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regeneration and used propaganda, women's organisations and legislation to promote maternity; patriotic duty and female submission to marriage, home and children's education. The falling birth rate appeared to be a grave problem to Vichy, which introduced family allowances and opposed birth control and abortion. Conditions were very difficult for housewives, as food was short as well as most necessities. Mother's Day became a major date in the Vichy calendar, with festivities in the towns and schools featuring the award of medals to mothers of numerous children. Divorce laws were made much more stringent, and restrictions were placed on the employment of married women. Family allowances, which had begun in the 1930s, were continued and became a vital lifeline for many families as a monthly cash bonus for having more children. In 1942, the birth rate started to rise, and
3975:
867:
3657:
Nouailhetas to use the port and railway. The suggestion was accepted by the
British government but because of the concessions granted to the Vichy regime in Syria, proposals were made to invade the colony instead. In June, Nouailhetas was given an ultimatum, the blockade was tightened and the Italian garrison at Assab was defeated by an operation from Aden. For six months, Nouailhetas remained willing to grant concessions over the port and railway but would not tolerate Free French interference. In October, the blockade was reviewed, but the beginning of the war against Japan in December led to all but two blockade ships being withdrawn. On 2 January 1942, the Vichy government offered the use of the port and railway, subject to the lifting of the blockade but the British refused and ended the blockade unilaterally in March.
2519:
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Joan's example literally, saying: "Some of the most notable heroes in our history have been women. But nevertheless, girls should preferably exercise the virtues of patience, persistence and resignation. They are destined to tend to the running of the household ... It is in love that our future mothers will find the strength to practise those virtues which best befit their sex and their condition". Exemplifying Vichy propaganda's synthesis of Joan the warrior and Joan the dutiful woman, Anne-Marie
Hussenot, speaking at the school at Uriage, stated: "a woman should remember that, in the case of Joan of Arc, or other illustrious women throughout the exceptional mission that was confided to them, they first of all performed humbly and simply their woman's role".
5494:
2429:
4741:
1804:
1788:
173:
5364:
745:
704:
5140:
3067:
2124:
763:
3154:
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Belgium was not comparable as it mixed collaboration with elements of a war of secession. The 1940 invasion prompted the
Flemish population to generally side with the Germans in the hope of gaining national recognition, and relative to national population, a much higher proportion of Belgians than French thus ended up collaborating with the Germans or volunteering to fight alongside them. The Walloon population, in turn, led massive anti-Flemish retribution after the war, some of which, such as the execution of
19720:
5509:) on 8 November 1942. Following the conclusion of the operation on 12 November, Vichy's remaining military forces were disbanded. Vichy continued to exercise its remaining jurisdiction over almost all of metropolitan France, with the residual power devolved into the hands of Laval, until the gradual collapse of the regime following the Allied invasion in June 1944. On 7 September 1944, following the Allied invasion of France, the remainders of the Vichy government cabinet fled to Germany and established a
295:
5389:
5688:
5795:. In as much as blanket rescission of all acts taken by Vichy, including measures that might have been taken by a legitimate republican government, was deemed impractical, the order provided that acts not expressly noted as nullified in the order were to continue to receive "provisional application". Many acts were explicitly repealed, including all acts that Vichy had called "constitutional acts", all acts that discriminated against Jews, all acts related to so-called "secret societies" (such as
36:
5185:, where 13,000 Jews had been rounded up for deportation to death camps in July 1942. "France, on that day , committed the irreparable. Breaking its word, it handed those who were under its protection over to their executioners," he said. Those responsible for the roundup were "450 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders obeyed the demands of the Nazis..... the criminal folly of the occupiers was seconded by the French, by the French state".
3602:
5680:
3791:
255:
3404:, the local administrator and bishop sided with Vichy but faced opposition from some of the population and clergy; their attempts at naming a local king in 1941 to buffer the territory from their opponents backfired as the newly elected king refused to declare allegiance to Pétain. The situation stagnated for a long while due to the remoteness of the islands and because no overseas ship visited the islands for 17 months after January 1941. An
159:
6271:
5836:
4760:
4523:
1715:
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economy was not a success, as German demands grew heavier and more unrealistic, passive resistance and inefficiencies multiplied and Allied bombers hit the rail yards. Vichy made the first comprehensive long-range plans for the French economy, but the government had never attempted a comprehensive overview. De Gaulle's provisional government in 1944–45 quietly used the Vichy plans as a base for its own reconstruction program. The
2005:
debated the circumstances of the vote by the
National Assembly of the Third Republic granting full powers to Pétain on 10 July 1940. The main arguments advanced against Vichy's right to incarnate the continuity of the French state were based on the pressure exerted by Pierre Laval, a former prime minister in the Third Republic, on the deputies in Vichy and on the absence of 27 deputies and senators who had fled on the ship
6286:
1401:
2671:
805:
787:
686:
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5601:
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departments. The Vichy
Minister of Interior wrote in 1942; "I am advised that the Travailleurs Étrangers...continue to be mobilization centres on behalf of the revolution. The responsible leaders of the communist activities have been recruiting among the Spanish Republicans...who, during the civil war in their own country, showed that they are capable of furnishing the core of an insurrectionary army".
1416:
2244:("deep France", denoting profoundly French aspects of French culture) still existed, and that the French people needed to return to what Pétain insisted was their true identity. Alongside this claim for a moral revolution was Pétain's call for France to turn inwards and to withdraw from the world, which Pétain always portrayed as a hostile and threatening place full of endless dangers for the French.
2483:
remaining two-fifths of southern and eastern metropolitan France and
Overseas France North Africa, unoccupied, and under the control of a collaborationist French government based at the city of Vichy, and headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain. Ostensibly, the Vichy French government administered the whole of France (excluding Alsace-Lorraine), including Overseas Vichy France-North Africa.
4609:), using connections to the Pétain cabinet. Charged with the "study, in all of its aspects, of measures aimed at safeguarding, improving and developing the French population in all of its activities", the Foundation was created by decree of the collaborationist Vichy regime in 1941, and Carrel was appointed as "regent". The Foundation also had for some time as general secretary
4882:, encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs, nearly 150,000 persons, unaware of the upcoming danger and assisted by the police, presented themselves at police stations in accordance with the military order. The registered information was then centralised by the French police, who constructed, under the direction of inspector Tulard, a central filing system. According to the
5427:. Low pay, long hours, frequent bombings and crowded air raid shelters added to the unpleasant conditions of poor housing, inadequate heating, limited food, and poor medical care, all compounded by harsh Nazi discipline. The workers finally returned home in the summer of 1945. The forced labour draft encouraged the French Resistance and undermined the Vichy government.
8935:
titre originaire ; la loi du 22 juillet 1940 établit un processus de révision des naturalisations acquises depuis 1927 ; enfin, la loi du 16 août 1940 réorganise la profession médicale et stipule que « nul ne peut exercer la profession de médecin en France s'il ne possède la nationalité française à titre originaire comme étant né de père français ».
2339:" and the relentless "eternal enemy" of France whose ruthlessness knew no bounds. Joan of Arc, who had fought against England, was made into the symbol of France partly for that reason. The chief themes of Vichy Anglophobia were British "selfishness" in using and then abandoning France after instigating wars, British "treachery" and British plans to take over
2034:'s attempts in London to dissuade them; only the German occupation of all of France in November 1942 ended diplomatic recognition. Supporters of Vichy point out that the grant of governmental powers was voted by a joint session of both chambers of the Third Republic Parliament (the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies) in keeping with the constitutional law.
1615:. In October 1940, during meeting with Adolf Hitler in Montoire sur le Loire, Petain officially announced the policy of collaboration with Germany while maintaining overall neutrality in the war, believing that improving relations with Germany would have been the only viable option to save France and preserve for it a dignified place within the context of
2454:
French territory, particularly as Hitler turned his attention toward
Britain, which did not surrender and fought on against Germany. Finally, as Germany lacked a navy sufficient to occupy France's overseas territories, Hitler's only practical recourse to deny the British the use of those territories was to maintain France's status as a
2757:
Blum, who voted no, wrote three months later that Laval's "obvious objective was to cut all the roots that bound France to its republican and revolutionary past. His 'national revolution' was to be a counter-revolution eliminating all the progress and human rights won in the last one hundred and fifty years". The minority of mostly
2324:, which was said to have destroyed French society and to have brought about the defeat of 1940. Such a harsh critique of French society could generate only so much support, and as such Vichy blamed French problems on various "enemies" of France, the chief of which was Britain, the "eternal enemy" that had supposedly conspired via
9821:
5101:, less than half of them with French citizenship (the others being foreign, mostly exiles from Germany during the 1930s). About 200,000 of them, and the large majority of foreign Jews, resided in Paris and its outskirts. Among the 150,000 French Jews, about 30,000, generally native from Central Europe, had been
1636:) on young Frenchmen. The Vichy government tried to negotiate with Germany for the early release of the French prisoners of war. French soldiers were kept hostage to ensure that Vichy would reduce its military forces and pay a heavy tribute in gold, food, and supplies to Germany. French police were ordered to
226:
5113:, this would have made for a total figure of 90,000 Jewish deaths (a quarter of the total Jewish population before the war, by his estimate). Paxton's numbers imply that 14,000 Jews died in French concentration camps, but the systematic census of Jewish deportees from France (citizens or not) drawn under
230:
1844:(French State). Because of its unique situation in the history of France, its contested legitimacy and the generic nature of its official name, the "French State" is most often represented in English by the synonyms "Vichy France"; "Vichy regime"; "government of Vichy"; or, in context, simply "Vichy".
229:
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L'Assemblée
Nationale donne les plein pouvoirs au gouvernement de la République, sous l'autorité et la signature du maréchal Pétain, à l'effet de promulguer par un ou plusieurs actes une nouvelle Constitution de l'État français. Cette Constitution doit garantir les droits du travail, de la famille et
6111:
Some imply that France did too little to deal with collaborators at this stage by selectively pointing out that in absolute value (numbers), there were fewer legal executions in France than in its smaller neighbour
Belgium, and fewer internments than in Norway or the Netherlands, but the situation in
5445:
and hostility to state management of the food supply. The
Germans seized about 20% of the French food production, causing severe disruption to the French household economy. French farm production fell by half because of lack of fuel, fertiliser and workers. Even so, the Germans seized half the meat,
5409:
of 1946 reaped the heritage of previous efforts at planning in the 1930s, Vichy, the Resistance, and the Provisional Government. Monnet's plan to modernise the economy was designed to improve the country's competitive position so as to prepare it for participation in an open multilateral system and,
5125:
Proportionally, either number makes for a lower death toll than in some other countries (in the Netherlands, 75% of the Jewish population was murdered). This fact has been used as arguments by supporters of Vichy; according to Paxton, the figure would have been greatly lower if the "French state" had
5029:
and shipped by rail to Auschwitz. Most of the victims died en route due to lack of food or water. The remaining survivors were sent to the gas chambers. This action alone represented more than a quarter of the 42,000 French Jews sent to concentration camps in 1942, of whom only 811 would return after
4414:
Suspicions had been raised among prefects and police officials by the Vichy Minister of Interior as to the intentions of the men working within the camps. Many were suspected of retaining ties to anti-fascist groups as well as the burgeoning maquis and resistance groups, in particular in the southern
2482:
As per the terms of the Franco-German armistice of June 22, 1940, Nazi Germany effectively annexed the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine while the German army occupied northern metropolitan France and all the Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. That left the rest of France, including the
5462:
The two million French soldiers held as prisoners-of-war and forced labourers in Germany throughout the war were not at risk of death in combat, but the anxieties of separation for their 800,000 wives were high. The government provided a modest allowance, but one in ten became prostitutes to support
5449:
Some people, including German soldiers, benefited from the black market, where food was sold without tickets at very high prices. Farmers especially diverted meat to the black market and so there was much less for the open market. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. Direct buying from
5418:
Nazi Germany kept French prisoners-of-war as forced labourers throughout the war. They added compulsory and volunteer workers from occupied nations, especially in metal factories. The shortage of volunteers led the Vichy government to pass a law in September 1942 that effectively deported workers to
5396:
Vichy rhetoric exalted the skilled labourer and small businessman. In practice, the needs of artisans for raw materials were neglected in favour of big businesses. The General Committee for the Organization of Commerce (CGOC) was a national program to modernise and professionalise small business. In
5196:
and subsequent deportation of 13,000 Jews. "It was indeed France that organised this," Macron insisted, French police collaborating with the Nazis. "Not a single German" was directly involved," he added. Macron was even more specific than Chirac had been in stating that the Government during the War
5130:
of July 1942, Laval ordered the deportation of children, against explicit German orders. Paxton pointed out that if the total number of victims had not been higher, it was due to the shortage in wagons, the resistance of the civilian population, and deportation in other countries (notably in Italy).
2806:
The National Assembly gives full powers to the government of the Republic, under the authority and the signature of Marshal Pétain, to the effect of promulgating by one or several acts a new constitution of the French state. This constitution must guarantee the rights of labour, of family and of the
2794:
Out of a total of 544 Deputies, only 414 voted; and out of a total of 302 senators, only 235 voted. Of these, 357 deputies voted in favour of Pétain and 57 against, while 212 senators voted for Pétain, and 23 against. Thus, Pétain was approved by 65% of all deputies and 70% of all senators. Although
2756:
Most legislators believed that democracy would continue, albeit with a new constitution. Although Laval said on 6 July that "parliamentary democracy has lost the war; it must disappear, ceding its place to an authoritarian, hierarchical, national and social regime", the majority trusted Pétain. Léon
2637:
The Armistice required France to turn over any German citizens within the country upon German demand. The French regarded this as a "dishonourable" term since it would require France to hand over persons who had entered France seeking refuge from Germany. Attempts to negotiate the point with Germany
2275:
declared "the Voices did speak!" in contrast with republican school texts, which had strongly implied Joan was mentally ill. Vichy instructors sometimes struggled to square Joan's military heroism with the classical virtues of womanhood, with one school textbook insisting that girls ought not follow
5446:
20% of the produce and 2% of the champagne. Supply problems quickly affected French stores, which lacked most items. The government answered by rationing, but German officials set the policies, and hunger prevailed, especially affecting youth in urban areas. The queues lengthened in front of shops.
5375:
Labour unions came under tight government control. There were no elections. The independence of women was reversed, with an emphasis put on motherhood. Government agencies had to fire married women employees. Conservative Catholics became prominent. Paris lost its avant-garde status in European art
3169:
made the French hold on Indochina tenuous. The isolated colonial administration was cut off from outside help and from outside supplies. After negotiations with Japan, the French allowed the Japanese to set up military bases in Indochina. That seemingly-subservient behaviour convinced Major-General
2559:
was fixed at 60,000 men plus an anti-aircraft force of 10,000 men. Despite the influx of trained soldiers from the colonial forces (reduced in size in accordance with the armistice), there was a shortage of volunteers. As a result, 30,000 men of the class of 1939 were retained to fill the quota. In
2471:
The map clearly shows the division of France as per all the historical realities of the era: Nazi Germany effectively annexed Alsace Lorraine and occupied northern metropolitan France and all the Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. That left the rest of France, including the remaining
2291:
were all Anglophobes. As early as February 1936, Pétain had told the Italian Ambassador to France that "England has always been France's most implacable enemy" and went on to say that France had "two hereditary enemies", namely Germany and Britain, with the latter being easily the more dangerous of
2004:
appointed prime minister by President Lebrun on 16 June 1940 and he was legally within his rights to sign the armistice with Germany; however, his decision to ask the National Assembly to dissolve itself while granting him dictatorial powers has been more controversial. Historians have particularly
1931:
never annexed the region. The Reich government at the time was not interested in attempting to enforce piecemeal annexations in the West although it later annexed Luxembourg; it operated under the assumption that Germany's new western border would be determined in peace negotiations, which would be
6728:
Article 2: The following are therefore null and void: all legislative or regulatory acts as well as all actions of any description whatsoever taken to execute them, promulgated in Metropolitan France after 16 June 1940 and until the restoration of the Provisional Government of the French Republic.
6247:
Though it is certain that the Vichy government and many of its top administration collaborated in the implementation of the Holocaust, the exact level of such co-operation is still debated. Compared with the Jewish communities established in other countries invaded by Germany, French Jews suffered
5790:
The provisional government considered the Vichy government to have been unconstitutional and all of its actions therefore without legitimate authority. All "constitutional acts, legislative or regulatory" taken by the Vichy government, as well as decrees taken to implement them, were declared null
5453:
Food shortages were most acute in the large cities. In the more remote country villages, clandestine slaughtering, vegetable gardens and the availability of milk products permitted better survival. The official ration provided starvation level diets of 1013 or fewer calories a day, supplemented by
5371:
Vichy authorities strongly opposed "modern" social trends and tried "national regeneration" to restore behaviour more in line with traditional Catholicism. Philip Manow argued that, "Vichy represents the authoritarian, antidemocratic solution that the French political right, in coalition with the
5161:
instituted a new French State during the war and that the Republic had been reestablished when the war was over. It was not for the Republic, therefore, to apologise for events that happened while it had not existed and that had been carried out by a State it did not recognise. For example, former
4654:
demographics institute, employed 300 researchers from the summer of 1942 to the end of the autumn of 1944. "The foundation was chartered as a public institution under the joint supervision of the ministries of finance and public health. It was given financial autonomy and a budget of forty million
4058:
to gain the support of the civilian population. On 30 October 1940, Pétain made state collaboration official, declaring on the radio: "I enter today on the path of collaboration." On 22 June 1942, Laval declared that he was "hoping for the victory of Germany". The sincere desire to collaborate did
2854:
Pétain was a reactionary by nature and education, despite his status as a hero of the Third Republic during World War I. Almost as soon as he was granted full powers, Pétain began blaming the Third Republic's democracy and endemic corruption for France's humiliating defeat by Germany. Accordingly,
2497:
Germany took two million French soldiers as prisoners-of-war and sent them to camps in Germany. About a third had been released on various terms by 1944. Of the remainder, the officers and NCOs (corporals and sergeants) were kept in camps but were exempt from forced labour. The privates were first
2420:
While the debate continued, the government was forced to relocate several times to avoid capture by advancing German forces and finally reached Bordeaux. Communications were poor and thousands of civilian refugees clogged the roads. In those chaotic conditions, advocates of an armistice gained the
5404:
In 1940, the government took direct control of all production, which was synchronised with German demands. It replaced free trade unions with compulsory state unions that dictated labour policy without regard to the voice or needs of the workers. The centralised bureaucratic control of the French
4956:
Along with many French police officials, André Tulard was present on the day of the inauguration of Drancy internment camp in 1941, which was used largely by French police as the central transit camp for detainees captured in France. All Jews and others "undesirables" passed through Drancy before
2563:
The Vichy French Metropolitan Army was deprived of tanks and other armoured vehicles and was desperately short of motorised transport, a particular problem for cavalry units. Surviving recruiting posters stress the opportunities for athletic activities, including horsemanship, reflecting both the
231:
8934:
Dès juillet 1940, paraissent donc de nouveaux textes qui vont constituer un arsenal législatif antijuif visant en particulier les médecins juifs : la loi du 17 juillet 1940 stipule que, désormais, pour être employé par une administration publique, il faut posséder la nationalité française à
6225:
Historiographical debates are still passionate and oppose different views on the nature and legitimacy of Vichy's collaborationism with Germany in the implementation of the Holocaust. Three main periods have been distinguished in the historiography of Vichy. Firstly, the Gaullist period aimed at
5466:
Meanwhile, the Vichy regime promoted a highly-traditional model of female roles. The National Revolution's official ideology fostered the patriarchal family, headed by a man with a subservient wife, who was devoted to her many children. It gave women a key symbolic role to carry out the national
3716:
The additional participation of Free French forces in the Syrian operation was controversial within Allied circles. It raised the prospect of Frenchmen shooting at Frenchmen, raising fears of a civil war. Additionally it was believed that the Free French were widely reviled within Vichy military
2984:
hoped to use American influence to encourage elements in the Vichy government opposed to military collaboration with Germany. Washington also hoped to encourage Vichy to resist German war demands, such as for air bases in French-mandated Syria or moving war supplies through French territories in
2453:
had a number of reasons for agreeing to an armistice. He wanted to ensure that France did not continue to fight from North Africa and that the French Navy was taken out of the war. In addition, leaving a French government in place would relieve Germany of the considerable burden of administering
1932:
attended by all of the Western Allies and thus producing a frontier that would be recognised by all of the major powers. Since Hitler's overall territorial ambitions were not limited to recovering Alsace-Lorraine, and Britain was never brought to terms, those peace negotiations never took place.
1775:. As the last French prime minister he blamed the Third Republic's democracy for France's sudden defeat by Germany, rather than military weakness. He set up an authoritarian regime that actively collaborated with Germany, despite Vichy's official neutrality. The Vichy government co-operated with
5707:
was selected by the Germans to establish a pseudo-government in exile at Sigmaringen. Pétain refused to participate further and the Sigmaringen operation had little to no authority. The offices used the official title "French Government Commission for the Defense of National Interests" (French:
3656:
Wavell considered that if British pressure was applied, a rally would appear to have been coerced. Wavell preferred to let the propaganda continue and provided a small amount of supplies under strict control. When the policy had no effect, Wavell suggested negotiations with Vichy governor Louis
5117:
concluded that 3,000 had died in French concentration camps and 1,000 more had been shot. Of the approximately 76,000 deported, 2,566 survived. The total thus reported is slightly below 77,500 dead (somewhat less than a quarter of the Jewish population in France in 1940). Over half of the Jews
4134:
used their position to push various state, administrative, and economic reforms. These reforms have been cited as evidence of a continuity of the French administration before and after the war. Many of these civil servants and the reforms they advocated were retained after the war. Just as the
2025:
wrote, "There seems little doubt... that at the beginning Vichy was both legal and legitimate". He stated that if legitimacy comes from popular support, Pétain's massive popularity in France until 1942 made his government legitimate, and if legitimacy comes from diplomatic recognition, over 40
4705:
The conditioning of petty criminals with the whip, or some more scientific procedure, followed by a short stay in hospital, would probably suffice to ensure order. Those who have murdered, robbed while armed with automatic pistol or machine gun, kidnapped children, despoiled the poor of their
2030:'s Free French acknowledged the weakness of its case against Vichy's legality by citing multiple dates (16 June, 23 June and 10 July) for the start of Vichy's illegitimate rule, implying that at least for some time, Vichy was still legitimate. Countries recognised the Vichy government despite
5474:
On the other side, women of the Resistance, many of whom were associated with combat groups linked to the French Communist Party, broke the gender barrier by fighting side by side with men. After the war, this was considered to have been a mistake, but France did give women the vote in 1944.
3617:, had a garrison of seven battalions of Senegalese and Somali infantry, three batteries of field guns, four batteries of anti-aircraft guns, a company of light tanks, four companies of militia and irregulars, two platoons of the camel corps and an assortment of aircraft. After visiting from
3019:
of the combined Allied command made Darlan sign on 22 November 1942 a treaty putting "North Africa at the disposition of the Americans" and making France "a vassal country". Washington then imagined, between 1941 and 1942, a protectorate status for France, which would be submitted after the
5759:
ordered his forces to take Sigmaringen. The end came within days, and by the 26th, Pétain was in the hands of French authorities in Switzerland while Laval had fled to Spain. Brinon, Luchaire, and Darnand were captured, tried, and executed by 1947. Other members escaped to Italy or Spain.
4380:
national) could also be interned in Camp Gurs and others. As the Wehrmacht advanced into Northern France, common prisoners evacuated from prisons were also interned in these camps. Camp Gurs received its first contingent of political prisoners in June 1940. It included left-wing activists
3253:, declared that the French colonies in India would continue to fight with the British allies. Free French forces from that area and others participated in the Western Desert campaign, although news of the death of French-Indian soldiers caused some disturbances in Pondicherry. The French
9818:
1651:
Most of the French public initially supported the regime, but opinion turned against the Vichy government and the occupying German forces as the war dragged on and living conditions in France worsened. Open opposition intensified as it became clear that Germany was losing the war. The
5751:
The Commission lasted for seven months, surviving Allied bombing runs, poor nutrition and housing, and a bitterly cold winter where temperatures plunged to −30 °C (−22 °F), while residents nervously watched the advancing Allied troops drawing closer and discussed rumours.
4886:, "this filing system is subdivided into files alphabetically classed, Jewish with French nationality and foreign Jewish having files of different colours, and the files were also classed, according to profession, nationality and street ". These files were then handed over to
2913:
There were five governments during the tenure of the Vichy regime, starting with the continuation of Pétain's position from the Third Republic, which dissolved itself and handed him full powers, leaving Pétain in absolute control of the new, "French State" as Pétain named it.
4054:) interview in Hitler's train on 24 October 1940, during which Pétain and Hitler shook hands and agreed on co-operation between the two states. Organised by Pierre Laval, a strong proponent of collaboration, the interview and the handshake were photographed and exploited by
3782:
initiated co-operation with the Allies, who recognised Darlan's self-nomination as High Commissioner of France (head of civil government) for North and West Africa. He ordered Vichy forces there to cease resisting and to co-operate with the Allies, and they did so. When the
2458:
independent and neutral nation and to send a message to Britain that it was alone, with France appearing to switch sides and the United States remaining neutral. However, German espionage against France after its defeat intensified greatly, particularly in southern France.
2190:(French for the English word "I"), portrayed himself as a Christ-like figure sacrificing himself for France and assuming a God-like tone of a semi-omniscient narrator who knew truths about the world that the rest of the French did not. To justify the Vichy ideology of the
6119:
The proportion of collaborators was also higher in Norway, and collaboration occurred on a larger scale in the Netherlands (as in Flanders), based partly on linguistic and cultural commonality with Germany. The internments in Norway and the Netherlands, meanwhile, were
5892:, Fresnes prison or the Drancy internment camp. Women who were suspected of having romantic liaisons with Germans or more often of being prostitutes who had entertained German customers were publicly humiliated by having their heads shaved. Those who had engaged in the
5372:
national Church hierarchy, had sought repeatedly during the interwar period and almost put in place in 1934". Calling for "National Regeneration", Vichy reversed many liberal policies and began tight supervision of the economy, with central planning as a key feature.
3178:, that Vichy France would not seriously resist a campaign by the Thai military to recover parts of Cambodia and Laos that had been taken from Thailand by France in the early 20th century. In October 1940, the military forces of Thailand attacked across the border with
2425:, who headed the French armistice delegation, was told to break off negotiations if the Germans demanded the occupation of all of Metropolitan France, the French fleet, or any of the French overseas territories. The Germans did not, however, make any of those demands.
2749:, to grant full and extraordinary powers to Pétain. By the same vote, they also granted him the power to write a new constitution. By Act No. 2 on the following day, Pétain defined his own powers and abrogated any Third Republic laws that were in conflict with them. (
2369:
to portray the British as a racially degenerate "mixed race" working for Jewish capitalists, in contrast to the "racially pure" peoples on the continent of Europe who were building a "New Order". In an interview conducted by Béraud with Admiral Darlan published in
3190:
over the Thais, Japan forced the French to accept Japanese mediation of a peace treaty, which returned the disputed territory to Thai control. The French were left in place to administer the rump colony of Indochina until 9 March 1945, when the Japanese staged a
2268:
by René Jeanneret was required reading, and the anniversary of Joan's death became an occasion for school speeches commemorating her martyrdom. Joan's encounter with angelic voices, according to Catholic tradition, were presented as literal history. The textbook
2408:
on 10 May 1940. Within days, it became clear that French military forces were overwhelmed and that military collapse was imminent. Government and military leaders, deeply shocked by the débâcle, debated how to proceed. Many officials, including Prime Minister
4952:
The police oversaw the confiscation of telephones and radios from Jewish homes and enforced a curfew on Jews starting in February 1942. They also enforced requirements that Jews not appear in public places and ride only on the last car of the Parisian metro.
3854:
Henri Giraud arrived in Algiers on 10 November 1942 and agreed to subordinate himself to Admiral Darlan as the French Africa army commander. Even though Darlan was now in the Allied camp, he maintained the repressive Vichy system in North Africa, including
3074:
The British feared that the French naval fleet could end up in German hands and be used against its own naval forces, which were so vital to maintaining North Atlantic shipping and communications. Under the armistice, France had been allowed to retain the
3439:
in 1941 to enable private trans-Atlantic communications was blocked after pressure by Roosevelt. On 24 December 1941 Free French forces on three corvettes, supported by a submarine landed and seized control of Saint Pierre and Miquelon on orders from
2498:
sent to "Stalag" camps for processing and were then put to work. About half of them worked in German agriculture, where food rations were adequate and controls were lenient. The others worked in factories or mines, where conditions were much harsher.
4706:
savings, misled the public in important matters, should be humanely and economically disposed of in small euthanasic institutions supplied with proper gasses. A similar treatment could be advantageously applied to the insane, guilty of criminal acts.
3450:, on the northern coast of South America, removed its Vichy-supporting government on 22 March 1943, shortly after eight allied ships had been sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Guiana, and the arrival of American troops by air on 20 March.
3085:, under strict conditions. Vichy pledged that the fleet would never fall into German hands but refused to send the fleet beyond Germany's reach by sending it to Britain or to far-away French colonies such as in the West Indies. That did not satisfy
1956:
and pointedly the customs posts separating France from Germany were placed back where they had been between 1871 and 1918. Similarly, a sliver of French territory in the Alps was under direct Italian administration from June 1940 to September 1943.
9767:
4696:
The German government has taken energetic measures against the propagation of the defective, the mentally diseased, and the criminal. The ideal solution would be the suppression of each of these individuals as soon as he has proven himself to be
3843:, who refused to recognise Darlan's status. After Darlan signed an armistice with the Allies and took power in North Africa, Germany violated the 1940 armistice with France and invaded Vichy France on 10 November 1942 in the operation code-named
2564:
general emphasis placed by the Vichy government on rural virtues and outdoor activities and the realities of service in a small and technologically backward military force. Traditional features characteristic of the pre-1940 French Army, such as
9970:
5811:
The Provisional Government also took steps to replace local governments, including governments that had been suppressed by the Vichy regime through new elections or by extending the terms of those who had been elected not later than 1939.
4240:
Germany interfered little in internal French affairs for the first two years after the armistice, as long as public order was maintained. As soon as it was established, Pétain's government voluntarily took measures against "undesirables":
3770:), started on 8 November 1942, with landings in Morocco and Algeria. The long-term goal was to clear German and Italian forces from North Africa, enhance naval control of the Mediterranean and prepare for an invasion of Italy in 1943. The
2421:
upper hand. The Cabinet agreed on a proposal to seek armistice terms from Germany with the understanding that if Germany set forth dishonourable or excessively-harsh terms, France would retain the option to continue to fight. General
9438:
French: « ce fichier se subdivise en fichier simplement alphabétique, les Juifs de nationalité française et étrangère ayant respectivement des fiches de couleur différentes, et des fichiers professionnels par nationalité et par
4634:
and thus classify and select them according to scholastic performance. Besides these eugenic activities aimed at classifying the population and improving its health, the Foundation also supported an 11 October 1946 law instituting
2883:), composed of notables from the countryside and the provinces, was instituted under the same conditions. Despite the clear authoritarian cast of Pétain's government, he did not formally institute a one-party state, maintained the
225:
4505:
Vichy also enacted racial laws in its territories in North Africa. "The history of the Holocaust in France's three North African colonies (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) is intrinsically tied to France's fate during this period."
15181:
2730:
to Pétain. They used every means available, such as promising ministerial posts to some and threatening and intimidating others. They were aided by the absence of popular, charismatic figures who might have opposed them, such as
2472:
two-fifths of southern and eastern metropolitan France and Overseas France North Africa, unoccupied, and under the control of a collaborationist French government based at the city of Vichy, and headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain.
4041:
Historians distinguish between state collaboration followed by the Vichy regime, and "collaborationists", who were private French citizens eager to collaborate with Germany and who pushed towards a radicalisation of the regime.
1590:
At Vichy, Pétain established an authoritarian government that reversed many liberal policies and began tight supervision of the economy. Conservative Catholics became prominent. The media were tightly controlled and promoted
1939:, replacing that region's inhabitants with German settlers, and initially forbade French refugees from returning to the region, but the restrictions were never thoroughly enforced and were basically abandoned following the
15779:
2413:, wanted to move the government to French territories in North Africa and to continue the war with the French Navy and colonial resources. Others, particularly Vice-Premier Philippe Pétain and Commander-in-Chief General
227:
16345:
4194:(GMR, Reserve Mobile Groups), is another example of Vichy policy reform and restructuring maintained by subsequent governments. A national paramilitary police force, the GMR was occasionally used in actions against the
3412:
took over Wallis on behalf of the Free French on 27 May 1942 and Futuna on 29 May 1942. That allowed American forces to build an airbase and seaplane base on Wallis (Navy 207) that served the Allied Pacific operations.
3894:
to counsel Giraud and to press him to repeal the Vichy laws. After difficult negotiations, Giraud agreed to suppress the racist laws and to liberate Vichy prisoners from the southern Algerian concentration camps. The
6029:
commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. In the police, some collaborators soon resumed official responsibilities. This continuity of the administration was pointed out, in particular concerning the events of the
2591:
after the German occupation of southern France and the disbandment of the Army of the Armistice in November 1942. By contrast, the Milice continued to collaborate, and its members were subject to reprisals after the
13194:
13154:
13221:
13080:
13826:
3649:. The British changed policy, with encouragement from the Free French, to "rally French Somaliland to the Allied cause without bloodshed". The Free French were to arrange a "voluntary ralliement" by propaganda (
3555:
in response to the attack on Dakar. Shaken by the resolute Vichy defence and not wanting to further escalate the conflict, British and Free French forces withdrew on 25 September, bringing the battle to an end.
8170:
15784:
2550:
The exact strength of the Vichy French Metropolitan Army was set at 3,768 officers, 15,072 non-commissioned officers, and 75,360 men. All members had to be volunteers. In addition to the army, the size of the
1571:. By mid-June, the military situation of the French was dire, and it was apparent that it would lose the battle for Metropolitan France. The French government began to discuss the possibility of an armistice.
2560:
early 1942 those conscripts were released, but there were still not enough men. That shortage remained until the regime's dissolution, despite Vichy appeals to the Germans for a regular form of conscription.
15809:
866:
13375:
3633:
in June, the neutralisation of Vichy French colonies allowed the Italians to concentrate on the more lightly defended British Somaliland. On 23 July, Legentilhomme was ousted by the pro-Vichy naval officer
15174:
13631:
4084:
movement, judged that Pétain's accession to power was, in that respect, a "divine surprise", and many people of his persuasion believed it preferable to have an authoritarian government similar to that of
3867:. Numerous Jewish children were prohibited from going to school, which even Vichy had not implemented in Metropolitan France. Darlan was assassinated on 24 December 1942 in Algiers by the young monarchist
13189:
9749:
4407:" (National Revolution), the French administration opened up many concentration camps, to the point that, as historian Maurice Rajsfus writes, "The quick opening of new camps created employment, and the
2376:
newspaper in 1941, Darlan was quoted as saying that if the "New Order" failed in Europe, it would mean "here in France, the return to power of the Jews and Freemasons subservient to Anglo-Saxon policy".
8223:
2119:
rejects the idea that Vichy France was fascist, noting that "Pétain refused to create a single party state, avoided getting France involved in a new war, hated modernization, and supported the Church".
15814:
15794:
6052:
who survived the war were regarded as traitors. Some of the more prominent officers were executed, while the rank-and-file were given prison terms. Some of them were given the option of doing time in
2599:
Vichy French colonial forces were reduced in accordance with the terms of the armistice, but in the Mediterranean area alone, Vichy still had nearly 150,000 men under arms. There were about 55,000 in
9952:
3471:
facilities from the Americans on the basis that it could be "acquired" at any time if needed. In July 1943, Free French sympathisers on the island took control of the gold and the fleet once Admiral
1965:, who coordinated raids with the Nazis. German laws took precedence over French laws in the occupied territories, and the Germans often rode roughshod over the sensibilities of Vichy administrators.
4917:
of French Jewish citizens. The law excluded Jews from the administration, the armed forces, entertainment, arts, media, and certain professions, such as teaching, law, and medicine. The next day, a
13204:
2439:
Prime Minister Reynaud favoured continuing the war but was soon outvoted by those who advocated an armistice. Facing an untenable situation, Reynaud resigned and, on his recommendation, President
15167:
13654:
6833:
5197:
was certainly that of France. "It is convenient to see the Vichy regime as born of nothingness, returned to nothingness. Yes, it's convenient, but it is false. We cannot build pride upon a lie."
13351:
15819:
1992:
Vichy's claim to be the legitimate French government was denied by Free France and by all subsequent French governments after the war. They maintain that Vichy was an illegal government run by
13301:
9330:
6821:
Simultaneously, the French delegates at Wiesbaden were working to reach endurable levels of occupation costs, the early release of prisoners of war, and the return of the government to Paris.
6124:
and rather indiscriminate: there was a brief internment peak in these countries since internment was used partly for the purpose of separating collaborationists from others. Norway ended up
5540:, which controlled Vichy military units in North Africa. Darlan was neutralised within 15 hours by a 400-strong French resistance force. Roosevelt and Churchill accepted Darlan, rather than
5520:
Part of the residual legitimacy of the Vichy regime resulted from the continued ambivalence of U.S. and other leaders. President Roosevelt continued to cultivate Vichy, and promoted General
3371:, where he took control on 19 September. Its location on the edge of the Coral Sea and on the flank of Australia made New Caledonia become strategically critical in the effort to combat the
2964:, as well as the United States and the Soviet Union. During the war, Vichy France conducted military actions against armed incursions from Axis and Allied belligerents and was an example of
15897:
15774:
14422:
1529:
730:
709:
13335:
10140:
Philip Manow, "Workers, farmers and Catholicism: A history of political class coalitions and the south-European welfare state regime". Journal of European Social Policy 25.1 (2015): 32–49.
9890:
2447:
was signed on 22 June 1940. A separate French agreement was reached with Italy, which had entered the war against France on 10 June, well after the outcome of the battle had been decided.
2262:
also fit well with Vichy's traditionalist message. Vichy literature portrayed Joan as an archetypal virgin and Marianne as an archetypal whore. Under the Vichy regime, the school textbook
15804:
5398:
5200:
Macron made a subtle reference to Chirac's remark when he added, "I say it again here. It was indeed France that organized the roundup, the deportation, and thus, for almost all, death."
2819:
The Constitutional Acts of 11 and 12 July 1940 granted to Pétain all powers (legislative, judicial, administrative, executive and diplomatic) and the title of "head of the French state" (
2985:
North Africa. The US position was essentially that unless explicitly required by the armistice terms, France should take no action that could adversely affect Allied efforts in the war.
1622:
The Vichy government believed that with its policy of collaboration, it could have extracted significant concessions from Germany and avoid harsh terms in the peace treaty. Germany kept
8278:
12273:. (Comparative study of anti-Jewish policy implemented by the government in Nazi-Germany, by German occupational forces in France and by the semi-autonomic French government in Vichy)
3547:
was heavily damaged by torpedoes, and Free French troops landing at a beach south of the port were driven off by heavy fire. Even worse from a strategic point of view, bombers of the
6731:
Article 3. The following acts are hereby expressly nullified and held invalid: The so-called "Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940; as well as any laws called 'Constitutional Law';...
5223:
4116:
11384:
Germany and the Second World War: Volume 5: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part I: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939–1941
5060:
near Aix-en-Provence before arriving at Drancy. Then, on 22, 23, and 24 January 1943, assisted by Bousquet's police force, the Germans organised a raid in Marseilles. During the
3625:
decided that Legentilhomme would command the military forces in both Somalilands in case of war against Italy. In June, an Italian force was assembled to capture the port city of
13287:
4271:'s conception of the "Anti-France" (which he defined as the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons, and foreigners"), Vichy persecuted these supposed enemies.
4046:, on the other hand, were direct supporters of Marshal Pétain rather than of Germany (although they accepted Pétain's state collaboration). State collaboration was sealed by the
2355:
in September 1940. Typical of Vichy anti-British propaganda was the widely distributed pamphlet published in August 1940 and written by self-proclaimed "professional Anglophobe"
6967:(literally 'in spite of us' or 'against our wishes') was the name given to those inhabitants of the Alsace-Lorraine region forcibly conscripted into the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS.
4646:
The Foundation initiated studies on demographics (Robert Gessain, Paul Vincent, Jean Bourgeois), nutrition (Jean Sutter), and housing (Jean Merlet), as well as the first polls (
14028:
2891:. Pétain excluded fascists from office in his government, and by and large, his cabinet comprised "February 6 men" (members of the "National Union government" formed after the
16305:
16124:
16029:
12829:
10798:
6705:
5544:, as the French leader in North Africa. De Gaulle had not even been informed of the landing in North Africa. The United States also resented the Free French taking control of
4198:, but its main purpose was to enforce Vichy authority through intimidation and repression of the civilian population. After Liberation, some of its units were merged with the
11046:
6125:
5450:
farmers in the countryside and barter against cigarettes became common although those activities were strictly forbidden and thus carried the risk of confiscation and fines.
2745:
on their way to North Africa and exile. On 10 July the National Assembly, comprising both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, voted by 569 votes to 80, with 20 voluntary
4422:, and Romani. Social undesirables such as homosexuals, and prostitutes were also interned. Vichy opened its first internment camp in the northern zone on 5 October 1940, in
13315:
10938:
10829:
4655:
francs, roughly one franc per inhabitant: a true luxury considering the burdens imposed by the German Occupation on the nation's resources. By way of comparison, the whole
4103:
2417:, insisted that the responsibility of the government was to remain in France and share the misfortune of its people; they called for an immediate cessation of hostilities.
14276:
6244:, a civil servant in Bordeaux who had been in charge of "Jewish affairs" during the war and was convicted after a very long trial (1981–1998) for crimes against humanity.
5034:) had directed the action, French police authorities vigorously participated. "There was no effective police resistance until the end of Spring of 1944", wrote historians
4264:
3890:. The latter wanted to pursue a political position in France and agreed to have Giraud as commander-in-chief, who was more qualified militarily. Later, the Americans sent
3292:'s agreement, organised "Operation Bobcat" to send nine ships with 5000 American soldiers to build a naval refuelling base and airstrip and set up coastal defence guns on
3467:
in June 1940. The island was blockaded by the British navy until an agreement was reached to immobilise French ships in port. The British used the gold as collateral for
18284:
12251:
11149:
4874:
of Paris, a filing system registering Jewish people was created. Tulard had previously created such a filing system under the Third Republic, registering members of the
3922:, which unified the Free French Forces and territories controlled by them and had been founded in late 1943. Democratic rule for the European population was restored in
3257:
joined the Free French in 1940 or in one case in 1942. They later served as bases for the Allied effort in the Pacific and contributed troops to the Free French Forces.
18029:
9726:
8122:
7034:
4282:. Between June 1940 and August 1944, 15,000 persons, mostly Jews, were denaturalised. This bureaucratic decision was instrumental in their subsequent internment in the
17630:
13877:
13664:
9929:
8167:
3990:
13855:
13280:
11929:
2306:, Vichy needed to portray the French declaration of war on Germany as a hideous mistake and the French society under the Third Republic as degenerate and rotten. The
20502:
19642:
17646:
16320:
13294:
11244:
9454:
2847:("forced labor in perpetuity"). Reynaud was arrested in September 1940 by the Vichy government and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1941, before the opening of the
1847:
The territory under the control of the French State was based in the city of Vichy, in the unoccupied southern portion of Metropolitan France. This was south of the
11183:
9849:
2944:
2855:
his government soon began taking on authoritarian characteristics. Democratic liberties and guarantees were immediately suspended. The crime of "crime of opinion" (
20895:
16155:
15732:
15593:
15583:
15548:
14495:
13722:
12263:
Staaten als Täter. Ministerialbürokratie und 'Judenpolitik' in NS-Deutschland und Vichy-Frankreich. Ein Vergleich. Preface by Horst Möller and Georges-Henri Soutou
4617:
17973:
4479:, which was used to exterminate at least 86 detainees (mostly Jewish) with the aim of obtaining a collection of undamaged skeletons for the use of Nazi professor
2587:(militia), a paramilitary force created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy government to combat the Resistance. Members of the regular army could thus defect to the
20282:
17569:
17541:
16685:
14940:
13308:
5912:(GPRF, 1944–46) quickly reestablished order, and brought collaborationists before the courts. Many convicted collaborationists were then given amnesty under the
4066:
who felt that France's unfortunate fate was a result of its republican character and the actions of its left-wing governments of the 1930s, in particular of the
2254:
as the national symbol of France under Vichy, as her status as one of France's best-loved heroines gave her widespread appeal, and the image of Joan as a devout
2227:
values – locked in sterile rivalry with its antithetical outgrowths, Socialism and Communism". Pétain argued that rescuing the French people from
9062:
3685:, intervened in the fighting in small numbers. That highlighted Syria as a threat to British interests in the Middle East. Consequently, on 8 June, British and
2015:, notably by the United States and several other major Allied powers. Diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom had been severed since 8 July 1940 after the
20925:
19621:
18293:
17980:
17107:
15887:
13831:
13689:
13329:
12488:
10079:
8227:
6634:
6104:, who estimated the number to be around 10,000, which is also the figure accepted today by mainstream historians. Approximately 9,000 of these 10,000 refer to
5326:
Collaborationists may have influenced the Vichy government's policies, but ultra-collaborationists never comprised the majority of the government before 1944.
4692:". In the 1936 preface to the German edition of his book, Alexis Carrel had added a praise to the eugenics policies of the Third Reich, writing the following:
4620:", which required all couples seeking marriage to submit to a biological examination, to ensure the "good health" of the spouses, in particular with regard to
3645:
In March 1941, the British enforcement of a strict contraband regime to prevent supplies being passed on to the Italians, lost its point after the conquest of
11850:
9130:
5337:
2331:
No other nation was attacked as frequently and violently as Britain was in Vichy propaganda. In Pétain's radio speeches, Britain was always portrayed as the "
18596:
17959:
17261:
16886:
16190:
15573:
13344:
12804:
6461:
5732:
Germany and Japan, as well as an Italian consulate. The population of the enclave was about 6,000, including known collaborationist journalists, the writers
1943:, which had the effect of turning German territorial ambitions almost exclusively to the East. German troops guarding the boundary line of the northeastern
11136:
6708:[Law of 9 August 1944 Concerning the reestablishment of the legally constituted Republic on the mainland – consolidated version of 10 August 1944].
2651:
1679:
in April 1945. Pétain was put on trial for treason by the new Provisional Government, and sentenced to death, but this was commuted to life imprisonment by
832:
Although the French Republic's institutions were officially maintained, the word "Republic" never occurred in any official document of the Vichy government.
17602:
17548:
16734:
15578:
15568:
14594:
13979:
11782:
4372:
started with France's declaration of war against Germany on 3 September 1939, these camps were used to intern enemy aliens. These included German Jews and
3725:
was forced to agree to a joint British and Free French proclamation promising that Syria and Lebanon would become fully independent at the end of the war.
12473:
11647:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO.
8970:
4155:(CNR), which gathered all Resistance movements under one unified political body, these reforms were a primary instrument in the establishment of post-war
20930:
18066:
17555:
17171:
15558:
15553:
5780:
5552:
believed, it interfered with a U.S.–Vichy agreement to maintain the status quo with respect to French territorial possessions in the western hemisphere.
3717:
circles and that Vichy forces in Syria were less likely to resist the British if they were not accompanied by elements of the Free French. Nevertheless,
3363:
promptly declared allegiance to the Free French on 20 July, the first colonial head to do so. The outcome was decided by a combination of patriotism and
3044:
3029:
2581:
The Vichy authorities did not deploy the Army of the Armistice against resistance groups active in the south of France, reserving that role to the Vichy
2116:
1444:
9839:"Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)"
9254:
5177:
The first official admission that the French State had been complicit in the deportation of 76,000 Jews during WW II was made in 1995 by then President
4721:
294:
16581:
13605:
13266:
9347:
9121:
8341:
5035:
4918:
3021:
1603:. The terms of the armistice allowed some degree of independence, France was officially declared as neutral country, and the Vichy government kept the
12359:
9819:
Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)
9325:
8819:
17952:
17392:
17268:
16264:
15543:
15422:
15102:
14504:
13273:
13259:
13137:
13122:
12648:
9567:
6706:"Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental – Version consolidée au 10 août 1944"
6582:
5441:
Civilians suffered shortages of all varieties of consumer goods. The rationing system was stringent and badly mismanaged, leading to malnourishment,
4600:
4487:
4174:
3986:
3969:
3552:
3059:, Canada, despite being at war with the Axis since 1939, maintained full diplomatic relations with the Vichy regime until early November 1942, when
2829:
as representative to the German High Command in Paris. Pétain remained the head of the Vichy regime until 20 August 1944. The French national motto,
1509:
408:
5240:
2825:), as well as the right to nominate his successor. On 12 July, Pétain designated Laval as vice-president and his designated successor and appointed
17245:
16625:
16407:
16059:
15025:
14923:
12814:
10911:
6597:
5272:
to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who, for ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's Germany. Examples are the
3930:
3864:
3090:
10964:
6021:
Paris 1944: Women accused of collaboration with Nazis are paraded through the streets; they often had their hair cut off as a form of humiliation.
4228:
4000:
2365:("Should England Be Reduced to Slavery?"); the question in the title was merely rhetorical. Additionally, Vichy mixed Anglophobia with racism and
17682:
16994:
14928:
14911:
9874:
6587:
6260:
3249:. The colonies were small and non-contiguous but politically united. Immediately after the fall of France, the Governor General of French India,
2762:
1791:
Metropolitan/continental France under German occupation (Germans occupied the southern zone starting in November 1942 – Operation
13636:
12819:
9228:
9202:
9176:
9150:
4945:
4364:
was founded in 1939 for this use; it later became the central transit camp through which all deportees passed on their way to concentration and
3540:). After attempts to encourage them to join the Allies were rebuffed by the defenders, fierce fighting erupted between Vichy and Allied forces.
3051:
Moscow maintained full diplomatic relations with the Vichy government until 30 June 1941, when they were broken by Vichy expressing support for
1859:, which was "an integral part of Vichy", with antisemitic policies implemented in Vichy France also being implemented here. This was called the
20915:
17501:
16803:
14637:
13998:
12990:
12524:
6607:
6011:
5245:
5215:
4725:
3736:, which the British feared Japanese forces might use as a base to disrupt trade and communications in the Indian Ocean. The initial landing at
19514:
14085:
11495:
9392:
6089:
3089:, who ordered French ships in British ports to be seized by the Royal Navy. Shortly after the armistice (22 June 1940), Britain conducted the
20608:
20174:
18300:
18263:
18240:
17754:
16676:
16646:
15931:
15432:
15057:
14232:
13238:
12623:
12500:
8270:
6017:
5909:
5784:
5774:
5564:
4689:
4640:
3039:
2776:
and all postwar French governments have contended that this vote by the National Assembly was illegal. Three main arguments are put forward:
1665:
1267:
794:
18015:
6663:, Pétain never promulgated a new constitution. A draft was written in 1941 and signed by Pétain in 1944 but was never submitted or ratified.
4824:
4471:) for the detention of enemy aliens on French territory; in Alsace, which was under the direct administration of the Reich, they opened the
3567:, had to be occupied by military force between 27 October and 12 November 1940. On 8 November 1940, Free French forces under the command of
2799:, the dubious circumstances of the vote explain why most French historians do not consider Vichy a complete continuity of the French state.
421:
18393:
18249:
18233:
18205:
17446:
16653:
16402:
15107:
15037:
14642:
14488:
12598:
6121:
4729:
4658:
3280:, with outlying islands reporting agreement in the following days. The vote was 5564 to 18 in favour of joining the Free French. After the
3024:(AMGOT) like Germany. After the assassination of Darlan on 24 December 1942, the Americans turned again towards Giraud to whom had rallied
8432:
5380:
wrote that Vichy "is notorious for its enactment of anti-Semitic laws and decrees, and these were all loyally enforced by the judiciary".
4796:
4203:
20880:
20870:
19157:
18217:
18129:
18073:
18036:
17311:
14709:
14704:
13199:
12975:
11007:
7670:
7252:
7213:
11480:
Manow, Philip. "Workers, farmers and Catholicism: A history of political class coalitions and the south-European welfare state regime".
11366:
Kocher, Adam, Adria K. Lawrence and Nuno P. Monteiro. 2018. "Nationalism, Collaboration, and Resistance: France under Nazi Occupation."
7775:
7104:
5505:
to occupy Corsica and then the rest of the unoccupied southern zone in immediate reaction to the landing of the Allies in North Africa (
5192:
denounced the country's role in the Holocaust in France and the historical revisionism that denied France's responsibility for the 1942
2926:
was then head of government until April 1942, followed by Pierre Laval again until August 1944. The Vichy government fled into exile in
2444:
1611:
under French control, avoiding full occupation of the country by Germany. Despite heavy pressure, the Vichy government never joined the
18122:
16847:
14933:
14918:
12593:
9591:
8705:
8413:
7014:
3974:
3910:
in January 1943. The Allies discussed their general strategy for the war and recognised joint leadership of North Africa by Giraud and
2972:
on 27 November 1942 to prevent its capture by the Axis. Washington at first granted Vichy full diplomatic recognition, sending Admiral
5105:
French during the 1930s. Of the total, approximately 25,000 French Jews and 50,000 foreign Jews were deported. According to historian
20835:
20830:
19947:
19635:
18256:
16639:
16597:
15954:
15124:
14557:
14256:
12653:
7882:
4803:
3144:
1687:, although many had participated in the deportation of Jews, abuses of prisoners, and severe acts against members of the Resistance.
11030:
10794:
6713:
6088:
Executions without trials and other forms of "mob justice" were harshly criticised immediately after the war, with circles close to
5056:
The French police, headed by Bousquet, arrested 7,000 Jews in the southern zone in August 1942. 2,500 of them transited through the
3485:, also changed allegiance in 1943 after Admiral Georges Robert ordered police to fire on protestors, before he fled back to Europe.
19484:
17289:
17063:
16826:
16692:
16503:
16431:
15966:
15200:
14761:
12970:
10887:
5888:
After the liberation, France was swept for a short period with a wave of executions of collaborationists. Some were brought to the
4293:
inaugurated by the Third Republic were immediately put to new use, ultimately becoming transit camps for the implementation of the
4059:
not stop the Vichy government from organising the arrest and even sometimes the execution of German spies entering the Vichy zone.
2716:
hub. Toulouse was too remote and had a left-wing reputation. Vichy was centrally located and had many hotels for ministers to use.
2708:, their provisional capital in central France. Lyon, France's second-largest city, would have been a more logical choice but Mayor
1952:
Nevertheless, effectively Alsace-Lorraine was annexed: German law applied to the region, its inhabitants were conscripted into the
116:
10821:
8300:
5367:
Vichy French zinc and aluminium coins made during the war circulated in both the German–occupied zone and Vichy's unoccupied zone.
2518:
19773:
18372:
18169:
17821:
17199:
16699:
16611:
16547:
16195:
16175:
16099:
15799:
15082:
14481:
14404:
14109:
13764:
13626:
12728:
12633:
10931:
10104:
Collaborationists openly embraced fascism. ...They had to continue to believe in German victory or cease to be collaborationists.
6885:
6602:
6160:
4922:
3919:
3848:
3753:
2969:
2769:. The deputies and senators who voted to grant full powers to Pétain were condemned on an individual basis after the Liberation.
2492:
2389:
1949:
were withdrawn on the night of 17–18 December 1941, but the line remained in place on paper for the remainder of the occupation.
1700:
1623:
1437:
15916:
9040:
5166:
had maintained that the Vichy Government, not France's Republic, was responsible. This position was more recently reiterated by
172:
20945:
20875:
20820:
20815:
20322:
20307:
20224:
18575:
18087:
16930:
16468:
16170:
16165:
16044:
15874:
14692:
13836:
13760:
13171:
12565:
6248:
proportionately lighter losses, but in 1942, repression and deportations started to strike French Jews, not just foreign Jews.
5787:
quickly. The first action of the Provisional Government was to reestablish republican legality throughout Metropolitan France.
5085:, in charge of the German Police in France, made the trip from Paris and transmitted to Bousquet orders directly received from
4856:
A Nazi ordinance dated 21 September 1940 forced Jews of the occupied zone to declare themselves as such at a police station or
4810:
4509:
With regard to economic contribution to the German economy, it is estimated that France provided 42% of the total foreign aid.
4486:
The Vichy government took a number of racially motivated measures. In August 1940, laws against antisemitism in the media (the
3826:
613:
15892:
13795:
13732:
11146:
9710:
9372:
9295:
4494:
a number of French citizens, in particular Jews from Eastern Europe. Foreigners were rounded-up in "Foreign Workers' Groups" (
4446:, was the largest internment camp in the Southeast of France; twenty-five hundred Jews were deported from there following the
2795:
Pétain could claim legality for himself, particularly in comparison with the essentially self-appointed leadership of Charles
20890:
20075:
19178:
19083:
18603:
18349:
18224:
17303:
17277:
17134:
16840:
16757:
15921:
15911:
15789:
14043:
13892:
13887:
13037:
12432:
12403:
12299:
12270:
12216:
12182:
12053:
12009:
11696:
11678:
11652:
11547:
11513:
11471:
11392:
11360:
11296:
11265:
10974:
10863:
10588:
10563:
10538:
10439:
10414:
10320:
10287:
10161:
10125:
10089:
10051:
9544:
9486:
8847:"Discretionary Power in the Hands of an Authoritarian State: A Study of Denaturalizations under the Vichy Regime (1940–1944)"
8805:
8715:
8542:
8126:
8031:
7924:
7847:
7769:
7664:
7353:
7295:
7246:
7207:
7098:
7060:
7031:
6868:
6764:
6251:
Robert Paxton has denuded this weak defence of crimes against humanity in his book Vichy France: Old Guard, New Order (1972)
5331:
4576:
3583:, was bombed and captured. The final Vichy troops in Gabon surrendered without any military confrontation with the Allies at
2200:. During his radio speeches, the entire French Third Republic era was always painted in the blackest of colours as a time of
1087:
10772:
9913:
6025:
Philippe Pétain was charged with treason in July 1945. He was convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad, but Charles
3300:(phonetic pronunciation of the naval acronym, CB, or Construction Battalion) efforts in the Pacific, and the Bora Bora base
2385:
2240:, which Pétain claimed the French had forgotten. Despite his highly-negative view of the Third Republic, Pétain argued that
2161:
would again unify the nation. The Vichy government's "francisque" insignia featured two symbols from the Gallic period: the
20706:
19411:
18811:
18697:
17862:
17322:
17318:
17296:
16900:
16119:
16009:
15959:
15119:
14312:
14070:
13882:
13149:
10000:
9797:
8680:
6010:
Other historians have distinguished the purges against intellectuals (Brasillach, Céline, etc.), industrialists, fighters (
4177:(INED) after the war and exists to this day. Another example is the creation of the national statistics institute, renamed
16205:
11241:
9448:
5493:
5376:
and culture. The media were tightly controlled and stressed virulent anti-Semitism and, after June 1941, anti-Bolshevism.
4792:
4220:
4152:
3899:, which granted French citizenship to Jews in Algeria and had been repealed by Vichy, was immediately restored by Gaulle.
3387:) and Army in the South Pacific, and as a repair base for Allied vessels. New Caledonia contributed personnel both to the
2831:
2790:
The 1884 constitutional amendment making it unconstitutional to put into question the "republican form" of the government.
178:
20429:
20192:
19848:
19838:
19326:
18783:
18115:
18101:
17307:
16231:
16054:
15669:
14906:
14871:
14856:
14670:
11180:
10746:
10719:
10338:"L'exploitation de la Main-d'oeuvre Française dans l'industrie Siderurgique Allemande pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale"
10198:
Zdatny, Steven M. (1986). "The Corporatist Word and the Modernist Deed: Artisans and Political Economy in Vichy France".
9838:
7814:
5956:'s first ordonnance instituting purge Commissions was enacted on 18 August 1943): judgements of collaborationists by the
4979:
1205:
49:
13226:
8369:"Les ralliements du Pacifique en 1940: Entre légende gaulliste, enjeux stratégiques mondiaux et rivalités Londres/Vichy"
6485:
5341:
and cadets of the Légion, who had never seen battle but supported Pétain's régime. The name was then quickly changed to
4401:
and Germany. Finally, after Pétain's proclamation of the "French State" and the beginning of the implementation of the "
20277:
19535:
19404:
19282:
18853:
18568:
18519:
18277:
17832:
17077:
16916:
16764:
16618:
15067:
13013:
12078:
11958:
11577:
9084:
8257:
7998:
6954:
6639:
4732:
have accused Carrel of responsibility for the execution of thousands of mentally ill or impaired patients under Vichy.
3372:
3116:
2961:
2713:
2428:
1921:
and the rest of the French colonial empire that accepted the authority of Vichy; only the disputed border territory of
1532:
at first affected only the northern and western portions of the country, but in November 1942 the Germans and Italians
1430:
15737:
15588:
12980:
3233:
and severed diplomatic ties with the Vichy government only when it became clear that Vichy would not join the Allies.
3008:'s turn towards the Free Forces (he had been prime minister from February 1941 to April 1942) they played him against
2869:, and critics were frequently arrested. Elective bodies were replaced by nominated ones. The "municipalities" and the
2815:
1943 1 Franc coin. Front: "French State". Back: "Work Family Homeland". Symbolism on coinage was a propaganda vehicle.
1840:(French Republic) disappeared from all official documents. From then on, the regime was referred to officially as the
17:
20920:
20905:
20840:
20249:
20234:
19651:
18526:
18498:
18315:
17897:
17609:
17576:
16200:
15926:
14564:
14508:
13740:
13380:
13132:
13127:
13085:
13075:
12985:
12761:
12150:
12121:
12104:
12031:
11991:
11922:
11837:
11753:
11527:
11445:
11421:
11125:
9058:
9024:
8987:
8955:
8768:
8471:
8156:
8099:
7948:
6660:
5875:
4843:
4562:
3708:
3596:
3301:
3269:
2939:
2750:
2647:
2625:. Colonial forces were allowed to keep some armoured vehicles, though these were mostly "vintage" World War I tanks (
2012:
1754:
1560:
1552:
1366:
572:
91:
16792:
16392:
14473:
14245:
13934:
12482:
6382:, head of the Jewish Questions Service in the prefecture of Bordeaux. Condemned for crimes against humanity in 1998.
5804:
5621:
5351:
4458:. In contrast, French colonial soldiers were interned by the Germans in French territory instead of being deported.
2283:. In part, Vichy's virulent Anglophobia was due to its leaders' personal dislike of the British, as Marshal Pétain,
20950:
20900:
20517:
20358:
20312:
19688:
18839:
18776:
17911:
17740:
16863:
16109:
15223:
15092:
15015:
14627:
13610:
13562:
13430:
12638:
12209:
Persécutions et entraides dans la France occupée : comment 75 % des juifs de France ont échappé à la mort
12174:
11847:
11224:
6324:
6190:. He had been prosecuted but partially acquitted and immediately amnestied in 1949. In 1994, former Vichy official
5563:) and the departure of the Vichy leaders, the U.S., the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union finally recognised the
5309:
refers to those, primarily from the fascist right, who embraced the goal of a German victory as their own, whereas
4740:
4431:
4398:
3886:
successor in French Africa with Allied support. That occurred through a series of consultations between Giraud and
3192:
3148:
3093:, killing 1,297 French military personnel. Vichy severed diplomatic relations with Britain. The French squadron at
1319:
17417:
15905:
15159:
10066:
In France, collaborationists were committed to the victory of the Third Reich and actively worked toward that end.
7748:
French Colonial Soldiers in German Prisoner-of-War Camps (1940–1945), Raffael Scheck, 2010, French History, p. 421
6159:
spent part of their postwar effort trying to bring them before the courts. Some collaborationists then joined the
5468:
5009:, the state railway company. The police arrested 13,152 Jews, including 4,051 children – which the
2899:) and mainstream politicians whose career prospects had been blocked by the triumph of the Popular Front in 1936.
2115:
modernizers, and concluded that genuinely fascist elements had only minor roles in most sectors. French historian
2026:
countries, including the United States, Canada, and China, recognised the Vichy government. According to Jackson,
1936:
20885:
20845:
19212:
19053:
19042:
18871:
18630:
18589:
18482:
18420:
17800:
17070:
16939:
16907:
16114:
16084:
15097:
14682:
14251:
13537:
12643:
11211:
9667:
6726:
Article 1: The form of the government of France is and remains the Republic. By law, it has not ceased to exist.
5488:
3876:
3333:
1388:
1106:
17587:
17155:
15406:
13024:
11779:
10716:"Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental"
10040:
Waschuk, Roman; Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (20 June 1986). Boshyk, Yury; Wynnyckyj, Andriy (eds.).
9479:
The Vichy laws: acts called 'laws' of the de facto authority claiming to be the 'government of the French state'
4450:. Exiled Republican, antifascist Spaniards who had sought refuge in France after the Nationalist victory in the
3952:(PPA). On the day of the Liberation of France, the GPRF would harshly repress a rebellion in Algeria during the
3426:
1787:
20537:
20112:
19598:
19570:
19448:
19241:
18471:
17922:
17848:
17637:
17008:
16727:
16632:
16517:
16269:
16094:
16039:
15371:
15000:
13408:
13403:
13103:
12618:
12470:
11716:
8688:
7839:
Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940–2005)
5857:
5745:
5442:
5118:
deported from France were from Paris, with the majority of these Parisian Jews being taken into custody by the
4781:
4544:
3740:
was relatively quick, though it took British forces a further six months to gain control of the entire island.
2600:
1918:
1914:
1803:
1736:
1627:
12460:
12066:
Culture, médias, pouvoirs aux Etats-Unis et en Europe occidentale, France, Italie, RFA, Royaume-Uni, 1945–1991
6364:, delegate of Bousquet in the "free zone", charged with crimes against humanity for his role in the July 1942
6176:
5109:, 76,000 Jews were deported and died in concentration and extermination camps. Including the Jews who died in
4165:. An example of such continuities is the creation of the French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems by
3461:
3250:
3000:, general delegate of Vichy for Africa until December 1941. After the first choice had failed, they turned to
20460:
20080:
20021:
20016:
19658:
19591:
19542:
19473:
19298:
18797:
18748:
18512:
18505:
18108:
17869:
17653:
16706:
16150:
16145:
15766:
15654:
15465:
15062:
14766:
13592:
13070:
13047:
12718:
12256:
11163:
9250:
5853:
5821:
5401:
under the cover of supporting French agriculture but in fact to support flagging German armament production.
5110:
4777:
4749:
4540:
4455:
4242:
3856:
2679:
1796:
1776:
1732:
1564:
1383:
1376:
1361:
1349:
1334:
1136:
20102:
15727:
11201:
9344:
9118:
8345:
6978:
Peter Jackson & Simon Kitson ‘The paradoxes of foreign policy in Vichy France’ in Jonathan Adelman(ed),
1961:, the head of French police nominated by Vichy, exercised his power in Paris through his second-in-command,
20788:
20527:
20006:
19843:
19732:
19628:
19003:
18957:
17876:
17704:
17689:
17616:
17595:
17413:
17091:
16877:
16870:
16854:
16565:
16524:
16496:
16315:
16310:
16300:
16210:
16019:
16014:
15989:
15882:
14977:
14945:
13679:
13557:
12603:
12588:
11932:[Autumn publishing season launch – With Pierre Assouline, Sigmaringen, That's life in the castle].
11599:
11313:
Jennings, Eric (1994). "'Reinventing Jeanne': The Iconology of Joan of Arc in Vichy Schoolbooks, 1940–44".
8794:
5436:
5313:
refers to those of the French who for whatever reason collaborated with the Germans. Organisations such as
4899:
4817:
4621:
4112:
3903:
3802:
3787:
was fought, the French forces in North Africa had gone over to the Allied side and joined the Free French.
3136:
3070:
Memorial to the 1,297 French seamen who died during the British bombardment of their ships at Mers El Kebir
2689:
2638:
proved unsuccessful, and the French decided not to press the issue to the point of refusing the Armistice.
1925:
was placed under direct German administration. Alsace-Lorraine was officially still part of France, as the
1848:
752:
15042:
14266:
12248:. Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2008, Beiheft der Francia Nr. 67, hrsg. von Deutschen Historischen Institut Paris.
11609:; with Stitt, Commander G. M. S.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (1954).
10743:"Ordonnance du 21 avril 1944 relative à l'organisation des pouvoirs publics en France après la Libération"
9474:
Les lois de Vichy: actes dits 'lois' de l'autorité de fait se prétendant 'gouvernement de l'Etat français'
7485:
Cornick, Martyn "Fighting Myth with Reality: The Fall of France, Anglophobia, and the BBC" pp. 65–87 from
4151:– reforms adopted during World War II were kept and extended. Along with the 15 March 1944 Charter of the
3728:
From 5 May to 6 November 1942, British and Commonwealth forces conducted Operation Ironclad, known as the
3422:
1059:
20860:
20645:
20365:
20239:
20229:
19977:
19818:
19766:
19695:
19019:
18964:
18582:
18554:
18407:
18022:
18001:
17515:
17178:
17084:
16574:
16274:
16185:
15485:
15020:
14574:
13552:
13542:
13216:
12849:
11610:
9630:
6523:
6313:
6172:
5984:, executed on 6 February 1945, etc.), but many of those who survived that phase were later given amnesty.
5571:
as the legitimate government of France on 23 October 1944. Before that, the first return of democracy to
4357:
4062:
The composition and policies of the Vichy cabinet were mixed. Many Vichy officials, such as Pétain, were
4027:
3105:, commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet. After the Mers-el-Kebir incident, the British recognised
2908:
2234:
2053:
1356:
241:
20910:
14271:
13941:
13646:
10908:
6497:
6402:
6078:
5419:
Germany, where they were 15% of the labour force by August 1944. The largest number worked in the giant
5273:
5235:
3863:. Jewish goods were "aryanized" (stolen), and a special Jewish Affairs service was created, directed by
2543:
overseas. The function of those forces was to keep internal order and to defend French territories from
20556:
20477:
20244:
20154:
20133:
19833:
19823:
19813:
19493:
18982:
18901:
18846:
18734:
18690:
18340:
17966:
17890:
17785:
17662:
17534:
17527:
17487:
17460:
17192:
17125:
16720:
16531:
16461:
16284:
16279:
16004:
15636:
15631:
15626:
15621:
15616:
15608:
15518:
15144:
15112:
15077:
14801:
14227:
14065:
13775:
12965:
12558:
10200:
6592:
5908:, or Butter Eggs Cheese, because of the products sold at outrageous prices during the Occupation). The
5792:
4290:
4123:
3949:
1371:
1339:
1314:
874:
846:
626:
532:
14023:
11917:(dir. Jean-Pierre Azéma & François Bédarida, Institut d'histoire du temps présent), Fayard, 1992,
10340:[The Exploitation of French Labor in the German Iron and Steel Industry During World War II].
10235:
Jones, Joseph (1982). "Vichy France and Postwar Economic Modernization: The Case of the Shopkeepers".
6759:. Histoire du temps présent (in French). Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe – IRPMF-CNRS, coll. p. 71.
6198:
was likewise convicted in 1998 but was released three years later due to ill health and died in 2007.
5068:
of 40,000 people, and the operation sent 2,000 Marseillese people in the death trains, leading to the
4360:(the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) in August 1939, these camps were also used to intern French communists.
4317:
in the Unoccupied Zone; the regime even had a mixed-race cabinet minister, the Martinique-born lawyer
2841:(Work, Family, Homeland). It was noted at the time that TFP also stood for the criminal punishment of
2348:
2016:
1676:
20736:
20492:
20407:
20380:
20297:
20092:
19937:
19395:
19312:
19097:
18950:
18922:
18755:
18660:
18450:
17883:
16950:
16604:
16215:
15901:
15131:
15052:
14823:
14771:
13600:
13460:
12766:
12756:
11818:
Poznanski, Renée. "Rescue of the Jews and the Resistance in France: From History to Historiography",
11725:
10237:
9587:
9382:
9304:
9224:
9198:
9172:
9146:
8979:
6156:
5517:. That rump government finally fell when the city was taken by the Allied French army in April 1945.
4940:
4910:
4499:
3510:
3436:
3025:
2783:
The impossibility for Parliament to delegate its constitutional powers without controlling their use
2477:
2397:
2064:
1852:
1836:
1584:
1501:
940:
883:
17148:
13780:
12864:
12538:
12114:
Vichy-Auschwitz. Le rôle de Vichy dans la solution finale de la question juive en France. 1943–1944.
9650:
Summary from data compiled by the Association des Fils et Filles des déportés juifs de France, 1985.
9251:"The Holocaust: Re-examining The Wannsee Conference, Himmler's Appointments Book, and Tunisian Jews"
7325:
6468:
6331:
5988:
5933:
made in 1948 and 1952 counted as many as 6,000 executions before the Liberation and 4,000 afterward.
5733:
5363:
3055:, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. In response to British requests and sensitivities of the
2919:
2351:
on the French Mediterranean fleet that killed over 1,300 French sailors in July 1940 and the failed
494:
20825:
20317:
20287:
19892:
19134:
19111:
18356:
18157:
18150:
17807:
17467:
17439:
17432:
16819:
15999:
15426:
15336:
15321:
15139:
14876:
14697:
14632:
14622:
14547:
13684:
13669:
13484:
12676:
12521:
11606:
11492:
9400:
8913:
8204:
Jouin, Yves (1965). "La Nouvelle-Calédonie et la Polynésie Française dans la Guerre du Pacifique".
7963:
de la patrie. Elle sera ratifiée par la nation et appliquée par les Assemblées qu'elle aura créées.
6504:
6366:
6149:
5987:
the third phase, more lenient towards collaborationists (the trial of Philippe Pétain or of writer
5537:
5392:
Vichy-era poster calling for volunteers to work in Germany in exchange for French prisoners of war.
5193:
5127:
4992:
4974:
4962:
4902:, which resulted in 3,200 foreign and 1,000 French Jews being interned in various camps, including
4418:
Besides the political prisoners already detained there, Gurs was then used to intern foreign Jews,
3560:
3494:
3472:
3394:
3380:
3319:
3102:
2153:
as the "founder" of the French nation. It was asserted that just as the defeat of the Gauls in the
1827:
1645:
902:
451:
194:
17164:
17141:
14090:
11231:
Historical Dictionary of World War Two France: The Occupation, Vichy and the Resistance, 1938–1946
7995:"Actes constitutionnels du Gouvernement de Vichy, 1940–1944, France, MJP, université de Perpignan"
6057:
5779:
The Free French, concerned that the Allies might decide to put France under administration of the
5355:(SOL), which consisted mostly of French supporters of the Nazis and was fully approved by Pétain.
5072:. The operation also encompassed the expulsion of an entire neighbourhood (30,000 persons) in the
5021:(Winter Velodrome) in unhygienic conditions. They were led to Drancy internment camp (run by Nazi
2547:
assault. The French forces were to remain under the overall direction of the German armed forces.
2526:
The French government had responsibility for preventing French citizens from escaping into exile.
1512:. Though Paris was nominally its capital, the government established itself in the resort town of
20573:
20455:
20402:
20348:
20302:
19991:
19556:
19500:
19370:
19230:
18908:
18561:
18457:
18363:
17931:
17792:
17762:
17726:
17711:
17583:
17475:
17453:
17399:
17385:
17367:
17031:
16812:
16540:
16489:
16104:
16049:
16024:
15087:
15047:
15005:
14987:
14982:
14901:
14841:
14833:
14828:
14813:
14753:
14665:
14617:
14579:
14358:
14172:
13841:
12859:
12839:
12608:
12369:
12330:
8054:
John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation (New York, 1986), p. 33
6236:
6187:
6046:
5846:
5171:
5139:
5119:
5015:
had not asked for – and 5,082 women, on 16 and 17 July and imprisoned them in the
4879:
4770:
4533:
4324:
The Third Republic had first opened concentration camps during World War I for the internment of
4260:
3686:
3341:
3305:
1725:
1684:
1637:
1344:
1329:
1324:
1017:
13160:
11382:
9662:
8328:
5930:
5889:
5335:(LFC) (French Legion of Fighters), including at first only former combatants but quickly adding
5329:
To enforce the régime's will, some paramilitary organisations were created. One example was the
5182:
5017:
4403:
4215:
2213:
Summarising Pétain's speeches, the British historian Christopher Flood wrote that Pétain blamed
2192:
2129:
2043:
1049:
20678:
20640:
20598:
20583:
20375:
20197:
20097:
19759:
19248:
19141:
18936:
18887:
18790:
18683:
18653:
18436:
18324:
18050:
17841:
17425:
17406:
17376:
16923:
16893:
15755:
15356:
14599:
14390:
14261:
13907:
13745:
13581:
13042:
12698:
12516:
12364:
10991:
10337:
10312:
10279:
10273:
6168:
6031:
5913:
5655:, the Milice was responsible for helping the German forces and police in the repression of the
5652:
5545:
5320:
4903:
4875:
4361:
4353:
4341:
4314:
4279:
4256:
4067:
3923:
3868:
3694:
3548:
3281:
2892:
2807:
homeland. It will be ratified by the nation and applied by the assemblies which it has created.
2758:
2544:
2540:
2513:
2340:
2174:
2157:(52 BCE) had been the moment in French history when a sense of common nationhood was born, the
2137:
The Vichy government tried to assert its legitimacy by symbolically connecting itself with the
1704:
1608:
1548:
1525:
1277:
1156:
398:
105:
12064:
11565:
8967:
8224:"Les ÉFO dans la Seconde Guerre Mondiale : la question du ralliement et ses conséquences"
8021:
7916:
7837:
7654:
7282:. Palgrave Studies in Political History. Springer International Publishing. pp. 311–326.
7236:
7197:
6860:
6373:
5972:, was thus condemned to a life sentence on 25 January 1945), including 1,500 death sentences (
5163:
4475:, the only concentration camp created by the Nazis on French territory. Natzweiler included a
158:
20855:
20850:
20810:
20603:
20593:
20385:
20209:
20117:
20052:
19739:
19462:
19305:
19201:
19171:
19127:
18996:
18860:
18825:
18818:
18741:
18639:
18080:
18057:
17904:
17508:
17045:
16785:
16771:
16454:
15936:
15498:
15470:
14846:
14647:
14462:
14238:
13992:
12899:
12713:
12551:
11944:
10375:
Kitson, Simon (2009). "The Marseille Police and the German Forced Labour Draft (1943–1944)".
10041:
9472:
8407:
8108:
7759:
7088:
6618:
6222:(1987), Vichy and the state collaboration of France remains a "past that doesn't pass away".
6006:, creator of the General Commission for Jewish Affairs, René Bousquet, head of French police)
5938:
5825:
5661:
5219:
5126:
not wilfully collaborated with Germany, which lacked staff for police activities. During the
5073:
4936:
4898:
IV-D. They were used by the Gestapo on various raids, among them the August 1941 raid in the
4857:
4636:
4252:
3956:
of 8 May 1945, which has been characterised by some historians as the "real beginning of the
3860:
2977:
2866:
2588:
2372:
2335:", a nation that was the complete antithesis of everything good in France, the blood-soaked "
2197:
1897:
were based on abbreviation and wordplay, such as the "zone nono", for the non-occupied zone.
1831:
1544:
1287:
1214:
1176:
1116:
691:
17343:
11614:
10304:
10151:
7908:
7018:
3572:
3098:
2996:
and regarded him as an "apprentice dictator". The Americans first tried to support General
2877:(nominated by and dependent on the executive power). In January 1941, the National Council (
73:
20940:
20865:
20628:
20169:
20107:
19996:
19887:
19563:
19418:
19069:
19026:
18989:
18915:
18725:
18704:
17623:
17100:
16778:
16428:
16387:
16350:
16079:
15860:
15513:
15475:
15396:
15391:
15311:
14955:
14808:
14796:
14786:
14652:
14607:
14397:
14222:
14080:
13917:
13750:
13659:
13210:
13018:
12723:
9649:
9510:
8186:
7708:
6629:
5716:). The enclave had its own radio station (Radio-patrie, Ici la France) and official press (
5061:
4871:
4596:
4283:
4148:
4144:
4089:'s Spain, even if under Germany's yoke, than to have a republican government. Others, like
3822:
3729:
3364:
3323:
3120:
3066:
3052:
2593:
2554:
2539:) – stationed in the unoccupied zone, and for the military provision of the
2123:
2112:
2084:
1940:
1661:
1596:
1555:. The German Army rapidly broke through the Allied lines by bypassing the highly fortified
1166:
892:
15493:
14116:
11904:
7878:
5265:
3153:
8:
20711:
20668:
20588:
20542:
20419:
20412:
20392:
20353:
20265:
20057:
20026:
20001:
19967:
19869:
19864:
19681:
19455:
19333:
19289:
18804:
17938:
17697:
17224:
17054:
17038:
16987:
16160:
15687:
15598:
15503:
15291:
15276:
15266:
14960:
14861:
14781:
14677:
14177:
14167:
13790:
13450:
13390:
13052:
13031:
11930:"Rentrée littéraire – Avec Pierre Assouline, Sigmaringen, c'est la vie de château !"
11882:(1962). "Pétain : sa carrière, son procès" [Pétain: his career, his trial].
11742:
9957:
9754:
7975:
6946:
6455:
5696:
5674:
5572:
5514:
5098:
5089:. It is another notable case of the French police's wilful collaboration with the Nazis.
4631:
4382:
4333:
3646:
3541:
3187:
3175:
3171:
3124:
2927:
2092:
2083:. French communists, strongest in labour unions, turned against Vichy in June 1941, when
2056:
1906:
1856:
1537:
1497:
1126:
1035:
974:
964:
770:
639:
325:
14281:
12670:
10879:
9564:
La Police de Vichy. Les Forces de l'ordre françaises au service de la Gestapo, 1940/1944
8492:
6541:
6186:
was assassinated while he awaited prosecution in Paris following a 1991 inculpation for
6136:
Some accused war criminals were judged, some for a second time, from the 1980s onwards:
5968:
5631:
5528:, despite the poor performance of Vichy forces in North Africa – Admiral
5031:
4610:
4349:
4080:
4023:(General Secretary of the French National Police created in 1941), creator of the GMRs;
2736:
2233:
required a period of authoritarian government that would restore national unity and the
555:
20623:
20568:
20522:
20370:
20336:
19920:
19674:
19507:
19432:
19386:
19356:
19264:
19104:
18762:
18646:
18540:
18491:
18429:
18185:
18136:
17945:
17562:
17217:
17015:
16247:
15844:
15679:
15563:
15508:
15316:
15256:
14687:
14162:
14053:
13902:
13800:
13547:
13465:
13422:
12949:
12735:
11330:
10633:
10527:
10357:
10254:
10217:
9684:
8874:
8846:
8638:
8630:
8390:
8304:
7313:
7301:
7160:
6799:
6218:
6073:
5999:
5556:
5377:
5069:
4685:
4365:
4310:
4199:
4012:
3830:
3635:
3614:
3533:
3482:
3384:
3222:
3123:
in 1944, when Pétain resigned and was deported to Germany for the creation of a forced
2870:
2862:
2656:
2618:
2608:
2344:
2332:
2080:
2049:
1616:
1524:), where it remained responsible for the civil administration of France as well as its
15692:
14142:
14132:
12914:
12844:
12771:
12539:
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, But Not for All: France and the "Alien" Jews, 1933–1942
12465:
12234:
12199:
Jacques Sabille. "Les Juifs de Tunisie sous Vichy et l'Occupation". Paris: Edition du
11506:
Otto Abetz and His Paris Acolytes – French Writers Who Flirted with Fascism, 1930–1945
11198:
The Politics of Everyday Life in Vichy France: Foreigners, Undesirables, and Strangers
9275:
Christoph Buchheim, 'Die besetzten Lander im Dienste der Deutschen Kriegswirtschaft',
8508:
7693:
6893:
6515:
6474:
6385:
6307:
6042:
was head of state. Papon was tried and convicted for crimes against humanity in 1998.
5802:
Collaborationist paramilitary and political organisations, such as the Milice and the
5529:
5158:
3818:
3779:
3005:
3004:
shortly before the landing in North Africa on 8 November 1942. Finally, after Admiral
2923:
2723:
2709:
2432:
2296:, an event that Pétain claimed would solve all of the economic problems caused by the
2288:
1768:
1576:
1575:
resigned as prime minister rather than sign an armistice, and was replaced by Marshal
1485:
568:
506:
470:
440:
20769:
20751:
20746:
20731:
20716:
20655:
20618:
20532:
20465:
20443:
20424:
20292:
20219:
20042:
19942:
19828:
19808:
19785:
19665:
19549:
19439:
19379:
19340:
19273:
19255:
19221:
19164:
19118:
19062:
18880:
18618:
18610:
18547:
18400:
17994:
17519:
16980:
16959:
16669:
16355:
15381:
15306:
15030:
14503:
14427:
14351:
14337:
14182:
13912:
13805:
13674:
12879:
12874:
12438:
12428:
12409:
12399:
12373:
12305:
12295:
12266:
12212:
12188:
12178:
12146:
12117:
12100:
12084:
12074:
12049:
12027:
12005:
11997:
11987:
11964:
11954:
11918:
11893:
11833:
11749:
11692:
11674:
11648:
11624:
11583:
11573:
11543:
11523:
11509:
11467:
11460:
11441:
11426:
11398:
11388:
11356:
11334:
11292:
11271:
11261:
11121:
11038:
10999:
10970:
10859:
10584:
10559:
10534:
10507:
10472:
10435:
10410:
10316:
10305:
10283:
10221:
10167:
10157:
10121:
10095:
10085:
10057:
10047:
9962:
9921:
9882:
9759:
9718:
9688:
9540:
9492:
9482:
9044:
9020:
8983:
8951:
8878:
8866:
8811:
8801:
8764:
8730:
8711:
8642:
8467:
8253:
8152:
8037:
8027:
7944:
7920:
7909:
7853:
7843:
7765:
7660:
7624:
7349:
7305:
7291:
7242:
7203:
7152:
7094:
7056:
6996:
6950:
6864:
6853:
6779:
6760:
6624:
6612:
6568:
6554:
6444:
6349:
6343:
6105:
5981:
5929:– wild purge): extrajudicial executions and shaving of women's heads. Estimations by
5756:
5724:
5704:
5656:
5609:
5584:
5576:
5560:
5281:
5065:
5051:
4887:
4883:
4677:
4451:
4337:
4195:
4140:
3935:
3678:
3441:
3401:
3349:
3261:
3226:
3196:
3086:
2887:
and other symbols of republican France and, unlike many on the far right, was not an
2826:
2773:
2422:
2336:
2142:
2068:
2022:
1669:
1653:
1096:
995:
855:
829:
capital of the French State, although the Vichy government never operated from there.
15261:
14552:
14197:
12740:
11645:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941)
10490:
Mouré, Kenneth (2010). "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940–1944)".
10455:
Mouré, Kenneth (2010). "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940–1944)".
7164:
7053:
Ecclesiastical Colony: China's Catholic Church and the French Religious Protectorate
4710:
Alexis Carrel had also taken an active part to a symposium in Pontigny organised by
4624:(STDs) and "life hygiene". Carrel's institute also conceived the "scholar booklet" (
4005:
3953:
2328:
to weaken France and then to pressure France into declaring war on Germany in 1939.
1997:
20683:
20635:
20507:
20482:
19972:
19584:
19577:
19521:
19185:
18943:
18929:
18832:
18769:
18720:
18533:
18386:
18333:
18143:
18094:
18008:
17231:
17208:
16741:
16423:
15301:
15271:
15189:
14657:
14612:
14383:
14344:
13963:
13532:
13166:
12904:
12869:
12693:
12510:
12342:
11720:
11703:
Vichy Air Force at War: The French Air Force that Fought the Allies in World War II
11322:
10625:
10499:
10464:
10384:
10349:
10246:
10209:
9676:
9387:
9369:
9292:
8925:
8858:
8622:
8441:
8380:
7906:
7879:"Constitutional act no. 2, defining the authority of the chief of the French state"
7283:
7142:
6337:
6230:, who conceived himself above political parties and divisions. Then, the 1960s had
6113:
5744:, and their families, as well as 500 soldiers, 700 French SS, prisoners of war and
5257:
5227:
5086:
4744:
Poster above the entrance of an anti-semitic exhibition called "The Jew and France"
4419:
4162:
4086:
3941:
3784:
3622:
3525:
3297:
3285:
3284:, American forces identified French Polynesia as an ideal refuelling point between
3265:
3254:
3056:
2973:
2965:
2874:
2622:
2405:
2297:
2154:
2096:
2088:
2072:
2001:
1888:
1821:
1772:
1069:
56:
20145:
19984:
16750:
13707:
12809:
12776:
12325:
11616:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)
11208:
Marianne in Chains: Daily Life in the Heart of France During the German Occupation
10851:
7489:
edited by Valerie Holman and Debra Kelly, Oxford: Berghahan Books, 2000 pp. 69–74.
6518:, wore the Gestapo uniform during the war and participated in the creation of the
6301:
6231:
6183:
5078:
4185:
4020:
3101:, was effectively interned until 1943, when an agreement was reached with Admiral
2087:. Vichy was intensely anti-communist and generally pro-German; American historian
1958:
1236:
1041:
20778:
20741:
20726:
20721:
20663:
20578:
20138:
19879:
19607:
19319:
19234:
19192:
19090:
19033:
18894:
18676:
18667:
18196:
17771:
17747:
17001:
16089:
15707:
15697:
15326:
15215:
15072:
14731:
14095:
14048:
14038:
14033:
13755:
13507:
13470:
13455:
13322:
13143:
13092:
12799:
12682:
12628:
12528:
12492:
12477:
12422:
12393:
12281:
12160:
12109:
11883:
11854:
11786:
11499:
11255:
11248:
11187:
11153:
10915:
10768:
10581:
Vichy and the Eternal Feminine: A Contribution to a Political-Sociology of Gender
9992:
9825:
9789:
9559:
9458:
9376:
9351:
9299:
9125:
8998:
8974:
8684:
8430:
Lestrade, Claude (1997). "Le ralliement de Wallis à la " France libre " (1942)".
8417:
8174:
8103:
7372:
edited by Valerie Holman and Debra Kelly, Oxford: Berghahan Books, 2000 pp. 92–93
7287:
7038:
6940:
6814:
6536:
6530:
5963:
5741:
5506:
5189:
5154:
5114:
5057:
5039:
4443:
4439:
4386:
4268:
4127:
4075:
4055:
3896:
3775:
3749:
3666:
3650:
3626:
3576:
3367:
in the expectation that independence would result. Sautot subsequently sailed to
3183:
3140:
2896:
2888:
2693:
2529:
Article IV of the Armistice allowed for a small French army – the
2352:
2292:
the two; and he wanted a Franco-German-Italian alliance that would partition the
2220:
2060:
1969:
1922:
1878:
1461:
1225:
585:
405:
378:
214:
139:
20124:
19719:
15994:
12934:
11619:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I.
8677:
8248:
Triest, Willard G. "Gearing up for Operation Bobcat" in Mason, John T., editor,
4867:
4498:) and as with the colonial troops, used by the Germans as manpower. The October
4318:
2443:
appointed the 84-year-old Pétain as the new prime minister on 16 June 1940. The
2356:
2071:
but demanded a return to traditional lines of culture and religion. It embraced
1905:
In theory, the civil jurisdiction of the Vichy government extended over most of
1187:
20935:
20701:
20696:
20688:
20512:
20470:
20047:
19614:
19150:
19076:
17114:
16973:
16129:
16064:
15702:
15523:
14950:
14893:
14743:
14569:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14319:
14286:
14187:
13897:
13435:
13398:
13252:
12944:
12703:
12688:
12337:
11868:
11708:
11326:
11128:; Biography of Louis Darquier de Pellepoix, the Commissioner for Jewish Affairs
11076:
10213:
8626:
8191:
7129:
Kocher, Matthew Adam; Lawrence, Adria K.; Monteiro, Nuno P. (1 November 2018).
6548:
6492:
6425:
6207:
6068:
5973:
5737:
5687:
5626:
5612:
5605:
5388:
5346:
5293:
5277:
5178:
4891:
4592:
4394:
4313:, and the first raids took place in May 1941. Vichy imposed no restrictions on
4275:
4139:
during the First World War had pushed forward state measures to reorganise the
4131:
4090:
3859:
in southern Algeria and racist laws. Detainees were also forced to work on the
3630:
3457:
3166:
2997:
2884:
2732:
2604:
2530:
2507:
2414:
2293:
2162:
2158:
1910:
1600:
1420:
1006:
388:
164:
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13770:
12854:
12442:
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11402:
11191:
10742:
10715:
10099:
10061:
10039:
9496:
8522:
7857:
7810:
6319:
6144:, René Bousquet (the head of the French police during the war) and his deputy
5980:, head of the French government, were executed after trial on 4 October 1945,
5343:
Légion Française des Combattants et des volontaires de la Révolution Nationale
5285:
4672:("Man, This Unknown"). Since the early 1930s, Carrel had advocated the use of
4461:
Besides the concentration camps opened by Vichy, the Germans also opened some
3813:
by the French Resistance, most Vichy figures were arrested, including General
3758:
Operation Torch was the American and British invasion of French North Africa (
2712:
was too associated with the Third Republic. Marseilles had a reputation as an
20804:
20783:
20613:
20397:
20085:
19425:
17336:
17185:
17024:
16180:
16069:
15386:
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13785:
13445:
13008:
12939:
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12919:
12909:
12894:
12824:
12377:
12309:
12192:
11628:
11587:
11216:
11114:
11042:
11003:
10171:
9966:
9925:
9886:
9763:
9750:"Marine Le Pen: France 'not responsible' for deporting Jews during Holocaust"
9722:
9680:
9634:
8870:
8815:
8041:
7280:
Reactionary Nationalists, Fascists and Dictatorships in the Twentieth Century
7156:
6450:
6419:
6397:
6391:
6379:
6291:
6276:
6241:
6195:
6141:
6053:
6035:
6003:
5536:
the day before Operation Torch. Algiers was headquarters of the Vichy French
5261:
5167:
5106:
5022:
4932:
4681:
4647:
4580:
4491:
4427:
4298:
4166:
4094:
3814:
3447:
3432:
3368:
3309:
3016:
2726:
began their campaign to convince the assembled senators and deputies to vote
2697:
2440:
2366:
2325:
2207:
2150:
2104:
1808:
1660:
movement, increased in strength over the course of the occupation. After the
1568:
1405:
1146:
111:"French State" and "Fascist France" redirect here. For the modern state, see
12246:
Der verwaltete Raub. Die "Arisierung" der Wirtschaft in Frankreich 1940–1944
12239:
Frankreich in Hitlers Europa: die deutsche Frankreichpolitik im 2. Weltkrieg
11275:
11170:
Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints
10407:
Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints
9875:"'France organised this': Macron denounces state role in Holocaust atrocity"
9088:
7994:
6412:, condemned in 1995 for crimes against humanity for his role as head of the
6148:. Bousquet and Leguay were both convicted for their responsibilities in the
4502:
excluded them from the civil administration and numerous other professions.
3701:, was captured on 17 June and the five-week campaign ended with the fall of
20497:
20202:
19959:
19930:
19724:
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13502:
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12929:
12884:
12834:
12511:
Vica Nazi Propaganda Comics – Duke University Libraries Digital Collections
12456:
12277:
12156:
12019:
11897:
11825:
11539:
11348:
11285:
10616:
Schwartz, Paula (1989). "Partisianes and Gender Politics in Vichy France".
10511:
10476:
9422:
6510:
6438:
6409:
6355:
6213:
6201:
6191:
6164:
6137:
6100:
estimated the mob executions to a number of 40,000 in 1960. This surprised
5977:
5893:
5710:
Commission gouvernementale française pour la défense des intérêts nationaux
5648:
5644:
5636:
5549:
5521:
5510:
4984:
4711:
4673:
4373:
4051:
4035:
3957:
3945:
3794:
3506:
3502:
3360:
3356:
3242:
3200:
3001:
2981:
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2766:
2719:
2450:
2410:
2380:
2284:
2006:
1696:
1592:
1572:
1556:
1505:
1489:
985:
657:
542:
518:
482:
414:
411:
319:
11951:
And above all, not a word to the Maréchale ... : Pétain and his women
11566:"10 Collaboration and collaborators in Vichy France: An unfinished debate"
10771:. Axis and Foreign Volunteer Legion Military Awards & Postal History.
10353:
9588:""France" in U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum online Holocaust Encyclopedia"
8445:
8385:
8368:
8096:
7131:"Nationalism, Collaboration, and Resistance: France under Nazi Occupation"
6328:(RNP) in 1941. Joined the government in the last months of the Occupation.
4071:
1968:
On 11 November 1942, following the landing of the Allies in North Africa (
20164:
20067:
19912:
19363:
19349:
19011:
17673:
17494:
17479:
16833:
16340:
15361:
15296:
14719:
14521:
13955:
13810:
13492:
12889:
12170:
11879:
9663:"The Parisian Police and the Holocaust: Control, Round-ups, Hunt, 1940–4"
9451:
Disclosed: the zealous way Marshal Pétain enforced Nazi anti-Semitic laws
7147:
7130:
6361:
6153:
6145:
6097:
5729:
5700:
5580:
5406:
5250:
5102:
5002:
4480:
4476:
4408:
4377:
4325:
4136:
4063:
3891:
3737:
3639:
3601:
3584:
3498:
3475:
departed following a threat by America to launch a full-scale invasion.
3345:
3246:
3212:
3112:
3106:
3076:
2957:
2918:
formed the first government in 1940. The second government was formed by
2727:
2675:
2280:
2247:
2181:
2138:
2108:
1973:
1962:
1657:
1612:
1604:
1580:
1249:
368:
300:
16074:
12071:
Culture, Media, Power in the United States and Western Europe, 1945–1991
11131:
Campbell, Caroline. "Gender and Politics in Interwar and Vichy France."
10503:
10468:
10388:
10361:
9370:
Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy
9293:
Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy
8929:
8394:
5703:
by the German forces. After both Pétain and Laval refused to cooperate,
4352:'s government (April 1938 – March 1940) took the decision to outlaw the
2343:. The three examples that were used to illustrate these themes were the
63:
20673:
19902:
18711:
18464:
18443:
17329:
16662:
16590:
16382:
15366:
15351:
15251:
14102:
13369:
13245:
13097:
12782:
12708:
12532:
9175:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 6 January 2011.
8831:
8750:
University of Chicago Press, 2008; the French edition appeared in 2005.
7275:
6755:
quel hymne pour le régime de Vichy ?". In Chimènes, Myriam (ed.).
6479:
6093:
6064:
5948:
5860: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5484:
5345:(French Legion of Fighters and Volunteers of the National Revolution).
5315:
5082:
4914:
4784: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4588:
4547: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4472:
4369:
4274:
In July 1940, Vichy set up a special commission charged with reviewing
4161:, a kind of semi-planned economy which led to France becoming a modern
3979:
3844:
3771:
3733:
3580:
3521:
3478:
3468:
3453:
3337:
3094:
3060:
3034:
2848:
2746:
2664:
2401:
2259:
2224:
1977:
1867:
1792:
1739: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1644:
and political refugees, and at least 72,500 French Jews were killed in
1641:
1533:
1519:
1481:
922:
599:
12360:"Was Vichy France a Puppet Government or a Willing Nazi Collaborator?"
11813:
11803:
11257:
France at War in the Twentieth Century: Propaganda, Myth, and Metaphor
11160:
France and the Second World War: Resistance, Occupation and Liberation
11095:
Collaboration and Resistance: Images of Life in Vichy France 1940–1944
10637:
10307:
France and the international economy: from Vichy to the Treaty of Rome
10258:
8893:État et identité nationale. Un rapport ambigu à propos des naturalisés
8634:
5679:
5188:
On 16 July 2017, also at a ceremony at the Vel' d'Hiv site, President
3926:, and the Communists and Jews liberated from the concentration camps.
3790:
2873:
were thus placed under the authority of the administration and of the
2811:
20011:
18974:
18379:
18176:
17987:
17778:
17733:
15448:
15281:
15241:
15010:
14970:
14965:
14776:
13985:
12291:
11946:
Et surtout, pas un mot à la Maréchale ... : Pétain et ses femmes
11118:
Bad Faith. A Forgotten History of Family, Fatherland and Vichy France
11102:
Voices from the Dark Years: The Truth About Occupied France 1940–1945
9914:"Macron Denounces Anti-Zionism as 'Reinvented Form of Anti-Semitism'"
6983:
5796:
5231:
4958:
4870:, head of the Service on Foreign Persons and Jewish Questions at the
4666:
Alexis Carrel had previously published in 1935 the best-selling book
4345:
4329:
4302:
4294:
4206:(CRS, Republican Security Companies), France's main anti-riot force.
4157:
4108:
3674:
3293:
3179:
2076:
2011:
and so could not take part in the vote. However, during the war, the
1953:
17254:
11418:
National Regeneration in Vichy France: Ideas and Policies, 1930–1944
11260:. Contemporary France (Providence, R.I.). New York: Berghahn Books.
9017:
Beyond Death and Exile; the Spanish Republicans in France, 1939-1955
8613:
Funk, Arthur L. (April 1973). "Negotiating the 'Deal with Darlan'".
7184:
National Regeneration in Vichy France: Ideas and Policies, 1930–1944
7032:
Canada's diplomatic relationships with Vichy: Foreign Affairs Canada
5835:
4759:
4522:
3995:
3409:
3376:
1714:
254:
17238:
16966:
16397:
15341:
14818:
14589:
12466:
Original "Establishment of the Vichy government" constitutional act
11934:
10629:
10250:
9345:
Eugenics in France (1913–1941) : a review of research findings
8862:
7656:
Maxime Weygand: A Biography of the French General in Two World Wars
6519:
6096:", "anarchy", or "blind vengeance". The writer and Jewish internee
4991:
In July 1942, under German orders, the French police organised the
4584:
4423:
4390:
4305:). A Vichy law of 4 October 1940 authorised internments of foreign
4170:
4047:
3698:
3610:
3514:
2701:
2255:
2251:
2237:
401:
347:
11570:
Collaboration with the Nazis: Public Discourse after the Holocaust
6729:
This nullification is hereby expressly declared and must be noted.
4616:
The Foundation was behind the 16 December 1942 Act mandating the "
3375:
and to protect the sea lanes between North America and Australia.
2300:. Beyond that, to justify both the armistice with Germany and the
19925:
19793:
11793:
Vichy's Afterlife: History & Counterhistory in Postwar France
11643:
Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).
11381:
Kroener, Bernhard R.; Muller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans (2000).
11177:
Vichy, Resistance, Liberation: New Perspectives on Wartime France
9059:"Saline royale d'Arc et Senans (25) – L'internement des Tsiganes"
7346:
Defending National Treasures: French Art and Heritage Under Vichy
6428:, Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces and Minister of Defense.
6270:
6082:
5683:
The Sigmaringen operation was based in the city's ancient castle.
5587:
was quashed by an overwhelming German attack by the end of July.
5533:
5224:
33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)
5026:
5011:
3944:, took advantage of his absence to exile anti-imperialist leader
3767:
3763:
3759:
3721:
convinced Churchill to allow his forces to participate, although
3690:
3665:
The next flashpoint between Britain and Vichy France came when a
3537:
2670:
2184:. In his radio speeches, Pétain always used the personal pronoun
2100:
1993:
1980:, occupying southern France and disbanding the strictly limited "
949:
825:
19751:
12046:
Les silences de la police : 16 juillet 1942–17 octobre 1961
11802:(1995) 19#2 pp 495–518, on the denial of the realities of Vichy
9953:"Macron hosts Netanyahu, condemns anti-Zionism as anti-Semitism"
9537:
Les silences de la police : 16 juillet 1942–17 octobre 1961
6577:
6285:
5600:
4332:, for example, had been set up in southwestern France after the
4038:, although it has also been argued it had an agenda of its own.
3119:
maintained diplomatic relations with the Vichy regime until the
2660:
Pierre Laval with the head of German police units in France, SS-
2467:
2196:("national revolution"), Pétain needed a radical break with the
1871:(Free Zone) in France, or less formally as the "Southern Zone" (
1540:, ending any pretence of independence by the Vichy government.
20214:
19782:
17855:
16446:
15829:
13948:
12543:
11536:
Haile Selassie's War: The Italian−Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941
11438:
France since the Popular Front: Government and People 1936–1996
9355:
5995:
5712:) and informally was known as the "French Delegation" (French:
5211:
4233:
3810:
3702:
3277:
3273:
3158:
3063:
led to the complete occupation of Vichy France by the Germans.
2583:
2170:
2166:
953:
112:
11798:
Gordon, Bertram M. "The 'Vichy Syndrome' problem in history",
11450:
Lemmes, Fabian. "Collaboration in wartime France, 1940–1944",
10858:(in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Tanum-Norli. p. 59.
9631:
Le rôle du gouvernement de Vichy dans la déportation des juifs
8226:. Itereva Histoire-Géographie. 5 November 2006. Archived from
7907:
Christofferson, Thomas R.; Christofferson, Michael S. (2006).
6226:
national reconciliation and unity under the figure of Charles
3732:, the seizure of the large, Vichy French-controlled island of
3229:
1940 radio address. Initially, Churchill was ambivalent about
3130:
2210:
were alleged to have suffered moral degeneration and decline.
1834:
voted to give full powers to Pétain on 10 July 1940, the name
18043:
14791:
8558:
7881:. Journal Officiel de la République française. 11 July 1940.
6834:"Le Bilan de la Shoah en France [Le régime de Vichy]"
6573:
5424:
5420:
5319:
opposed the Third Republic, particularly while the left-wing
4435:
4247:
4178:
3682:
3564:
3529:
3405:
2992:
was especially hesitant and inconsistent. Roosevelt disliked
2949:
2705:
2626:
2575:
2396:
France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 after the
2146:
1513:
1493:
354:
342:
12283:
Vichy: Frankreich unter deutscher Besatzung ; 1940–1944
12265:
München, Oldenbourg, 2010 (Studien zur Zeitgeschichte; 80).
11689:
England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy, 1940–1942
11671:
Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship
8748:
The Hunt for Nazi Spies, Fighting Espionage in Vichy France.
8301:"Le Bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique (BIMP)"
7594:
7570:
7548:
7546:
7531:
7521:
7519:
7492:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7375:
5555:
Following the invasion of France via Normandy and Provence (
4224:
French Police registering new inmates at the Pithiviers camp
1855:. It also included the overseas French territories, such as
1668:(GPRF) was installed as the new national government, led by
20487:
19897:
12424:
The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France Since 1944
12200:
11830:
The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944
11620:
11387:. Germany & Second World War. OUP Oxford. p. iii.
11353:
The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France
10644:
10597:
8594:
8582:
7416:
6108:
in the whole of the country, which occurred during battle.
5006:
4895:
4651:
4462:
4340:(1936–1939), to receive the Republican refugees, including
4184:
The reorganisation and unification of the French police by
4098:
3670:
2565:
1771:
was known as a World War I hero, who was the victor of the
912:
12513: – Pro-Nazi comics produced in Vichy France
11984:
L'Eglise sous Vichy. 1940–1945. La repentance en question.
11842:
Singer, Barnett. "The Changing Image of Vichy in France",
11141:
Christofferson, Thomas R., and Michael S. Christofferson.
7634:
7445:
7443:
7404:
7368:
Flood, Christopher "Pétain and de Gaulle" pp. 88–110 from
7178:
7176:
7174:
6942:
French Crime Fiction, 1945–2005 Investigating World War II
6920:
5699:
on 25 August 1944, Pétain and his ministers were taken to
5288:. A principal motivation and ideological foundation among
4430:
department, which it quickly filled with PCF members. The
2219:
on "political and economic liberalism, with its divisive,
11713:
Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation
10529:
We Will Wait: Wives of French Prisoners of War, 1940–1945
7606:
7582:
7558:
7543:
7516:
7504:
7387:
7274:
Wiewiorka, Olivier (2019). "Vichy, a Fascist State?". In
5001:) under orders by René Bousquet and his second in Paris,
4490:) were repealed, while decree n°1775 of 5 September 1943
4306:
4297:
and the extermination of all undesirables, including the
3326:
and subsequently combining with another unit to form the
1492:. It was named after its seat of government, the city of
11221:
Americans in Paris: Life and Death Under Nazi Occupation
10932:"Bousquet, Touvier and Papon: Three Vichy personalities"
9633:, notes taken by Evelyne Marsura during a conference of
5919:
Four different periods are distinguished by historians:
4909:
On 3 October 1940, the Vichy government promulgated the
4101:
sympathizers. A number of these joined the units of the
3551:
based in North Africa began bombing the British base at
2381:
Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government
2318:("France alone") were meant to "regenerate" France from
11892:] (in French). Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin.
11558:
France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era
10692:
10432:
The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food
9227:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org).
9201:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org).
9149:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org).
9019:(1st ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 124.
8914:"L'éviction des médecins juifs dans la France de Vichy"
8773:
7467:
7455:
7440:
7428:
7171:
7090:
France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era
6557:, chairman of the municipal council of Paris 1943–1944.
5640:
4676:
to rid humanity of its "inferior stock", endorsing the
4447:
3528:, an attempt to seize the strategic Vichy-held port of
1547:
had begun the war in September 1939 on the side of the
17108:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
11977:
Dictionnaire historique de la France sous l'Occupation
11808:
Munholland, Kim. "Wartime France: Remembering Vichy",
11572:. Routledge Jewish Studies series. London: Routledge.
11109:
France Under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise
10680:
10668:
10081:
Collaborationism in France During the Second World War
10043:
Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath
9386:, 25:2 Spring 2002), p. 339. Also quoted in French by
8570:
8546:
8497:. Center of Military History United States Army. 1964.
8125:. International.gc.ca. 31 January 2011. Archived from
7790:
7701:
7629:
The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France, 1940
7128:
7068:
6635:
Western Front (Frankreich) Area (Luftflotte 3, France)
6583:
Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II
6194:(1915–1996) was convicted of crimes against humanity.
4630:"), which could be used to record students' grades in
4606:
Fondation Française pour l'Étude des Problèmes Humains
3882:
After Darlan's assassination, Henri Giraud became his
2067:, had never accepted the republican traditions of the
315:
Independent state under partial occupation (1940–1942)
11143:
France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation
11031:"Ex-Vichy Aide Is Convicted And Reaction Ranges Wide"
10579:
Muel-Dreyfus, Francine; Johnson, Kathleen A. (2001).
8420:, Gordon L. Rottman, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002
7911:
France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation
7902:
7900:
7757:
6908:
6800:"Allocution Radiodiffusée [Broadcast Speech]"
6675:
J'entre aujourd'hui dans la voie de la collaboration.
6462:
Legion des volontaires francais contre le bolchevisme
6092:
advancing the figures of 100,000 and denouncing the "
5469:
by 1945, it was higher than it had been for a century
5045:
4890:, head of the Gestapo in France, under the orders of
4104:
Légion des Volontaires Français contre le Bolchévisme
3206:
3195:
and took control, establishing their own colony, the
11732:, Manchester University Press, 1998, paperback 2007.
8275:
for valor during the fourth battle of Monte Cassino"
6376:, later President of the French Republic (1981–1995)
5962:, who condemned approximately 120,000 persons (e.g.
5799:), and all acts that established special tribunals.
5604:
A recruitment poster for the Milice. The text says "
5575:
since 1940 had occurred with the declaration of the
5454:
home gardens and especially black market purchases.
4663:(CNRS) was given a budget of fifty million francs."
4209:
3379:
served as a headquarters of the United States Navy (
2107:
analysed the entire range of Vichy supporters, from
2079:. The Vichy regime also framed itself as decisively
10992:"Maurice Papon, Convicted Vichy Official, 96, Dies"
10578:
9539:(in French). Paris: L'Esprit frappeur. p. 17.
9318:
9316:
9314:
9147:"Vichy discrimination against Jews in North Africa"
7199:
Fascism: A Comparative Approach Toward a Definition
6447:, writer, executed for collaboration after the war.
6346:, Vichy ambassador to the United States of America.
5781:
Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories
5629:, became independent and was transformed into the "
5153:For decades, the French government argued that the
5076:
before its destruction. For this occasion, then SS-
4931:) was created on 29 March 1941. It was directed by
3681:aircraft, staging through the French possession of
3456:became home to the bulk of the Gold reserve of the
3444:without reference to any of the Allied commanders.
3028:, who had financial responsibilities in Vichy, and
2641:
2180:To advance his message, Pétain frequently spoke on
1996:, having come to power through an unconstitutional
1865:(Unoccupied Zone) by the Germans, and known as the
1656:, working largely in concert with the London-based
13606:Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race
13389:
11663:Reign of virtue: mobilising gender in Vichy France
11520:Darlan: Admiral and Statesman of France, 1881–1942
11459:
11284:
11238:Politics, Society and Christianity in Vichy France
10709:
10707:
10656:
10556:Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France
10526:
9612:Azéma, Jean-Pierre and Bédarida, François (dir.),
9324:
8978:. Michael Robert Marrus, Robert O. Paxton (1995).
8793:
8366:
7897:
7692:
6852:
6034:, executed under the orders of Paris Police Chief
5410:thereby, to reduce the need for trade protection.
5149:after the 16–17 July 1942 roundup of Jews in Paris
4650:). The foundation, which after the war became the
3963:
3509:on 30 August 1940. They were joined by the French
3022:Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories
2922:, and lasted just two months until February 1941.
2652:Vote of full constituent powers to Philippe Pétain
2522:French colonial prisoner in German captivity, 1940
1683:. Only four senior Vichy officials were tried for
1675:The last of the Vichy exiles were captured in the
15678:
13138:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems
13123:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
11873:La grande histoire des Français sous l'Occupation
10966:Fire and Blood: The European Civil War, 1914–1945
10077:
9326:"Vichy mentally ill patients 'were not murdered'"
9199:"Jews in North Africa: Oppression and Resistance"
8673:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8665:
5639:himself, the SOL was led by Darnand, who held an
5548:on 24 December 1941, because, Secretary of State
5478:
5025:and French constabulary police) and crammed into
4601:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems
4301:(who refer to the extermination of the Romani as
3970:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
3879:, he is believed to have acted as an individual.
3875:had been a member of the resistance group led by
3673:was put down by British forces in June 1941. The
3497:went over to the Free French almost immediately:
3493:In Central Africa, three of the four colonies in
3460:, with 286 tons of gold transported there on the
3397:that saw action in the Pacific and Indian Ocean.
3217:To counter the Vichy government, General Charles
2956:Vichy France in 1940–1942 was recognised by most
2835:(Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood) was replaced by
20802:
14872:Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam
12043:
11596:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944
9528:
9393:"Quand le négationnisme s'invite à l'université"
9311:
9225:"Jews in North Africa after the Allied Landings"
8273:bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique
7278:; Box, Zira; Morant, Toni; Sanz, Julián (eds.).
7195:
6859:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.
6812:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6598:Italian occupation of France during World War II
6340:, State Secretary of Information and Propaganda.
5647:. Under Darnand and his sub-commanders, such as
5143:Commemorative plaque to the victims held in the
4368:in the Third Reich and Eastern Europe. When the
3978:23 January 1943: German-Vichy French meeting in
3940:, secretary of the general government headed by
3653:), and the British were to blockade the colony.
3329:Bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique
3091:destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir
3045:Banque nationale pour le commerce et l'industrie
1984:" that Vichy had been allowed by the armistice.
1468:; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the
1235:
57:http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/331
20896:German occupation of France during World War II
13081:List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime
11605:
11090:(The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1985)
10797:. german-foreign-policy.com. 11 December 2007.
10704:
10400:
10398:
10153:Knight-Monks of Vichy France: Uriage, 1940–1945
10116:Azéma, Jean-Pierre; Wiewiorka, Olivier (2004).
10025:Hoffmann, Stanley (1974). "La droite à Vichy".
9711:"Chirac Affirms France's Guilt In Fate of Jews"
9626:
9624:
9622:
9041:"Aincourt, camp d'internement et centre de tri"
9003:Drancy, un camp de concentration très ordinaire
8678:Extraits de l'entretien d'Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer
8564:
8367:Regnault, Jean-Marc; Kurtovitch, Ismet (2002).
7871:
7842:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff/Brill. p. 140.
7348:. Stanford University Press. pp. 126–128.
7015:"Historique des relations franco-australiennes"
6995:
6588:German occupation of France during World War II
6477:, co-founder of the right-wing terrorist group
6261:Category:French collaborators with Nazi Germany
4968:
3817:, chief commander in North Africa, and Admiral
3575:, along with the assistance of the Royal Navy,
2013:Vichy government was internationally recognised
1496:. Officially independent, but with half of its
14638:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
14505:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy
13999:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
10769:"Flemish Legion Military and Feldpost History"
10188:(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015) pp. 91–112.
10115:
10084:. Cornell University Press. pp. 20, 143.
9461:, 3 October 2010, last accessed 3 October 2010
8785:
8662:
8013:
7829:
7086:
6886:"Vichy Web – The Occupiers and Their Policies"
6816:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-44
6608:Military history of France during World War II
6432:
6202:Historiographical debates and "Vichy syndrome"
5358:
5305:) should be distinguished from collaboration.
5216:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
4454:were then deported, and 5,000 of them died in
4147:theories – structures retained after the 1919
3322:in 1942, distinguishing themselves during the
3296:. That first experience was valuable in later
20926:States and territories disestablished in 1944
19767:
16462:
15175:
14489:
12559:
12471:Map of the "free" and "occupied" French zones
12288:Vichy: France under the Occupation: 1940–1944
12063:Delporte, Christian; Moine, Caroline (2018).
12062:
11462:Insiders' French : beyond the dictionary
11375:The Expectation of Justice: France, 1944–1946
11343:Occupied France: Collaboration and Resistance
10909:René Bousquet devant la Haute Cour de Justice
10740:
10713:
10143:
9131:Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration
9085:"Listes des internés du camp des Milles 1941"
8735:The French Republic: History, Values, Debates
8342:"Document 3: le choix des Nouvelles-Hébrides"
7992:
7808:
7761:The Papon Affair: Memory and Justice on Trial
7715:. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
7055:, Oxford University Press, pp. 250–251,
6855:Insiders' French : beyond the dictionary
6691:
6175:became counsellor to the Portuguese dictator
5910:Provisional Government of the French Republic
5785:Provisional Government of the French Republic
5775:Provisional Government of the French Republic
5565:Provisional Government of the French Republic
5097:In 1940, approximately 350,000 Jews lived in
4690:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
4641:Provisional Government of the French Republic
3697:, or Operation Exporter. The Syrian capital,
3524:and Free French forces under Gaulle launched
3488:
1666:Provisional Government of the French Republic
1438:
20143:
20122:
19982:
16245:
15446:
15221:
15213:
12357:
12290:]. Beck'sche Reihe (in German). Munich:
11737:The Unfree French: Life Under the Occupation
10822:"War memories widen Belgium's communal rift"
10395:
10071:
10033:
9619:
9323:Broughton, Philip Delves (16 October 2003).
9287:
9285:
8252:U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2003, pp. 41–51
7960:
7736:The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation
7339:
7337:
7335:
6962:
6932:
6826:
6750:
6744:
6673:
6422:, Commissioner General for Jewish Questions.
6240:(1971). Finally, in the 1990s, the trial of
5957:
5924:
5903:
5897:
5717:
5144:
5134:
5005:, with co-operation from authorities of the
4996:
4926:
4861:
4715:
4667:
4659:Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
4656:
4625:
4604:
4466:
4189:
3834:
3706:
3427:History of French Guiana § 20th century
3388:
3373:Japanese advance in the Pacific in 1941–1942
3327:
3313:
3080:
2878:
2856:
2842:
2836:
2820:
2740:
2612:
2574:(buttoned-back greatcoats) were replaced by
2569:
2552:
2534:
2360:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2270:
2263:
2228:
2214:
2201:
2185:
1944:
1926:
1892:
1882:
1872:
1860:
1812:
1631:
1517:
1474:
239:
212:
192:
131:
115:. For the history of fascism in France, see
13200:Underground media in German-occupied France
12391:
12201:Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine
12073:] (in French). Malakoff: Armand Colin.
11885:Grands dossiers de l'histoire contemporaine
11253:
8704:Wright, Edmund (2006). "Vichy government".
8509:"Eight Allied Ships Sunk Off French Guiana"
8494:Guarding the United States and Its Outposts
8457:
8455:
8067:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 p. 83.
7612:
7600:
7588:
7576:
7564:
7552:
7537:
7525:
7510:
7498:
7410:
7398:
7381:
6844:
6712:. Legifrance. 9 August 1944. Archived from
5896:were also stigmatised as "war profiteers" (
5635:" (French Militia). Officially directed by
4983:Two Jewish women in occupied Paris wearing
4251:(immigrants from Mediterranean countries),
3809:In North Africa, after the 8 November 1942
3638:and left on 5 August for Aden, to join the
3131:French Indochina, Japan and Franco-Thai War
2861:) was reestablished, effectively repealing
299:The gradual loss of all Vichy territory to
20931:States and territories established in 1940
19774:
19760:
16469:
16455:
15182:
15168:
14496:
14482:
12566:
12552:
12358:Boissoneault, Lorraine (9 November 2017).
10429:
10027:Essais sur la France: déclin ou renouveau?
9464:
9429:New York: Syracuse University Press, 1977.
9173:"Jewish population of French North Africa"
8092:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8065:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940–1944
7811:"Loi constitutionnelle du 10 Juillet 1940"
6539:, writer and founder of royalist movement
6077:, prison guards asked him for autographs.
5942:or legal purge), which began with Charles
5625:(SOL) collaborationist militia, headed by
5595:
5260:in 1974 and then other historians such as
5030:the end of the war. Although the Nazi VT (
4921:was signed authorising their detention. A
4411:never ceased to hire during this period."
4336:, in the first months of 1939, during the
4169:, a renowned physician who also supported
3776:killing 479 Allied forces and wounding 720
2462:
2362:Faut-il réduire l'Angleterre en esclavage?
2279:The key component of Vichy's ideology was
1445:
1431:
293:
253:
11942:
11701:Sutherland, Jonathan, and Diane Canwell.
11145:(2nd ed. 2006) 206pp; brief introduction
10342:Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine
10184:Hans Petter Graver, "The Opposition", in
9993:"Israel PM mourns France's deported Jews"
9322:
9282:
8899:, hors-série 2007, pp. 39–49 (see p. 48)
8461:
8384:
8373:Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine
8197:
8019:
7835:
7343:
7332:
7273:
7146:
5876:Learn how and when to remove this message
5768:
5668:
4928:Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives
4844:Learn how and when to remove this message
4599:(PPF), advocated for the creation of the
4563:Learn how and when to remove this message
4175:National Institute of Demographic Studies
4078:, a monarchist writer and founder of the
3423:History of Martinique § World War II
3352:and onwards to the Liberation of France.
3145:Japanese coup de main in French Indochina
2988:The US position towards Vichy France and
2968:. The most important such action was the
2753:would later be annulled in August 1944.)
2127:Propaganda poster for the Vichy Regime's
1935:The Nazis had some intention of annexing
1887:by German forces in November 1942. Other
1755:Learn how and when to remove this message
92:Learn how and when to remove this message
13222:Newspapers confiscated for collaboration
12038:La vie politique à Alger, de 1940 à 1944
11953:] (in French). Paris: Albin Michel.
11642:
11466:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
11312:
10962:
10844:
10615:
10558:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10278:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p.
10271:
10024:
9114:
9112:
9110:
9108:
9106:
8791:
8600:
8588:
8452:
8429:
7802:
7473:
7461:
7449:
7434:
7422:
6890:French Studies, University of Birmingham
6883:
6742:
6736:
6016:
5994:finally came the period for amnesty and
5686:
5678:
5599:
5590:
5492:
5387:
5362:
5239:
5138:
4978:
4739:
4680:discourse. One of the founders of these
4328:and later used them for other purposes.
4227:
4219:
3973:
3825:finally accepted his self-nomination as
3789:
3600:
3152:
3065:
3048:(National Bank for Trade and Industry).
2943:
2810:
2674:Pierre Laval and Philippe Pétain in the
2669:
2655:
2517:
2466:
2427:
2392:are marched off under German guard, 1940
2384:
2353:Anglo-Free French attempt to seize Dakar
2122:
1802:
1786:
1583:. Shortly thereafter, Pétain signed the
117:History of far-right movements in France
45:lists the same citations more than once.
27:Client state of Nazi Germany (1940–1944)
13627:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs
13205:Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944
12206:
12048:(in French). Paris: L'Esprit frappeur.
11996:
11776:France at War: Vichy and the Historians
11533:
11457:
11380:
11355:, (University of Chicago Press, 2008).
11282:
11175:Diamond, Hanna, and Simon Kitson, eds.
11162:(Introduction to History) (2000) 128pp
11028:
10989:
10850:
10698:
10650:
10603:
10553:
10524:
10404:
10275:Jean Monnet: The Path to European Unity
10272:Brinkley, Douglas; et al. (1992).
10149:
10020:
10018:
9950:
9911:
9747:
9534:
8779:
8576:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8149:La France à l'heure allemande 1940–1944
8083:
8023:Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations
7796:
7640:
7241:. U. of California Press. p. 298.
7234:
7074:
6926:
6914:
6850:
6603:List of French possessions and colonies
6014:etc.) and civil servants (Papon etc.).
5643:rank and pledged an oath of loyalty to
4946:Union générale des israélites de France
4923:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs
4267:, and left-wing activists. Inspired by
3920:French Committee of National Liberation
3849:scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon
3754:French Committee of National Liberation
3660:
3609:The governor of French Somaliland (now
3264:, debate arose among the population of
2970:scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon
2802:The text voted by the Congress stated:
2493:French prisoners of war in World War II
2048:The Vichy regime sought an anti-modern
1701:Events preceding World War II in Europe
14:
20803:
18323:
18301:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
15837:
15662:
15458:
15234:
14693:Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists
13172:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline
12420:
12276:
12155:
11563:
11491:. (Stanford University Press, 1995).
11487:Marrus, Michael R. and Robert Paxton.
11254:Holman, Valerie; Kelly, Debra (2000).
10990:Whitney, Craig R. (18 February 2007).
10374:
10335:
10197:
9905:
9867:
9782:
9708:
9481:] (in French). Editions Romillat.
8703:
8523:"Encyclopedia Britannica – Guadeloupe"
8097:When the US wanted to take over France
7652:
7487:France At War In the Twentieth Century
7370:France At War In the Twentieth Century
7255:from the original on 27 September 2015
7202:. U. of Wisconsin Press. p. 137.
6938:
5203:
4173:. This institution was renamed as the
3821:. Darlan was released, and US General
3743:
2400:on 1 September. After the eight-month
20916:Political history of France by period
19755:
19179:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
18604:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
18250:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
18206:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
17304:Rape during the occupation of Germany
16450:
15163:
14477:
12547:
12004:. Tempus (in French). Paris: Perrin.
11938:(in French). Le Point Communications.
11927:
11746:Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France
11668:
11010:from the original on 16 December 2017
10775:from the original on 24 February 2009
10662:
10489:
10454:
10302:
10234:
10156:. Montreal: McGill-Queen. p. 5.
9790:"France opens WW2 Vichy regime files"
9702:
9594:from the original on 2 September 2012
9333:from the original on 10 January 2022.
9103:
9014:
8911:
8552:
8324:
8322:
8203:
8168:Lawrence Journal-World – Aug 22, 1944
7915:. Fordham University Press. pp.
7733:
7124:
7122:
7050:
6794:
6792:
6659:Given full constituent powers in the
5579:on 3 July 1944, at the behest of the
5174:, during the 2017 election campaign.
4496:groupements de travailleurs étrangers
4107:(Legion of French Volunteers Against
4034:Vichy is often described as a German
3109:as the legitimate French government.
2976:as American ambassador. US President
275: German military occupation zone
64:https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrq025
18294:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
17319:Rape during the liberation of France
14313:The Destruction of the European Jews
13155:Political situation in French Africa
13150:Police collaboration in Vichy France
12173: ? n° 1720 (in French). Paris:
11890:Major issues in contemporary history
11878:
11820:French Politics, Culture and Society
11049:from the original on 2 February 2018
10890:from the original on 13 January 2014
10832:from the original on 31 January 2012
10819:
10722:from the original on 8 February 2012
10686:
10674:
10533:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
10015:
10003:from the original on 5 December 2017
9973:from the original on 1 February 2018
9932:from the original on 28 January 2018
9893:from the original on 24 October 2017
9800:from the original on 9 November 2017
9770:from the original on 13 January 2018
9729:from the original on 7 December 2017
9660:
9470:
8844:
8612:
8480:
8433:Journal de la Société des Océanistes
7885:from the original on 8 December 2015
7778:from the original on 2 November 2015
7694:"Spying for Germany in Vichy France"
7673:from the original on 1 November 2015
7216:from the original on 24 October 2015
7107:from the original on 24 October 2015
6045:The French members of the Waffen-SS
5858:adding citations to reliable sources
5829:
5092:
4782:adding citations to reliable sources
4753:
4701:Carrel also wrote this in his book:
4545:adding citations to reliable sources
4516:
4512:
4204:Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité
3629:, the main military base. After the
3590:
3302:supplied the Allied ships and planes
3236:
2933:
1937:a large swath of northeastern France
1737:adding citations to reliable sources
1708:
1530:occupation of France by Nazi Germany
29:
14857:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
12392:Conan, Eric; Rousso, Henry (1998).
11748:. New York University Press. 1998.
11665:(University of Chicago Press, 2012)
11315:The Journal of Contemporary History
11088:From Munich to Liberation 1938–1944
9367:Quoted in Andrés Horacio Reggiani.
8822:from the original on 15 August 2016
7017:. 27 September 2006. Archived from
6358:, Prime Minister (1940, 1942–1944).
6126:executing only 37 collaborationists
5497:Progressive end of the Vichy regime
4939:until February 1944. Mirroring the
4735:
4376:, but any German citizen (or other
4356:(PCF) following the signing of the
3336:, distinguishing themselves at the
3308:. Troops from French Polynesia and
1981:
1624:two million French prisoners-of-war
24:
20881:Former countries in French history
20871:Catholicism and far-right politics
18520:German invasion of the Netherlands
16793:Weather events during World War II
13014:French National-Collectivist Party
12351:
12211:(in French). Paris: Seuil Arènes.
11915:Le régime de Vichy et les Français
11029:Whitney, Craig R. (3 April 1998).
10929:
9205:from the original on 3 August 2009
9087:. Jewishtraces.org. Archived from
8319:
8112:, May 2003 (English, French, etc.)
8001:from the original on 29 March 2013
7976:"Centre for History and Economics"
7119:
6789:
6743:Dompnier, Nathalie (2001). "Entre
6640:World War II in the Basque Country
6352:, general and Minister of Defense.
6316:, Commissioner for Jewish Affairs.
6254:
5583: – but that act of
5399:mobilisation of non-ferrous metals
5046:August 1942 and January 1943 raids
4030:(Commissioner for Jewish Affairs).
3207:Colonial struggle with Free France
2765:who opposed Laval became known as
1807:Personal flag of Philippe Pétain,
1619:shaped by the victorious Germany.
1500:occupied under the harsh terms of
25:
20962:
19781:
19158:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
15617:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe
14565:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
13128:Collaboration with Imperial Japan
13086:French Constitutional Law of 1940
12762:French Constitutional Law of 1940
12450:
11928:Béglé, Jérôme (20 January 2014).
11760:
11730:The French Empire at War, 1940–45
11508:. (Sussex Academic Press, 2016).
11482:Journal of European Social Policy
11287:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944
10801:from the original on 23 July 2011
10583:. Durham: Duke University Press.
9912:Goldman, Russell (17 July 2017).
9855:from the original on 24 July 2014
9354:", Joint Programmatic Commission
8845:Zalc, Claire (16 November 2020).
8409:World War II Pacific Island Guide
8281:from the original on 11 July 2011
8123:"Canada and the World: A History"
7817:from the original on 23 July 2001
6784:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944
6279:in 1941, who was executed in 1944
5430:
4438:, was used to intern Romani. The
4358:German–Soviet non-aggression pact
4210:Racial policies and collaboration
4153:Conseil National de la Résistance
3918:then became co-presidents of the
3906:, with Roosevelt, Churchill, and
3827:High Commissioner of North Africa
3597:French Somaliland in World War II
2940:Foreign relations of Vichy France
2648:French Constitutional Law of 1940
2632:
2501:
2312:together with Pétain's policy of
2169:) arranged so as to resemble the
1777:the Germans' Nazi racial policies
1640:and other "undesirables" such as
20836:1944 disestablishments in France
20831:1944 disestablishments in Europe
19718:
16476:
16105:Serbia (Commissioner Government)
14671:Russian People's Liberation Army
14628:National Committee of Azerbaijan
13611:Second law on the status of Jews
13038:Légion Française des Combattants
12573:
12175:Presses Universitaires de France
12024:Vichy, un passé qui ne passe pas
11705:(Pen & Sword Aviation, 2011)
11607:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.
11022:
10983:
10956:
10944:from the original on 20 May 2011
10923:
10902:
10872:
10820:Helm, Sarah (16 February 1996).
10813:
10787:
10761:
10749:from the original on 12 May 2013
10734:
10609:
10572:
10547:
10518:
10483:
10448:
10423:
10368:
10329:
10296:
10265:
10228:
10191:
10178:
10134:
10109:
9985:
9944:
9831:
9812:
9748:McAuley, James (10 April 2017).
9741:
9709:Simons, Marlise (17 July 1995).
9654:
9643:
9606:
9580:
9553:
9503:
9442:
9432:
9415:
9361:
9337:
9269:
9257:from the original on 4 June 2011
9243:
9217:
9191:
9165:
9139:
9077:
9065:from the original on 21 May 2011
9051:
9033:
9008:
8992:
8960:
8940:
8905:
8885:
8838:
8800:. Paris: PUF. pp. 143–193.
8511:. The Advertiser. 12 March 1943.
7764:. Psychology Press. p. 14.
6576:, Allied intelligence center in
6486:Mouvement social révolutionnaire
6325:Rassemblement national populaire
6284:
6269:
6171:escaped to Quebec, then Brazil.
5923:the first phase of mob justice (
5834:
5746:French civilian forced labourers
5413:
5332:Légion Française des Combattants
5064:, the French police checked the
4758:
4521:
4432:Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans
3149:French Indochina in World War II
2739:, who were then aboard the ship
2642:10 July 1940 vote of full powers
2085:Germany invaded the Soviet Union
2059:in France, with strength in the
1713:
1414:
1399:
865:
803:
785:
761:
743:
702:
684:
223:
171:
157:
34:
16085:Norway (Administrative Council)
14683:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group
13302:France, revue de l'État nouveau
13195:Censorship under the occupation
11767:Conan, Eric, and Henry Rousso.
11377:. (Duke University Press. 1999)
11064:
9951:McAuley, James (16 July 2017).
9668:Journal of Contemporary History
9231:from the original on 6 May 2009
9179:from the original on 6 May 2009
9153:from the original on 6 May 2009
8761:World War Two. Nation by Nation
8753:
8740:
8733:, "The Republic and Vichy." in
8724:
8697:
8649:
8615:Journal of Contemporary History
8606:
8536:
8515:
8501:
8423:
8401:
8360:
8334:
8293:
8263:
8242:
8216:
8180:
8161:
8141:
8115:
8070:
8057:
8048:
7986:
7968:
7953:
7933:
7751:
7742:
7727:
7685:
7646:
7618:
7479:
7362:
7267:
7228:
7189:
7080:
7044:
7025:
7007:
6989:
6972:
6666:
6653:
6182:In 1993, former Vichy official
6131:
5902:), and popularly called "BOF" (
5845:needs additional citations for
5728:), and hosted the embassies of
5524:as a preferable alternative to
5489:Operation Attila (World War II)
4866:). Under the responsibility of
4793:"Vichy antisemitic legislation"
4769:needs additional citations for
4688:in his 1853–1855 essay titled "
4532:needs additional citations for
3964:Collaboration with Nazi Germany
3435:build powerful transmitters on
3193:coup d'état in French Indochina
2165:and the double-headed hatchet (
1900:
1724:needs additional citations for
1664:began in 1944, the Free French
1516:in the unoccupied "free zone" (
20113:Government of National Defense
19405:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
17101:Territorial changes of Germany
17009:Indonesian National Revolution
13104:Service du travail obligatoire
13076:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre
12586:World War II collaboration in:
12097:Les Juifs pendant l'Occupation
11812:(1994) 18#3 pp. 801–820
9005:, Cherche Midi éditeur (2005).
8344:. 17 July 2010. Archived from
8020:Ratcliffe, Susan, ed. (2011).
7758:Richard Joseph Golsan (2000).
6939:Hutton, Margaret-Anne (2016).
6877:
6806:
6773:
6163:terrorist movement during the
5479:German invasion, November 1942
4344:from all nations, fleeing the
3948:and arrest the leaders of his
3709:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre
3605:Map of French Somaliland, 1922
2902:
2435:meeting Hitler in October 1940
2091:found that it was "distinctly
1919:French protectorate of Tunisia
1915:French protectorate in Morocco
1782:
1633:service du travail obligatoire
13:
1:
20946:Former states and territories
20876:Client states of Nazi Germany
20821:1940 establishments in France
20816:1940 establishments in Europe
20022:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
20017:War of the Spanish Succession
18798:Japanese invasion of Thailand
18749:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
18513:German invasion of Luxembourg
16887:Mediterranean and Middle East
16110:Serbia (Council of Ministers)
14767:Collaborationist Chinese Army
13227:Office français d'information
13048:Revolutionary Social Movement
12719:History of the Jews in France
11433:, (1947); U.S. policy 1940–42
11133:Contemporary European History
10311:. London: Routledge. p.
10303:Lynch, Frances M. B. (1997).
9661:Joly, Laurent (23 May 2019).
9616:, 2 vol., Paris, Seuil, 1993
9358:-ONG Science and Ethics, 2003
8851:The Journal of Modern History
8707:A Dictionary of World History
7344:Karlsgodt, Elizabeth (2011).
7093:. Princeton U.P. p. 12.
6685:
6334:, Prime Minister (1940–1941).
6310:, Prime Minister (1941–1942).
6071:; according to the newspaper
5966:, the leader of the royalist
5946:'s 26 and 27 June 1944 purge
5822:Pursuit of Nazi collaborators
5111:concentration camps in France
4750:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
4643:(GPRF) after the Liberation.
4622:sexually transmitted diseases
4456:Mauthausen concentration camp
4280:reform of the nationality law
3836:Afrique occidentale française
3241:Until 1962, France possessed
3186:. Although the French won an
3038:and entrepreneur, as well as
2780:Abrogation of legal procedure
2404:, the Germans launched their
1987:
1889:contemporary colloquial terms
1822:Zone libre § Other names
1795:). The yellow zone was under
76:to identify unique citations.
18705:Invasion of the Soviet Union
18394:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
17705:Independent State of Croatia
15883:Army Group Rear Area Command
15190:Administrative divisions in
13025:Jeunesse Populaire Française
12517:NAZI diplomacy: Vichy, 1940
12427:. Harvard University Press.
11691:, London, Weidenfeld, 2009.
11345:(Oxford, 1985), short survey
10046:. CIUS Press. pp. 45–.
9828:, Président de la république
9061:. Cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr.
8737:(2011): 65–73 quoting p. 65.
8466:. Macmillan London Limited.
8177:. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
7288:10.1007/978-3-030-22411-0_17
6501:(PPF) and member of the LVF.
6441:, also known as Pierre Bony.
6304:, head of the French police.
6152:of July 1942. Among others,
5763:
5437:Black market in Vichy France
5397:1941 it also instituted the
5122:rather than by the Germans.
4969:July 1942 Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
4900:11th arrondissement of Paris
3877:Henri d'Astier de La Vigerie
3839:, AOF), a move that enraged
3705:and the Convention of Acre (
3431:A Vichy France plan to have
3318:in 1940; became part of the
3174:, the prime minister of the
3137:Invasion of French Indochina
2832:Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité
2486:
2347:in May 1940, the Royal Navy
1941:invasion of the Soviet Union
201:("Work, Family, Fatherland")
7:
19696:End of World War II in Asia
19536:Western invasion of Germany
19043:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
19020:Second Battle of El Alamein
18583:Hundred Regiments Offensive
18555:Battle of the Mediterranean
18408:Italian invasion of Albania
16575:Air warfare of World War II
16265:Belgium and Northern France
15888:Belgium and Northern France
14575:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan
14252:Municipal elections of 1945
13935:Service d'ordre légionnaire
13543:French protectorate of Laos
13217:Maréchal, nous voilà !
12850:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
12395:Vichy: An Ever-present Past
11769:Vichy: An ever-present past
11291:. Oxford University Press.
11283:Jackson, Julian T. (2001).
9848:(in French). 16 July 1995.
9637:at Lyon on 4 November 2000
9614:La France des années noires
8710:. Oxford University Press.
8462:Stevenson, William (1976).
8250:The Pacific War Remembered.
8206:Revue Historique des Armées
8026:. OUP Oxford. p. 291.
7980:www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk
6561:
6453:, founder of the far-right
6433:Non-Vichy collaborationists
6394:, Minister of the Interior.
6314:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
6177:António de Oliveira Salazar
5805:Service d'ordre légionnaire
5622:Service d'ordre légionnaire
5359:Social and economic history
5352:Service d'Ordre Légionnaire
4935:until May 1942 and then by
4028:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
3416:
3251:Louis Alexis Étienne Bonvin
2909:Governments of Vichy France
2844:travaux forcés à perpetuité
2607:, and almost 40,000 in the
2037:
1690:
242:Maréchal, nous voilà !
10:
20967:
20503:French subdivisions by GDP
20250:2022 presidential election
20235:2017 presidential election
19622:Naval bombardment of Japan
18983:First Battle of El Alamein
18902:Battle of Christmas Island
18847:Japanese invasion of Burma
18611:Italian invasion of Greece
18527:German invasion of Belgium
18499:German invasion of Denmark
18472:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
18341:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
16598:Comparative military ranks
15767:Civil Administration Areas
15372:Southern Hanover–Brunswick
14802:First Indian National Army
14277:Holocaust denial in France
14228:Ordinance of 9 August 1944
12966:Government of Vichy France
11875:, 8 volumes, Laffont, 1976
11568:. In Stauber, Roni (ed.).
11452:European Review of History
11327:10.1177/002200949402900406
11069:
10430:Collingham, E. M. (2011).
10336:Berger, Françoise (2003).
10214:10.1177/026569148601600202
10201:European History Quarterly
10078:Bertram M. Gordon (1980).
8897:Journal des anthropologues
8763:, London, Cassell, p. 86.
8627:10.1177/002200947300800205
7659:. McFarland. p. 111.
7003:. Knopf. pp. 364–376.
6757:La vie musicale sous Vichy
6593:Government of Vichy France
6258:
6205:
5976:, head of the Milice, and
5819:
5793:Ordinance of 9 August 1944
5783:, strove to establish the
5772:
5691:Liberation of France, 1944
5672:
5513:in exile in the so-called
5482:
5434:
5383:
5209:
5049:
4972:
4919:law regarding foreign Jews
4913:, which created a special
4747:
4291:Internment camps in France
4213:
4191:groupes mobiles de réserve
3967:
3747:
3594:
3520:On 23 September 1940, the
3489:Equatorial and West Africa
3420:
3348:; and participated in the
3243:four colonies across India
3210:
3134:
3057:French-Canadian population
3042:, general director of the
2937:
2906:
2645:
2511:
2505:
2490:
2475:
2041:
1819:
1694:
778:Commission for the Defense
502:• 1941–1942 (acting)
490:• 1940–1941 (acting)
283: French protectorates
259:The French State in 1942:
110:
103:
20764:
20654:
20564:
20555:
20451:
20442:
20344:
20335:
20273:
20264:
20185:
20066:
20035:
20007:Second Hundred Years' War
19958:
19911:
19878:
19857:
19849:Liberalism and radicalism
19801:
19792:
19711:
19543:Bratislava–Brno offensive
19483:
19474:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
19211:
19098:Allied invasion of Sicily
19052:
18951:Aleutian Islands campaign
18923:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
18870:
18861:Greek famine of 1941–1944
18756:Second Battle of Changsha
18661:German invasion of Greece
18629:
18506:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
18481:
18419:
18314:
18195:
17921:
17831:
17672:
17375:
17366:
17124:
16949:
16841:North and Central Pacific
16802:
16564:
16557:
16484:
16416:
16375:
16368:
16333:
16293:
16257:
16244:
16224:
16138:
15982:
15975:
15947:
15873:
15853:
15828:
15765:
15754:
15720:
15653:
15637:North Brabant and Limburg
15632:South Holland and Zeeland
15627:North Holland and Utrecht
15622:Gelderland and Overijssel
15607:
15536:
15484:
15445:
15415:
15212:
15199:
14891:
14868:Vietnamese collaborators
14772:Defenders of the Homeland
14730:
14529:
14519:
14515:
14418:
14375:
14329:
14304:
14295:
14257:1946 legislative election
14213:
14155:
14125:
14071:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
14011:
13972:
13926:
13870:
13863:
13854:
13819:
13731:
13698:
13645:
13619:
13601:Law on the status of Jews
13591:
13580:
13520:
13483:
13421:
13381:Syria and Lebanon mandate
13361:
13180:
13113:
13061:
12999:
12958:
12792:
12757:Armistice of 22 June 1940
12749:
12662:
12581:
12491:27 September 2007 at the
12486:coverage of the armistice
12227:
12207:Sémelin, Jacques (2013).
12138:.: A documentary history.
12044:Jean-Luc Einaudi (2001).
11943:Bentégeat, Hervé (2014).
11907:& François Bedarida,
11861:
11810:French Historical Studies
11800:French Historical Studies
11771:(UP of New England, 1998)
11534:Mockler, Anthony (1984).
11489:Vichy France and the Jews
11458:Levieux, Eleanor (1999).
11120:. New York: Knopf. 2006.
11104:(The History Press, 2015)
11097:(2000) 220pp; photographs
10826:The Independent on Sunday
10618:French Historical Studies
10554:Pollard, Miranda (1998).
10238:French Historical Studies
9383:French Historical Studies
9305:French Historical Studies
8980:Stanford University Press
8968:Vichy France and the Jews
8950:, Romillat, 2004, p. 91,
8147:Burrin, Philippe (1997).
7941:De Munich à la Libération
7238:Fascism: A Reader's Guide
7196:Stanley G. Payne (1983).
6851:Levieux, Eleanor (1999).
6813:Robert O. Paxton (1972).
6157:Serge and Beate Klarsfeld
6114:Irma Swertvaeger Laplasse
5815:
5302:
5157:had been dismantled when
5135:Government responsibility
4941:Reich Association of Jews
4911:Law on the status of Jews
4657:
4500:law on the status of Jews
4010:(Commander of Marseilles
3689:forces invaded Syria and
3511:League of Nations mandate
3437:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3157:Japanese troops entering
3026:Maurice Couve de Murville
2578:and simplified uniforms.
2478:Armistice of 22 June 1940
2398:German invasion of Poland
1853:Armistice of 22 June 1940
1814:(Chef de l'État Français)
1585:Armistice of 22 June 1940
1551:. On 10 May 1940, it was
1510:a policy of collaboration
819:
663:
653:
649:
636:
623:
610:
595:
582:
565:
552:
548:
538:
528:
524:
512:
500:
488:
476:
464:
460:
450:
446:
434:
430:
420:
394:
384:
374:
364:
335:
308:
292:
252:
248:("Marshal, here we are!")
205:
187:
153:
148:
126:
20921:Politics of World War II
20906:Modern history of France
20891:France–Germany relations
20841:Anti-communism in France
20278:Administrative divisions
19135:Allied invasion of Italy
19112:Solomon Islands campaign
18854:Third Battle of Changsha
18451:First Battle of Changsha
18357:Second Sino-Japanese War
17290:German military brothels
17156:United States war crimes
15875:Military administrations
15407:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
14853:Taiwanese collaborators
14698:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
14633:National Republican Army
14623:Latvian Auxiliary Police
14548:Albanian Fascist Militia
14267:Trial of Philippe Pétain
13942:Groupe mobile de réserve
13485:French Equatorial Africa
13288:L'Émancipation nationale
13190:Antisemitic publications
12527:22 February 2019 at the
12501:"Obituary of a Republic"
12318:
11774:Fishman, Sarah, et al.
11247:13 December 2019 at the
11152:14 December 2019 at the
11093:Azema, Jean-Pierre, ed.
10856:Det vanskelige oppgjøret
9681:10.1177/0022009419839774
9572:La Bataille de Marseille
9471:Rémy, Dominique (1992).
9427:The Theology of Medicine
9350:18 February 2006 at the
8106:, Annie Lacroix-Riz, in
8102:27 November 2010 at the
7943:, Le Seuil, 1979, p. 82
7836:Beigbeder, Yves (2006).
7653:Singer, Barnett (2008).
7235:Laqueur, Walter (1978).
6646:
6524:Service d'Action Civique
6505:Pierre Drieu La Rochelle
6498:Parti Populaire Français
6403:Parti Populaire Français
6173:Jacques Ploncard d'Assac
5577:Free Republic of Vercors
5457:
5274:Parti Populaire Français
5236:Groupe mobile de réserve
4632:French secondary schools
4583:, an early proponent of
3902:Giraud took part in the
3693:; this was known as the
3577:invaded Vichy-held Gabon
3561:French Equatorial Africa
3495:French Equatorial Africa
3395:Free French Naval Forces
3381:Naval Base New Caledonia
3320:1st Free French Division
3288:and Australia and, with
3270:referendum was organised
3103:Andrew Browne Cunningham
2871:departmental commissions
2838:Travail, Famille, Patrie
1646:Nazi concentration camps
1224:
1186:
1016:
1005:
984:
195:Travail, Famille, Patrie
20951:Provisional governments
20901:The Holocaust in France
20498:Franc (former currency)
20103:Coup of 2 December 1851
20076:Long nineteenth century
19557:Second Guangxi campaign
19412:Philippines (1944–1945)
18909:Battle of the Coral Sea
18812:Fall of the Philippines
18458:Battle of South Guangxi
18364:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
17763:Italian Social Republic
14834:Royal Thai Armed Forces
14829:Manchukuo Imperial Army
14814:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
14754:Burma Independence Army
14666:Russian Liberation Army
14618:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps
14580:Belarusian Home Defence
14544:Albanian collaborators
14359:The Sorrow and the Pity
14173:Siegfried Line campaign
13980:SS Charlemagne division
13842:The Holocaust in France
12991:Second Laval government
12860:Charles du Paty de Clam
12840:Pierre-Antoine Cousteau
12522:The Holocaust in France
12370:Smithsonian Institution
12331:The Sorrow and the Pity
12116:, Fayard, Paris, 1985,
12040:, L.G.D.J., Paris 1963.
12026:, Fayard, Paris, 1994,
11986:, Perrin, Paris, 1998.
11717:excerpt and text search
11600:excerpt and text search
11564:Michel, Alain (2014) .
11498:11 October 2017 at the
11454:(2008), 15#2 pp 157–177
11422:excerpt and text search
11233:(Westport, Conn., 1998)
11225:excerpt and text search
11212:excerpt and text search
11202:excerpt and text search
11164:excerpt and text search
10963:Traverso, Enzo (2016).
10914:3 December 2002 at the
10525:Fishman, Sarah (1991).
10405:Diamond, Hanna (1999).
10150:Hellman, John (2008) .
10120:. Perrin. p. 234.
9457:1 December 2016 at the
9375:4 February 2007 at the
9298:4 February 2007 at the
9124:28 January 2016 at the
8973:24 October 2015 at the
8792:Boninchi, Marc (2005).
8173:26 January 2016 at the
7734:Vinen, Richard (2006).
7613:Holman & Kelly 2000
7601:Holman & Kelly 2000
7589:Holman & Kelly 2000
7577:Holman & Kelly 2000
7565:Holman & Kelly 2000
7553:Holman & Kelly 2000
7538:Holman & Kelly 2000
7526:Holman & Kelly 2000
7511:Holman & Kelly 2000
7499:Holman & Kelly 2000
7411:Holman & Kelly 2000
7399:Holman & Kelly 2000
7382:Holman & Kelly 2000
7087:Philip G. Nord (2010).
6237:The Sorrow and the Pity
6188:crimes against humanity
5959:Commissions d'épuration
5808:, were also dissolved.
5596:Independence of the SOL
5120:Paris Police Prefecture
4987:before the mass arrests
4880:department of the Seine
4309:on the sole basis of a
4278:granted since the 1927
4143:against the prevailing
4130:and engineers from the
4117:SS Charlemagne Division
3950:Algerian People's Party
3505:on 29 August 1940, and
3342:Battle of Monte Cassino
3306:battle of the Coral Sea
3272:on 2 September 1940 in
3188:important naval victory
2980:and Secretary of State
2948:A propaganda poster in
2822:chef de l'État français
2463:Conditions of armistice
2390:French prisoners of war
2349:attack at Mers-el-Kébir
2206:("decadence") when the
2103:". Political scientist
2017:attack on Mers-el-Kébir
1685:crimes against humanity
1567:, and as an extension,
1553:invaded by Nazi Germany
831:
822:
20886:France in World War II
20846:Antisemitism in France
20518:Science and technology
20175:Provisional Government
20144:
20123:
19983:
19142:Armistice of Cassibile
18937:Battle of Dutch Harbor
18888:Battle of the Java Sea
18791:Attack on Pearl Harbor
18691:Syria–Lebanon campaign
18684:Battle of South Shanxi
18654:Invasion of Yugoslavia
18437:Battle of the Atlantic
18051:Korean Liberation Army
17757:(until September 1943)
17714:(until September 1944)
17692:(until September 1944)
16246:
15976:Puppet administrations
15780:Carinthia and Carniola
15447:
15222:
15214:
15194:and German occupations
14838:Russian collaborators
14824:Malayan Volunteer Army
14662:Russian collaborators
14600:Finnish Defence Forces
14233:Provisional Government
13893:15th Military Division
13888:14th Military Division
13723:Yellow badge in France
13043:National Popular Rally
12976:First Laval government
12865:Pierre-Étienne Flandin
12699:French colonial empire
12421:Rousso, Henry (1991).
12099:, Seuil, Paris, 1991,
11911:, Paris, Fayard, 1996.
11560:(Princeton U.P., 2010)
11484:(2015) 25#1 pp: 32–49.
11368:International Security
11135:27.3 (2018): 482–499.
10434:. London: Allen Lane.
10186:Judges Against Justice
9846:www.jacqueschirac-asso
9515:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
9128:on the website of the
8796:Vichy et l'ordre moral
8683:1 October 2013 at the
7961:
7713:Holocaust Encyclopedia
7135:International Security
7051:Young, Ernest (2013),
6963:
6819:. Barrie and Jenkins.
6751:
6745:
6674:
6469:Louis-Ferdinand Céline
6332:Pierre-Étienne Flandin
6169:Jacques de Bernonville
6116:, were controversial.
6063:Among artists, singer
6032:Paris massacre of 1961
6022:
5989:Louis-Ferdinand Céline
5958:
5925:
5904:
5898:
5769:Provisional government
5734:Louis-Ferdinand Céline
5718:
5713:
5709:
5692:
5684:
5669:Sigmaringen commission
5653:Jacques de Bernonville
5616:
5581:Free French government
5546:St Pierre and Miquelon
5498:
5393:
5368:
5254:
5246:Légion des Volontaires
5150:
5145:
4997:
4988:
4927:
4862:
4745:
4717:Entretiens de Pontigny
4716:
4708:
4699:
4668:
4626:
4618:prenuptial certificate
4605:
4467:
4362:Drancy internment camp
4354:French Communist Party
4237:
4225:
4190:
4181:after the Liberation.
4031:
3869:Bonnier de La Chapelle
3835:
3806:
3707:
3695:Syria-Lebanon campaign
3621:1940, British General
3606:
3549:Vichy French Air Force
3390:Bataillon du Pacifique
3389:
3328:
3315:Bataillon du Pacifique
3314:
3282:attack on Pearl Harbor
3255:possessions in Oceania
3162:
3081:
3071:
2953:
2920:Pierre-Étienne Flandin
2893:6 February 1934 crisis
2879:
2857:
2843:
2837:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2741:
2685:
2667:
2613:
2570:
2553:
2541:French colonial empire
2535:
2523:
2514:Vichy French Air Force
2473:
2445:armistice with Germany
2436:
2393:
2361:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2271:
2264:
2229:
2215:
2202:
2186:
2134:
1945:
1927:
1893:
1883:
1881:, the invasion of the
1873:
1861:
1851:as established by the
1817:
1813:
1800:
1705:Causes of World War II
1632:
1609:French colonial empire
1599:started in June 1941,
1518:
1475:
1465:
1060:Valois-Angoulême kings
798:of the French Republic
796:Provisional Government
638:• Capture of the
240:
213:
193:
132:
106:Vichy (disambiguation)
72:Please consider using
19306:Second Battle of Guam
19202:Bengal famine of 1943
19172:Second Battle of Kiev
19128:Battle of the Dnieper
18997:Kokoda Track campaign
18826:Battle of Wake Island
18698:East African campaign
18640:Battle of South Henan
18285:atrocities by Germans
18058:Korean Volunteer Army
17032:Occupation of Germany
16786:Music in World War II
15427:Reichsfestung Belgrad
14847:Russian Fascist Party
14648:Romanian Armed Forces
14643:Polish Wehrmacht Army
14595:Croatian Armed Forces
14463:Category:Vichy France
14086:Operation Bright Moon
13883:7th Military Division
13281:Documents maçonniques
12476:13 April 2005 at the
12134:, Julliard, , 1967.
11909:Vichy et les Français
11853:8 August 2020 at the
11785:5 August 2020 at the
11673:. London: Brassey's.
11669:Raugh, H. E. (1993).
11416:Lackerstein, Debbie.
11186:5 August 2020 at the
10409:. New York: Longman.
10354:10.3917/rhmc.503.0148
9824:13 April 2009 at the
9570:, 1995. Chapter XIV,
9015:Stein, Louis (1979).
8912:Nahum, Henri (2008).
8657:The Politics of Torch
8464:A man called Intrepid
8446:10.3406/jso.1997.2029
8416:19 March 2015 at the
8386:10.3917/rhmc.494.0071
8109:Le Monde diplomatique
7021:on 27 September 2006.
6980:Hitler and his Allies
6752:Maréchal, nous voilà!
6206:Further information:
6020:
5820:Further information:
5690:
5682:
5603:
5591:Decline of the regime
5496:
5391:
5366:
5243:
5181:, at the site of the
5142:
5050:Further information:
4982:
4937:Darquier de Pellepoix
4743:
4703:
4694:
4637:occupational medicine
4231:
4223:
4214:Further information:
4115:, later becoming the
3977:
3968:Further information:
3904:Casablanca Conference
3861:Trans-Saharan Railway
3803:Casablanca Conference
3793:
3613:), Brigadier-General
3604:
3203:controlled by Tokyo.
3156:
3069:
3032:, a former member of
2978:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2947:
2938:Further information:
2814:
2804:
2688:On 10 July 1940, the
2673:
2659:
2646:Further information:
2521:
2476:Further information:
2470:
2431:
2406:offensive in the West
2388:
2198:French Third Republic
2145:, and celebrated the
2126:
2042:Further information:
1820:Further information:
1806:
1790:
1695:Further information:
1545:Third French Republic
780:of National Interests
478:• 1940 (acting)
375:Common languages
303:and the Allied powers
267: Unoccupied zone
48:The reason given is:
20323:World Heritage Sites
20240:Coronavirus pandemic
19592:Surrender of Germany
19070:Battle of West Hubei
19027:Guadalcanal campaign
18990:Battle of Stalingrad
18916:Battle of Madagascar
17683:Albania protectorate
17470:(formerly Swaziland)
17179:Wehrmacht war crimes
16995:Expulsion of Germans
16779:Art and World War II
16677:British contribution
16626:Governments in exile
16429:Strength Through Joy
16388:Weather Station Kurt
16090:Norway (Quisling II)
15337:Munich–Upper Bavaria
15322:March of Brandenburg
14809:Inner Mongolian Army
14797:Indian National Army
14653:Royal Hungarian Army
14398:Le Silence de la mer
14223:Liberation of France
13832:Deportation timeline
13337:Révolution nationale
13211:Le Juif et la France
13161:Révolution nationale
13019:French Popular Party
12724:Treaty of Versailles
12141:Herbert R. Lottman.
12126:Launay, Jacques de.
11979:(2nd ed. 2000) 732pp
11822:(2012) 30#2 pp 8–32.
11743:Weisberg, Richard H.
11602:; influential survey
11086:Azema, Jean-Pierre.
10880:"Vichy France Facts"
10745:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr.
10718:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr.
9796:. 28 December 2015.
9279:, 32, (1984), p. 119
8759:J.Lee Ready (1995),
8565:Playfair et al. 1954
8348:on 28 September 2011
7997:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr.
7813:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr.
7182:Debbie Lackerstein,
7148:10.1162/isec_a_00329
6947:Taylor & Francis
6630:Amy Elizabeth Thorpe
6483:in 1935 and fascist
6085:were also detained.
5899:profiteurs de guerre
5854:improve this article
5714:Délégation française
5253:on the Eastern Front
5172:National Front Party
5062:Battle of Marseilles
4872:Prefecture of Police
4778:improve this article
4720:". Scholars such as
4669:L'Homme, cet inconnu
4597:French Popular Party
4541:improve this article
4404:Révolution nationale
4284:green ticket roundup
4216:Révolution nationale
4149:Treaty of Versailles
3823:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3774:initially resisted,
3730:Battle of Madagascar
3661:Syria and Madagascar
3365:economic opportunism
3324:Battle of Bir Hakeim
3245:, the largest being
3121:liberation of France
3053:Operation Barbarossa
2536:Armée de l'Armistice
2309:Révolution nationale
2303:Révolution nationale
2193:Révolution nationale
2173:, the symbol of the
2130:Révolution nationale
2044:Révolution nationale
1837:République française
1733:improve this article
1662:liberation of France
1597:Operation Barbarossa
1268:Provisional Republic
1050:Valois-Orléans kings
104:For other uses, see
20461:Automotive industry
20245:2021 labor protests
20002:Peace of Westphalia
19870:History of Normandy
19865:History of Brittany
19682:Potsdam Declaration
19571:Italy (Spring 1945)
19334:Liberation of Paris
18784:Siege of Sevastopol
17795:(until August 1944)
17698:Wang Jingwei regime
17520:from September 1943
17480:from September 1944
17418:from September 1944
17278:Romanian war crimes
17269:Persecution of Jews
17255:Croatian war crimes
17225:Japanese war crimes
17039:Occupation of Japan
16988:First Indochina War
16700:Military production
16612:Declarations of war
16248:Reichskommissariats
16080:Norway (Quisling I)
16010:Chechnya-Ingushetia
15670:Bohemia and Moravia
15655:Partial annexations
15466:Danzig–West Prussia
14862:Takasago Volunteers
14782:Gando Special Force
14740:Arakan Defense Army
14678:Security Battalions
14178:Sigmaringen enclave
14168:Liberation of Paris
13827:Deportation convoys
13796:Royallieu-Compiègne
13761:Natzweiler-Struthof
13632:Order of Physicians
13391:French North Africa
13053:Peasant Corporation
13032:Mouvement Franciste
12830:Jacques Charpentier
12805:Jean-Marie Bergeret
12484:National Geographic
12368:. Washington D.C.:
12132:Collection Archives
12128:Le Dossier de Vichy
12036:Yves Maxime Danan,
11844:Contemporary Review
11791:Golsan, Richard J.
11719:, focus on city of
11522:. (Praeger, 1998).
11518:Melton, George E.
11493:online 1981 edition
11440:(Oxford U P 1997).
11196:Fogg, Shannon Lee.
10741:Jean-Pierre Maury.
10714:Jean-Pierre Maury.
10653:, pp. 567–568.
10606:, pp. 331–332.
9958:The Washington Post
9755:The Washington Post
9308:, 2002; 25: 331–356
8930:10.3917/aj.411.0041
8603:, pp. 323–324.
8591:, pp. 322–323.
8331:Order of Liberation
8076:William L. Langer,
7993:Jean-Pierre Maury.
7939:Jean-Pierre Azéma,
7809:Jean-Pierre Maury.
7738:. pp. 183–214.
7643:, pp. 121–126.
7425:, pp. 712–714.
6929:, pp. 160–162.
6661:law of 10 July 1940
6527:(SAC) in the 1960s.
6456:Mouvement franciste
6374:François Mitterrand
6060:instead of prison.
6056:(1946–54) with the
5905:Beurre Oeuf Fromage
5697:liberation of Paris
5675:Sigmaringen enclave
5608:/ French Militia /
5573:Metropolitan France
5515:Sigmaringen enclave
5290:collaborationnistes
5270:collaborationnistes
5268:have used the term
5205:Collaborationnistes
5164:François Mitterrand
5099:metropolitan France
5070:extermination camps
4998:Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv
4385:, trade-unionists,
4366:extermination camps
4122:On the other hand,
4070:(1936–1938) led by
3929:In late April 1945
3857:concentration camps
3744:French North Africa
3713:) on 14 July 1941.
3647:Italian East Africa
3517:on 27 August 1940.
3501:on 26 August 1940,
3176:Kingdom of Thailand
3172:Plaek Pibulsonggram
3125:government-in-exile
2930:in September 1944.
2690:Chamber of Deputies
1907:Metropolitan France
1877:) especially after
1857:French North Africa
1849:Line of Demarcation
1677:Sigmaringen enclave
1538:Metropolitan France
823:Paris remained the
640:Sigmaringen enclave
627:Vichy laws repealed
326:Government-in-exile
50:DuplicateReferences
20861:Anti-Protestantism
20528:Telecommunications
20230:2015 Paris attacks
20093:Revolution of 1848
19921:Visigothic Kingdom
19675:Surrender of Japan
19508:Battle of Iwo Jima
19357:Belgrade offensive
18763:Siege of Leningrad
18647:Battle of Shanggao
18576:British Somaliland
18541:Dunkirk evacuation
18492:Norwegian campaign
18430:Invasion of Poland
18257:Japanese prisoners
17218:Italian war crimes
17149:British war crimes
17064:Soviet occupations
16848:South-West Pacific
16735:Allied cooperation
16693:Military equipment
15680:General Government
15357:Schleswig-Holstein
14688:Slovene Home Guard
14272:Klaus Barbie trial
14163:Operation Overlord
13903:Army of the Levant
13837:Holocaust timeline
13521:Asia & Oceania
13423:French West Africa
12981:Flandin government
12950:Carltheo Zeitschel
12736:War guilt question
12162:Le régime de Vichy
11998:Cointet, Jean-Paul
11975:Michèle Cointet.
11832:. (2nd ed. 2006).
11661:Pollard, Miranda.
11594:Paxton, Robert O.
11107:Burrin, Philippe.
11035:The New York Times
10996:The New York Times
10029:. Paris: Le Seuil.
9918:The New York Times
9715:The New York Times
9343:Gwen Terrenoire, "
8891:François Masure, "
7037:2011-08-11 at the
6896:on 11 October 2017
6367:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
6219:The Vichy Syndrome
6150:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
6106:summary executions
6023:
6000:Jean-Pierre Esteva
5936:the second phase (
5693:
5685:
5617:
5557:Operation Overlord
5499:
5394:
5378:Hans Petter Graver
5369:
5299:Collaborationnisme
5255:
5249:fighting with the
5151:
5128:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
5066:identity documents
4993:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
4989:
4975:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
4746:
4686:Arthur de Gobineau
4684:theories had been
4682:pseudoscientifical
4591:, and a member of
4468:Internierungslager
4238:
4236:guarding detainees
4226:
4188:, who created the
4111:) fighting on the
4032:
4013:Sicherheitspolizei
3831:French West Africa
3807:
3636:Pierre Nouailhetas
3615:Paul Legentilhomme
3607:
3573:Marie-Pierre Kœnig
3534:French West Africa
3483:French West Indies
3385:South Pacific Area
3223:Free French Forces
3165:In June 1940, the
3163:
3099:René-Emile Godfroy
3072:
2954:
2863:freedom of thought
2817:
2686:
2681:Divide and Conquer
2668:
2609:Army of the Levant
2524:
2474:
2437:
2394:
2345:Dunkirk evacuation
2242:la France profonde
2135:
2050:counter-revolution
1862:Unbesetztes Gebiet
1818:
1801:
1617:New European Order
1502:the 1940 armistice
1484:headed by Marshal
1480:), was the French
1421:History portal
917: until 50 BC
318:Fully occupied by
20798:
20797:
20760:
20759:
20551:
20550:
20438:
20437:
20430:Political parties
20366:Foreign relations
20331:
20330:
20260:
20259:
20043:French Revolution
19997:Thirty Years' War
19978:Absolute monarchy
19943:Kingdom of France
19839:Foreign relations
19819:Political history
19749:
19748:
19707:
19706:
19550:Battle of Okinawa
19449:Burma (1944–1945)
19283:Mariana and Palau
19063:Tunisian campaign
18881:Fall of Singapore
18805:Fall of Hong Kong
18548:Battle of Britain
18401:Operation Himmler
18310:
18309:
17974:Dutch East Indies
17610:Southern Rhodesia
17362:
17361:
17262:Genocide of Serbs
17165:German war crimes
17142:Soviet war crimes
17135:Allied war crimes
16981:Division of Korea
16960:Chinese Civil War
16758:Strategic bombing
16670:Manhattan Project
16444:
16443:
16440:
16439:
16364:
16363:
16334:Other occupations
16329:
16328:
16240:
16239:
15955:Adriatic Littoral
15948:Operational Zones
15869:
15868:
15750:
15749:
15746:
15745:
15716:
15715:
15649:
15648:
15645:
15644:
15532:
15531:
15441:
15440:
15157:
15156:
15153:
15152:
15136:
14992:
14887:
14886:
14758:Chin Defense Army
14734:collaborationists
14710:Wehrmacht foreign
14705:Waffen-SS foreign
14604:
14538:collaborationists
14471:
14470:
14428:French Resistance
14414:
14413:
14352:Milice, film noir
14338:Bombing the Nazis
14246:Épuration sauvage
14183:Fernand de Brinon
14151:
14150:
14091:Wallis and Futuna
14007:
14006:
13850:
13849:
13741:Beaune-la-Rolande
13576:
13575:
13563:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
13516:
13515:
13479:
13478:
13417:
13416:
13352:L'Union française
13133:Foreign relations
12986:Darlan government
12971:Pétain government
12880:Charles Huntziger
12875:Gaston Henry-Haye
12434:978-0-674-93538-9
12405:978-0-87451-795-8
12301:978-3-406-58454-1
12271:978-3-486-58945-0
12241:, Stuttgart 1966.
12218:978-2-35204-235-8
12184:978-2-13-054077-9
12055:978-2-84405-173-8
12011:978-2-262-03300-2
11982:Michèle Cointet.
11905:Jean-Pierre Azéma
11715:(New York, 1986)
11697:978-0-297-85218-6
11680:978-0-08-040983-2
11654:978-1-84574-066-5
11549:978-0-394-54222-5
11514:978-1-84519-784-1
11504:Martin Mauthner.
11473:978-0-226-47502-8
11436:Larkin, Maurice.
11394:978-0-19-160683-0
11373:Kooreman, Megan.
11361:978-0-226-43893-1
11298:978-0-19-820706-1
11267:978-1-57181-701-3
11083:, (Longman, 1997)
10976:978-1-78478-134-7
10884:World War 2 Facts
10865:978-82-518-0917-7
10795:"Accession Plans"
10689:, pp. 81–82.
10677:, pp. 48–49.
10590:978-0-8223-2777-6
10565:978-0-226-67349-3
10540:978-0-300-04774-5
10504:10.1093/fh/crq025
10469:10.1093/fh/crq025
10441:978-0-7139-9964-8
10416:978-0-582-29909-2
10389:10.1093/fh/crp006
10322:978-0-415-14219-9
10289:978-0-312-04773-3
10163:978-0-7735-0973-3
10127:978-2-262-02229-7
10091:978-0-8014-1263-9
10053:978-0-920862-36-0
9546:978-2-84405-173-8
9488:978-2-87894-026-8
8948:Les Lois de Vichy
8807:978-2-13-055339-7
8731:Julian T. Jackson
8717:978-0-19-280700-7
8555:, pp. 75–76.
8271:"Citation of the
8230:on 17 August 2011
8129:on 11 August 2011
8033:978-0-19-956707-2
7926:978-0-8232-2562-0
7849:978-90-474-1070-6
7771:978-0-415-92365-1
7666:978-0-7864-3571-5
7625:Robert A. Doughty
7603:, pp. 75–76.
7579:, pp. 72–73.
7540:, pp. 71–76.
7501:, pp. 69–70.
7384:, pp. 96–98.
7355:978-0-8047-7018-7
7297:978-3-030-22411-0
7248:978-0-520-03642-0
7209:978-0-299-08064-8
7100:978-0-691-14297-5
7062:978-0-19-992462-2
6870:978-0-226-47502-8
6780:Julian T. Jackson
6766:978-2-87027-864-2
6672:French: Pétain: "
6625:Organisation Todt
6613:Oradour-sur-Glane
6569:Camp of Septfonds
6555:Pierre Taittinger
6495:, founder of the
6445:Robert Brasillach
6350:Charles Huntziger
6344:Gaston Henry-Haye
6322:, founder of the
6212:As the historian
5982:Robert Brasillach
5926:épuration sauvage
5890:Vélodrome d'hiver
5886:
5885:
5878:
5757:General de Lattre
5755:On 21 April 1945
5725:Le Petit Parisien
5705:Fernand de Brinon
5657:French Resistance
5610:Secretary-General
5606:Against Communism
5567:(GPRF) headed by
5561:Operation Dragoon
5511:puppet government
5338:Amis de la Légion
5282:Robert Brasillach
5266:Jean-Pierre Azéma
5183:Vélodrome d'Hiver
5093:Jewish death toll
5052:Marseille roundup
5018:Vélodrome d'Hiver
4888:Theodor Dannecker
4854:
4853:
4846:
4828:
4678:scientific racism
4639:, enacted by the
4573:
4572:
4565:
4513:Eugenics policies
4452:Spanish Civil War
4448:August 1942 raids
4420:stateless persons
4338:Spanish Civil War
4334:fall of Catalonia
4311:prefectoral order
4196:French Resistance
4145:classical liberal
4141:economy of France
4135:necessities of a
3847:, triggering the
3679:Italian Air Force
3591:French Somaliland
3442:Charles de Gaulle
3402:Wallis and Futuna
3350:Provence landings
3262:Appeal of 18 June
3237:India and Oceania
3227:Appeal of 18 June
3197:Empire of Vietnam
3182:and launched the
3087:Winston Churchill
3030:Lemaigre-Dubreuil
3020:Liberation to an
2934:Foreign relations
2827:Fernand de Brinon
2774:French historians
2678:documentary film
2423:Charles Huntziger
2337:Perfidious Albion
2272:Miracle de Jeanne
2265:Miracle de Jeanne
2117:Olivier Wiewiorka
2075:while dismissing
2069:French Revolution
2023:Julian T. Jackson
1828:National Assembly
1767:In 1940, Marshal
1765:
1764:
1757:
1670:Charles de Gaulle
1654:French Resistance
1536:the remainder of
1455:
1454:
1406:France portal
1299:
1298:
1196:
1195:
1107:Kingdom of France
1097:French Revolution
1088:Long 19th century
1078:
1077:
1026:
1025:
996:Kingdom of France
931:
930:
839:
838:
815:
814:
811:
810:
776:French Government
723:
722:
533:National Assembly
514:• 1942–1944
466:• 1940–1942
436:• 1940–1944
232:
102:
101:
94:
16:(Redirected from
20958:
20562:
20561:
20478:Economic history
20449:
20448:
20342:
20341:
20271:
20270:
20149:
20128:
20027:Seven Years' War
19992:Wars of Religion
19988:
19973:House of Bourbon
19968:Early modern era
19948:Fundamental laws
19824:Military history
19799:
19798:
19776:
19769:
19762:
19753:
19752:
19742:
19735:
19728:
19725:World portal
19723:
19722:
19698:
19691:
19684:
19677:
19668:
19661:
19654:
19645:
19638:
19631:
19624:
19617:
19610:
19601:
19594:
19587:
19585:Prague offensive
19580:
19578:Battle of Berlin
19573:
19566:
19559:
19552:
19545:
19538:
19531:
19524:
19522:Vienna offensive
19517:
19510:
19503:
19501:Battle of Manila
19496:
19476:
19467:
19458:
19451:
19442:
19435:
19428:
19421:
19414:
19407:
19400:
19391:
19382:
19375:
19366:
19359:
19352:
19345:
19336:
19329:
19322:
19315:
19308:
19301:
19294:
19285:
19278:
19269:
19260:
19251:
19244:
19242:Korsun–Cherkassy
19237:
19226:
19204:
19195:
19188:
19181:
19174:
19167:
19160:
19153:
19144:
19137:
19130:
19123:
19114:
19107:
19100:
19093:
19086:
19084:Bombing of Gorky
19079:
19072:
19065:
19045:
19038:
19029:
19022:
19015:
19006:
18999:
18992:
18985:
18978:
18967:
18960:
18953:
18946:
18944:Battle of Midway
18939:
18932:
18930:Battle of Gazala
18925:
18918:
18911:
18904:
18897:
18890:
18883:
18863:
18856:
18849:
18842:
18840:Battle of Borneo
18835:
18833:Malayan campaign
18828:
18821:
18814:
18807:
18800:
18793:
18786:
18779:
18777:Bombing of Gorky
18772:
18770:Battle of Moscow
18765:
18758:
18751:
18744:
18737:
18730:
18714:
18707:
18700:
18693:
18686:
18679:
18670:
18663:
18656:
18649:
18642:
18622:
18613:
18606:
18599:
18592:
18585:
18578:
18571:
18564:
18557:
18550:
18543:
18536:
18534:Battle of France
18529:
18522:
18515:
18508:
18501:
18494:
18474:
18467:
18460:
18453:
18446:
18439:
18432:
18410:
18403:
18396:
18389:
18387:Munich Agreement
18382:
18375:
18366:
18359:
18352:
18343:
18336:
18321:
18320:
18303:
18296:
18287:
18280:
18273:
18272:Soviet prisoners
18266:
18259:
18252:
18243:
18236:
18227:
18220:
18213:
18212:German prisoners
18208:
18188:
18179:
18172:
18165:
18160:
18153:
18146:
18139:
18132:
18125:
18118:
18111:
18104:
18097:
18090:
18083:
18076:
18069:
18060:
18053:
18046:
18039:
18032:
18025:
18018:
18011:
18004:
17997:
17990:
17983:
17976:
17969:
17962:
17955:
17948:
17941:
17934:
17914:
17907:
17900:
17893:
17886:
17879:
17872:
17865:
17858:
17851:
17844:
17824:
17817:
17810:
17803:
17796:
17788:
17781:
17774:
17765:
17758:
17750:
17743:
17741:French Indochina
17736:
17729:
17722:
17715:
17707:
17700:
17693:
17685:
17665:
17656:
17649:
17640:
17633:
17626:
17619:
17612:
17605:
17598:
17591:
17588:from August 1944
17579:
17572:
17565:
17558:
17551:
17544:
17537:
17530:
17523:
17511:
17504:
17497:
17490:
17483:
17471:
17463:
17456:
17449:
17442:
17435:
17428:
17421:
17409:
17402:
17395:
17388:
17373:
17372:
17353:
17346:
17339:
17332:
17325:
17314:
17299:
17292:
17285:
17280:
17271:
17264:
17257:
17248:
17241:
17234:
17232:Nanjing Massacre
17227:
17220:
17211:
17209:Nuremberg trials
17202:
17195:
17188:
17181:
17174:
17167:
17158:
17151:
17144:
17137:
17117:
17110:
17103:
17094:
17087:
17080:
17073:
17066:
17059:
17050:
17041:
17034:
17027:
17020:
17011:
17004:
16997:
16990:
16983:
16976:
16969:
16962:
16942:
16933:
16926:
16919:
16910:
16903:
16896:
16889:
16880:
16873:
16866:
16857:
16850:
16843:
16836:
16829:
16822:
16815:
16813:Asia and Pacific
16795:
16788:
16781:
16774:
16767:
16760:
16753:
16744:
16742:Mulberry harbour
16737:
16730:
16723:
16716:
16709:
16702:
16695:
16688:
16679:
16672:
16665:
16656:
16649:
16642:
16635:
16628:
16621:
16614:
16607:
16600:
16593:
16584:
16577:
16562:
16561:
16550:
16543:
16534:
16527:
16520:
16513:
16506:
16499:
16492:
16471:
16464:
16457:
16448:
16447:
16373:
16372:
16255:
16254:
16251:
15980:
15979:
15967:Alpine Foothills
15835:
15834:
15785:Gebiet Bialystok
15763:
15762:
15676:
15675:
15660:
15659:
15605:
15604:
15519:Tyrol–Vorarlberg
15482:
15481:
15456:
15455:
15452:
15397:Westphalia-South
15392:Westphalia-North
15312:Magdeburg-Anhalt
15232:
15231:
15227:
15219:
15210:
15209:
15184:
15177:
15170:
15161:
15160:
15134:
14990:
14658:Royal Iraqi Army
14602:
14527:
14526:
14517:
14516:
14498:
14491:
14484:
14475:
14474:
14391:Section spéciale
14384:Castle to Castle
14345:The Eye of Vichy
14302:
14301:
14282:Mission Mattéoli
14239:Épuration légale
13993:Légion impériale
13964:Special Brigades
13868:
13867:
13861:
13860:
13665:Clermont-Ferrand
13589:
13588:
13533:French Indochina
13518:
13517:
13481:
13480:
13419:
13418:
13387:
13386:
13267:Le Cri du peuple
13235:
13167:Special Sections
13071:Anti-Jewish laws
12905:George Montandon
12900:Bernard Ménétrel
12870:Philippe Henriot
12671:Action Française
12568:
12561:
12554:
12545:
12544:
12497:
12446:
12417:
12388:
12386:
12384:
12343:The Eye of Vichy
12313:
12260:
12244:Martin Jungius:
12222:
12196:
12167:The Vichy Regime
12092:
12059:
12015:
11972:
11939:
11901:
11735:Vinen, Richard.
11721:Clermont-Ferrand
11684:
11658:
11639:
11637:
11635:
11611:Butler, J. R. M.
11591:
11553:
11477:
11465:
11431:Our Vichy gamble
11413:
11411:
11409:
11338:
11309:
11307:
11305:
11290:
11279:
11206:Gildea, Robert.
11168:Diamond, Hanna.
11059:
11058:
11056:
11054:
11026:
11020:
11019:
11017:
11015:
10987:
10981:
10980:
10960:
10954:
10953:
10951:
10949:
10943:
10936:
10927:
10921:
10920:
10906:
10900:
10899:
10897:
10895:
10876:
10870:
10869:
10848:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10837:
10817:
10811:
10810:
10808:
10806:
10791:
10785:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10765:
10759:
10758:
10756:
10754:
10738:
10732:
10731:
10729:
10727:
10711:
10702:
10696:
10690:
10684:
10678:
10672:
10666:
10660:
10654:
10648:
10642:
10641:
10613:
10607:
10601:
10595:
10594:
10576:
10570:
10569:
10551:
10545:
10544:
10532:
10522:
10516:
10515:
10487:
10481:
10480:
10452:
10446:
10445:
10427:
10421:
10420:
10402:
10393:
10392:
10372:
10366:
10365:
10333:
10327:
10326:
10310:
10300:
10294:
10293:
10269:
10263:
10262:
10232:
10226:
10225:
10195:
10189:
10182:
10176:
10175:
10147:
10141:
10138:
10132:
10131:
10113:
10107:
10106:
10075:
10069:
10068:
10037:
10031:
10030:
10022:
10013:
10012:
10010:
10008:
9999:. 16 July 2017.
9989:
9983:
9982:
9980:
9978:
9948:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9937:
9909:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9898:
9881:. 17 July 2017.
9871:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9860:
9854:
9843:
9835:
9829:
9816:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9805:
9786:
9780:
9779:
9777:
9775:
9745:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9734:
9706:
9700:
9699:
9697:
9695:
9658:
9652:
9647:
9641:
9640:
9628:
9617:
9610:
9604:
9603:
9601:
9599:
9584:
9578:
9577:
9557:
9551:
9550:
9535:Einaudi (2001).
9532:
9526:
9525:
9523:
9521:
9507:
9501:
9500:
9468:
9462:
9446:
9440:
9436:
9430:
9419:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9408:
9403:on 16 March 2007
9399:. Archived from
9388:Didier Daeninckx
9365:
9359:
9341:
9335:
9334:
9328:
9320:
9309:
9289:
9280:
9273:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9262:
9247:
9241:
9240:
9238:
9236:
9221:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9195:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9169:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9158:
9143:
9137:
9136:
9119:Film documentary
9116:
9101:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9081:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9070:
9055:
9049:
9048:
9047:on 14 July 2006.
9043:. Archived from
9037:
9031:
9030:
9012:
9006:
8996:
8990:
8964:
8958:
8946:Dominique Rémy,
8944:
8938:
8937:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8889:
8883:
8882:
8842:
8836:
8835:
8829:
8827:
8799:
8789:
8783:
8777:
8771:
8757:
8751:
8744:
8738:
8728:
8722:
8721:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8675:
8660:
8655:Arthur L. Funk,
8653:
8647:
8646:
8610:
8604:
8598:
8592:
8586:
8580:
8574:
8568:
8562:
8556:
8550:
8544:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8519:
8513:
8512:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8489:
8478:
8477:
8459:
8450:
8449:
8427:
8421:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8388:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8338:
8332:
8326:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8303:. Archived from
8297:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8277:. 22 July 1944.
8267:
8261:
8246:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8235:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8201:
8195:
8184:
8178:
8165:
8159:
8151:. Paris: Seuil.
8145:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8119:
8113:
8094:
8081:
8078:Our Vichy Gamble
8074:
8068:
8061:
8055:
8052:
8046:
8045:
8017:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8006:
7990:
7984:
7983:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7957:
7951:
7937:
7931:
7930:
7914:
7904:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7822:
7806:
7800:
7794:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7755:
7749:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7689:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7678:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7632:
7622:
7616:
7610:
7604:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7541:
7535:
7529:
7523:
7514:
7508:
7502:
7496:
7490:
7483:
7477:
7471:
7465:
7459:
7453:
7447:
7438:
7432:
7426:
7420:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7385:
7379:
7373:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7341:
7330:
7329:
7323:
7319:
7317:
7309:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7193:
7187:
7180:
7169:
7168:
7150:
7126:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7084:
7078:
7072:
7066:
7065:
7048:
7042:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7001:Our Vichy gamble
6993:
6987:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6966:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6892:. Archived from
6881:
6875:
6874:
6858:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6796:
6787:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6754:
6748:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6723:
6721:
6702:
6679:
6677:
6670:
6664:
6657:
6542:Action Française
6388:, Head of State.
6338:Philippe Henriot
6288:
6273:
6229:
6122:highly temporary
6103:
6067:was detained in
6041:
6028:
5969:Action Française
5961:
5955:
5945:
5939:épuration légale
5928:
5907:
5901:
5881:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5861:
5838:
5830:
5826:Épuration légale
5791:and void by the
5721:
5632:Milice française
5570:
5543:
5527:
5463:their families.
5307:Collaborationism
5304:
5303:collaborationism
5258:Stanley Hoffmann
5228:Special Brigades
5220:Légion impériale
5170:, leader of the
5148:
5087:Heinrich Himmler
5036:Jean-Luc Einaudi
5032:Verfügungstruppe
5000:
4930:
4884:Dannecker report
4865:
4863:sous-préfectures
4849:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4786:
4762:
4754:
4736:Antisemitic laws
4719:
4671:
4662:
4661:
4629:
4627:"livret scolaire
4611:François Perroux
4608:
4568:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4548:
4525:
4517:
4470:
4387:anti-militarists
4350:Édouard Daladier
4200:Free French Army
4193:
4163:social democracy
4087:Francisco Franco
4081:Action Française
4009:
3942:Yves Chataigneau
3939:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3889:
3874:
3842:
3838:
3800:
3785:Tunisia Campaign
3724:
3720:
3712:
3623:Archibald Wavell
3620:
3570:
3526:Operation Menace
3392:
3334:Italian Campaign
3332:; fought in the
3331:
3317:
3304:that fought the
3291:
3266:French Polynesia
3232:
3225:(FFL) after his
3220:
3097:, under Admiral
3084:
3082:Marine Nationale
3011:
2995:
2991:
2974:William D. Leahy
2966:armed neutrality
2882:
2880:Conseil National
2860:
2846:
2840:
2824:
2798:
2772:The majority of
2744:
2737:Édouard Daladier
2616:
2573:
2558:
2538:
2364:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2298:Great Depression
2274:
2267:
2232:
2218:
2205:
2189:
2175:Italian Fascists
2155:Battle of Alesia
2143:France's history
2089:Stanley G. Payne
2073:authoritarianism
2033:
2029:
2002:constitutionally
1948:
1930:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1864:
1816:
1811:of Vichy France
1773:Battle of Verdun
1760:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1717:
1709:
1682:
1635:
1523:
1478:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1295:
1211:
1210:
1093:
1092:
1046:
1045:
1007:Direct Capetians
946:
945:
889:
888:
869:
859:
841:
840:
807:
806:
799:
789:
788:
781:
765:
764:
757:
754:Italian military
747:
746:
739:
727:
726:
718:
706:
705:
696:
688:
687:
681:
680:
665:
664:
606:11 November 1942
556:Second Compiègne
409:collaborationist
365:Capital-in-exile
357:(constitutional)
297:
282:
274:
266:
257:
245:
234:
233:
218:
198:
175:
161:
143:
135:
124:
123:
97:
90:
86:
83:
77:
74:named references
66:(refs: 157, 158)
59:(refs: 117, 120)
38:
37:
30:
21:
20966:
20965:
20961:
20960:
20959:
20957:
20956:
20955:
20911:Philippe Pétain
20826:1940s in France
20801:
20800:
20799:
20794:
20793:
20774:
20756:
20737:Public holidays
20650:
20609:Life expectancy
20547:
20434:
20327:
20256:
20225:Great Recession
20198:Fourth Republic
20193:1900 to present
20181:
20098:Second Republic
20062:
20031:
19954:
19907:
19874:
19853:
19788:
19780:
19750:
19745:
19738:
19731:
19717:
19715:
19703:
19694:
19687:
19680:
19673:
19664:
19657:
19650:
19641:
19636:Atomic bombings
19634:
19627:
19620:
19613:
19606:
19597:
19590:
19583:
19576:
19569:
19562:
19555:
19548:
19541:
19534:
19527:
19520:
19513:
19506:
19499:
19492:
19479:
19472:
19461:
19454:
19447:
19438:
19431:
19424:
19417:
19410:
19403:
19394:
19385:
19378:
19369:
19362:
19355:
19348:
19339:
19332:
19327:Eastern Romania
19325:
19320:Warsaw Uprising
19318:
19313:Tannenberg Line
19311:
19304:
19299:Western Ukraine
19297:
19288:
19281:
19272:
19263:
19254:
19247:
19240:
19229:
19220:
19207:
19200:
19191:
19184:
19177:
19170:
19163:
19156:
19149:
19140:
19133:
19126:
19117:
19110:
19103:
19096:
19091:Battle of Kursk
19089:
19082:
19075:
19068:
19061:
19048:
19041:
19032:
19025:
19018:
19009:
19002:
18995:
18988:
18981:
18972:
18963:
18956:
18949:
18942:
18935:
18928:
18921:
18914:
18907:
18900:
18895:St Nazaire Raid
18893:
18886:
18879:
18866:
18859:
18852:
18845:
18838:
18831:
18824:
18817:
18810:
18803:
18796:
18789:
18782:
18775:
18768:
18761:
18754:
18747:
18740:
18733:
18719:
18710:
18703:
18696:
18689:
18682:
18677:Anglo-Iraqi War
18675:
18668:Battle of Crete
18666:
18659:
18652:
18645:
18638:
18625:
18616:
18609:
18602:
18597:Eastern Romania
18595:
18588:
18581:
18574:
18567:
18560:
18553:
18546:
18539:
18532:
18525:
18518:
18511:
18504:
18497:
18490:
18477:
18470:
18463:
18456:
18449:
18442:
18435:
18428:
18415:
18406:
18399:
18392:
18385:
18378:
18371:
18362:
18355:
18348:
18339:
18332:
18306:
18299:
18292:
18283:
18276:
18271:
18262:
18255:
18248:
18239:
18232:
18223:
18216:
18211:
18204:
18191:
18184:
18175:
18168:
18163:
18158:Western Ukraine
18156:
18149:
18142:
18135:
18128:
18121:
18114:
18107:
18102:Northeast China
18100:
18093:
18086:
18079:
18072:
18065:
18056:
18049:
18042:
18035:
18028:
18021:
18014:
18007:
18000:
17993:
17986:
17979:
17972:
17965:
17958:
17951:
17944:
17937:
17930:
17917:
17910:
17903:
17896:
17889:
17882:
17875:
17868:
17861:
17854:
17847:
17840:
17827:
17820:
17813:
17806:
17801:Slovak Republic
17799:
17791:
17784:
17777:
17772:Empire of Japan
17770:
17761:
17753:
17746:
17739:
17732:
17725:
17718:
17710:
17703:
17696:
17688:
17681:
17668:
17661:
17652:
17645:
17636:
17629:
17622:
17615:
17608:
17601:
17594:
17582:
17575:
17568:
17561:
17554:
17547:
17540:
17533:
17526:
17514:
17507:
17500:
17493:
17486:
17474:
17466:
17459:
17452:
17445:
17438:
17431:
17424:
17412:
17405:
17398:
17391:
17384:
17358:
17349:
17342:
17335:
17328:
17317:
17302:
17295:
17288:
17284:Sexual violence
17283:
17276:
17267:
17260:
17253:
17244:
17237:
17230:
17223:
17216:
17207:
17198:
17191:
17184:
17177:
17170:
17163:
17154:
17147:
17140:
17133:
17120:
17113:
17106:
17099:
17090:
17083:
17076:
17069:
17062:
17053:
17044:
17037:
17030:
17023:
17014:
17007:
17002:Greek Civil War
17000:
16993:
16986:
16979:
16972:
16965:
16958:
16945:
16938:
16929:
16922:
16915:
16906:
16899:
16892:
16885:
16876:
16869:
16862:
16853:
16846:
16839:
16832:
16827:South-East Asia
16825:
16818:
16811:
16798:
16791:
16784:
16777:
16770:
16763:
16756:
16749:
16740:
16733:
16726:
16719:
16712:
16705:
16698:
16691:
16686:Military awards
16684:
16675:
16668:
16661:
16652:
16645:
16638:
16631:
16624:
16617:
16610:
16603:
16596:
16589:
16580:
16573:
16553:
16546:
16539:
16530:
16523:
16516:
16511:
16502:
16495:
16488:
16480:
16475:
16445:
16436:
16432:holiday resorts
16412:
16360:
16325:
16289:
16236:
16220:
16134:
15971:
15943:
15865:
15849:
15824:
15757:
15742:
15712:
15674:
15641:
15603:
15528:
15480:
15437:
15411:
15292:Halle-Merseburg
15277:Electoral Hesse
15267:Eastern Hanover
15204:
15202:
15195:
15188:
15158:
15149:
14912:Italian Albania
14883:
14726:
14534:
14511:
14502:
14472:
14467:
14432:Year in France
14423:Occupied France
14410:
14405:Suite française
14371:
14325:
14297:
14291:
14262:Fourth Republic
14215:
14209:
14147:
14143:Philippe Pétain
14133:François Darlan
14121:
14049:Franco-Thai War
14003:
13968:
13922:
13846:
13815:
13727:
13700:
13694:
13641:
13615:
13583:
13572:
13512:
13475:
13413:
13385:
13357:
13323:Je suis partout
13260:Le Cahier jaune
13233:
13229:
13182:
13176:
13144:La jeune France
13115:
13109:
13093:Paris Protocols
13063:
13057:
13001:
12995:
12954:
12915:Philippe Pétain
12845:François Darlan
12800:Joseph Antignac
12788:
12772:Philippe Pétain
12745:
12683:Camelots du Roi
12658:
12577:
12572:
12529:Wayback Machine
12495:
12493:Wayback Machine
12478:Wayback Machine
12453:
12435:
12406:
12382:
12380:
12354:
12352:Further reading
12349:
12321:
12316:
12302:
12254:
12235:Eberhard Jäckel
12230:
12225:
12219:
12185:
12110:Serge Klarsfeld
12081:
12056:
12012:
11961:
11864:
11859:
11855:Wayback Machine
11787:Wayback Machine
11763:
11758:
11709:Sweets, John F.
11681:
11655:
11633:
11631:
11598:(2nd ed. 2001)
11580:
11550:
11500:Wayback Machine
11474:
11427:Langer, William
11407:
11405:
11395:
11370:43(2): 117–150.
11341:Kedward, H. R.
11303:
11301:
11299:
11268:
11249:Wayback Machine
11236:Halls, W. D.
11188:Wayback Machine
11158:Davies, Peter.
11154:Wayback Machine
11100:Boyd, Douglas.
11077:Atkin, Nicholas
11072:
11067:
11062:
11052:
11050:
11027:
11023:
11013:
11011:
10988:
10984:
10977:
10969:. Verso Books.
10961:
10957:
10947:
10945:
10941:
10934:
10930:Kitson, Simon.
10928:
10924:
10918:
10916:Wayback Machine
10907:
10903:
10893:
10891:
10878:
10877:
10873:
10866:
10849:
10845:
10835:
10833:
10818:
10814:
10804:
10802:
10793:
10792:
10788:
10778:
10776:
10767:
10766:
10762:
10752:
10750:
10739:
10735:
10725:
10723:
10712:
10705:
10697:
10693:
10685:
10681:
10673:
10669:
10661:
10657:
10649:
10645:
10614:
10610:
10602:
10598:
10591:
10577:
10573:
10566:
10552:
10548:
10541:
10523:
10519:
10488:
10484:
10463:(2): 262–282 .
10453:
10449:
10442:
10428:
10424:
10417:
10403:
10396:
10373:
10369:
10334:
10330:
10323:
10301:
10297:
10290:
10270:
10266:
10233:
10229:
10196:
10192:
10183:
10179:
10164:
10148:
10144:
10139:
10135:
10128:
10114:
10110:
10092:
10076:
10072:
10054:
10038:
10034:
10023:
10016:
10006:
10004:
9991:
9990:
9986:
9976:
9974:
9949:
9945:
9935:
9933:
9910:
9906:
9896:
9894:
9873:
9872:
9868:
9858:
9856:
9852:
9841:
9837:
9836:
9832:
9826:Wayback Machine
9817:
9813:
9803:
9801:
9788:
9787:
9783:
9773:
9771:
9746:
9742:
9732:
9730:
9707:
9703:
9693:
9691:
9659:
9655:
9648:
9644:
9638:
9629:
9620:
9611:
9607:
9597:
9595:
9586:
9585:
9581:
9575:
9574:, pp. 209–217.
9568:Le Cherche midi
9560:Maurice Rajsfus
9558:
9554:
9547:
9533:
9529:
9519:
9517:
9509:
9508:
9504:
9489:
9469:
9465:
9459:Wayback Machine
9447:
9443:
9437:
9433:
9420:
9416:
9406:
9404:
9391:
9377:Wayback Machine
9366:
9362:
9352:Wayback Machine
9342:
9338:
9321:
9312:
9300:Wayback Machine
9290:
9283:
9274:
9270:
9260:
9258:
9249:
9248:
9244:
9234:
9232:
9223:
9222:
9218:
9208:
9206:
9197:
9196:
9192:
9182:
9180:
9171:
9170:
9166:
9156:
9154:
9145:
9144:
9140:
9134:
9126:Wayback Machine
9117:
9104:
9094:
9092:
9091:on 22 July 2011
9083:
9082:
9078:
9068:
9066:
9057:
9056:
9052:
9039:
9038:
9034:
9027:
9013:
9009:
8999:Maurice Rajsfus
8997:
8993:
8982:. pp. 367–368.
8975:Wayback Machine
8965:
8961:
8945:
8941:
8918:Archives Juives
8910:
8906:
8900:
8890:
8886:
8843:
8839:
8825:
8823:
8808:
8790:
8786:
8778:
8774:
8758:
8754:
8745:
8741:
8729:
8725:
8718:
8702:
8698:
8692:
8685:Wayback Machine
8676:
8663:
8654:
8650:
8611:
8607:
8599:
8595:
8587:
8583:
8575:
8571:
8563:
8559:
8551:
8547:
8541:
8537:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8520:
8516:
8507:
8506:
8502:
8491:
8490:
8481:
8474:
8460:
8453:
8428:
8424:
8418:Wayback Machine
8406:
8402:
8365:
8361:
8351:
8349:
8340:
8339:
8335:
8327:
8320:
8310:
8308:
8307:on 23 July 2011
8299:
8298:
8294:
8284:
8282:
8269:
8268:
8264:
8247:
8243:
8233:
8231:
8222:
8221:
8217:
8202:
8198:
8185:
8181:
8175:Wayback Machine
8166:
8162:
8146:
8142:
8132:
8130:
8121:
8120:
8116:
8104:Wayback Machine
8095:
8084:
8075:
8071:
8062:
8058:
8053:
8049:
8034:
8018:
8014:
8004:
8002:
7991:
7987:
7974:
7973:
7969:
7958:
7954:
7938:
7934:
7927:
7905:
7898:
7888:
7886:
7877:
7876:
7872:
7862:
7860:
7850:
7834:
7830:
7820:
7818:
7807:
7803:
7795:
7791:
7781:
7779:
7772:
7756:
7752:
7747:
7743:
7732:
7728:
7718:
7716:
7707:
7706:
7702:
7691:
7690:
7686:
7676:
7674:
7667:
7651:
7647:
7639:
7635:
7623:
7619:
7611:
7607:
7599:
7595:
7587:
7583:
7575:
7571:
7563:
7559:
7551:
7544:
7536:
7532:
7524:
7517:
7509:
7505:
7497:
7493:
7484:
7480:
7472:
7468:
7460:
7456:
7448:
7441:
7433:
7429:
7421:
7417:
7409:
7405:
7397:
7388:
7380:
7376:
7367:
7363:
7356:
7342:
7333:
7321:
7320:
7311:
7310:
7298:
7272:
7268:
7258:
7256:
7249:
7233:
7229:
7219:
7217:
7210:
7194:
7190:
7181:
7172:
7127:
7120:
7110:
7108:
7101:
7085:
7081:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7049:
7045:
7039:Wayback Machine
7030:
7026:
7013:
7012:
7008:
6997:Langer, William
6994:
6990:
6977:
6973:
6957:
6937:
6933:
6925:
6921:
6913:
6909:
6899:
6897:
6882:
6878:
6871:
6849:
6845:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6811:
6807:
6798:
6797:
6790:
6778:
6774:
6767:
6746:La Marseillaise
6741:
6737:
6730:
6727:
6719:
6717:
6716:on 16 July 2009
6704:
6703:
6692:
6688:
6683:
6682:
6671:
6667:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6564:
6537:Charles Maurras
6531:Robert Le Vigan
6516:Étienne Leandri
6475:Eugène Deloncle
6435:
6386:Philippe Pétain
6308:François Darlan
6298:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6281:
6280:
6274:
6263:
6257:
6255:Notable figures
6227:
6210:
6204:
6134:
6101:
6039:
6026:
5964:Charles Maurras
5953:
5943:
5931:police prefects
5914:Fourth Republic
5882:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5851:
5839:
5828:
5818:
5777:
5771:
5766:
5742:Robert Le Vigan
5677:
5671:
5598:
5593:
5568:
5541:
5538:19th Army Corps
5530:François Darlan
5525:
5507:Operation Torch
5501:Hitler ordered
5491:
5481:
5460:
5439:
5433:
5423:steel works in
5416:
5386:
5361:
5238:
5210:Main articles:
5208:
5190:Emmanuel Macron
5159:Philippe Pétain
5155:French Republic
5137:
5115:Serge Klarsfeld
5095:
5058:Camp des Milles
5054:
5048:
5040:Maurice Rajsfus
4977:
4971:
4876:Communist Party
4858:sub-prefectures
4850:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4787:
4785:
4775:
4763:
4752:
4738:
4569:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4538:
4526:
4515:
4488:Marchandeau Act
4473:Natzweiler camp
4444:Aix-en-Provence
4440:Camp des Milles
4395:French fascists
4276:naturalisations
4269:Charles Maurras
4218:
4212:
4128:Jean Bichelonne
4076:Charles Maurras
4056:Nazi propaganda
4003:
3987:Bernhard Griese
3984:Sturmbannführer
3972:
3966:
3933:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3897:Cremieux decree
3887:
3872:
3840:
3819:François Darlan
3805:in January 1943
3798:
3780:François Darlan
3756:
3750:Operation Torch
3748:Main articles:
3746:
3722:
3718:
3663:
3651:Operation Marie
3618:
3599:
3593:
3579:. The capital,
3568:
3491:
3462:French cruiser
3429:
3421:Main articles:
3419:
3289:
3239:
3230:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3184:Franco-Thai War
3151:
3141:French-Thai War
3135:Main articles:
3133:
3009:
3006:François Darlan
2993:
2989:
2942:
2936:
2924:François Darlan
2911:
2905:
2897:Stavisky Affair
2889:anti-Dreyfusard
2858:délit d'opinion
2796:
2724:Raphaël Alibert
2714:organised crime
2710:Édouard Herriot
2654:
2644:
2635:
2614:Armée du Levant
2516:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2480:
2465:
2433:Philippe Pétain
2383:
2341:French colonies
2315:la France seule
2289:François Darlan
2221:individualistic
2065:Roman Catholics
2046:
2040:
2031:
2027:
1990:
1978:Operation Anton
1970:Operation Torch
1923:Alsace-Lorraine
1903:
1879:Operation Anton
1824:
1799:administration.
1785:
1769:Philippe Pétain
1761:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1730:
1718:
1707:
1693:
1680:
1577:Philippe Pétain
1561:through Belgium
1486:Philippe Pétain
1466:Régime de Vichy
1451:
1415:
1413:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1278:Fourth Republic
1259:
1226:Interwar period
1208:
1198:
1197:
1157:Second Republic
1090:
1080:
1079:
1038:
1028:
1027:
943:
933:
932:
886:
857:
850:
835:
804:
797:
795:
786:
779:
777:
775:
774:
762:
755:
753:
744:
737:
736:German military
735:
731:
716:
715:German military
714:
710:
703:
694:
692:
685:
642:
629:
616:
603:
591:8 November 1942
588:
586:Operation Torch
575:
558:
515:
507:François Darlan
503:
491:
479:
471:Philippe Pétain
467:
441:Philippe Pétain
437:
360:
351:administrative)
331:
304:
288:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
247:
237:
236:
235:
224:
220:
215:La Marseillaise
210:
200:
183:
182:
181:
176:
168:
167:
162:
144:
137:
129:
120:
109:
98:
87:
81:
78:
71:
70:
67:
60:
53:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Régime de Vichy
15:
12:
11:
5:
20964:
20954:
20953:
20948:
20943:
20938:
20933:
20928:
20923:
20918:
20913:
20908:
20903:
20898:
20893:
20888:
20883:
20878:
20873:
20868:
20863:
20858:
20853:
20848:
20843:
20838:
20833:
20828:
20823:
20818:
20813:
20796:
20795:
20792:
20791:
20786:
20781:
20775:
20773:
20772:
20766:
20765:
20762:
20761:
20758:
20757:
20755:
20754:
20749:
20744:
20739:
20734:
20729:
20724:
20719:
20714:
20709:
20704:
20699:
20694:
20693:Cultural icons
20691:
20686:
20681:
20676:
20671:
20666:
20660:
20658:
20652:
20651:
20649:
20648:
20643:
20638:
20633:
20632:
20631:
20621:
20616:
20611:
20606:
20601:
20596:
20591:
20586:
20581:
20576:
20571:
20565:
20559:
20553:
20552:
20549:
20548:
20546:
20545:
20540:
20535:
20530:
20525:
20520:
20515:
20513:Stock exchange
20510:
20505:
20500:
20495:
20490:
20485:
20480:
20475:
20474:
20473:
20463:
20458:
20452:
20446:
20440:
20439:
20436:
20435:
20433:
20432:
20427:
20422:
20417:
20416:
20415:
20410:
20405:
20395:
20390:
20389:
20388:
20383:
20373:
20368:
20363:
20362:
20361:
20351:
20345:
20339:
20333:
20332:
20329:
20328:
20326:
20325:
20320:
20315:
20313:National parks
20310:
20305:
20300:
20295:
20290:
20288:Climate change
20285:
20280:
20274:
20268:
20262:
20261:
20258:
20257:
20255:
20254:
20253:
20252:
20247:
20242:
20237:
20232:
20227:
20222:
20217:
20210:Fifth Republic
20207:
20206:
20205:
20195:
20189:
20187:
20183:
20182:
20180:
20179:
20178:
20177:
20172:
20167:
20162:
20152:
20151:
20150:
20136:
20131:
20130:
20129:
20118:Third Republic
20115:
20110:
20105:
20100:
20095:
20089:
20088:
20083:
20078:
20072:
20070:
20064:
20063:
20061:
20060:
20055:
20053:First Republic
20050:
20048:Napoleonic era
20045:
20039:
20037:
20033:
20032:
20030:
20029:
20024:
20019:
20014:
20009:
20004:
19999:
19994:
19989:
19980:
19975:
19970:
19964:
19962:
19956:
19955:
19953:
19952:
19951:
19950:
19940:
19935:
19934:
19933:
19923:
19917:
19915:
19909:
19908:
19906:
19905:
19900:
19895:
19893:Greek colonies
19890:
19884:
19882:
19876:
19875:
19873:
19872:
19867:
19861:
19859:
19855:
19854:
19852:
19851:
19846:
19841:
19836:
19831:
19826:
19821:
19816:
19811:
19805:
19803:
19796:
19790:
19789:
19779:
19778:
19771:
19764:
19756:
19747:
19746:
19744:
19743:
19736:
19729:
19712:
19709:
19708:
19705:
19704:
19702:
19701:
19700:
19699:
19692:
19685:
19671:
19670:
19669:
19655:
19652:South Sakhalin
19648:
19647:
19646:
19632:
19625:
19618:
19611:
19604:
19603:
19602:
19588:
19581:
19574:
19567:
19560:
19553:
19546:
19539:
19532:
19525:
19518:
19511:
19504:
19497:
19489:
19487:
19481:
19480:
19478:
19477:
19470:
19469:
19468:
19452:
19445:
19444:
19443:
19429:
19422:
19415:
19408:
19401:
19392:
19383:
19376:
19367:
19360:
19353:
19346:
19337:
19330:
19323:
19316:
19309:
19302:
19295:
19286:
19279:
19270:
19261:
19252:
19245:
19238:
19227:
19217:
19215:
19209:
19208:
19206:
19205:
19198:
19197:
19196:
19189:
19175:
19168:
19161:
19154:
19147:
19146:
19145:
19131:
19124:
19115:
19108:
19101:
19094:
19087:
19080:
19077:Battle of Attu
19073:
19066:
19058:
19056:
19050:
19049:
19047:
19046:
19039:
19030:
19023:
19016:
19007:
19000:
18993:
18986:
18979:
18970:
18969:
18968:
18961:
18947:
18940:
18933:
18926:
18919:
18912:
18905:
18898:
18891:
18884:
18876:
18874:
18868:
18867:
18865:
18864:
18857:
18850:
18843:
18836:
18829:
18822:
18819:Battle of Guam
18815:
18808:
18801:
18794:
18787:
18780:
18773:
18766:
18759:
18752:
18745:
18742:Battle of Kiev
18738:
18731:
18717:
18716:
18715:
18701:
18694:
18687:
18680:
18673:
18672:
18671:
18657:
18650:
18643:
18635:
18633:
18627:
18626:
18624:
18623:
18614:
18607:
18600:
18593:
18586:
18579:
18572:
18565:
18558:
18551:
18544:
18537:
18530:
18523:
18516:
18509:
18502:
18495:
18487:
18485:
18479:
18478:
18476:
18475:
18468:
18461:
18454:
18447:
18440:
18433:
18425:
18423:
18417:
18416:
18414:
18413:
18412:
18411:
18404:
18397:
18390:
18383:
18369:
18368:
18367:
18360:
18346:
18345:
18344:
18329:
18327:
18318:
18312:
18311:
18308:
18307:
18305:
18304:
18297:
18290:
18289:
18288:
18281:
18269:
18268:
18267:
18253:
18246:
18245:
18244:
18241:United Kingdom
18237:
18230:
18229:
18228:
18209:
18201:
18199:
18193:
18192:
18190:
18189:
18182:
18181:
18180:
18173:
18161:
18154:
18147:
18140:
18133:
18126:
18119:
18112:
18105:
18098:
18091:
18084:
18077:
18070:
18063:
18062:
18061:
18054:
18040:
18033:
18026:
18019:
18012:
18005:
17998:
17991:
17984:
17977:
17970:
17963:
17956:
17949:
17942:
17935:
17927:
17925:
17919:
17918:
17916:
17915:
17908:
17901:
17894:
17887:
17880:
17873:
17866:
17859:
17852:
17845:
17837:
17835:
17829:
17828:
17826:
17825:
17818:
17811:
17804:
17797:
17789:
17782:
17775:
17768:
17767:
17766:
17751:
17744:
17737:
17730:
17723:
17716:
17708:
17701:
17694:
17686:
17678:
17676:
17670:
17669:
17667:
17666:
17659:
17658:
17657:
17643:
17642:
17641:
17638:British Empire
17631:United Kingdom
17627:
17620:
17613:
17606:
17599:
17592:
17580:
17573:
17566:
17559:
17552:
17545:
17538:
17531:
17524:
17512:
17505:
17498:
17491:
17484:
17472:
17464:
17457:
17450:
17447:Czechoslovakia
17443:
17436:
17429:
17422:
17410:
17403:
17396:
17389:
17381:
17379:
17370:
17364:
17363:
17360:
17359:
17357:
17356:
17355:
17354:
17347:
17344:Rape of Manila
17340:
17333:
17326:
17315:
17300:
17293:
17281:
17274:
17273:
17272:
17265:
17251:
17250:
17249:
17242:
17235:
17221:
17214:
17213:
17212:
17205:
17204:
17203:
17196:
17182:
17175:
17161:
17160:
17159:
17152:
17145:
17130:
17128:
17122:
17121:
17119:
17118:
17115:United Nations
17111:
17104:
17097:
17096:
17095:
17088:
17081:
17074:
17060:
17051:
17042:
17035:
17028:
17021:
17012:
17005:
16998:
16991:
16984:
16977:
16974:Decolonization
16970:
16963:
16955:
16953:
16947:
16946:
16944:
16943:
16936:
16935:
16934:
16920:
16913:
16912:
16911:
16904:
16897:
16883:
16882:
16881:
16874:
16860:
16859:
16858:
16851:
16844:
16837:
16830:
16823:
16808:
16806:
16800:
16799:
16797:
16796:
16789:
16782:
16775:
16768:
16761:
16754:
16747:
16746:
16745:
16738:
16724:
16717:
16710:
16703:
16696:
16689:
16682:
16681:
16680:
16666:
16659:
16658:
16657:
16650:
16647:United Kingdom
16643:
16629:
16622:
16615:
16608:
16601:
16594:
16587:
16586:
16585:
16570:
16568:
16559:
16555:
16554:
16552:
16551:
16544:
16537:
16536:
16535:
16528:
16521:
16509:
16508:
16507:
16493:
16485:
16482:
16481:
16474:
16473:
16466:
16459:
16451:
16442:
16441:
16438:
16437:
16435:
16434:
16426:
16420:
16418:
16414:
16413:
16411:
16410:
16405:
16400:
16395:
16390:
16385:
16379:
16377:
16370:
16366:
16365:
16362:
16361:
16359:
16358:
16353:
16348:
16343:
16337:
16335:
16331:
16330:
16327:
16326:
16324:
16323:
16318:
16313:
16308:
16303:
16297:
16295:
16291:
16290:
16288:
16287:
16282:
16277:
16272:
16267:
16261:
16259:
16252:
16242:
16241:
16238:
16237:
16235:
16234:
16228:
16226:
16222:
16221:
16219:
16218:
16213:
16208:
16203:
16198:
16193:
16188:
16183:
16178:
16173:
16168:
16163:
16158:
16153:
16148:
16142:
16140:
16136:
16135:
16133:
16132:
16130:Zuyev Republic
16127:
16122:
16117:
16112:
16107:
16102:
16097:
16092:
16087:
16082:
16077:
16072:
16067:
16062:
16057:
16052:
16047:
16042:
16037:
16032:
16027:
16022:
16020:Czechoslovakia
16017:
16012:
16007:
16002:
15997:
15992:
15986:
15984:
15977:
15973:
15972:
15970:
15969:
15964:
15963:
15962:
15951:
15949:
15945:
15944:
15942:
15941:
15940:
15939:
15929:
15924:
15919:
15914:
15909:
15895:
15890:
15885:
15879:
15877:
15871:
15870:
15867:
15866:
15864:
15863:
15857:
15855:
15851:
15850:
15848:
15847:
15841:
15839:
15832:
15826:
15825:
15823:
15822:
15817:
15812:
15807:
15802:
15797:
15792:
15787:
15782:
15777:
15771:
15769:
15760:
15752:
15751:
15748:
15747:
15744:
15743:
15741:
15740:
15735:
15730:
15724:
15722:
15718:
15717:
15714:
15713:
15711:
15710:
15705:
15700:
15695:
15690:
15684:
15682:
15673:
15672:
15666:
15664:
15657:
15651:
15650:
15647:
15646:
15643:
15642:
15640:
15639:
15634:
15629:
15624:
15619:
15613:
15611:
15602:
15601:
15596:
15591:
15586:
15581:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15556:
15551:
15546:
15540:
15538:
15534:
15533:
15530:
15529:
15527:
15526:
15521:
15516:
15511:
15506:
15501:
15496:
15490:
15488:
15479:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15462:
15460:
15453:
15443:
15442:
15439:
15438:
15436:
15435:
15430:
15419:
15417:
15413:
15412:
15410:
15409:
15404:
15399:
15394:
15389:
15384:
15379:
15374:
15369:
15364:
15359:
15354:
15349:
15344:
15339:
15334:
15329:
15324:
15319:
15317:Main Franconia
15314:
15309:
15304:
15299:
15294:
15289:
15284:
15279:
15274:
15269:
15264:
15259:
15257:Cologne–Aachen
15254:
15249:
15244:
15238:
15236:
15229:
15207:
15201:Administrative
15197:
15196:
15187:
15186:
15179:
15172:
15164:
15155:
15154:
15151:
15150:
15148:
15147:
15142:
15137:
15129:
15128:
15127:
15122:
15117:
15116:
15115:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15075:
15070:
15065:
15060:
15055:
15050:
15045:
15040:
15035:
15034:
15033:
15028:
15023:
15013:
15008:
15003:
14998:
14993:
14985:
14980:
14975:
14974:
14973:
14968:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14943:
14938:
14937:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14916:
14915:
14914:
14909:
14907:German Albania
14898:
14896:
14894:Axis countries
14889:
14888:
14885:
14884:
14882:
14881:
14880:
14879:
14877:Vanguard Youth
14874:
14866:
14865:
14864:
14859:
14851:
14850:
14849:
14844:
14836:
14831:
14826:
14821:
14816:
14811:
14806:
14805:
14804:
14794:
14789:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14756:
14751:
14746:
14744:Armistice Army
14741:
14737:
14735:
14728:
14727:
14725:
14724:
14723:
14722:
14717:
14707:
14702:
14701:
14700:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14674:
14673:
14668:
14660:
14655:
14650:
14645:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14597:
14592:
14587:
14582:
14577:
14572:
14570:Armistice Army
14567:
14562:
14561:
14560:
14555:
14553:Balli Kombëtar
14550:
14541:
14539:
14524:
14513:
14512:
14509:Imperial Japan
14501:
14500:
14493:
14486:
14478:
14469:
14468:
14466:
14465:
14460:
14459:
14458:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14430:
14425:
14419:
14416:
14415:
14412:
14411:
14409:
14408:
14401:
14394:
14387:
14379:
14377:
14373:
14372:
14370:
14369:
14362:
14355:
14348:
14341:
14333:
14331:
14327:
14326:
14324:
14323:
14320:Strange Defeat
14316:
14308:
14306:
14299:
14293:
14292:
14290:
14289:
14287:Vichy syndrome
14284:
14279:
14274:
14269:
14264:
14259:
14254:
14249:
14242:
14235:
14230:
14225:
14219:
14217:
14211:
14210:
14208:
14207:
14206:
14205:
14200:
14198:Eugène Bridoux
14195:
14190:
14188:Joseph Darnand
14185:
14175:
14170:
14165:
14159:
14157:
14153:
14152:
14149:
14148:
14146:
14145:
14140:
14135:
14129:
14127:
14123:
14122:
14120:
14119:
14114:
14113:
14112:
14100:
14093:
14088:
14083:
14078:
14073:
14068:
14063:
14058:
14057:
14056:
14046:
14041:
14036:
14031:
14026:
14021:
14015:
14013:
14009:
14008:
14005:
14004:
14002:
14001:
13996:
13989:
13982:
13976:
13974:
13970:
13969:
13967:
13966:
13961:
13960:
13959:
13945:
13938:
13930:
13928:
13924:
13923:
13921:
13920:
13915:
13910:
13905:
13900:
13898:Armistice Army
13895:
13890:
13885:
13880:
13874:
13872:
13865:
13858:
13852:
13851:
13848:
13847:
13845:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13823:
13821:
13817:
13816:
13814:
13813:
13808:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13737:
13735:
13729:
13728:
13726:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13704:
13702:
13699:Discrimination
13696:
13695:
13693:
13692:
13687:
13682:
13677:
13672:
13667:
13662:
13657:
13655:French Riviera
13651:
13649:
13643:
13642:
13640:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13623:
13621:
13620:Administration
13617:
13616:
13614:
13613:
13608:
13603:
13597:
13595:
13586:
13578:
13577:
13574:
13573:
13571:
13570:
13565:
13560:
13555:
13550:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13524:
13522:
13514:
13513:
13511:
13510:
13505:
13500:
13495:
13489:
13487:
13477:
13476:
13474:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13443:
13438:
13433:
13427:
13425:
13415:
13414:
13412:
13411:
13406:
13401:
13399:French Algeria
13395:
13393:
13384:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13365:
13363:
13359:
13358:
13356:
13355:
13348:
13341:
13333:
13326:
13319:
13312:
13305:
13298:
13291:
13284:
13277:
13270:
13263:
13256:
13249:
13242:
13230:
13224:
13219:
13214:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13192:
13186:
13184:
13178:
13177:
13175:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13157:
13152:
13147:
13140:
13135:
13130:
13125:
13119:
13117:
13111:
13110:
13108:
13107:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13089:
13088:
13078:
13073:
13067:
13065:
13059:
13058:
13056:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13035:
13028:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13005:
13003:
12997:
12996:
12994:
12993:
12988:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12962:
12960:
12956:
12955:
12953:
12952:
12947:
12945:Maxime Weygand
12942:
12937:
12932:
12927:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12837:
12832:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12815:Louis Bourgain
12812:
12807:
12802:
12796:
12794:
12790:
12789:
12787:
12786:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12759:
12753:
12751:
12747:
12746:
12744:
12743:
12741:Henry Dorgères
12738:
12733:
12732:
12731:
12721:
12716:
12714:Third Republic
12711:
12706:
12704:Nuremberg Laws
12701:
12696:
12694:Fall of France
12691:
12689:Dreyfus affair
12686:
12679:
12674:
12666:
12664:
12660:
12659:
12657:
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12582:
12579:
12578:
12571:
12570:
12563:
12556:
12548:
12542:
12541:
12536:
12519:
12514:
12508:
12507:, 22 July 1940
12498:
12480:
12468:
12463:
12461:Vichy web-page
12452:
12451:External links
12449:
12448:
12447:
12433:
12418:
12404:
12389:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12347:
12338:Claude Chabrol
12335:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12314:
12300:
12274:
12249:
12242:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12223:
12217:
12204:
12197:
12183:
12153:
12139:
12124:
12107:
12093:
12080:978-2200624187
12079:
12060:
12054:
12041:
12034:
12018:Eric Conan et
12016:
12010:
11994:
11980:
11973:
11960:978-2226256911
11959:
11940:
11925:
11912:
11902:
11876:
11869:Henri Amouroux
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11857:
11848:online edition
11840:
11823:
11816:
11806:
11796:
11789:
11780:online edition
11772:
11764:
11762:
11761:Historiography
11759:
11757:
11756:
11740:
11733:
11726:Thomas, Martin
11723:
11706:
11699:
11687:Smith, Colin.
11685:
11679:
11666:
11659:
11653:
11640:
11603:
11592:
11579:978-1138788770
11578:
11561:
11556:Nord, Philip.
11554:
11548:
11531:
11516:
11502:
11485:
11478:
11472:
11455:
11448:
11434:
11424:
11414:
11393:
11378:
11371:
11364:
11346:
11339:
11321:(4): 711–734.
11310:
11297:
11280:
11266:
11251:
11242:online edition
11234:
11227:
11217:Glass, Charles
11214:
11204:
11200:(2009), 226pp
11194:
11181:online edition
11173:
11166:
11156:
11147:online edition
11139:
11129:
11112:
11105:
11098:
11091:
11084:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11060:
11021:
10982:
10975:
10955:
10922:
10901:
10871:
10864:
10843:
10812:
10786:
10760:
10733:
10703:
10701:, p. 426.
10691:
10679:
10667:
10655:
10643:
10630:10.2307/286436
10624:(1): 126–151.
10608:
10596:
10589:
10571:
10564:
10546:
10539:
10517:
10498:(2): 262–282.
10492:French History
10482:
10457:French History
10447:
10440:
10422:
10415:
10394:
10383:(2): 241–260.
10377:French History
10367:
10348:(3): 148–181.
10328:
10321:
10295:
10288:
10264:
10251:10.2307/286424
10245:(4): 541–563.
10227:
10208:(2): 155–179.
10190:
10177:
10162:
10142:
10133:
10126:
10108:
10090:
10070:
10052:
10032:
10014:
9984:
9943:
9904:
9866:
9830:
9811:
9781:
9740:
9701:
9675:(3): 557–578.
9653:
9642:
9618:
9605:
9579:
9552:
9545:
9527:
9502:
9487:
9463:
9449:The Guardian:
9441:
9431:
9414:
9360:
9336:
9310:
9291:See Reggiani,
9281:
9268:
9253:. Nizkor.org.
9242:
9216:
9190:
9164:
9138:
9102:
9076:
9050:
9032:
9025:
9007:
8991:
8959:
8939:
8904:
8884:
8863:10.1086/711477
8857:(4): 817–858.
8837:
8806:
8784:
8782:, p. 139.
8772:
8752:
8746:Simon Kitson,
8739:
8723:
8716:
8696:
8661:
8648:
8605:
8593:
8581:
8579:, p. 241.
8569:
8557:
8545:
8535:
8514:
8500:
8479:
8472:
8451:
8440:(2): 199–203.
8422:
8400:
8359:
8333:
8318:
8292:
8262:
8258:978-1591144786
8241:
8215:
8196:
8192:The Rising Sun
8179:
8160:
8140:
8114:
8082:
8069:
8056:
8047:
8032:
8012:
7985:
7967:
7952:
7932:
7925:
7896:
7870:
7848:
7828:
7801:
7799:, p. 142.
7789:
7770:
7750:
7741:
7726:
7700:
7684:
7665:
7645:
7633:
7617:
7605:
7593:
7581:
7569:
7557:
7542:
7530:
7515:
7503:
7491:
7478:
7476:, p. 724.
7466:
7464:, p. 725.
7454:
7452:, p. 717.
7439:
7437:, p. 716.
7427:
7415:
7413:, p. 101.
7403:
7386:
7374:
7361:
7354:
7331:
7296:
7266:
7247:
7227:
7208:
7188:
7170:
7141:(2): 117–150.
7118:
7099:
7079:
7077:, p. 134.
7067:
7061:
7043:
7024:
7006:
6988:
6971:
6956:978-1317132691
6955:
6931:
6919:
6917:, p. iii.
6907:
6884:Simon Kitson.
6876:
6869:
6843:
6825:
6805:
6788:
6772:
6765:
6735:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6665:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6571:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6552:
6549:Lucien Rebatet
6546:
6534:
6528:
6513:
6508:
6502:
6493:Jacques Doriot
6490:
6472:
6466:
6448:
6442:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6426:Maxime Weygand
6423:
6417:
6407:
6400:, head of the
6395:
6389:
6383:
6377:
6371:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6290:
6283:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6256:
6253:
6208:Vichy syndrome
6203:
6200:
6133:
6130:
6069:Fresnes Prison
6058:Foreign Legion
6038:while Charles
6008:
6007:
5992:
5985:
5974:Joseph Darnand
5934:
5884:
5883:
5842:
5840:
5833:
5817:
5814:
5773:Main article:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5738:Lucien Rebatet
5695:Following the
5673:Main article:
5670:
5667:
5627:Joseph Darnand
5613:Joseph Darnand
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5532:had landed in
5480:
5477:
5459:
5456:
5432:
5431:Food shortages
5429:
5415:
5412:
5385:
5382:
5360:
5357:
5347:Joseph Darnand
5323:was in power.
5294:anticommunism.
5278:Jacques Doriot
5207:
5202:
5179:Jacques Chirac
5136:
5133:
5094:
5091:
5047:
5044:
4973:Main article:
4970:
4967:
4894:, head of the
4892:Adolf Eichmann
4878:(PCF). In the
4852:
4851:
4766:
4764:
4757:
4748:Main article:
4737:
4734:
4722:Lucien Bonnafé
4593:Jacques Doriot
4571:
4570:
4529:
4527:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4397:who supported
4211:
4208:
4132:Groupe X-Crise
4093:, were strong
4091:Joseph Darnand
3991:Marcel Lemoine
3965:
3962:
3954:Sétif massacre
3931:Pierre Gazagne
3924:French Algeria
3873:de La Chapelle
3865:Pierre Gazagne
3745:
3742:
3662:
3659:
3631:Fall of France
3595:Main article:
3592:
3589:
3559:One colony in
3490:
3487:
3473:Georges Robert
3458:Bank of France
3418:
3415:
3260:Following the
3238:
3235:
3211:Main article:
3208:
3205:
3167:Fall of France
3132:
3129:
3117:neutral states
2998:Maxime Weygand
2962:neutral powers
2935:
2932:
2907:Main article:
2904:
2901:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2781:
2733:Georges Mandel
2643:
2640:
2634:
2633:German custody
2631:
2601:French Morocco
2531:Armistice Army
2508:Armistice Army
2506:Main article:
2503:
2502:Armistice Army
2500:
2491:Main article:
2488:
2485:
2464:
2461:
2415:Maxime Weygand
2382:
2379:
2326:Masonic lodges
2294:British Empire
2235:traditionalist
2159:defeat of 1940
2054:traditionalist
2039:
2036:
1989:
1986:
1982:Armistice Army
1946:Zone interdite
1911:French Algeria
1902:
1899:
1832:Third Republic
1809:Chief of State
1784:
1781:
1763:
1762:
1721:
1719:
1712:
1692:
1689:
1601:anti-Sovietism
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1288:Fifth Republic
1284:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:Third Republic
1209:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:Third Republic
1173:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1117:First Republic
1113:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1002:
1001:
998:
992:
991:
988:
981:
980:
977:
971:
970:
967:
961:
960:
957:
944:
939:
938:
935:
934:
929:
928:
927:50 BC – 486 AD
925:
919:
918:
915:
909:
908:
907:600 BC – 49 BC
905:
903:Greek colonies
899:
898:
895:
887:
882:
881:
878:
877:
871:
870:
862:
861:
852:
851:
844:
837:
836:
834:
833:
830:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
801:
791:
790:
783:
767:
766:
759:
756:administration
749:
748:
741:
738:administration
724:
721:
720:
717:administration
707:
699:
698:
689:
677:
676:
671:
661:
660:
655:
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
637:
634:
633:
630:
624:
621:
620:
617:
614:German retreat
611:
608:
607:
604:
596:
593:
592:
589:
583:
580:
579:
576:
566:
563:
562:
559:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
540:
539:Historical era
536:
535:
530:
526:
525:
522:
521:
516:
513:
510:
509:
504:
501:
498:
497:
492:
489:
486:
485:
480:
477:
474:
473:
468:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
452:Prime Minister
448:
447:
444:
443:
438:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
424:
422:Chief of State
418:
417:
396:
392:
391:
389:Roman Catholic
386:
382:
381:
376:
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:
359:
358:
352:
339:
337:
333:
332:
330:
329:
323:
316:
312:
310:
306:
305:
298:
290:
289:
286:
285:
279:
277:
271:
269:
263:
260:
258:
250:
249:
246:" (unofficial)
222:
221:
203:
202:
185:
184:
177:
170:
169:
163:
156:
155:
154:
151:
150:
146:
145:
130:
127:
100:
99:
82:September 2024
69:
68:
61:
47:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
20963:
20952:
20949:
20947:
20944:
20942:
20939:
20937:
20934:
20932:
20929:
20927:
20924:
20922:
20919:
20917:
20914:
20912:
20909:
20907:
20904:
20902:
20899:
20897:
20894:
20892:
20889:
20887:
20884:
20882:
20879:
20877:
20874:
20872:
20869:
20867:
20864:
20862:
20859:
20857:
20854:
20852:
20849:
20847:
20844:
20842:
20839:
20837:
20834:
20832:
20829:
20827:
20824:
20822:
20819:
20817:
20814:
20812:
20809:
20808:
20806:
20790:
20787:
20785:
20782:
20780:
20777:
20776:
20771:
20768:
20767:
20763:
20753:
20750:
20748:
20745:
20743:
20740:
20738:
20735:
20733:
20730:
20728:
20725:
20723:
20720:
20718:
20715:
20713:
20710:
20708:
20705:
20703:
20700:
20698:
20695:
20692:
20690:
20687:
20685:
20682:
20680:
20677:
20675:
20672:
20670:
20667:
20665:
20662:
20661:
20659:
20657:
20653:
20647:
20644:
20642:
20639:
20637:
20634:
20630:
20627:
20626:
20625:
20622:
20620:
20617:
20615:
20612:
20610:
20607:
20605:
20602:
20600:
20597:
20595:
20592:
20590:
20587:
20585:
20582:
20580:
20577:
20575:
20574:Birth control
20572:
20570:
20567:
20566:
20563:
20560:
20558:
20554:
20544:
20541:
20539:
20536:
20534:
20531:
20529:
20526:
20524:
20521:
20519:
20516:
20514:
20511:
20509:
20506:
20504:
20501:
20499:
20496:
20494:
20491:
20489:
20486:
20484:
20481:
20479:
20476:
20472:
20469:
20468:
20467:
20464:
20462:
20459:
20457:
20454:
20453:
20450:
20447:
20445:
20441:
20431:
20428:
20426:
20423:
20421:
20418:
20414:
20411:
20409:
20406:
20404:
20401:
20400:
20399:
20396:
20394:
20391:
20387:
20384:
20382:
20379:
20378:
20377:
20374:
20372:
20369:
20367:
20364:
20360:
20357:
20356:
20355:
20352:
20350:
20349:Constitutions
20347:
20346:
20343:
20340:
20338:
20334:
20324:
20321:
20319:
20316:
20314:
20311:
20309:
20306:
20304:
20301:
20299:
20296:
20294:
20291:
20289:
20286:
20284:
20281:
20279:
20276:
20275:
20272:
20269:
20267:
20263:
20251:
20248:
20246:
20243:
20241:
20238:
20236:
20233:
20231:
20228:
20226:
20223:
20221:
20218:
20216:
20213:
20212:
20211:
20208:
20204:
20201:
20200:
20199:
20196:
20194:
20191:
20190:
20188:
20184:
20176:
20173:
20171:
20168:
20166:
20163:
20161:
20158:
20157:
20156:
20153:
20148:
20147:
20146:Années folles
20142:
20141:
20140:
20137:
20135:
20132:
20127:
20126:
20121:
20120:
20119:
20116:
20114:
20111:
20109:
20108:Second Empire
20106:
20104:
20101:
20099:
20096:
20094:
20091:
20090:
20087:
20086:July Monarchy
20084:
20082:
20079:
20077:
20074:
20073:
20071:
20069:
20065:
20059:
20056:
20054:
20051:
20049:
20046:
20044:
20041:
20040:
20038:
20034:
20028:
20025:
20023:
20020:
20018:
20015:
20013:
20010:
20008:
20005:
20003:
20000:
19998:
19995:
19993:
19990:
19987:
19986:
19985:Ancien Régime
19981:
19979:
19976:
19974:
19971:
19969:
19966:
19965:
19963:
19961:
19957:
19949:
19946:
19945:
19944:
19941:
19939:
19936:
19932:
19929:
19928:
19927:
19924:
19922:
19919:
19918:
19916:
19914:
19910:
19904:
19901:
19899:
19896:
19894:
19891:
19889:
19886:
19885:
19883:
19881:
19877:
19871:
19868:
19866:
19863:
19862:
19860:
19856:
19850:
19847:
19845:
19842:
19840:
19837:
19835:
19832:
19830:
19827:
19825:
19822:
19820:
19817:
19815:
19812:
19810:
19807:
19806:
19804:
19800:
19797:
19795:
19791:
19787:
19784:
19777:
19772:
19770:
19765:
19763:
19758:
19757:
19754:
19741:
19737:
19734:
19730:
19727:
19726:
19721:
19714:
19713:
19710:
19697:
19693:
19690:
19686:
19683:
19679:
19678:
19676:
19672:
19667:
19663:
19662:
19660:
19659:Kuril Islands
19656:
19653:
19649:
19644:
19640:
19639:
19637:
19633:
19630:
19626:
19623:
19619:
19616:
19612:
19609:
19605:
19600:
19596:
19595:
19593:
19589:
19586:
19582:
19579:
19575:
19572:
19568:
19565:
19561:
19558:
19554:
19551:
19547:
19544:
19540:
19537:
19533:
19530:
19526:
19523:
19519:
19516:
19512:
19509:
19505:
19502:
19498:
19495:
19491:
19490:
19488:
19486:
19482:
19475:
19471:
19466:
19465:
19460:
19459:
19457:
19453:
19450:
19446:
19441:
19437:
19436:
19434:
19430:
19427:
19426:Syrmian Front
19423:
19420:
19416:
19413:
19409:
19406:
19402:
19399:
19398:
19393:
19390:
19389:
19384:
19381:
19377:
19374:
19373:
19372:Market Garden
19368:
19365:
19361:
19358:
19354:
19351:
19347:
19344:
19343:
19338:
19335:
19331:
19328:
19324:
19321:
19317:
19314:
19310:
19307:
19303:
19300:
19296:
19293:
19292:
19287:
19284:
19280:
19277:
19276:
19271:
19268:
19267:
19262:
19259:
19258:
19253:
19250:
19246:
19243:
19239:
19236:
19232:
19231:Monte Cassino
19228:
19225:
19224:
19219:
19218:
19216:
19214:
19210:
19203:
19199:
19194:
19190:
19187:
19183:
19182:
19180:
19176:
19173:
19169:
19166:
19162:
19159:
19155:
19152:
19148:
19143:
19139:
19138:
19136:
19132:
19129:
19125:
19122:
19121:
19116:
19113:
19109:
19106:
19102:
19099:
19095:
19092:
19088:
19085:
19081:
19078:
19074:
19071:
19067:
19064:
19060:
19059:
19057:
19055:
19051:
19044:
19040:
19037:
19036:
19031:
19028:
19024:
19021:
19017:
19014:
19013:
19008:
19005:
19001:
18998:
18994:
18991:
18987:
18984:
18980:
18977:
18976:
18971:
18966:
18962:
18959:
18955:
18954:
18952:
18948:
18945:
18941:
18938:
18934:
18931:
18927:
18924:
18920:
18917:
18913:
18910:
18906:
18903:
18899:
18896:
18892:
18889:
18885:
18882:
18878:
18877:
18875:
18873:
18869:
18862:
18858:
18855:
18851:
18848:
18844:
18841:
18837:
18834:
18830:
18827:
18823:
18820:
18816:
18813:
18809:
18806:
18802:
18799:
18795:
18792:
18788:
18785:
18781:
18778:
18774:
18771:
18767:
18764:
18760:
18757:
18753:
18750:
18746:
18743:
18739:
18736:
18732:
18728:
18727:
18722:
18718:
18713:
18709:
18708:
18706:
18702:
18699:
18695:
18692:
18688:
18685:
18681:
18678:
18674:
18669:
18665:
18664:
18662:
18658:
18655:
18651:
18648:
18644:
18641:
18637:
18636:
18634:
18632:
18628:
18621:
18620:
18615:
18612:
18608:
18605:
18601:
18598:
18594:
18591:
18590:Baltic states
18587:
18584:
18580:
18577:
18573:
18570:
18566:
18563:
18559:
18556:
18552:
18549:
18545:
18542:
18538:
18535:
18531:
18528:
18524:
18521:
18517:
18514:
18510:
18507:
18503:
18500:
18496:
18493:
18489:
18488:
18486:
18484:
18480:
18473:
18469:
18466:
18462:
18459:
18455:
18452:
18448:
18445:
18441:
18438:
18434:
18431:
18427:
18426:
18424:
18422:
18418:
18409:
18405:
18402:
18398:
18395:
18391:
18388:
18384:
18381:
18377:
18376:
18374:
18370:
18365:
18361:
18358:
18354:
18353:
18351:
18347:
18342:
18338:
18337:
18335:
18331:
18330:
18328:
18326:
18322:
18319:
18317:
18313:
18302:
18298:
18295:
18291:
18286:
18282:
18279:
18275:
18274:
18270:
18265:
18261:
18260:
18258:
18254:
18251:
18247:
18242:
18238:
18235:
18234:United States
18231:
18226:
18222:
18221:
18219:
18215:
18214:
18210:
18207:
18203:
18202:
18200:
18198:
18194:
18187:
18183:
18178:
18174:
18171:
18170:Quốc dân Đảng
18167:
18166:
18162:
18159:
18155:
18152:
18148:
18145:
18141:
18138:
18134:
18131:
18127:
18124:
18120:
18117:
18113:
18110:
18106:
18103:
18099:
18096:
18092:
18089:
18085:
18082:
18078:
18075:
18071:
18068:
18064:
18059:
18055:
18052:
18048:
18047:
18045:
18041:
18038:
18034:
18031:
18027:
18024:
18020:
18017:
18013:
18010:
18006:
18003:
17999:
17996:
17992:
17989:
17985:
17982:
17978:
17975:
17971:
17968:
17964:
17961:
17957:
17954:
17950:
17947:
17943:
17940:
17936:
17933:
17929:
17928:
17926:
17924:
17920:
17913:
17909:
17906:
17902:
17899:
17895:
17892:
17888:
17885:
17881:
17878:
17874:
17871:
17870:Liechtenstein
17867:
17864:
17860:
17857:
17853:
17850:
17846:
17843:
17839:
17838:
17836:
17834:
17830:
17823:
17822:Collaboration
17819:
17816:
17812:
17809:
17805:
17802:
17798:
17794:
17790:
17787:
17783:
17780:
17776:
17773:
17769:
17764:
17760:
17759:
17756:
17752:
17749:
17745:
17742:
17738:
17735:
17731:
17728:
17724:
17721:
17717:
17713:
17709:
17706:
17702:
17699:
17695:
17691:
17687:
17684:
17680:
17679:
17677:
17675:
17671:
17664:
17660:
17655:
17651:
17650:
17648:
17647:United States
17644:
17639:
17635:
17634:
17632:
17628:
17625:
17621:
17618:
17614:
17611:
17607:
17604:
17600:
17597:
17593:
17589:
17585:
17581:
17578:
17574:
17571:
17567:
17564:
17560:
17557:
17553:
17550:
17546:
17543:
17539:
17536:
17532:
17529:
17525:
17521:
17517:
17513:
17510:
17506:
17503:
17499:
17496:
17492:
17489:
17485:
17481:
17477:
17473:
17469:
17465:
17462:
17458:
17455:
17451:
17448:
17444:
17441:
17437:
17434:
17430:
17427:
17423:
17419:
17415:
17411:
17408:
17404:
17401:
17397:
17394:
17390:
17387:
17383:
17382:
17380:
17378:
17374:
17371:
17369:
17365:
17352:
17348:
17345:
17341:
17338:
17337:Comfort women
17334:
17331:
17327:
17324:
17321: /
17320:
17316:
17313:
17310: /
17309:
17306: /
17305:
17301:
17298:
17297:Camp brothels
17294:
17291:
17287:
17286:
17282:
17279:
17275:
17270:
17266:
17263:
17259:
17258:
17256:
17252:
17247:
17243:
17240:
17236:
17233:
17229:
17228:
17226:
17222:
17219:
17215:
17210:
17206:
17201:
17197:
17194:
17190:
17189:
17187:
17186:The Holocaust
17183:
17180:
17176:
17173:
17172:forced labour
17169:
17168:
17166:
17162:
17157:
17153:
17150:
17146:
17143:
17139:
17138:
17136:
17132:
17131:
17129:
17127:
17123:
17116:
17112:
17109:
17105:
17102:
17098:
17093:
17089:
17086:
17082:
17079:
17075:
17072:
17068:
17067:
17065:
17061:
17058:
17057:
17052:
17049:
17048:
17043:
17040:
17036:
17033:
17029:
17026:
17025:Marshall Plan
17022:
17019:
17018:
17013:
17010:
17006:
17003:
16999:
16996:
16992:
16989:
16985:
16982:
16978:
16975:
16971:
16968:
16964:
16961:
16957:
16956:
16954:
16952:
16948:
16941:
16937:
16932:
16928:
16927:
16925:
16921:
16918:
16914:
16909:
16905:
16902:
16898:
16895:
16891:
16890:
16888:
16884:
16879:
16878:Eastern Front
16875:
16872:
16871:Western Front
16868:
16867:
16865:
16861:
16856:
16852:
16849:
16845:
16842:
16838:
16835:
16831:
16828:
16824:
16821:
16817:
16816:
16814:
16810:
16809:
16807:
16805:
16801:
16794:
16790:
16787:
16783:
16780:
16776:
16773:
16769:
16766:
16765:Puppet states
16762:
16759:
16755:
16752:
16748:
16743:
16739:
16736:
16732:
16731:
16729:
16725:
16722:
16718:
16715:
16711:
16708:
16707:Naval history
16704:
16701:
16697:
16694:
16690:
16687:
16683:
16678:
16674:
16673:
16671:
16667:
16664:
16660:
16655:
16654:United States
16651:
16648:
16644:
16641:
16637:
16636:
16634:
16630:
16627:
16623:
16620:
16616:
16613:
16609:
16606:
16602:
16599:
16595:
16592:
16588:
16583:
16579:
16578:
16576:
16572:
16571:
16569:
16567:
16563:
16560:
16556:
16549:
16545:
16542:
16538:
16533:
16529:
16526:
16522:
16519:
16515:
16514:
16510:
16505:
16501:
16500:
16498:
16494:
16491:
16487:
16486:
16483:
16479:
16472:
16467:
16465:
16460:
16458:
16453:
16452:
16449:
16433:
16430:
16427:
16425:
16422:
16421:
16419:
16415:
16409:
16406:
16404:
16401:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16386:
16384:
16381:
16380:
16378:
16374:
16371:
16367:
16357:
16354:
16352:
16349:
16347:
16344:
16342:
16339:
16338:
16336:
16332:
16322:
16319:
16317:
16314:
16312:
16309:
16307:
16304:
16302:
16299:
16298:
16296:
16292:
16286:
16283:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16262:
16260:
16256:
16253:
16250:
16249:
16243:
16233:
16230:
16229:
16227:
16223:
16217:
16214:
16212:
16209:
16207:
16204:
16202:
16199:
16197:
16194:
16192:
16191:Russia (KONR)
16189:
16187:
16186:Russia (ODNR)
16184:
16182:
16179:
16177:
16174:
16172:
16169:
16167:
16164:
16162:
16159:
16157:
16154:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16144:
16143:
16141:
16137:
16131:
16128:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16118:
16116:
16113:
16111:
16108:
16106:
16103:
16101:
16098:
16096:
16093:
16091:
16088:
16086:
16083:
16081:
16078:
16076:
16073:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16063:
16061:
16058:
16056:
16053:
16051:
16048:
16046:
16043:
16041:
16038:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15991:
15988:
15987:
15985:
15981:
15978:
15974:
15968:
15965:
15961:
15958:
15957:
15956:
15953:
15952:
15950:
15946:
15938:
15935:
15934:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15925:
15923:
15920:
15918:
15915:
15913:
15910:
15907:
15906:zone réservée
15903:
15902:Atlantic Wall
15899:
15896:
15894:
15891:
15889:
15886:
15884:
15881:
15880:
15878:
15876:
15872:
15862:
15859:
15858:
15856:
15852:
15846:
15843:
15842:
15840:
15836:
15833:
15831:
15827:
15821:
15818:
15816:
15813:
15811:
15808:
15806:
15803:
15801:
15798:
15796:
15793:
15791:
15788:
15786:
15783:
15781:
15778:
15776:
15773:
15772:
15770:
15768:
15764:
15761:
15759:
15753:
15739:
15736:
15734:
15731:
15729:
15728:Burgundy (SS)
15726:
15725:
15723:
15719:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15699:
15696:
15694:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15685:
15683:
15681:
15677:
15671:
15668:
15667:
15665:
15661:
15658:
15656:
15652:
15638:
15635:
15633:
15630:
15628:
15625:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15614:
15612:
15610:
15606:
15600:
15597:
15595:
15592:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15541:
15539:
15535:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15515:
15512:
15510:
15507:
15505:
15502:
15500:
15497:
15495:
15492:
15491:
15489:
15487:
15483:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15463:
15461:
15457:
15454:
15451:
15450:
15444:
15434:
15431:
15428:
15424:
15421:
15420:
15418:
15414:
15408:
15405:
15403:
15400:
15398:
15395:
15393:
15390:
15388:
15385:
15383:
15382:Upper Silesia
15380:
15378:
15375:
15373:
15370:
15368:
15365:
15363:
15360:
15358:
15355:
15353:
15350:
15348:
15345:
15343:
15340:
15338:
15335:
15333:
15330:
15328:
15325:
15323:
15320:
15318:
15315:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15307:Lower Silesia
15305:
15303:
15300:
15298:
15295:
15293:
15290:
15288:
15285:
15283:
15280:
15278:
15275:
15273:
15270:
15268:
15265:
15263:
15260:
15258:
15255:
15253:
15250:
15248:
15245:
15243:
15240:
15239:
15237:
15233:
15230:
15226:
15225:
15218:
15217:
15211:
15208:
15206:
15198:
15193:
15185:
15180:
15178:
15173:
15171:
15166:
15165:
15162:
15146:
15143:
15141:
15138:
15133:
15130:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15114:
15111:
15110:
15109:
15106:
15105:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15081:
15079:
15076:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15041:
15039:
15036:
15032:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15018:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14989:
14986:
14984:
14981:
14979:
14976:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14963:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14921:
14920:
14919:Baltic states
14917:
14913:
14910:
14908:
14905:
14904:
14903:
14900:
14899:
14897:
14895:
14890:
14878:
14875:
14873:
14870:
14869:
14867:
14863:
14860:
14858:
14855:
14854:
14852:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14842:Asano Brigade
14840:
14839:
14837:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14803:
14800:
14799:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14787:Golden Square
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14749:Black Columns
14747:
14745:
14742:
14739:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14729:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:
14712:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14699:
14696:
14695:
14694:
14691:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14664:
14663:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14608:Golden Square
14606:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14585:Blue Division
14583:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14559:
14558:Cham Albanian
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14545:
14543:
14542:
14540:
14537:
14532:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14518:
14514:
14510:
14506:
14499:
14494:
14492:
14487:
14485:
14480:
14479:
14476:
14464:
14461:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14433:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14420:
14417:
14407:
14406:
14402:
14400:
14399:
14395:
14393:
14392:
14388:
14386:
14385:
14381:
14380:
14378:
14374:
14368:
14367:
14363:
14361:
14360:
14356:
14354:
14353:
14349:
14347:
14346:
14342:
14340:
14339:
14335:
14334:
14332:
14328:
14322:
14321:
14317:
14315:
14314:
14310:
14309:
14307:
14303:
14300:
14294:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
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14243:
14241:
14240:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14220:
14218:
14212:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14193:Jean Luchaire
14191:
14189:
14186:
14184:
14181:
14180:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14169:
14166:
14164:
14161:
14160:
14158:
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14144:
14141:
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14136:
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14128:
14124:
14118:
14115:
14111:
14108:
14107:
14106:
14105:
14101:
14099:
14098:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14066:Syria–Lebanon
14064:
14062:
14059:
14055:
14052:
14051:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14030:
14027:
14025:
14024:Mers-el-Kébir
14022:
14020:
14017:
14016:
14014:
14010:
14000:
13997:
13995:
13994:
13990:
13988:
13987:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13977:
13975:
13971:
13965:
13962:
13958:
13957:
13953:
13952:
13951:
13950:
13946:
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13932:
13931:
13929:
13925:
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13916:
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13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13875:
13873:
13869:
13866:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13853:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13824:
13822:
13818:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13766:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13738:
13736:
13734:
13730:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13705:
13703:
13697:
13691:
13688:
13686:
13683:
13681:
13678:
13676:
13673:
13671:
13668:
13666:
13663:
13661:
13658:
13656:
13653:
13652:
13650:
13648:
13644:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13624:
13622:
13618:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13598:
13596:
13594:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13579:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13525:
13523:
13519:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13490:
13488:
13486:
13482:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
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13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13428:
13426:
13424:
13420:
13410:
13407:
13405:
13402:
13400:
13397:
13396:
13394:
13392:
13388:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13376:Occupied zone
13374:
13372:
13371:
13367:
13366:
13364:
13360:
13354:
13353:
13349:
13347:
13346:
13342:
13340:
13338:
13334:
13332:
13331:
13327:
13325:
13324:
13320:
13318:
13317:
13313:
13311:
13310:
13309:Ici la France
13306:
13304:
13303:
13299:
13297:
13296:
13292:
13290:
13289:
13285:
13283:
13282:
13278:
13276:
13275:
13271:
13269:
13268:
13264:
13262:
13261:
13257:
13255:
13254:
13250:
13248:
13247:
13243:
13241:
13240:
13236:
13231:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13212:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13187:
13185:
13179:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13162:
13158:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13145:
13141:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13120:
13118:
13112:
13106:
13105:
13101:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13087:
13084:
13083:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13074:
13072:
13069:
13068:
13066:
13060:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13033:
13029:
13027:
13026:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13009:French League
13007:
13006:
13004:
13002:organizations
12998:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12963:
12961:
12957:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12941:
12940:Xavier Vallat
12938:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12926:
12925:Simon Sabiani
12923:
12921:
12920:Pierre Pucheu
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12910:Maurice Papon
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12895:Jean Luchaire
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12825:Alexis Carrel
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12810:René Bousquet
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12797:
12795:
12791:
12785:
12784:
12780:
12778:
12777:Hôtel du Parc
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12754:
12752:
12748:
12742:
12739:
12737:
12734:
12730:
12727:
12726:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12684:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12672:
12668:
12667:
12665:
12661:
12655:
12652:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12594:Baltic states
12592:
12590:
12587:
12584:
12583:
12580:
12576:
12569:
12564:
12562:
12557:
12555:
12550:
12549:
12546:
12540:
12537:
12534:
12530:
12526:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12512:
12509:
12506:
12502:
12499:
12494:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12481:
12479:
12475:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12458:
12455:
12454:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12430:
12426:
12425:
12419:
12415:
12411:
12407:
12401:
12397:
12396:
12390:
12379:
12375:
12371:
12367:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12355:
12345:
12344:
12339:
12336:
12333:
12332:
12327:
12326:Marcel Ophüls
12324:
12323:
12311:
12307:
12303:
12297:
12293:
12289:
12285:
12284:
12279:
12278:Rousso, Henry
12275:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12258:
12253:
12252:Michael Mayer
12250:
12247:
12243:
12240:
12236:
12233:
12232:
12220:
12214:
12210:
12205:
12202:
12198:
12194:
12190:
12186:
12180:
12176:
12172:
12168:
12164:
12163:
12158:
12157:Rousso, Henry
12154:
12152:
12151:2-02-006763-3
12148:
12145:Seuil, 1984,
12144:
12140:
12137:
12133:
12130:, in series,
12129:
12125:
12123:
12122:2-213-01573-2
12119:
12115:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12105:2-02-013509-4
12102:
12098:
12095:André Kaspi.
12094:
12090:
12086:
12082:
12076:
12072:
12068:
12067:
12061:
12057:
12051:
12047:
12042:
12039:
12035:
12033:
12032:2-213-59237-3
12029:
12025:
12021:
12017:
12013:
12007:
12003:
11999:
11995:
11993:
11992:2-262-01231-8
11989:
11985:
11981:
11978:
11974:
11970:
11966:
11962:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11947:
11941:
11937:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11924:
11923:2-213-02683-1
11920:
11916:
11913:
11910:
11906:
11903:
11899:
11895:
11891:
11887:
11886:
11881:
11877:
11874:
11870:
11867:
11866:
11856:
11852:
11849:
11845:
11841:
11839:
11838:0-674-93539-X
11835:
11831:
11827:
11826:Rousso, Henry
11824:
11821:
11817:
11815:
11811:
11807:
11805:
11801:
11797:
11794:
11790:
11788:
11784:
11781:
11777:
11773:
11770:
11766:
11765:
11755:
11754:0-8147-9336-3
11751:
11747:
11744:
11741:
11738:
11734:
11731:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11718:
11714:
11710:
11707:
11704:
11700:
11698:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11682:
11676:
11672:
11667:
11664:
11660:
11656:
11650:
11646:
11641:
11630:
11626:
11622:
11618:
11617:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11601:
11597:
11593:
11589:
11585:
11581:
11575:
11571:
11567:
11562:
11559:
11555:
11551:
11545:
11541:
11537:
11532:
11529:
11528:0-275-95973-2
11525:
11521:
11517:
11515:
11511:
11507:
11503:
11501:
11497:
11494:
11490:
11486:
11483:
11479:
11475:
11469:
11464:
11463:
11456:
11453:
11449:
11447:
11446:0-19-873151-5
11443:
11439:
11435:
11432:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11419:
11415:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11390:
11386:
11385:
11379:
11376:
11372:
11369:
11365:
11362:
11358:
11354:
11350:
11349:Kitson, Simon
11347:
11344:
11340:
11336:
11332:
11328:
11324:
11320:
11316:
11311:
11300:
11294:
11289:
11288:
11281:
11277:
11273:
11269:
11263:
11259:
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11250:
11246:
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11239:
11235:
11232:
11228:
11226:
11222:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11209:
11205:
11203:
11199:
11195:
11193:
11192:online review
11189:
11185:
11182:
11178:
11174:
11171:
11167:
11165:
11161:
11157:
11155:
11151:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11138:
11134:
11130:
11127:
11126:0-375-41131-3
11123:
11119:
11116:
11115:Carmen Callil
11113:
11110:
11106:
11103:
11099:
11096:
11092:
11089:
11085:
11082:
11078:
11075:
11074:
11048:
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11040:
11036:
11032:
11025:
11009:
11005:
11001:
10997:
10993:
10986:
10978:
10972:
10968:
10967:
10959:
10940:
10933:
10926:
10917:
10913:
10910:
10905:
10889:
10885:
10881:
10875:
10867:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10852:Andenæs, Johs
10847:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10816:
10800:
10796:
10790:
10774:
10770:
10764:
10748:
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10717:
10710:
10708:
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10695:
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10683:
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10652:
10647:
10639:
10635:
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10627:
10623:
10619:
10612:
10605:
10600:
10592:
10586:
10582:
10575:
10567:
10561:
10557:
10550:
10542:
10536:
10531:
10530:
10521:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10486:
10478:
10474:
10470:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10451:
10443:
10437:
10433:
10426:
10418:
10412:
10408:
10401:
10399:
10390:
10386:
10382:
10378:
10371:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10332:
10324:
10318:
10314:
10309:
10308:
10299:
10291:
10285:
10281:
10277:
10276:
10268:
10260:
10256:
10252:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10239:
10231:
10223:
10219:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10202:
10194:
10187:
10181:
10173:
10169:
10165:
10159:
10155:
10154:
10146:
10137:
10129:
10123:
10119:
10118:Vichy 1940–44
10112:
10105:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10087:
10083:
10082:
10074:
10067:
10063:
10059:
10055:
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10044:
10036:
10028:
10021:
10019:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9988:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9959:
9954:
9947:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9908:
9892:
9888:
9884:
9880:
9876:
9870:
9851:
9847:
9840:
9834:
9827:
9823:
9820:
9815:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9785:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9756:
9751:
9744:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9705:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9669:
9664:
9657:
9651:
9646:
9636:
9635:Robert Paxton
9632:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9615:
9609:
9593:
9590:. Ushmm.org.
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9476:
9475:
9467:
9460:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9445:
9435:
9428:
9424:
9423:Szasz, Thomas
9418:
9402:
9398:
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9389:
9385:
9384:
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9364:
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9090:
9086:
9080:
9064:
9060:
9054:
9046:
9042:
9036:
9028:
9026:0-674-06888-2
9022:
9018:
9011:
9004:
9000:
8995:
8989:
8988:0-8047-2499-7
8985:
8981:
8977:
8976:
8972:
8969:
8963:
8957:
8956:2-87894-026-1
8953:
8949:
8943:
8936:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8908:
8898:
8894:
8888:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8841:
8833:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8803:
8798:
8797:
8788:
8781:
8776:
8770:
8769:1-85409-290-1
8766:
8762:
8756:
8749:
8743:
8736:
8732:
8727:
8719:
8713:
8709:
8708:
8700:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8679:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8658:
8652:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8621:(2): 81–117.
8620:
8616:
8609:
8602:
8601:Playfair 2004
8597:
8590:
8589:Playfair 2004
8585:
8578:
8573:
8567:, p. 89.
8566:
8561:
8554:
8549:
8543:
8539:
8524:
8518:
8510:
8504:
8496:
8495:
8488:
8486:
8484:
8475:
8473:0-333-19377-6
8469:
8465:
8458:
8456:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8434:
8426:
8419:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8404:
8396:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8363:
8347:
8343:
8337:
8330:
8325:
8323:
8306:
8302:
8296:
8280:
8276:
8274:
8266:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8245:
8229:
8225:
8219:
8212:(3): 155–164.
8211:
8207:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8176:
8172:
8169:
8164:
8158:
8157:2-02-031477-0
8154:
8150:
8144:
8128:
8124:
8118:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8101:
8098:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8079:
8073:
8066:
8060:
8051:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8029:
8025:
8024:
8016:
8000:
7996:
7989:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7964:
7956:
7950:
7949:2-02-005215-6
7946:
7942:
7936:
7928:
7922:
7918:
7913:
7912:
7903:
7901:
7884:
7880:
7874:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7845:
7841:
7840:
7832:
7816:
7812:
7805:
7798:
7793:
7777:
7773:
7767:
7763:
7762:
7754:
7745:
7737:
7730:
7714:
7710:
7704:
7695:
7688:
7672:
7668:
7662:
7658:
7657:
7649:
7642:
7637:
7630:
7626:
7621:
7615:, p. 76.
7614:
7609:
7602:
7597:
7591:, p. 75.
7590:
7585:
7578:
7573:
7567:, p. 72.
7566:
7561:
7555:, p. 97.
7554:
7549:
7547:
7539:
7534:
7528:, p. 70.
7527:
7522:
7520:
7513:, p. 69.
7512:
7507:
7500:
7495:
7488:
7482:
7475:
7474:Jennings 1994
7470:
7463:
7462:Jennings 1994
7458:
7451:
7450:Jennings 1994
7446:
7444:
7436:
7435:Jennings 1994
7431:
7424:
7423:Jennings 1994
7419:
7412:
7407:
7401:, p. 99.
7400:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7383:
7378:
7371:
7365:
7357:
7351:
7347:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7327:
7315:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7270:
7254:
7250:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7231:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7201:
7200:
7192:
7185:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7125:
7123:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7092:
7091:
7083:
7076:
7071:
7064:
7058:
7054:
7047:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7028:
7020:
7016:
7010:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6985:
6981:
6975:
6968:
6965:
6958:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6943:
6935:
6928:
6923:
6916:
6911:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6880:
6872:
6866:
6862:
6857:
6856:
6847:
6839:
6838:bseditions.fr
6835:
6829:
6822:
6818:
6817:
6809:
6801:
6795:
6793:
6785:
6781:
6776:
6768:
6762:
6758:
6753:
6747:
6739:
6732:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6690:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6656:
6652:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6619:Ordre Nouveau
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6451:Marcel Bucard
6449:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6420:Xavier Vallat
6418:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6406:in Marseille.
6405:
6404:
6399:
6398:Simon Sabiani
6396:
6393:
6392:Pierre Pucheu
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6380:Maurice Papon
6378:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6302:René Bousquet
6300:
6299:
6293:
6292:Xavier Vallat
6287:
6278:
6277:Pierre Pucheu
6272:
6262:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6243:
6242:Maurice Papon
6239:
6238:
6233:
6232:Marcel Ophüls
6223:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6209:
6199:
6197:
6196:Maurice Papon
6193:
6189:
6185:
6184:René Bousquet
6180:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6142:Maurice Papon
6139:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6079:Pierre Benoit
6076:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6036:Maurice Papon
6033:
6019:
6015:
6013:
6005:
6004:Xavier Vallat
6001:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5951:
5950:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5906:
5900:
5895:
5891:
5880:
5877:
5869:
5866:December 2016
5859:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5843:This section
5841:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5813:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5761:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5720:
5715:
5711:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5689:
5681:
5676:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5523:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5495:
5490:
5486:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5464:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5443:black markets
5438:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5414:Forced labour
5411:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5390:
5381:
5379:
5373:
5365:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:Popular Front
5318:
5317:
5312:
5311:collaboration
5308:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5280:, the writer
5279:
5276:(PPF) leader
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5262:Robert Paxton
5259:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5168:Marine Le Pen
5165:
5160:
5156:
5147:
5141:
5132:
5129:
5123:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5107:Robert Paxton
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:Gruppenführer
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5023:Alois Brunner
5020:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4986:
4985:yellow badges
4981:
4976:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4950:
4949:was founded.
4948:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4933:Xavier Vallat
4929:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4848:
4845:
4837:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795: –
4794:
4790:
4789:Find sources:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4767:This section
4765:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4742:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4649:
4648:Jean Stoetzel
4644:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4581:Alexis Carrel
4578:
4567:
4564:
4556:
4553:February 2012
4546:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4530:This section
4528:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4492:denaturalised
4489:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4428:Seine-et-Oise
4425:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4393:, as well as
4392:
4388:
4384:
4381:(communists,
4379:
4375:
4374:anti-fascists
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4299:Romani people
4296:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4235:
4230:
4222:
4217:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4186:René Bousquet
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4167:Alexis Carrel
4164:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:Eastern Front
4110:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4068:Popular Front
4065:
4064:reactionaries
4060:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4021:René Bousquet
4019:
4015:
4014:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3914:. Giraud and
3905:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3815:Alphonse Juin
3812:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:French Guiana
3445:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3433:Western Union
3428:
3424:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3369:New Caledonia
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:New Caledonia
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3017:Mark W. Clark
3013:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2700:in the quiet
2699:
2698:joint session
2695:
2691:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2662:Gruppenführer
2658:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2499:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:Albert Lebrun
2434:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2367:anti-Semitism
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2208:French people
2204:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:Vercingetorix
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:program, 1942
2132:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:reactionaries
2106:
2105:Robert Paxton
2102:
2098:
2097:authoritarian
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2035:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2000:. Pétain was
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:René Bousquet
1955:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
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1895:
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1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1869:
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1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1842:État Français
1839:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1815:
1810:
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1798:
1794:
1789:
1780:
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1734:
1728:
1727:
1722:This section
1720:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:round up Jews
1634:
1629:
1628:forced labour
1625:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
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1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:and invading
1558:
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1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1508:, it adopted
1507:
1503:
1499:
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1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:État français
1471:
1467:
1463:
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1266:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1237:Années folles
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:Second Empire
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:July Monarchy
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
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1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1070:Bourbon kings
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:Ancien Régime
1037:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
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993:
989:
987:
983:
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976:
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926:
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911:
910:
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904:
901:
900:
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873:
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868:
864:
863:
860:
854:
853:
848:
843:
842:
828:
827:
821:
818:
802:
800:
793:
792:
784:
782:
773:
769:
768:
760:
758:
751:
750:
742:
740:
734:
729:
728:
725:
719:
713:
708:
701:
700:
697:
690:
683:
682:
679:
678:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
662:
659:
656:
652:
648:
645:22 April 1945
644:
641:
635:
632:9 August 1944
631:
628:
622:
618:
615:
609:
605:
602:
601:
594:
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587:
581:
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217:
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208:
204:
197:
196:
190:
186:
180:
174:
166:
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152:
147:
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134:
133:État français
125:
122:
118:
114:
107:
96:
93:
85:
75:
65:
62:
58:
55:
54:
51:
46:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
20856:Anti-Masonry
20851:Anti-Marxism
20811:Vichy France
20679:Coat of arms
20669:Architecture
20641:Social class
20599:Homelessness
20584:Demographics
20538:Trade unions
20471:Central bank
20413:criminal law
20376:Human rights
20359:presidential
20203:Algerian War
20186:Contemporary
20160:Vichy France
20159:
20155:World War II
20125:Belle Époque
20058:First Empire
19960:Early Modern
19931:West Francia
19733:Bibliography
19716:
19529:Project Hula
19494:Vistula–Oder
19463:
19396:
19387:
19371:
19341:
19290:
19274:
19265:
19256:
19222:
19119:
19034:
19010:
18973:
18724:
18617:
18562:North Africa
18264:Soviet Union
18218:Soviet Union
18144:Soviet Union
17912:Vatican City
17815:Vichy France
17814:
17720:German Reich
17617:Soviet Union
17603:South Africa
17596:Sierra Leone
17549:Newfoundland
17368:Participants
17351:Marocchinate
17055:
17046:
17016:
16894:North Africa
16855:Indian Ocean
16714:Nazi plunder
16605:Cryptography
16478:World War II
16393:Schatzgräber
16034:
15815:West Prussia
15795:Lower Styria
15733:Holland (SS)
15504:Upper Danube
15499:Lower Danube
15302:Hesse-Nassau
15272:East Prussia
15242:Baden-Alsace
15205:Nazi Germany
15203:divisions of
15192:Nazi Germany
15103:Soviet Union
14995:
14991:(until 1944)
14715:Afrika Korps
14603:(until 1944)
14403:
14396:
14389:
14382:
14364:
14357:
14350:
14343:
14336:
14318:
14311:
14244:
14237:
14216:& Impact
14138:Henri Giraud
14103:
14096:
14075:
14060:
14018:
13991:
13984:
13954:
13947:
13940:
13933:
13878:1st Regiment
13718:Yellow badge
13713:Nazi plunder
13708:Aryanisation
13690:Villeurbanne
13660:Green ticket
13568:New Hebrides
13528:French India
13503:Ubangi-Shari
13498:Middle Congo
13368:
13350:
13343:
13336:
13328:
13321:
13314:
13307:
13300:
13293:
13286:
13279:
13272:
13265:
13258:
13251:
13244:
13237:
13232:
13209:
13159:
13142:
13114:Policy &
13102:
13030:
13023:
12935:André Tulard
12930:Paul Touvier
12885:Pierre Laval
12835:Henry Coston
12793:Participants
12781:
12681:
12669:
12649:Soviet Union
12613:
12585:
12575:Vichy France
12574:
12504:
12483:
12457:Simon Kitson
12423:
12394:
12381:. Retrieved
12363:
12341:
12329:
12287:
12282:
12262:
12245:
12238:
12208:
12166:
12161:
12142:
12135:
12131:
12127:
12113:
12096:
12070:
12065:
12045:
12037:
12023:
12020:Henry Rousso
12001:
11983:
11976:
11950:
11945:
11933:
11914:
11908:
11889:
11884:
11880:Aron, Robert
11872:
11846:Summer 2009
11843:
11829:
11819:
11809:
11799:
11792:
11775:
11768:
11745:
11736:
11729:
11712:
11702:
11688:
11670:
11662:
11644:
11632:. Retrieved
11615:
11595:
11569:
11557:
11540:Random House
11538:. New York:
11535:
11519:
11505:
11488:
11481:
11461:
11451:
11437:
11430:
11417:
11406:. Retrieved
11383:
11374:
11367:
11352:
11342:
11318:
11314:
11302:. Retrieved
11286:
11256:
11237:
11230:
11220:
11207:
11197:
11176:
11169:
11159:
11142:
11132:
11117:
11108:
11101:
11094:
11087:
11080:
11065:Bibliography
11051:. Retrieved
11034:
11024:
11012:. Retrieved
10995:
10985:
10965:
10958:
10946:. Retrieved
10925:
10904:
10892:. Retrieved
10883:
10874:
10855:
10846:
10834:. Retrieved
10825:
10815:
10803:. Retrieved
10789:
10777:. Retrieved
10763:
10751:. Retrieved
10736:
10724:. Retrieved
10699:Cointet 2014
10694:
10682:
10670:
10658:
10651:Jackson 2001
10646:
10621:
10617:
10611:
10604:Jackson 2001
10599:
10580:
10574:
10555:
10549:
10528:
10520:
10495:
10491:
10485:
10460:
10456:
10450:
10431:
10425:
10406:
10380:
10376:
10370:
10345:
10341:
10331:
10306:
10298:
10274:
10267:
10242:
10236:
10230:
10205:
10199:
10193:
10185:
10180:
10152:
10145:
10136:
10117:
10111:
10103:
10080:
10073:
10065:
10042:
10035:
10026:
10005:. Retrieved
9996:
9987:
9975:. Retrieved
9956:
9946:
9934:. Retrieved
9917:
9907:
9895:. Retrieved
9879:The Guardian
9878:
9869:
9857:. Retrieved
9845:
9833:
9814:
9802:. Retrieved
9793:
9784:
9772:. Retrieved
9753:
9743:
9731:. Retrieved
9714:
9704:
9692:. Retrieved
9672:
9666:
9656:
9645:
9613:
9608:
9596:. Retrieved
9582:
9571:
9563:
9555:
9536:
9530:
9518:. Retrieved
9514:
9505:
9478:
9473:
9466:
9450:
9444:
9434:
9426:
9417:
9405:. Retrieved
9401:the original
9397:amnistia.net
9396:
9381:
9368:
9363:
9339:
9303:
9276:
9271:
9259:. Retrieved
9245:
9233:. Retrieved
9219:
9207:. Retrieved
9193:
9181:. Retrieved
9167:
9155:. Retrieved
9141:
9129:
9093:. Retrieved
9089:the original
9079:
9067:. Retrieved
9053:
9045:the original
9035:
9016:
9010:
9002:
8994:
8966:
8962:
8947:
8942:
8933:
8924:(1): 41–58.
8921:
8917:
8907:
8896:
8892:
8887:
8854:
8850:
8840:
8830:– via
8824:. Retrieved
8795:
8787:
8780:Jackson 2001
8775:
8760:
8755:
8747:
8742:
8734:
8726:
8706:
8699:
8656:
8651:
8618:
8614:
8608:
8596:
8584:
8577:Mockler 1984
8572:
8560:
8548:
8538:
8526:. Retrieved
8517:
8503:
8493:
8463:
8437:
8431:
8425:
8408:
8403:
8379:(4): 71–90.
8376:
8372:
8362:
8350:. Retrieved
8346:the original
8336:
8329:Henri Sautot
8309:. Retrieved
8305:the original
8295:
8283:. Retrieved
8272:
8265:
8249:
8244:
8232:. Retrieved
8228:the original
8218:
8209:
8205:
8199:
8190:
8182:
8163:
8148:
8143:
8131:. Retrieved
8127:the original
8117:
8107:
8077:
8072:
8064:
8059:
8050:
8022:
8015:
8003:. Retrieved
7988:
7979:
7970:
7955:
7940:
7935:
7910:
7887:. Retrieved
7873:
7861:. Retrieved
7838:
7831:
7819:. Retrieved
7804:
7797:Jackson 2001
7792:
7780:. Retrieved
7760:
7753:
7744:
7735:
7729:
7717:. Retrieved
7712:
7703:
7687:
7675:. Retrieved
7655:
7648:
7641:Jackson 2001
7636:
7628:
7620:
7608:
7596:
7584:
7572:
7560:
7533:
7506:
7494:
7486:
7481:
7469:
7457:
7430:
7418:
7406:
7377:
7369:
7364:
7345:
7279:
7269:
7257:. Retrieved
7237:
7230:
7218:. Retrieved
7198:
7191:
7183:
7138:
7134:
7109:. Retrieved
7089:
7082:
7075:Jackson 2001
7070:
7052:
7046:
7027:
7019:the original
7009:
7000:
6991:
6979:
6974:
6960:
6941:
6934:
6927:Kroener 2000
6922:
6915:Kroener 2000
6910:
6898:. Retrieved
6894:the original
6889:
6879:
6854:
6846:
6837:
6828:
6820:
6815:
6808:
6783:
6775:
6756:
6738:
6725:
6718:. Retrieved
6714:the original
6709:
6668:
6655:
6617:
6540:
6522:
6511:Henri Lafont
6496:
6484:
6478:
6460:
6454:
6439:Pierre Bonny
6413:
6410:Paul Touvier
6401:
6365:
6356:Pierre Laval
6323:
6250:
6246:
6235:
6224:
6217:
6214:Henry Rousso
6211:
6192:Paul Touvier
6181:
6165:Algerian War
6154:Nazi hunters
6138:Paul Touvier
6135:
6132:1980s trials
6118:
6110:
6087:
6072:
6062:
6047:
6044:
6024:
6009:
5978:Pierre Laval
5967:
5947:
5937:
5918:
5894:black market
5887:
5872:
5863:
5852:Please help
5847:verification
5844:
5810:
5803:
5801:
5789:
5778:
5754:
5750:
5740:, the actor
5723:
5694:
5660:
5649:Paul Touvier
5645:Adolf Hitler
5637:Pierre Laval
5630:
5620:
5619:In 1943 the
5618:
5554:
5550:Cordell Hull
5522:Henri Giraud
5519:
5502:
5500:
5473:
5465:
5461:
5452:
5448:
5440:
5417:
5403:
5395:
5374:
5370:
5350:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5297:
5289:
5269:
5256:
5244:
5204:
5199:
5187:
5176:
5152:
5124:
5096:
5077:
5055:
5016:
5010:
4990:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4908:
4868:André Tulard
4855:
4840:
4831:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4788:
4776:Please help
4771:verification
4768:
4726:Patrick Tort
4712:Jean Coutrot
4709:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4674:gas chambers
4665:
4645:
4615:
4574:
4559:
4550:
4539:Please help
4534:verification
4531:
4508:
4504:
4495:
4485:
4460:
4417:
4413:
4402:
4326:enemy aliens
4323:
4319:Henry Lémery
4315:black people
4288:
4273:
4246:
4239:
4202:to form the
4183:
4156:
4121:
4102:
4095:anti-Semites
4079:
4061:
4052:Loir-et-Cher
4043:
4040:
4036:puppet state
4033:
4024:
4017:
4011:
3994:
3983:
3958:Algerian War
3946:Messali Hadj
3928:
3901:
3883:
3881:
3853:
3808:
3795:Henri Giraud
3772:Vichy forces
3757:
3738:Diégo-Suarez
3727:
3715:
3687:Commonwealth
3664:
3655:
3644:
3619:8–13 January
3608:
3558:
3543:
3519:
3507:Ubangi-Shari
3503:French Congo
3492:
3477:
3464:Émile Bertin
3463:
3452:
3446:
3430:
3399:
3361:Henri Sautot
3357:New Hebrides
3354:
3259:
3240:
3221:created the
3216:
3201:puppet state
3164:
3111:
3073:
3050:
3043:
3033:
3014:
3002:Henri Giraud
2987:
2982:Cordell Hull
2955:
2916:Pierre Laval
2912:
2853:
2830:
2818:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2785:a posteriori
2784:
2771:
2767:the Vichy 80
2755:
2720:Pierre Laval
2718:
2696:gathered in
2687:
2680:
2661:
2636:
2603:, 50,000 in
2598:
2582:
2580:
2562:
2549:
2528:
2525:
2496:
2481:
2455:
2451:Adolf Hitler
2449:
2438:
2419:
2411:Paul Reynaud
2395:
2371:
2357:Henri Béraud
2330:
2321:la décadence
2287:and Admiral
2285:Pierre Laval
2278:
2246:
2241:
2216:la décadence
2212:
2191:
2182:French radio
2179:
2136:
2128:
2111:to moderate
2047:
2021:
2007:
1991:
1967:
1951:
1934:
1904:
1901:Jurisdiction
1866:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1825:
1766:
1751:
1742:
1731:Please help
1726:verification
1723:
1697:World War II
1674:
1650:
1626:and imposed
1621:
1593:antisemitism
1589:
1579:, a hero of
1573:Paul Reynaud
1569:the Ardennes
1557:Maginot Line
1542:
1506:Nazi Germany
1490:World War II
1473:
1470:French State
1469:
1458:Vichy France
1457:
1456:
1409:
1367:Christianity
1255:Vichy France
1254:
1206:20th century
1188:Belle Époque
1127:First Empire
1040:
1036:Early modern
986:West Francia
975:Carolingians
965:Merovingians
824:
771:
732:
711:
693:French Third
674:Succeeded by
673:
668:
658:French franc
598:
578:10 July 1940
561:22 June 1940
543:World War II
519:Pierre Laval
495:P.É. Flandin
483:Pierre Laval
415:dictatorship
412:totalitarian
346:
219:" (official)
206:
189:Motto:
188:
128:French State
121:
88:
79:
44:
20941:Rump states
20866:Axis powers
20789:WikiProject
20604:Immigration
20594:Health care
20456:Agriculture
20408:enforcement
20165:Free France
20134:World War I
20081:Restoration
20068:Late Modern
19938:Middle Ages
19913:Middle Ages
19898:Celtic Gaul
19464:Bodenplatte
19350:Gothic Line
18569:West Africa
18116:Philippines
18095:Netherlands
17960:Czech lands
17898:Switzerland
17842:Afghanistan
17786:Philippines
17654:Puerto Rico
17570:Philippines
17556:New Zealand
17542:Netherlands
17495:Free France
17246:Prosecution
17047:Osoaviakhim
16917:West Africa
16901:East Africa
16548:Conferences
16270:Netherlands
16070:Netherlands
15810:Sudetenland
15758:occupations
15594:Vistulaland
15471:Sudetenland
15423:Prinz-Eugen
15327:Mecklenburg
15108:Byelorussia
15078:Philippines
15068:Netherlands
14720:Ostlegionen
14522:Axis forces
14298:& Media
14203:Marcel Déat
14156:Dissolution
13956:Franc-Garde
13820:Deportation
13791:Romainville
13701:and plunder
13548:Cochinchina
13466:Upper Volta
13431:Ivory Coast
13339:(newspaper)
13253:Aujourd'hui
13000:Parties and
12959:Governments
12890:Jean Leguay
12855:Marcel Déat
12729:Article 231
12496:(in French)
12365:Smithsonian
12255: [
12171:Que sais-je
12002:Sigmaringen
11634:3 September
11229:Gordon, B.
11014:16 December
10919:(in French)
10007:16 December
9977:16 December
9936:16 December
9897:16 December
9804:16 December
9774:16 December
9733:16 December
9694:12 February
9639:(in French)
9576:(in French)
9439:rue. »
9135:(in French)
8901:(in French)
8693:(in French)
8063:Ousby, Ian
7719:22 December
7322:|work=
7276:Saz, Ismael
6964:Malgré nous
6362:Jean Leguay
6320:Marcel Déat
6167:(1954–62).
6146:Jean Leguay
6098:Robert Aron
6048:Charlemagne
5949:ordonnances
5916:(1946–54).
5730:Axis powers
5701:Sigmaringen
5407:Monnet Plan
5286:Marcel Déat
5103:naturalised
5003:Jean Leguay
4957:heading to
4577:Nobel Prize
4481:August Hirt
4477:gas chamber
4409:Gendarmerie
4265:homosexuals
4137:war economy
4124:technocrats
4044:Pétainistes
4004: [
4001:Rolf Mühler
3934: [
3892:Jean Monnet
3871:. Although
3801:during the
3640:Free French
3585:Port-Gentil
3499:French Chad
3393:and to the
3340:during the
3247:Pondicherry
3213:Free France
3113:Switzerland
3107:Free France
3077:French Navy
3040:Alfred Pose
3015:US General
2928:Sigmaringen
2903:Governments
2747:abstentions
2728:full powers
2676:Frank Capra
2555:Gendarmerie
2281:Anglophobia
2248:Joan of Arc
2139:Gallo-Roman
2081:nationalist
2061:aristocracy
1998:coup d'état
1963:Jean Leguay
1874:zone du sud
1783:Terminology
1658:Free France
1613:Axis powers
1605:French Navy
1595:and, after
1581:World War I
1320:Health care
1250:Free France
1137:Restoration
941:Middle Ages
913:Celtic Gaul
856:History of
669:Preceded by
619:Summer 1944
573:full powers
529:Legislature
406:nonpartisan
399:Provisional
369:Sigmaringen
328:(1944–1945)
322:(1942–1944)
301:Free France
20805:Categories
20732:Philosophy
20717:Literature
20629:secularism
20425:Parliament
20220:2005 riots
20170:Liberation
20036:Revolution
19903:Roman Gaul
19888:Prehistory
19844:Journalism
19564:West Hunan
19397:Pointblank
18726:Silver Fox
18712:Summer War
18465:Winter War
18444:Phoney War
18225:Azerbaijan
18186:Yugoslavia
18081:Luxembourg
17923:Resistance
17663:Yugoslavia
17528:Luxembourg
17330:Sook Ching
17126:War crimes
16728:Technology
16721:Opposition
16663:Lend-Lease
16640:Australian
16633:Home front
16591:Blitzkrieg
16541:Casualties
16532:Commanders
16504:Operations
16403:Bassgeiger
16383:New Swabia
16351:San Marino
16176:Montenegro
16100:Montenegro
15922:Luxembourg
15800:Luxembourg
15584:Vandalland
15549:Beskidland
15476:Wartheland
15449:Reichsgaus
15262:Düsseldorf
15058:Luxembourg
14081:Madagascar
13801:Rivesaltes
13776:Pithiviers
13685:Vel' d'Hiv
13451:Mauritania
13370:Zone libre
13345:La Semaine
13183:propaganda
13098:Riom Trial
12820:André Broc
12783:Zone libre
12767:The Eighty
12750:Beginnings
12709:Phoney War
12677:Boulangism
12624:Luxembourg
12533:Yad Vashem
12443:1034576435
12414:1137403989
12089:1191067431
11969:1015992303
11403:1058510505
11053:2 February
10894:12 January
10663:Béglé 2014
10100:1004807892
10062:1065422517
9520:20 October
9497:1038535440
9421:Quoted in
9407:28 January
8832:Cairn.info
8553:Raugh 1993
7889:24 October
7858:1058436580
6982:, London,
6720:21 October
6686:References
6480:La Cagoule
6259:See also:
6216:put it in
6094:Red Terror
6090:Pétainists
6065:Tino Rossi
5797:Freemasons
5585:resistance
5503:Case Anton
5485:Case Anton
5483:See also:
5435:See also:
5349:created a
5316:La Cagoule
5301:(English:
5162:President
5146:Vel' d'Hiv
5083:Carl Oberg
4961:and other
4915:underclass
4804:newspapers
4730:Max Lafont
4697:dangerous.
4589:euthanasia
4383:anarchists
4370:Phoney War
4346:Francoists
4342:Brigadists
4257:Communists
4253:Freemasons
4109:Bolshevism
4097:and overt
3993:(regional
3980:Marseilles
3845:Case Anton
3778:. Admiral
3734:Madagascar
3581:Libreville
3544:Resolution
3522:Royal Navy
3479:Guadeloupe
3469:Lend-Lease
3454:Martinique
3408:sent from
3344:and on to
3338:Garigliano
3115:and other
3095:Alexandria
3061:Case Anton
3035:La Cagoule
2895:after the
2867:expression
2849:Riom Trial
2763:Socialists
2751:These acts
2665:Carl Oberg
2627:Renault FT
2594:Liberation
2568:and heavy
2512:See also:
2402:Phoney War
2359:entitled,
2225:hedonistic
2149:chieftain
2141:period of
2099:but never
2063:and among
1988:Legitimacy
1894:Zone libre
1884:Zone libre
1868:Zone libre
1830:under the
1826:After the
1793:Case Anton
1745:April 2013
1642:communists
1565:Luxembourg
1520:zone libre
1482:rump state
956:settlement
923:Roman Gaul
893:Prehistory
600:Case Anton
395:Government
20589:Education
20543:Transport
20393:Judiciary
20354:Elections
20308:Mountains
20266:Geography
20012:Louis XIV
19802:Overviews
19629:Manchuria
19515:Indochina
19291:Bagration
18735:Lithuania
18380:Anschluss
18177:Viet Minh
18074:Lithuania
18016:Hong Kong
17779:Manchukuo
17734:Azad Hind
17393:Australia
17193:Aftermath
17056:Paperclip
16951:Aftermath
16751:Total war
16619:Diplomacy
16582:In Europe
16424:Nordstern
16408:Edelweiss
16316:Turkestan
16306:Don-Volga
16206:Turkestan
16156:Cossackia
16095:Macedonia
16055:Lithuania
15960:Ljubljana
15845:Bialystok
15830:Districts
15494:Carinthia
15387:Weser-Ems
15377:Thuringia
15347:Pomerania
15332:Moselland
15287:Franconia
15135:(limited)
15038:Indonesia
15016:Indochina
14966:Manchukuo
14934:Lithuania
14892:Lists by
14777:Gakutotai
14520:Lists by
14214:Aftermath
14044:Indochina
14029:Gibraltar
13986:Carlingue
13973:Auxiliary
13908:Air Force
13806:Septfonds
13781:Récébédou
13675:Marseille
13362:Territory
13295:La France
13181:Press and
13062:Legal and
12378:0037-7333
12310:316118163
12292:C.H. Beck
12280:(2009) .
12193:777999316
11629:494123451
11588:876293139
11335:159656095
11304:15 August
11043:0362-4331
11004:0362-4331
10854:(1980) .
10687:Aron 1962
10675:Aron 1962
10222:145622142
10172:757514437
9967:0190-8286
9926:0362-4331
9887:0261-3077
9764:0190-8286
9723:0362-4331
9689:181982155
8879:226968304
8871:0022-2801
8826:11 August
8816:420826274
8687:, on the
8643:159589846
8042:706628672
7324:ignored (
7314:cite book
7306:200108437
7157:0162-2889
6984:Routledge
6551:, writer.
6507:, writer.
6471:, writer.
6228:de Gaulle
6102:de Gaulle
6054:Indochina
6040:de Gaulle
6027:de Gaulle
5998:(such as
5954:de Gaulle
5944:de Gaulle
5764:Aftermath
5719:La France
5569:de Gaulle
5542:de Gaulle
5526:de Gaulle
5232:Carlingue
4959:Auschwitz
4575:In 1941,
4434:, in the
4426:, in the
4391:pacifists
4330:Camp Gurs
4303:Porrajmos
4295:Holocaust
4158:dirigisme
4072:Léon Blum
4018:laughing:
3916:de Gaulle
3912:de Gaulle
3908:de Gaulle
3888:de Gaulle
3841:de Gaulle
3799:de Gaulle
3723:de Gaulle
3719:de Gaulle
3675:Luftwaffe
3569:de Gaulle
3553:Gibraltar
3542:HMS
3481:, in the
3312:formed a
3294:Bora Bora
3290:de Gaulle
3231:de Gaulle
3219:de Gaulle
3180:Indochina
3010:de Gaulle
2994:de Gaulle
2990:de Gaulle
2797:de Gaulle
2487:Prisoners
2373:Gringoire
2250:replaced
2230:décadence
2203:décadence
2077:democracy
2032:de Gaulle
2028:de Gaulle
1976:launched
1954:Wehrmacht
1681:de Gaulle
1498:territory
1389:Territory
1282:1946–1958
1272:1944–1946
1262:1940–1944
1241:1920–1929
1230:1919–1939
1219:1870–1940
1192:1871–1914
1181:1870–1940
1171:1852–1870
1161:1848–1852
1151:1830–1848
1141:1814–1830
1131:1804–1814
1121:1792–1804
1111:1791–1792
1101:1789–1799
1074:1589–1792
1064:1515–1589
1054:1498–1515
1022:1328–1498
385:Religion
179:Cartouche
149:1940–1944
52:detected:
20779:Category
20712:Language
20624:Religion
20569:Abortion
20523:Taxation
20420:Military
20381:Intersex
20371:Politics
20337:Politics
20139:Interwar
19834:Economic
19829:Language
19814:Timeline
19740:Category
19689:document
19599:document
19456:Ardennes
19440:Budapest
19388:Crossbow
19266:Overlord
19105:Smolensk
18316:Timeline
18151:Slovakia
18137:Thailand
17988:Ethiopia
17953:Bulgaria
17877:Portugal
17808:Thailand
17690:Bulgaria
17468:Eswatini
17461:Ethiopia
17414:Bulgaria
17239:Unit 731
17200:Response
17017:Keelhaul
16967:Cold War
16940:Americas
16931:timeline
16924:Atlantic
16804:Theaters
16417:Proposed
16398:Holzauge
16301:Caucasia
16294:Proposed
16232:Brittany
16225:Proposed
16216:Wallonia
16201:Slovakia
16151:Bulgaria
16125:Wallonia
16115:Slovakia
16030:Flanders
15912:Slovakia
15861:Brussels
15854:Proposed
15820:Zichenau
15790:Lorraine
15738:Lombardy
15721:Proposed
15609:Westland
15599:Wallonia
15579:Nordmark
15574:Gothland
15564:Flanders
15559:Burgundy
15537:Proposed
15509:Salzburg
15416:Proposed
15402:Westmark
15342:NSDAP/AO
15247:Bayreuth
15224:Altreich
15140:Thailand
15120:Chechnya
15098:Slovakia
15021:Cambodia
14971:Mongolia
14946:Bulgaria
14819:Makapili
14762:Chinilpa
14732:Japanese
14590:Chetniks
14126:Officers
14054:Ko Chang
13856:Military
13786:Rieucros
13765:subcamps
13647:Roundups
13538:Cambodia
13508:Cameroon
13471:Togoland
13239:L'Alerte
13116:politics
13064:treaties
12644:Slovakia
12525:Archived
12489:Archived
12474:Archived
12398:. UPNE.
12159:(2007).
12000:(2014).
11935:Le Point
11851:Archived
11814:in JSTOR
11804:in JSTOR
11783:Archived
11496:Archived
11276:41497185
11245:Archived
11184:Archived
11150:Archived
11047:Archived
11008:Archived
10948:30 March
10939:Archived
10912:Archived
10888:Archived
10830:Archived
10799:Archived
10773:Archived
10747:Archived
10720:Archived
10512:20672479
10477:20672479
10362:20530987
10001:Archived
9997:BBC News
9971:Archived
9930:Archived
9891:Archived
9850:Archived
9822:Archived
9798:Archived
9794:BBC News
9768:Archived
9727:Archived
9592:Archived
9511:"Drancy"
9455:Archived
9373:Archived
9348:Archived
9331:Archived
9296:Archived
9255:Archived
9229:Archived
9203:Archived
9177:Archived
9151:Archived
9122:Archived
9063:Archived
8971:Archived
8820:Archived
8691:website
8681:Archived
8414:Archived
8395:20530880
8352:16 March
8311:16 March
8285:16 March
8279:Archived
8234:16 March
8171:Archived
8100:Archived
7999:Archived
7959:French:
7883:Archived
7815:Archived
7776:Archived
7709:"France"
7671:Archived
7253:Archived
7214:Archived
7165:57561272
7105:Archived
7035:Archived
6999:(1947).
6562:See also
6533:, actor.
6520:Gaullist
6489:in 1940.
6416:in Lyon.
6234:'s film
6050:Division
5074:Old Port
5027:box cars
4834:May 2021
4585:eugenics
4424:Aincourt
4348:. After
4248:métèques
4171:eugenics
4126:such as
4048:Montoire
3884:de facto
3699:Damascus
3627:Djibouti
3611:Djibouti
3536:(modern
3515:Cameroun
3417:Americas
2885:Tricolor
2875:prefects
2759:Radicals
2742:Massilia
2702:spa town
2692:and the
2256:Catholic
2252:Marianne
2238:morality
2093:rightist
2038:Ideology
2008:Massilia
1994:traitors
1891:for the
1691:Overview
1534:occupied
1526:colonies
1384:Taxation
1362:Religion
1357:Politics
1350:Consorts
1345:Monarchs
1340:Military
1335:Medicine
1011:987–1328
1000:987–1792
954:Frankish
952:and the
875:Timeline
847:a series
845:Part of
695:Republic
654:Currency
404:under a
402:republic
348:de facto
20770:Outline
20752:Theatre
20747:Symbols
20707:Gardens
20697:Fashion
20689:Cuisine
20656:Culture
20646:Welfare
20619:Poverty
20557:Society
20533:Tourism
20493:Exports
20466:Banking
20444:Economy
20403:history
20298:Islands
20293:Borders
19926:Francia
19880:Ancient
19858:Regions
19809:History
19794:History
19666:Shumshu
19433:Hungary
19380:Estonia
19364:Lapland
19342:Dragoon
19275:Neptune
19257:Ichi-Go
19223:Tempest
19165:Changde
19120:Cottage
19012:Jubilee
18721:Finland
18619:Compass
18325:Prelude
18278:Finland
18164:Vietnam
18130:Romania
18002:Germany
17981:Estonia
17967:Denmark
17946:Belgium
17939:Austria
17932:Albania
17863:Ireland
17849:Andorra
17833:Neutral
17793:Romania
17727:Hungary
17712:Finland
17584:Romania
17476:Finland
17454:Denmark
17400:Belgium
17386:Algeria
17092:Romania
17078:Hungary
16834:Pacific
16558:General
16512:Leaders
16497:Battles
16490:Outline
16376:Founded
16356:Tunisia
16341:Finland
16311:Muscovy
16285:Ukraine
16280:Ostland
16258:Founded
16211:Ukraine
16181:Romania
16171:Hungary
16146:Belarus
16120:Ukraine
16045:Hungary
16025:Denmark
16015:Croatia
16005:Belarus
16000:Austria
15990:Albania
15983:Founded
15893:Croatia
15838:Founded
15688:Galicia
15663:Founded
15569:Galicia
15554:Brabant
15486:Austria
15459:Founded
15433:Holland
15362:Silesia
15297:Hamburg
15235:Founded
15125:Ukraine
15113:Belarus
15088:Romania
15031:Vietnam
15006:Hungary
14988:Finland
14983:Denmark
14978:Croatia
14941:Belgium
14924:Estonia
14902:Albania
14536:Italian
14376:Fiction
14305:History
14296:History
14117:Réunion
14012:Battles
13927:Militia
13871:Regular
13584:affairs
13461:Senegal
13436:Dahomey
13409:Tunisia
13404:Morocco
13330:Revivre
13274:Combats
13246:L'Appel
12663:Prelude
12654:Ukraine
12609:Denmark
12604:Croatia
12599:Belarus
12589:Albania
12535:website
12383:2 April
12346:(1993).
12334:(1969).
12169:].
12143:Pétain.
11898:1356008
11778:(2000)
11613:(ed.).
11420:(2013)
11408:28 July
11240:(1995)
11223:(2009)
11210:(2004)
11179:(2005)
11070:English
9859:17 July
8528:27 July
8411:, p. 71
7863:20 July
6900:18 June
6786:(2001).
6710:gouv.fr
6083:Arletty
5534:Algiers
5384:Economy
5194:roundup
5012:Gestapo
4925:(CGQJ,
4818:scholar
4714:, the "
4579:winner
4442:, near
4232:French
4025:behind:
3768:Tunisia
3764:Algeria
3760:Morocco
3691:Lebanon
3538:Senegal
3355:In the
3346:Tuscany
3199:, as a
3161:in 1941
2619:Lebanon
2605:Algeria
2571:capotes
2456:de jure
2260:patriot
2147:Gaulish
2113:liberal
2101:fascist
1972:), the
1797:Italian
1488:during
1377:Judaism
1315:Economy
1294:present
990:843–987
979:751–987
969:481–751
950:Francia
884:Ancient
826:de jure
625:•
612:•
597:•
584:•
567:•
554:•
336:Capital
320:Germany
207:Anthem:
20784:Portal
20684:Cinema
20664:Anthem
20636:Racism
20614:People
20508:Mining
20483:Energy
20318:Rivers
20283:Cities
20215:May 68
19786:topics
19783:France
19643:Debate
19615:Taipei
19608:Borneo
19186:Tarawa
18373:Europe
18334:Africa
18123:Poland
18109:Norway
18088:Malaya
18067:Latvia
18009:Greece
17995:France
17891:Sweden
17856:Bhutan
17577:Poland
17563:Norway
17535:Mexico
17502:Greece
17488:France
17426:Canada
17407:Brazil
17377:Allies
17323:Serbia
17312:Poland
17085:Poland
17071:Baltic
16864:Europe
16566:Topics
16518:Allied
16346:Monaco
16275:Norway
16196:Serbia
16166:Greece
16161:France
16139:Exiled
16040:Greece
16035:France
15932:Serbia
15927:Poland
15917:Greece
15898:France
15775:Alsace
15756:German
15708:Warsaw
15698:Lublin
15693:Kraków
15589:Venice
15524:Vienna
15514:Styria
15367:Swabia
15352:Saxony
15252:Berlin
15145:Taiwan
15093:Serbia
15083:Poland
15073:Norway
15063:Malaya
15001:Greece
14996:France
14956:Ceylon
14929:Latvia
14531:German
14366:Uranus
14110:Toulon
13949:Milice
13864:Forces
13811:Vernet
13756:Milles
13746:Drancy
13582:Jewish
13558:Tonkin
13446:Guinea
13234:Press:
12639:Serbia
12634:Poland
12629:Norway
12619:Greece
12614:France
12441:
12431:
12412:
12402:
12376:
12308:
12298:
12269:
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