:Ankole
4802:Africa
4794:Former
4775:Tuvalu
4718:Canada
4713:Belize
4657:Sweden
4647:Norway
4637:Monaco
4604:Europe
4557:Kuwait
4552:Jordan
4537:Brunei
4532:Bhutan
4484:Africa
4457:Sultan
4408:Titles
4322:Topics
4134:Lübeck
4124:Bremen
4024:Anhalt
3949:Saxony
3926:Saxony
3879:Berlin
3800:Lübeck
3785:Bremen
3530:Köthen
3522:Dessau
3506:Anhalt
3483:Nassau
3373:Saxony
3130:Köthen
3125:Dessau
3115:Anhalt
3089:Weimar
3053:states
2950:Nassau
2908:Saxony
2786:
2761:
2681:Ranker
2561:
2496:p. 102
2407:Speyer
2317:Swabia
2295:Munich
2278:Kreise
2216:Kreise
2139:Kreise
2058:Bezirk
1948:Kreise
1787:Russia
1783:France
1714:direct
1639:regent
1553:Kaiser
1522:. The
1511:France
1359:under
1174:, the
1145:Ludwig
1099:. The
1081:Jülich
1033:Saxony
1025:Munich
1021:Moreau
1017:French
1005:Jülich
995:, the
915:polity
888:Baiern
862:German
462:
447:Ludwig
420:
330:
254:Munich
209:(1806)
195:Status
160:German
156:
148:
5743:Malta
5733:Kenya
5708:India
5698:Ghana
5525:Savoy
5515:Samos
5430:Italy
5277:Yemen
5252:Tibet
5247:Syria
5200:Nepal
5175:Mahra
5155:Kumul
5150:Korea
5145:Khiva
5124:Qajar
5108:Hejaz
5098:China
5083:Burma
5012:Haiti
5002:Aztec
4919:Mwali
4909:Maore
4889:Libya
4884:Kongo
4879:Kaffa
4874:Gumma
4869:Gomma
4864:Ghana
4854:Egypt
4834:Bornu
4819:Aussa
4680:Tonga
4652:Spain
4572:Qatar
4547:Japan
4159:Other
4070:Lippe
3981:Baden
3918:Posen
3645:Reuss
3625:Lippe
3415:Baden
3210:Greiz
3200:Reuss
3033:Leyen
2934:Hesse
2929:Baden
2402:Pfalz
2052:Kreis
1954:Kreis
1910:Tyrol
1900:When
1777:by a
1391:Trias
1294:Fürth
1165:Hanau
1125:Italy
1115:with
939:Tyrol
665:Area
221:State
5688:Fiji
5242:Sulu
5221:Shan
5165:Laos
5130:Iraq
5120:Iran
5088:Cebu
5068:Asir
5056:Asia
5017:Inca
4964:Yeke
4904:Mali
4894:Luba
4743:Niue
4593:list
4567:Oman
4519:Asia
4508:list
4462:Shah
4452:Tsar
4447:khan
4442:Raja
4425:King
4266:Type
3227:Salm
3002:Berg
2784:ISBN
2759:ISBN
2740:2023
2714:2023
2688:2023
2663:2023
2638:2012
2612:2023
2586:2023
2559:ISBN
2534:link
2520:2022
2122:Area
2067:and
2055:and
2027:and
2002:and
1920:and
1815:Lwów
1793:the
1785:and
1734:The
1663:Otto
1481:and
1450:The
1307:The
1296:and
1270:Otto
1192:Main
1123:and
1079:and
1009:Berg
1007:and
953:and
941:and
913:The
851:The
671:1910
393:Otto
326:King
106:Flag
5450:Man
2886:by
1802:in
1769:'s
1712:to
1163:at
925:as
5841::
5726:/
5714:,
3940:,
3936:,
3932:,
3928:,
3924:,
3920:,
3916:,
3901:,
3897:,
3893:,
3889:,
3885:,
3881:,
2730:.
2705:.
2679:.
2654:.
2602:.
2577:.
2542:^
2530:}}
2526:{{
2073:.
1996:,
1990:,
1984:,
1978:,
1972:,
1966:,
1872:,
1857:.
1757:.
1731:.
1534:.
1477:,
1311:,
1300:.
1167:.
1111:,
968:.
957:.
910:.
877::
873:;
864::
266:,
5720:)
5710:(
5285:)
5279:(
5126:)
5122:(
4218:e
4211:t
4204:v
3944:)
3914:)
3877:(
3845:e
3838:t
3831:v
3315:e
3308:t
3301:v
2867:e
2860:t
2853:v
2792:.
2767:.
2742:.
2716:.
2690:.
2665:.
2640:.
2614:.
2588:.
2536:)
2522:.
2498:.
2409:)
2399:(
2393:)
2383:(
2377:)
2367:(
2361:)
2351:(
2345:)
2335:(
2329:)
2319:(
2313:)
2303:(
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