Ugarit - Knowledge

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The site is currently a military port and unavailable for excavation. Its name in the Late Bronze Age is believed to have been Maʾḫadu. Archaeological excavations carried out on the southern side of the bay, now reduced in size due to alluvial fill, unveiled remnants of a settlement established in the 14th century BC, and perhaps earlier, in the late 15th century. This port town, featuring an urban layout akin to the city of Ugarit, displays irregular street formations. Dwellings were structured around courtyards with adjacent rooms, including provisions like wells, ovens, and occasionally subterranean tombs. Besides residential spaces and shrines, warehouses were present for storing diverse goods earmarked for import or export. One of them was discovered still housing eighty shipping jars that remain remarkably intact.

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bilingual lexicons, implying the building's use as a center for scribe training. Its proximity to the primary temples and the discovery of bronze tools, particularly four small adzes and a dedicated hoe, hints at its potential role as the residence of the city's chief priest. Among a cache of seventy-four bronze items uncovered beneath a doorway threshold inside the house, was an elegant tripod adorned with pomegranate-shaped pendants.

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regular excavation which has continued to the present by a Syrian-French team led by A. Bounni and J. Lagarce. Occupation began in the mid-13th century BC. Abandoned along with Ugarit, it was re-occupied in the Hellenistic period, including the construction of a defensive fortress. A "royal palace", elite housing, and tombs were found. About 169 cuneiform tablets, most in the Ugaritic language, were also found.

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end of the site by the Nahr Chbayyeb river. The southern slope of the tell is covered by orange groves, preventing excavation. A brief investigation of a looted tomb at the necropolis of Minet el-Beida was conducted by Léon Albanèse in 1928, who then examined the main mound of Ras Shamra. Beginning in 1929 excavations of Ugarit were conducted by a French team called the Mission de Ras Shamra led by archaeologist

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records—particularly from the south-central archives of the palace—and examples of practice writing by young scribes. Below ground, beneath two northern rooms, lay family tombs—three large chambers constructed with corbelled vaults—found devoid of any contents. The vanished upper floor likely accommodated the private quarters of the royal family, accessed via twelve staircases.

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The site is thought to have been largely evacuated before it was burned (resulting in a thick ash layer) and destroyed as few valuables were found in the residences or in the southern palace. About 130 cuneiform tablets were found in the northern palace. After the destruction the site was occupied by

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to the grandeur found in the palace within Ugarit's walls. The palace was well constructed, predominantly crafted from stone, with preserved ashlar blocks reaching heights of up to 4 meters. Wooden crossbeams were also incorporated, inserted into slots within the stone masonry. A thick layer of plain

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from the mid-14th century BCE were written in Ugarit. Most of the letters were broken and their reading proved difficult, but some information was recovered. The population of Ugarit in this period is estimated to be between 7,000 and 8,000 individuals. The kingdom of Ugarit controlled about 2,000 km

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Apart from royal correspondence with neighboring Bronze Age monarchs, Ugaritic literature from tablets found in the city's libraries include mythological texts written in a poetic narrative, letters, legal documents such as land transfers, a few international treaties, and a number of administrative

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One of the two ports of ancient Ugarit (the other, Ra’šu, is unlocated but suggested to be Ras Ibn Hani) was located 1.5 kilometers west of the main city, at the natural harbor of Minet el Beida (Arabic for "White Harbor"). The 28 hectare site was excavated between 1929 and 1935 by Claude Schaeffer.

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Two nearby areas, Ras Ibn Hani and Minet el Beida, parts of the city of Ugarit, have also been excavated. Ras Ibn Hani, on a promontory overlooking the Mediterranean 5 kilometers south of the city, was discovered during commercial construction in 1977. Salvage excavation occurred in 1977 followed by

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Another significant structure within the Acropolis was the House of the High Priest, situated west of the Temple of Dagan. This large, two-story residence, largely well-constructed, contained tablets containing mythological poems. Some tablets demonstrated writing exercises and included syllabic and

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The Acropolis, positioned in the Ugarit's northeastern section, housed the city's primary temples dedicated to Baal and his father, Dagan. Though the existing remnants date to the Late Bronze Age, these temples might have their origins in the Middle Bronze Age. Stelai discovered in this area portray

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The French excavation, now the Mission Archeologique Frangaise de Ras Shamra-Ougarit, resumed in 1950, led again by Claude Schaeffer until 1970. At that point, directorship passed to Jean Margueron. After 44 excavation seasons all of the numerous finds and their findspots were collated. In 2005 the

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Both temples are composed of a pronaos (porch) and a naos (sanctuary proper), aligned from north-northeast to south-southwest. The Temple of Dagan has 4–5-meter-thick foundation walls. Remnants of the Temple of Baal encompass sections of an enclosing wall, a likely courtyard altar, monumental steps

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The site covers an area of about 28 hectares with a maximum height of 20 meters at the top of the acropolis. The site is surrounded by a city wall with one known fortified gate, though four gates are believed to have existed. Since the Late Bronze Age about 50 meters have been eroded from the north

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So you had written to me: “Could I not have demanded my needs the Great King, the king of Egypt, my lord? I demand this request: the land of Ugarit there is a severe hunger (bi-ru-ú dan-niš): May my lord save , and may the king give grain (ZÍZ.AN.MEŠ) to save my life … and to save the citizens of

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Sauvage, Caroline, and Christine Lorre, ed., "Discovering the kingdom of Ugarit (Syria of the 2nd millennium). C.F.A. Schaeffer's excavations at Minet el-Beida and Ras Shamra (1929‒1937)", (Austrian Academy of Sciences Press (Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 7), 2023

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Thus Kušmešuša, king of Alašiya, say to Niqmaddu, king of Ugarit, my son. All is well with me, my households, my countries, my wives, my sons, my troops, my horses and my chariots.… In exchange of the gift which you had sent me, I sent to you thirty-three (ingots of) copper; their weight is thirty

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Early in the excavations a partial text of the Ugarit King List, in Ugaritic, was found. Later, complete renditions in Akkadian were discovered. They list twenty six rulers, all deified. Only the later rulers are supported by texts or known synchronisms. Given that Ugarit was abandoned between the

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was found in the destruction levels, 1190 BC was taken as the date for the beginning of the LH IIIC. A cuneiform tablet found in 1986 shows that Ugarit was destroyed sometime after the death of Merneptah (1203 BC). It is generally agreed that Ugarit had already been destroyed by the eighth year of

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To the king, my lord say, thus Ammurapi, your servant.… I wrote you twice, thrice, s regarding the enemy! … May my lord know that now the enemy forces are stationed at Ra’šu, and their avant-guard forces were sent to Ugarit. Now may my lord send me forces and chariots, and may my lord save me from

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faced by many Near Eastern states due to attacks. At this time Ugarit possessed a large army and navy and both joined with Hittite forces to try and stem the oncoming enemy, eventually having to fall back from Anatolia to the Syrian border. Ammurapi's response to an appeal for assistance from the

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Robert Hawley, "On the Alphabetic Scribal Curriculum at Ugarit", Robert D. Biggs, Jennie Myers, and Martha T. Roth, eds., in Proceedings of the 51st Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Held at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, July 18–22, 2005, Studies in Ancient Oriental

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was found on the surface of the tell. While it traditionally has been assumed that syllabic texts are in the Akkadian language and alphabetic texts are in Ugaritic it has been suggested that much of the syllabic writing, especially in administrative documents, is actually in "a jargon where an

1050:. A fortress protecting the latter area was excavated, with the earliest elements dating back to the Middle Bronze Age. To the west of that lies the modern village of Ras Shamra. There were densely populated residential areas to the east of the Royal Zone and on the southern slope of the tell. 2517:

Sauvage, Caroline, and Christine Lorre, ed., "À la découverte du royaume d'Ougarit (Syrie du IIe millénaire). Les fouilles de C.F.A. Schaeffer à Minet el-Beida et Ras Shamra (1929‒1937)", Austrian Academy of Sciences Press (Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 7,

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Al-Maqdissi, Michel, Yves Calvet, Valérie Matoïan, Khozama Al-Bahloul, Christophe Benech, Jean-Claude Bessac, Éric Coqueugniot, et al., "Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Activités De La Mission Syro-Française De Ras Shamra-Ougarit En 2007 et 2008 (67e Et 68e Campagnes)", Syria 87, pp. 21–51,

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The Royal Palace was constructed over several major phases between the 15th and 13th centuries BC. It comprised rooms arranged around courtyards, encompassing 6,500 square meters before the city's destruction in the early 12th century BC. A tablet from the 14th century BC found in the

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depicting Baal holding a club aloft, portrayed in a typical Near Eastern and Egyptian artistic style as well as a stela bearing a dedication to Baal of Sapan. Numerous statues, stelai—some offered by Egyptians—and sixteen stone anchors were found as votive offerings in this vicinity.

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Cohen, Yoram, et al., "The “Hunger Years” and the “Sea Peoples”: preliminary observations on the recently published letters from the “house of Urtenu” Archive at Ugarit", Ve-‘Ed Ya’aleh (Gen 2: 6): Essays in Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Edward L, pp. 47-61,

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Archaeological findings within the ruins have included a variety of artifacts including ivory carvings, stone stele, figurines, and numerous tablets. These tablets were discovered in archives located across the palace; their contents encompass reports on outlying regions, judicial

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Nougayrol, Jean, Laroche, Emmanuel, Virolleaud, Charles and Schaeffer, Claude F.-A. (eds.), "Ugaritica V. Nouveaux textes accadiens, hourrites et ugaritiques des archives et bibliothèques privées d’Ugarit, commentaires des textes historiques", Mission de Ras Shamra 16, Paris,

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Sauvage, Caroline, "Nouvelle réflexion sur le "dépôt aux 80 jarres" de Minet el-Beida", De l'île d'Aphrodite au Paradis perdu, itinéraire d'un gentilhomme lyonnais. En hommage à Yves Calvet, hrsg. v. Bernard Geyer, Valérie Matoïan (Ras Shamra - Ougarit 22)., pp. 63-76,

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By excavating the highest levels of the city's ruins, archaeologists have studied various attributes of Ugaritic civilization just before their destruction and compared artifacts with those of nearby cultures to help establish dates. Ugarit contained many caches of

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Al-Maqdissi, Michel, Khozama Bahloul, Olivier Callot, Yves Calvet, Valérie Matoïan, and Caroline Sauvage, "Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Activités De La Mission Syro-Française De Ras Shamra-Ougarit en 2005 et 2006 (65e et 66e Campagnes)", Syria 84, pp. 33–55,

1085:. This area of the tell was under military control at the time and about 100 tablets were found in the rubble from military construction. Later excavation found several hundred tablets in the actual home. One tablet mentions the enthronement of Kassite ruler 1846:

Helène Whittaker, "Mycenaean cult buildings : a study of their architecture and function in the context of the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean", Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens, v. 1. Bergen: Norwegian Institute at Athens, 1997

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As for the matter concerning those enemies: (it was) the people from your country (and) your own ships (who) did this! And (it was) the people from your country (who) committed these transgression(s) ... I am writing to inform you and protect you. Be

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H. H. Hardy II, Joseph Lam, and Eric D. Reymond, eds, "'Like 'Ilu Are You Wise': Studies in Northwest Semitic Languages and Literatures in Honor of Dennis G. Pardee", Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 73, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2022

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Kemp, Luke, and Eric H. Cline, "Systemic Risk and Resilience: The Bronze Age Collapse and Recovery", in: Adam Izdebski, John Haldon, and Piotr Filipkowski (eds.), Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises, Springer, pp. 207-223,

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leading to the elevated pronaos and naos, and another presumed altar within the naos. The temple was destroyed, possibly by an earthquake, in the mid 13th century and not rebuilt. The Temple of Dagan was also destroyed at that time but was rebuilt.

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My father, behold, the enemy's ships came (here); my cities(?) were burned, and they did evil things in my country. Does not my father know that all my troops and chariots(?) are in the Land of Hatti, and all my ships are in the Land of

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Bretschneider, Joachim, Jan Driessen, and Athanasia Kanta, "Cyprus and Ugarit at the end of the Late Bronze Age: insights from Pyla-Kokkinokremos", Ougarit, un anniversaire: bilans et recherches en cours, Vol. 28. Peeters, pp. 607-638,

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From the late 13th century into the early 12th century BC, the entire region, based on contemporary texts, including Hititte areas, the Levant, and the eastern Mediterranean, faced severe and widespread food shortages, potentially from

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Vita, Juan-Pablo,Pierre Bordreuil, Dennis Pardee et Carole Roche-Hawley, "Ras Ibn Hani II. Les textes en écritures cunéiformes de l’âge du Bronze récent (fouilles 1977 à 2022)" Syria. Archéologie, art et histoire, 2023

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The city reached its golden age between 1500 BC and 1200 BC, when it ruled a trade-based coastal kingdom, trading with Egypt, Cyprus, the Aegean (primarily Crete), Syria, the Hittites, cities of the Levant (including

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When your messenger arrived, the army was humiliated and the city was sacked. Our food in the threshing floors was burnt and the vineyards were also destroyed. Our city is sacked. May you know it! May you know it!

618:. Ugarit received a number of desperate pleas for food from other realms. The food shortage eventually reached Ugarit, previously a major supplier and transporter of food supplies. A letter from Egyptian pharaoh 2822:

Buck, Mary Ellen, "The Amorite dynasty of Ugarit: The historical origins of the Bronze age polity of Ugarit based upon linguistic, literary, and archaeological evidence", Disertation, The University of Chicago,

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Contenson, Henri de, Jacques-Claude Courtois, Élisabeth Lagarce, Jacques Lagarce, and Rolf Stucky, "La XXXIIIe Campagne de Fouilles a Ras Shamra En 1972. Rapport Préliminaire", Syria 50, no. 3/4, pp. 283–309,

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Cylinder seal, steatite, representing a warrior holding a head stuck on a pike, and various figures: winged disc, lioness, twist, bust of a man, globules, caprids around a tree, hand, etc. From Minet el-Beida

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Based on archaeological soundings, the site was occupied beginning in the eighth millennium BC. Essentially all archaeology has focused on the Late Bronze levels, so little is known about earlier occupation.

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as ʔ, B, G, D, H, W, Z, Ḥ, Ṭ, Y, K, L, M, N, S, ʕ, P, Ṣ, Q, R, Š, T) shows strong similarities between the two, suggesting that the Phoenician and Ugaritic systems were not wholly independent inventions. A

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After its destruction in the early 12th century BC, Ugarit's location was forgotten until 1928 when a peasant accidentally opened an old tomb while plowing a field. At that time the region was part of the

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Smith, Mark S. and Wayne Pitard, "The Ugaritic Baal Cycle: Volume 2. Introduction with Text, Translation and Commentary of KTU 1.3–1.4", Vetus Testament Supplement series, volume 114; Leiden: Brill, 2008

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Contenson, Henri de, Jacques-Claude Courtois, Élisabeth Lagarce, Jacques Lagarce, and Rolf Stucky, "La XXXIVe Campagne de Fouilles a Ras Shamra En 1973 Rapport Préliminaire", Syria 51, no. 1/2, pp. 1–30,

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language. A few scribes are known to have worked in both writing systems. A number of archives were found, the largest being that of the household of Urtēnu, a merchant with trading ties as far afield as

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and then, with the Hititte collapse, directly under Karkemiš. Diplomatic relations with Egypt continued, as evidenced by two letters send by Niqmaddu II (EA49) and his wife Ḫeba (EA48), probably sent to

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Barber, E. J.W., "Dyes", in Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 223-244, 1991

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Claude F. A. Schaeffer et al., Le Palais Royal D'Ugarit III: Textes Accadiens et Hourrites Des Archives Est, Ouest et Centrales, Two Volumes (Mission De Ras Shamra Tome VI), Imprimerie Nationale, 1955.

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Dennis Pardee, "The Ugaritic Alphabetic Cuneiform Writing System in the Context of Other Alphabetic Systems", Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, Oriental Institute, vol. 60, pp. 181–200, 2007

1756: 2833:, "Ugaritic Religion", Iconography of Religions, Section XV: Mesopotamia and the Near East; Fascicle 8; Institute of Religious Iconography, State University Groningen; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1980. 2236:

Calvet, Yves, "Ugarit: The Kingdom and the City—Urban Features", Ugarit at Seventy-Five, edited by K. Lawson Younger Jr., University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 101-112, 2007

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Smith, Mark S., "The Ugaritic Baal Cycle: Volume 1. Introduction with Text, Translation and Commentary of KTU 1.1–1.2", Vetus Testamentum Supplements series, volume 55; Leiden: Brill, 1994

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Yon, Marguerite, A. Caubet, J. Mallet, P. Lombard, C. Doumet, and P. Desfarges, "Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ougarit 1981-1983 (41e, 42e et 43e Campagnes)", Syria 60, no. 3/4, pp. 201–24, 1983

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Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit. Quinzième, Seizième et Dix-Septième Campagnes (1951, 1952 et 1953). Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 31, no. 1/2, pp. 14–67, 1954

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Artifacts discovered in the port indicate the predominance of native Ugaritians within the local populace, accompanied by a significant presence of various foreign communities such as

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Curtis, A. H., "Ras Shamra, Minet el-Beida and Ras Ibn Hani: The Material Sources", In Wilfred G. E. Watson and Nicolas Wyatt (ed) Handbook of Ugaritic studies, Brill, pp. 5-27, 1999

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Boyes, Philip J., "The Impact and Legacy of Alphabetic Cuneiform", Script and Society: The Social Context of Writing Practices in Late Bronze Age Ugarit, Oxbow Books, pp. 261–76, 2021

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which acted as the lingua franca throughout the region for diplomacy, business, and administrative purposes. In parallel, there was scribal activity in the local Northwest Semitic

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Schmidt, B., "A Re-evaluation of the Ugaritic King List", in Ugarit, Reli-gion, and Culture. Edited by N. Wyatt, W. Watson, and J. Lloyd, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, pp. 289–304, 1996

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Boyes, Philip J., "Social Change in Late Bronze Age Ugarit", Script and Society: The Social Context of Writing Practices in Late Bronze Age Ugarit, Oxbow Books, pp. 225–44, 2021

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Kinet, Dirk, "Ugarit – Geschichte und Kultur einer Stadt in der Umwelt des Alten Testaments", Stuttgarter Bibelstudien vol. 104. Stuttgart: Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk, 1981,

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Yon, Marguerite, "Artifacts Illustrating Official and Everyday Life", The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 123-172, 2006

742:, the last ruler of Ugarit. Bay was in office from approximately 1194–1190 BC. This sets an upper limit on the destruction date of Ugarit. It is important to remember that the 9159: 2419:

Courtois, Jacques-Claude, "Ugarit Grid, Strata, and Find-Localizations: A Re-Assessment", Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-), vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 97–114, 1974

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Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Sharma-Ugarit: Dixième et Onzième Campagnes (Automne et Hiver 1938-39). Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 277–95, 1939

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tablets inside of libraries that contained a wealth of valuable information. The destruction levels of the ruin contained Late Helladic IIIB pottery ware, but no LH IIIC (see

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Wyatt, Nicolas, "Religious texts from Ugarit: the worlds of Ilimilku and his colleagues", The Biblical Seminar, volume 53. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998

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Yon, Marguerite, "Ugarit: The Urban Habitat The Present State of the Archaeological Picture", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 286, pp. 19–34, 1992

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Yon, Marguerite, "Introduction: History of Excavations", The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2006, pp. 7-8, 2006

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Yon, Marguerite, A. Caubet, J. Mallet, and Patrick Desfarges, "Ras Shamra-Ougarit, 38, 39 et 40e Campagnes (1978, 1979 et 1980)", Syria 59, no. 3/4, pp. 169–97, 1982

730:(1178 BC). Recent radiocarbon work, combined with other historical dates and the eclipse of January 21, 1192, indicates a destruction date between 1192 and 1190 BC. 2527:

Hawley, Robert, Pardee, Dennis and Roche-Hawley, Carole, "The Scribal Culture of Ugarit", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 229-267, 2016

2978:. The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory: an online catalog of inscribed objects from Ras Shamra-Ugarit produced at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 2178:

Arnaud (D.), "Prolégomènes à la rédaction d’une histoire d’Ougarit, II: Les borderaux de rois divi-nisés", Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 41/2, pp. 155–73, 1999

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excavation became a joint French and Syrian effort led by Valérie Matoïan and Khozama Al-Bahloul. These continued until being ended due to the Syrian Civil War.

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Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K, Boiy T, Vansteenhuyse K, et al., "The Sea Peoples, from Cuneiform Tablets to Carbon Dating.", PLoS ONE 6(6), 2011

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Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit. Neuvième Campagne (Printemps 1937): Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 193–255, 1938

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Albright, W. F., and William L. Moran, "Rib-Adda of Byblos and the Affairs of Tyre (EA 89)", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 163–68, 1950

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Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit: Neuvième Campagne (Printemps 1937). Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 313–34, 1938

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Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit Huitième Campagne (Printemps 1936): Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 125–54, 1937

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Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit. Septième Campagne (Printemps 1935) Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 105–49, 1936

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Claude F. A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit. Sixième Campagne (Printemps 1934). Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 141–76, 1935

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Schaeffer, C. F. A., "Les fouilles de Minet-el-Beida et de Ras Shamra. Troisieme campagne (printemps 1931). Rapport sommaire", Syria 13, pp. 1-27, 1932

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Yon, Marguerite, "Description of the Tell", The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 27-122, 2006

3014: 1904:

Yon, Marguerite, "Geography and History", in The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 9-26, 2006

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Claude F. A. Schaeffer, The Cuneiform Texts of Ras Shamra-Ugarit: The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy 1937, Periodicals Service Co., 1986.

5853: 2914:

Saadé, Gabriel, "Ougarit et son royaume. Des origines à sa destruction", Bibliothèque archéologique et historique, vol. 193. Beyrouth: IFPO, 2011

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North, Robert, "Ugarit Grid, Strata, and Find-Localizations", Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-), vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 113–60, 1973

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Loretz, Oswald, "Ugarit und die Bibel. Kanaanäische Götter und Religion im Alten Testament", Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1990

661:? ... Thus, the country is abandoned to itself. May my father know it: the seven ships of the enemy that came here inflicted much damage upon us. 5291: 2398:

Yon, Marguerite, J. Gachet, P. Lombard, and J. Mallet, "Fouilles de La 48e Campagne (1988) à Ras Shamra-Ougarit", Syria 67, no. 1, pp. 1–29, 1990

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Numerous cuneiform tablets have been found. By the Late Bronze age Ugarit had a thriving dual-scribal system. Primarily it used the East Semitic

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Yon (M.), "Ougarit et le port de Mahadou–Minet el-Beida", in Res Maritimae, ed. S. Swiny, R. Hoh-felder, and L. Swiny, Atlanta, pp. 357–69, 1997

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Astour, Michael C., "Maʾḫadu, the Harbor of Ugarit", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 113–27, 1970

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Yon, Marguerite, J. Gachet, and P. Lombard, "Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ougarit 1984-1987 (44e-47e Campagnes)", Syria 64, no. 3/4, pp. 171–91,1987

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Schaeffer, C. F. A., "Nouvelles Campagnes de Fouilles à Ras Shamra-Ugarit (IX-X : 1938-1939)", Revue Archéologique, vol. 14, pp. 67–69, 1939

1950:

Garr, W. Randall, "A Population Estimate of Ancient Ugarit", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 266, pp. 31–43, 1987

5509: 5505: 5213: 1089:(c. 1223 BC) whose rule lasted less than a year, allowing a tight synchronism. The latest datable text was from the reign of Kassite ruler 1863: 8918: 5956: 5763: 5334: 5297: 5263: 4838: 4834: 4167: 2021:

The El-Amarna Correspondence: A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of El-Amarna based on Collations of all Extant Tablets

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The El-Amarna Correspondence: A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of El-Amarna based on Collations of all Extant Tablets

2817:

Bourdreuil, P., "Une bibliothèque au sud de la ville : Les textes de la 34e campagne (1973)", in Ras Shamra-Ougarit, 7, Paris, 1991

8562: 5121: 4965: 4830: 4826: 4107: 2080: 596: 1913:

Heltzer, M., "The Metal Trade of Ugarit and the Problem of Transportation of Commercial Goods", Iraq, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 203–11, 1977

1064: 643:. The exact dates of his reign are unknown. However, a letter by the king is preserved, in which Ammurapi stresses the seriousness of 9139: 5849: 5845: 5759: 5556: 4313: 2952:

Smith, Mark S., "Beginnings: 1928–1945", in Untold Stories. The Bible and Ugaritic Studies in the Twentieth Century, p. 13-49, 1991

2618:

Pitard, Wayne T., "The ‘Libation Installations’ of the Tombs at Ugarit", The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 20–37, 1994

9114: 5960: 5217: 3970: 1276:

simple residences, termed a village by the excavators. Aegean style pottery and loom weights were found in this Iron Age I level.

758:

Middle and Late Bronze Ages it is thought that the earliest names on the list were more on the order of tribal chiefs than kings.

2866: 2333:

Schaeffer, C. F. A., "Note Additionnelle Sur Les Fouilles Dans Le Palais Nord d’Ugarit", Syria, vol. 49, no. 1/2, pp. 27–33, 1972

2362:

Margueron, Jean, "Ras Shamra 1975 et 1976 Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Campagnes d'Automne", Syria 54, no. 3/4, pp. 151–88, 1977

2092:

Astour, Michael C., "New Evidence on the Last Days of Ugarit", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 253–58, 1965

1176:

or name these gods, affirming their identification for the respective cults. Within the Temple of Baal, discoveries include the

5363: 5117: 5097: 1517:

in appearance, the letters bear no relation to Mesopotamian cuneiform signs; instead, they appear to be somehow related to the

5070: 4779: 749:

A large number of arrowheads were recovered from the destruction level in 2021. Their typology has not been published as yet.

9072: 9025: 8995: 2931: 2919: 2874: 2660: 2598: 2028: 1978: 1935: 1831: 1804: 1766: 968: 964: 223: 1998:

van Soldt, Wilfred. H., "Ugarit as a Hittite Vassal State", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 198-207, 2010

1895:

Boyes, Philip J., "Script and Society: The social context of writing practices in Late Bronze Age Ugarit", Oxbow Books, 2021

2554:

Schaeffer C. F. A., "Nouvelles découvertes à Ras Shamra-Ugarit et à Enkomi-Alasia (Chypre) en 1953", CRAI, pp. 97‑106, 1954

2545:

Lackenbacher, S./F. Malbran-Labat, "Lettres en akkadien de la “Maison d’Urtēnu”: fouilles de 1994 (RSOu. 23)", Leuven, 2016

674:

At the end Ammurapi begs for forces from the Hittite viceroy at Carchemish, the enemy having captured Ugarit's other port,

9134: 7319: 4814: 4666: 4523: 3674: 2680:

Schaeffer, F. A., "The French Excavations at Minet el Beida and Ras Shamra in Syria", Antiquity, 4(16), pp. 460-466, 1930

2151:

Vidal, Jordi, "The Origins of the Last Ugaritic Dynasty", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 168-175, 2006

1038:

A number of areas lay within the fortifications of Ugarit. In the northwest section was an acropolis with the temples of

743: 121: 9129: 7989: 5668: 3951: 2632: 1893: 2850:, "The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 BC", (Princeton University Press), 1995 2579: 1093:(c. 1186–1172 BC) about the time of the destruction of Ugarit. An example of the archive involving one ton of copper: 9149: 9144: 9119: 2957: 2944: 2909: 2895: 2884: 2855: 2841: 2803:

Bordreuil, Pierre and Pardee, Dennis, "A Manual of Ugaritic", University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2009

2783: 2706: 2581:

Kottsieper, Ingo; Neumann, Hans (ed.), Literaturkontakte Ugarits, Wurzeln und Entfaltungen, Zaphon, pp. 189-198, 2021

2496: 2241: 2204: 2101:

Rainey, A. F., "The Military Personnel of Ugarit", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 24, no. 1/2, pp. 17–27, 1965

2048: 1970: 1852: 6335: 2904:

Dennis Pardee, "Ritual and Cult at Ugarit", (Writings from the Ancient World), Society of Biblical Literature, 2002

2776: 2007: 1485: 1525:. While the letters show little or no formal similarity to the Phoenician, the standard letter order (seen in the 7983: 1720: 55: 2820: 2009:

Vita Barra, Juan Pablo, "The Hittites in the administrative texts of Ugarit", KASKAL, vol. 18, pp. 111-126, 2021

8056: 7603: 7527: 2754: 2671:

Morton, W. H., "Ras Shamra-Ugarit and Old Testament Exegesis", "Review & Expositor", 45(1), pp. 63-80, 1948

2590: 2996: 691:

sent troops to assist Ugarit, but Ugarit had been sacked. A letter sent after Ugarit had been destroyed said:

340:

period, the site was occupied from the end of the 8th millennium BC and continued as a settlement through the

8908: 8888: 8170: 8077: 8062: 7900: 7770: 7571: 7270: 6955: 4339: 3038: 8709: 8518: 8494: 7894: 6874: 3006: 8131: 7170: 6969: 6516: 6510: 4757: 4113: 3895: 3669: 2643:

Bounni (A.) and Lagarce (E. and J.), "Ras Ibn Hani I: Le Palais Nord du Bronze Récent", BAH, Beirut, 1998

2133:

Freu J, "La tablette RS 86.2230 et la phase finale du Royaume d’Ugarit", Syria, vol. 65, pp.395–398, 1988

1632: 1557: 1513:" around 1400 BC: 30 letters, corresponding to sounds, were inscribed on clay tablets. Although they are 8758: 8614: 8377: 8068: 7878: 7224: 6886: 6854: 6848: 5055: 3050: 2120: 1556:

is attested to in texts from the 14th through the 12th century BC. Ugaritic is usually classified as a

17: 717:). Therefore, the date of the destruction of Ugarit is crucial for the dating of the LH IIIC phase in 8895: 8503: 8389: 8371: 8221: 7883: 7747: 7448: 7263: 6160: 2836:

Cornelius, Izak & Niehr, Herbert, "Götter und Kulte in Ugarit", Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2004,

2778:

Stanislav Segert, "A basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language: with selected texts and glossary", 1984

1725: 1617: 1253: 1237: 1147:

plaster covered the walls. To the west of the palace was a set aside 10,000 square meter Royal Zone.

410:

In the Middle Bronze, evidence indicate that Ugarit had contacts with the Egyptian Middle Kingdom. A

488:(1351–1334 BC). The former includes a request from the Egyptian king to send a physician to Ugarit. 8881: 8526: 8523: 8446: 8416: 8359: 8345: 7751: 6735: 6473: 5890: 5674: 4517: 2473:

Charles Virolleaud, "Les Inscriptions Cunéiformes de Ras Shamra", Syria, vol. 10, pp. 304–310, 1929

1730: 1640: 1531: 1418: 6728: 430:

have also been found. However, it is unclear at what time these monuments were brought to Ugarit.

9124: 8541: 8469: 8443: 8419: 8413: 8398: 8310: 8246: 8211: 8155: 8104: 7677: 6154: 5935: 5680: 4988: 4446: 3153: 2936: 1797:

Ancient cities: the archaeology of urban life in the ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome

982:

Archaeologists have defined a number of occupation strata at the site based on the excavations:

471:(1388–1351 BC) expresses warm diplomatic relations between the two. During the reign of his son 398:), the coastal city at the southern edge of the Ugarit kingdom was also destroyed at this time. 8704: 8694: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8434: 8425: 8368: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8333: 8324: 8252: 8249: 8240: 8140: 8119: 7733: 7507: 7439: 7349: 7093: 7087: 6568: 6023: 5882: 5447: 5228: 4768: 4742: 4702: 4345: 4118: 2863:

Gregorio Del Olmo Lete, "Canaanite Religion: According to the Liturgical Texts of Ugarit", 2004

2160:

Aboud, J., "Die Rolle des Königs und seiner Familie nach den Texten von Ugarit", Münster, 1994

2131: 1735: 1326: 1116: 1103: 1047: 940: 9015: 5321: 4350: 1107:

Akkadian dialect is hard to detect given the great amount of Ugaritic elements it contained".

328:. Its ruins are often called Ras Shamra (also Ras Shamrah) after the headland where they lie. 9064:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

8985: 8948: 8870: 8747: 8407: 8383: 8339: 8327: 8321: 8318: 8273: 8267: 8243: 8208: 8164: 8152: 8149: 8146: 8134: 8128: 8116: 8110: 7929: 7839: 7836: 7827: 7390: 5467: 3699: 3647: 3296: 1428: 1177: 9062: 8914: 4727: 3262: 1961: 8315: 8264: 8173: 8167: 8137: 7739: 7692: 7680: 7504: 7445: 7069: 6963: 6786: 6313: 5461: 4982: 4399: 3771: 3765: 3311: 3178: 1878: 1631:

similar to those found in other Northwest Semitic languages. The word order in Ugaritic is

1518: 1478: 889: 386:

until its destruction in c. 1185 BC; this destruction was possibly caused by the purported

7776: 1121: 8: 8820: 8675: 8380: 8330: 8255: 8205: 8158: 8143: 8122: 7821: 7807: 7695: 7628: 7451: 7342: 7284: 7048: 6721: 6561: 6280: 6085: 5902: 5715: 5031: 4242: 3834: 3796: 3642: 2860:

Gordon, Cyrus H., "The Poetic Literature of Ugarit", Orientalia, vol. 12, pp. 31–75, 1943

2043:

Moran, William L., "The Amarna Letters", Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992

1636: 1569: 1526: 1522: 1249: 790:

Known only from a damaged seal that mentions "Yaqarum, son of Niqmaddu, king of Ugarit".

780:

Known only from a damaged seal that mentions "Yaqarum, son of Niqmaddu, king of Ugarit".

644: 608: 391: 321: 200: 98: 959:. Excavations have since revealed a city with a prehistory reaching back to c. 6000 BC. 9046: 8860: 8737: 8298: 8237: 8231: 7759: 7723: 7636: 7617: 7513: 7510: 7463: 7429: 7426: 7381: 7072: 7057: 7042: 6718: 6715: 6706: 6465: 5640: 5368: 4641: 4494: 4411: 4214: 3885: 1643:(NG) (first element dependent on the function and second always in genitive case); and 1628: 1613: 1265: 1086: 7516: 3203: 9068: 9021: 8991: 8284: 8258: 8234: 8216: 8016: 7937: 7845: 7714: 7686: 7501: 7469: 7460: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7384: 7372: 7287: 7208: 7060: 7054: 7021: 7015: 6586: 6459: 6323: 6145: 5871: 5470: 5464: 5272: 5240: 4785: 3994: 3900: 3875: 3583: 3058: 2953: 2940: 2927: 2915: 2905: 2891: 2880: 2870: 2851: 2837: 2779: 2702: 2656: 2628: 2594: 2492: 2237: 2200: 2044: 2024: 1974: 1966: 1931: 1848: 1827: 1800: 1762: 1703: 1581: 1553: 1543: 1510: 1504: 1403: 1257: 1184: 1073: 975:. Work continued until 1939 when it was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. 390:, or an internal struggle. The kingdom would be one of the many that fell during the 353: 301: 6448: 352:

that Ugarit experienced significant growth, culminating in the establishment of the

8944: 8856: 8802: 8733: 8720: 8699: 8664: 8513: 8301: 8270: 8125: 8101: 7869: 7866: 7860: 7815: 7708: 7689: 7683: 7639: 7622: 7466: 7457: 7454: 7378: 7375: 7213: 7098: 6685: 5775: 5709: 5697: 5390: 4937: 4227: 3910: 3880: 3854: 3684: 3462: 3425: 1989:

Yaron, R., "A Royal Divorce at Ugarit", Orientalia, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 21–31, 1963

1589: 1547: 1514: 1413: 1068:

Text of Law in Akkadian by King Niqmepa with dynastic seal Ras Shamra Louvre Museum

731: 714: 376: 262: 109: 3962: 2901:

Owen, David, "An Akkadian Letter from Ugarit at Tel Aphek", Tel Aviv 8: 1–17, 1981

2536:

Atwood, Roger, "The Ugarit Archives", Archaeology, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 24–31, 2021

9109: 8865: 8851: 8826: 8779: 8742: 8728: 8552: 8401: 8354: 8261: 8226: 8098: 8093: 8021: 7995: 7851: 7726: 7720: 7705: 7698: 7652: 7642: 7475: 7420: 7414: 7411: 7357: 7305: 7141: 7075: 7063: 7051: 7039: 7024: 7003: 6922: 6826: 6823: 6797: 6712: 6691: 6679: 6646: 6640: 6610: 6532: 6342: 5694: 5649: 5603: 5597: 5587: 5377: 4477: 4455: 4222: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3865: 3225: 3116: 2970: 2830: 1679: 1471: 1453: 718: 640: 349: 189: 83: 8904: 4142: 2939:, Joel H. Hunt, "A primer on Ugaritic: language, culture, and literature", 2007 2826: 8763: 8307: 8200: 8089: 8042: 8003: 7946: 7848: 7784: 7702: 7661: 7655: 7645: 7633: 7417: 7405: 7393: 7313: 7202: 7156: 7066: 7036: 7000: 6864: 6709: 6688: 6682: 6673: 6625: 6595: 6577: 6552: 6540: 6452: 6309: 6180: 6031: 5893: 5887: 5790: 5782: 5718: 5691: 5655: 5488: 5255: 5252: 5153: 4561: 4326: 4232: 4209: 4101: 3946: 3846: 3679: 3436: 3346: 3306: 3286: 3138: 3078: 2652: 1660: 1438: 1316: 1311: 1220: 1131: 1090: 956: 917: 872: 820: 476: 452: 360: 325: 1010:

Stratum 7 - 1900-1750 BC - Middle Bronze '2' = RS 2/2 = UM 2 = Middle Minoan 2

226:

Henri de Contenson, Jean Margueron, Marguerite Yon, Yves Calvet, Bassam Jamous

9103: 9058: 8981: 8966: 8838: 8770: 8650: 8295: 8292: 8045: 8039: 7999: 7955: 7863: 7824: 7658: 7597: 7498: 7495: 7423: 7408: 7369: 7366: 7309: 7248: 7130: 6836: 6829: 6806: 6700: 6694: 6658: 6580: 6536: 6493: 6285: 6183: 6177: 6135: 6034: 5837: 5799: 5572: 5458: 5372: 5182: 5133: 4888: 4872: 4565: 4491: 4452: 4426: 4420: 4381: 4322: 4293: 4018: 3751: 3595: 3361: 3220: 3001: 1665: 1458: 1423: 1368: 1269: 1233: 1143: 948: 921: 863: 700: 615: 468: 427: 364: 136: 123: 5920: 3351: 2765: 438: 9011: 8808: 8686: 8620: 8538: 8529: 8460: 8386: 8289: 8033: 7934: 7857: 7711: 7667: 7547: 7472: 7432: 7363: 7360: 7354: 7293: 7245: 7233: 7147: 7124: 7117: 7033: 7027: 6997: 6809: 6781: 6763: 6754: 6703: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6389: 6359: 6165: 6077: 5974: 5911: 5859: 5688: 5413: 5348: 5338: 5249: 5200: 5085: 5065: 5061: 4846: 4710: 4570: 4550: 4503: 4462: 4249: 4204: 4053: 4038: 3850: 3842: 3563: 3557: 3431: 3414: 3390: 3321: 3257: 3068: 3036: 2847: 1380: 1344: 1321: 1201: 1059: 896: 795: 727: 675: 464: 423: 341: 1019:

Stratum 10 - 2500-2300 BC - Early Bronze 3 = RS 3/2 or III A 2 + 3; = UA 2

738:, in a tablet (RS 86.2230) found at Ras Shamra, was in communication with 375:), documented in the archives recovered from the site and corroborated by 8823: 8814: 8669: 8623: 8608: 8599: 8593: 8535: 8437: 8395: 8365: 8362: 8304: 8161: 8113: 8024: 7943: 7940: 7923: 7833: 7648: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7560: 7550: 7538: 7387: 7328: 7281: 7257: 7251: 7242: 7236: 7181: 7144: 7127: 7111: 7045: 7030: 7018: 7006: 6977: 6944: 6941: 6803: 6778: 6775: 6769: 6676: 6637: 6634: 6622: 6607: 6604: 6592: 6499: 6487: 6478: 6427: 6421: 6371: 6368: 6356: 6353: 6289: 6266: 6249: 6235: 6226: 5996: 5925: 5915: 5767: 5752: 5746: 5730: 5727: 5630: 5609: 5519: 5482: 5405: 5246: 5036: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4919: 4905: 4868: 4718: 4627: 4542: 4512: 4498: 4267: 4253: 4198: 4133: 4063: 4033: 3714: 3625: 3615: 3471: 3400: 3331: 3326: 3158: 1349: 1025:

Stratum 12 - c. 3300 BC - 'Ubayd chalcolithic = RS 4 A-B (with some RS 3)

807: 583: 548: 472: 395: 387: 5989: 2991: 2482:

Claude F. A. Schaeffer, "The Cuneiform Texts of Ras Shamra-Ugarit", 1939

1264:, bronze tools and weaponry, cylinder seals, stone weights, remnants of 1022:

Stratum 11 - c. 2800 BC - Early Bronze 1 - 2 = RS 3/1 or III B-C; = UA 1

480: 8832: 8829: 8811: 8788: 8773: 8767: 8647: 8644: 8602: 8590: 8584: 8569: 8440: 8431: 8428: 8422: 8404: 8374: 8182: 8107: 8048: 7914: 7854: 7717: 7611: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7564: 7556: 7544: 7532: 7278: 7254: 7239: 7175: 7137: 7114: 7108: 7012: 6751: 6583: 6481: 6440: 6430: 6424: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6374: 6362: 6350: 6347: 6317: 6263: 6260: 6073: 6052: 6028: 6004: 5833: 5724: 5721: 5712: 5703: 5622: 5513: 5399: 5354: 5342: 5186: 5024: 5020: 4969: 4790: 4698: 4624: 4620: 4364: 4237: 4187: 4181: 3870: 3802: 3783: 3600: 3368: 3276: 3198: 3108: 3063: 1687: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1448: 972: 952: 840: 688: 652:

highlights the desperate situation that Ugarit and other cities faced:

415: 345: 6983: 2986: 2975: 2018: 8841: 8784: 8641: 8611: 8605: 8596: 8581: 8575: 8557: 8532: 8410: 8392: 8179: 8176: 8036: 7963: 7949: 7920: 7908: 7830: 7801: 7541: 7535: 7300: 7230: 7187: 7184: 7133: 6916: 6833: 6819: 6816: 6772: 6766: 6748: 6670: 6661: 6631: 6628: 6619: 6601: 6598: 6436: 6433: 6297: 6293: 6269: 6217: 6204: 6174: 6069: 6065: 5943: 5803: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5500: 5417: 5394: 5358: 5243: 5166: 5089: 5081: 5048: 4945: 4929: 4901: 4864: 4733: 4691: 4508: 4387: 4273: 3930: 3860: 3788: 3726: 3719: 3694: 3630: 3610: 3605: 3476: 3447: 3341: 3301: 3163: 1699: 1648: 1135: 856: 722: 710: 619: 485: 411: 337: 185: 3519: 3495: 2981: 2971:

Ugarit (Tell Shamra) 1999 application for UNESCO World Heritage Site

2252:

Léon Albanèse, "Note sur Ras Shamra", Syria, vol. 10, pp.16–21, 1929

1925: 1678:

lists. Fragments of several poetic works have been identified: the "

505: 8791: 8617: 8578: 8572: 8449: 8030: 8027: 7972: 7969: 7911: 7842: 7792: 7755: 7608: 7150: 7009: 6991: 6974: 6912: 6839: 6813: 6760: 6742: 6652: 6527: 6418: 6409: 6397: 6365: 6329: 6305: 6255: 6223: 6199: 6171: 6141: 6129: 6122: 6108: 6102: 6037: 5947: 5929: 5841: 5819: 5815: 5700: 5626: 5455: 5409: 5386: 5381: 5312: 5307: 5276: 5093: 5017: 5013: 5006: 4884: 4805: 4650: 4482: 4472: 4467: 4458: 4394: 4377: 4148: 4095: 3817: 3777: 3589: 3575: 3419: 3379: 3373: 3127: 3121: 3073: 1609: 1408: 1385: 1245: 1241: 1208: 1077: 1016:

Stratum 9 - 2300-2100 BC - Early Bronze 4 = RS 3/3 or III A; = UA 3

908: 836: 816: 739: 649: 636: 632: 448: 379:

and Cypriot pottery found there. The polity was at its height from

372: 9020:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 8009: 2593:

Civilization 62, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, pp. 57-68, 2008

1260:, ivory cosmetic containers from Egypt, a terracotta depiction of 746:

and that of the ancient Egypt are not yet perfectly synchronized.

320:. At its height it ruled an area roughly equivalent to the modern 8844: 8672: 8653: 8638: 8632: 8626: 7960: 7905: 7798: 7795: 7743: 7594: 7336: 7275: 7196: 7190: 6931: 6925: 6697: 6667: 6522: 6412: 6377: 6168: 6111: 6012: 5981: 5685: 5234: 5177: 5106: 5001: 4993: 4858: 4793: 4600: 4597: 4582: 4578: 4390: 4384: 4368: 4246: 3905: 3704: 3536: 3505: 3443: 3395: 3316: 3252: 3188: 3183: 3143: 3133: 2767:, Ugaritic Range: 10380–1039F, The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1 1715: 1585: 1573: 1565: 1373: 1361: 1356: 1028:

Stratum 13 - 4000 - 3400 BC - Halaf chalcolithic = RS 4-C (4 A-B)

880: 847: 827: 735: 317: 6097: 935: 8635: 8629: 8587: 8498: 7966: 7917: 7492:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

7290: 7193: 7178: 6907: 6892: 6757: 6664: 6655: 6589: 6546: 6415: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6301: 6273: 6214: 6105: 6000: 5827: 5706: 5618: 5606: 5237: 5194: 5159: 5140: 5112: 5009: 4941: 4879: 4822: 4774: 4683: 4654: 4610: 4607: 4557: 4487: 4405: 4358: 4308: 4283: 4278: 4257: 4074: 4048: 4023: 3890: 3822: 3812: 3807: 3746: 3741: 3653: 3620: 3500: 3481: 3409: 3336: 3281: 3271: 3267: 3237: 3231: 3208: 3098: 3083: 3042: 1621: 1577: 1561: 1261: 1139: 456: 368: 367:

at times, and maintained trade and diplomatic connections with

6092: 5644: 5316: 4914: 4909: 4737: 4722: 2169:

Kitchen, Κ. Α., "The King List of Ugarit", UF 9, 131-142, 1977

1965:, Roger D. Woodard, editor. Cambridge University Press, , 2008 635:(circa 1215 to 1180 BC), was a contemporary of the last known 8835: 8817: 7332: 6938: 6919: 5985: 5896: 5867: 5794: 5526: 5190: 5077: 4996: 4924: 4801: 4797: 4679: 4617: 4613: 4574: 4361: 4303: 4298: 4288: 4261: 4043: 3756: 3736: 3731: 3709: 3659: 3635: 3541: 3529: 3524: 3489: 3466: 3385: 3356: 3291: 3247: 3193: 3173: 1695: 1683: 1593: 1167: 1150: 1039: 658: 419: 313: 292: 277: 268: 9165:

States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC

6209: 5171: 1007:

Stratum 6 - 1750-1650 BC - Middle Bronze '3' = RS 2/3 = UM 2

7789: 7553: 7480: 7324: 7080: 6191: 6046: 5968: 5809: 5737: 5566: 5452: 5283: 5258: 5146: 5127: 4896: 4854: 4809: 4749: 4687: 4634: 4603: 4532: 4432: 4374: 4371: 4318: 4162: 4154: 4124: 4084: 4068: 4058: 4028: 3689: 3664: 3513: 3457: 3452: 3242: 3215: 3168: 3148: 3088: 1691: 1670: 1644: 1625: 1082: 1043: 1031:

Stratum 14 - c. 4000 BC - Neolithic with pottery = RS 5 A-B

704:

Mycenaean ceramic imported to Ugarit, 14th–13th century BC.

998:

Stratum 4 - 1450-1365 BC - Late Bronze 1-2 = RS 1/2 = UR 2

9170:

States and territories established in the 18th century BC

5786: 3551: 283: 274: 265: 9155:

Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC

8955:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 2215:

Heltzer, M., "Ammistamru I of Ugarit", NABU 2001/1, 2001

1034:

Stratum 15 - c. 4500 BC - Pre-Pottery Neolithic = RS 5-C

1013:

Stratum 8 - 2100-1900 BC - Middle Bronze = RS 2/1 = UM 1

1001:

Stratum 5 - 1550-1450 BC - Late Bronze 1 = RS 1/1 = UR 1

995:

Stratum 3 - 1365-1200 BC - Late Bronze 2 = RS 1/3 = UR 3

5423: 4079: 2997:

Dennis Pardee, Ugarit Ritual texts – Oriental Institute

8934:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

721:. Since an Egyptian sword bearing the name of pharaoh 451:), and much of the eastern Mediterranean. Five of the 9160:

Populated places established in the 6th millennium BC

6455:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

2987:

Ugarit and the Bible - Quartz Hill School of Theology

855:

Treaty with Mursili II; Son of Niqmadu II; Queen was

463:

In the mid-14th century BC, Ugarit was ruled by king

5523:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

665:

Eshuwara, the senior governor of Cyprus, responded:

286: 280: 3992: 2079:

Cline, Eric H., Translation of letter RS 20.18 in "

1962:

The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia

1098:talents and six-thousand and five-hundred shekels. 622:referred to a missive sent by the ruler of Ugarit: 271: 5326:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 1200: 2019:Anson F. Rainey; William M. Schniedewind (2015). 1509:Scribes in Ugarit appear to have originated the " 324:. It was discovered by accident in 1928 with the 9101: 1046:. In the west was the Royal Zone, including the 986:Strata 1 - 500-300 BC - Helenistic up thru Arabi 479:, mainly through the Hittite ruler's viceroy in 475:(c. 1350–1315 BC) Ugarit became a vassal of the 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 1926:Anson F. Rainey; Zipora Cochavi-Rainey (2015). 1874: 1872: 1651:(NA) (both in the same case (i.e. congruent)). 1576:features are highly similar to those found in 363:, in later times as a vassal, sent tribute to 3978: 3022: 2688: 2686: 1479: 8969:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 8943: 6447:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 5040:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 2557: 2406: 2404: 2195: 2193: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2060: 2058: 2056: 1869: 951:, not in Syria. The discovered area was the 8979: 8196:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 2083:". Princeton University Press. p. 151, 2014 1889: 1887: 1754: 955:of Ugarit located in the nearby seaport of 467:. A letter (EA45) sent by him, probably to 422:and a statuette from the Egyptian pharaohs 3985: 3971: 3029: 3015: 2683: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2223: 2221: 2081:1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed 1930:. Vol. 2. BRILL. pp. 1389–1393. 1486: 1472: 1279: 504: 8896:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 5492:"King of the four quarters of the world" 2401: 2190: 2068: 2053: 9067:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 1884: 1664: 1219: 1207: 1183: 1166: 1149: 1120: 1063: 934: 699: 437: 8912: 2451: 2218: 414:bead can be inscribed with the name of 312:) was an ancient port city in northern 14: 9102: 9041: 9039: 9037: 8777: 8007: 7805: 5585: 5576:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 5480: 4404: 1953: 1654: 442:A tomb in the Royal palace's courtyard 359:The city had close connections to the 9057: 8902: 8869: 8864: 8855: 8807: 8746: 8741: 8732: 8727: 8718: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8684: 8550: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8502: 8493: 8483: 8478: 8467: 8458: 8352: 8087: 7994: 7892: 7882: 7768: 7616: 7525: 7347: 7340: 7298: 7222: 7200: 7168: 7154: 7123: 7107: 6981: 6953: 6929: 6884: 6845: 6790: 6726: 6559: 6544: 6521: 6508: 6471: 6321: 6278: 6152: 6128: 6120: 6083: 6021: 6010: 5980: 5964: 5933: 5900: 5880: 5858: 5825: 5734: 5666: 5654: 5613: 5525: 5517: 5445: 5226: 4980: 4973: 4935: 4862: 4844: 4813: 4766: 4732: 4717: 4709: 4696: 4677: 4665: 4648: 4632: 4595: 4548: 4522: 4444: 4409: 4337: 4161: 4130: 4123: 4112: 4093: 3966: 3010: 1921: 1919: 1823:The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra 1794: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1256:(both imported and locally crafted), 1004:Lacuna - 1650-1550 BC - no occupation 9010: 2982:The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory Blog 1537: 1252:peoples. Among the discoveries were 1053: 924:. Ugarit is destroyed in his reign. 734:, an official of the Egyptian queen 405: 316:about 10 kilometers north of modern 9034: 1819: 1799:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 989:Lacuna - 900-600 BC - no occupation 744:Chronology of the ancient Near East 87: 27:Ancient port city in northern Syria 24: 8990:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 8909:Chronology of the Neolithic period 8561: 8191: 8008: 7990:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 7775: 7666: 6982: 6954: 6897: 6727: 6334: 5988: 4349: 3952:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions 3037:Ancient states and regions in the 2810: 1916: 1775: 1212:Ras Ibn Hani. Tomb in north palace 1154:Ugarit Royal Palace reception hall 1125:Ugarit Royal Palace archives space 992:Stratum 2 - 1100-900 BC - Iron Age 433: 25: 9181: 8566:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 6902:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 4713:("made the land of Elam submit") 2964: 678:, and was advancing on the city. 336:Ugarit saw its beginnings in the 9140:Former populated places in Syria 8987:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 8913: 8903: 6208: 6096: 6091: 5919: 5648: 5643: 5474: 5320: 5315: 5170: 5069: 5000: 4913: 4908: 4778: 4741: 4736: 4726: 4721: 4516: 4166: 4153: 4141: 4106: 2992:Le Royaume d'Ougarit (in French) 1588:(masculine and feminine), three 1294: 875:ruler Bentisina; Son of Niqmepa 557:Destruction and collapse of the 261: 61: 54: 9115:1928 archaeological discoveries 9051: 9004: 8973: 8959: 8937: 8928: 7984:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 2797: 2788: 2770: 2759: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2711: 2695: 2674: 2665: 2646: 2637: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2584: 2573: 2548: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2511: 2502: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2442: 2432: 2422: 2413: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2346: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2255: 2246: 2230: 2209: 2181: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2125: 2114: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2037: 2012: 2001: 1992: 1983: 1959:Pardee, Dennis. "Ugaritic", in 1944: 1721:Cities of the ancient Near East 1534:for Ugaritic has been defined. 1110: 8919:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 8057:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 7604:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 7528:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 6090:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 1907: 1898: 1857: 1840: 1813: 1748: 930: 491: 62: 13: 1: 8889:Muslim conquest of the Levant 8135:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 8078:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 8063:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 7901:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 7771:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 7572:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 7271:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 1741: 522: 380: 7438:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 4172:(Uruk influence or control) 3204:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia 1162: 1102:One small tablet written in 457:Akhenaten's capital of Egypt 7: 8132:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 7171:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 6970:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 6517:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 6511:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 5771:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 4758:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 4159:(Anonymous "King-priests") 4114:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 2023:. BRILL. pp. 369–381. 1758:An Introduction to Ugaritic 1709: 1498: 10: 9186: 9135:Destroyed populated places 8924: 8759:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 8186: 8069:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 7953: 7927: 7879:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 7225:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 6990:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 6887:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 6849:Second Intermediate Period 5659:(vassal of the Akkadians) 5047: 4192:Early or legendary kings: 1761:. Hendrickson Publishers. 1755:Huehnergard, John (2012). 1658: 1558:Northwest Semitic language 1541: 1502: 1268:used in the production of 1114: 1057: 683:the forces of this enemy! 606: 331: 305: 9130:Bronze Age sites in Syria 8893: 8886: 8879: 8850: 8800: 8797: 8756: 8715: 8681: 8662: 8504:Parthamaspates of Parthia 8490: 8455: 8314: 8282: 8075: 8054: 7981: 7978: 7884:Assyrian conquest of Elam 7877: 7765: 7731: 7665: 7626: 7490: 7479: 7436: 7264:Third Intermediate Period 7079: 6950: 6794:Second Babylonian dynasty 6739:("Old Babylonian Period") 6505: 6457: 6221: 6189: 6161:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 6133: 6117: 6064: 6061: 6044: 5966: 5951: 5910: 5877: 5823: 5807: 5781: 5773: 5744: 5669:First Intermediate Period 5663: 5639: 5595: 5580: 5564: 5539: 5530: 5504: 5499: 5311: 5290: 5271: 5262: 5223: 5198: 5181: 5157: 5144: 5139: 5125: 5110: 5101: 5053: 5029: 4954: 4894: 4877: 4842: 4821: 4815:Early Dynastic Period III 4763: 4747: 4675: 4673: 4662: 4589: 4540: 4530: 4441: 4418: 4334: 4265: 4196: 4179: 4176: 4117: 4090: 4017: 4001: 3939: 3833: 3574: 3107: 3049: 1726:Short chronology timeline 1706:, among other fragments. 1560:and therefore related to 1272:, and inscribed tablets. 752: 631:The last king of Ugarit, 590: 571: 514: 503: 498: 246: 238: 230: 219: 211: 206: 196: 181: 173: 165: 160: 152: 115: 105: 94: 78: 49: 42: 36: 35: 9150:Neolithic sites in Syria 9145:Late Bronze Age collapse 9120:Amarna letters locations 8882:Muslim conquest of Egypt 8346:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 8177:Cleopatra VII Philopator 7674:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 6736:First Babylonian dynasty 6474:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 5978:(vassal of the Gutians) 5675:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 4667:Early Dynastic Period II 1820:Yon, Marguerite (2006). 1731:List of Ugaritic deities 8967:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 8710:Province of Mesopotamia 8519:Province of Mesopotamia 8495:Province of Mesopotamia 8470:Roman conquest of Egypt 8311:Antigonus II Mattathias 8105:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 7678:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 6155:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 5681:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 4989:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 4524:Early Dynastic Period I 4447:Second Dynasty of Egypt 2937:William M. Schniedewind 1795:Gates, Charles (2011). 1280:Language and literature 1266:banded dye-murex shells 1142:likening the palace at 8567: 8349:Philip II Philoromaeus 8343:Antiochus XII Dionysus 8337:Demetrius III Eucaerus 8334:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 8325:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 8197: 8165:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 8120:Arsinoe III Philopator 8013: 7781: 7671: 7508:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 7440:Second Dynasty of Isin 6987: 6960: 6903: 6732: 6615:(Non-dynastic usurpers 6339: 6024:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 5993: 5883:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 5448:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 5229:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 5056:Second kingdom of Mari 4769:Third Dynasty of Egypt 4703:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 4355: 4346:First Dynasty of Egypt 3797:Luwian-Aramaean states 1736:Ugaritic Vintage Rites 1674: 1225: 1213: 1189: 1172: 1155: 1126: 1117:Royal Palace of Ugarit 1100: 1069: 943: 941:Royal Palace of Ugarit 705: 698: 685: 672: 663: 629: 591:Commanders and leaders 582:unknown (probably the 443: 8953:The Ancient Near East 8871:Byzantine Mesopotamia 8785:Province of Asoristan 8748:Byzantine Mesopotamia 8565: 8558:Province of Asoristan 8340:Philip I Philadelphus 8328:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 8322:Antiochus VIII Grypus 8319:Seleucus V Philometor 8274:Antiochus VII Sidetes 8268:Antiochus VI Dionysus 8195: 8168:Berenice IV Epiphanea 8129:Ptolemy VI Philometor 8117:Ptolemy IV Philopator 8114:Berenice II Euergetis 8111:Ptolemy III Euergetes 8012: 7930:Neo-Babylonian Empire 7840:Marduk-apla-iddina II 7837:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 7828:Marduk-apla-iddina II 7779: 7734:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 7670: 7391:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 7081:Middle Elamite period 6986: 6958: 6901: 6731: 6338: 5992: 5747:Third kingdom of Mari 5468:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 4543:First kingdom of Mari 4353: 4340:Early Dynastic Period 4182:Proto-Dynastic period 3648:Neo-Babylonian Empire 3232:Canaanite city-states 1673:statuette from Ugarit 1668: 1552:The existence of the 1429:Baal with Thunderbolt 1223: 1211: 1187: 1178:Baal with Thunderbolt 1170: 1153: 1124: 1095: 1067: 938: 703: 693: 680: 667: 654: 624: 499:Destruction of Ugarit 441: 212:Excavation dates 79:Alternative name 8316:Alexander II Zabinas 8180:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 8156:Ptolemy XI Alexander 8138:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 7693:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 7681:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 7505:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 7446:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 7070:Marduk-apla-iddina I 6964:New Kingdom of Egypt 6787:Early Kassite rulers 6081:(Vassals of Ur III) 6062:(Vassals of UR III) 5462:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 5432:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 4983:Old Kingdom of Egypt 3931:Tanukhid confederacy 3766:New Kingdom of Egypt 1572:, among others. Its 890:letter of Piha-walwi 627:the land of Ugarit. 348:. It was during the 215:1928–1939, 1950–2008 8821:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 8331:Antiochus X Eusebes 8159:Ptolemy XII Auletes 8150:Ptolemy X Alexander 8144:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 8123:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 7808:Neo-Assyrian Empire 7696:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 7629:Neo-Assyrian Empire 7452:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 7343:Syro-Hittite states 7049:Shagarakti-Shuriash 6722:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 5716:Neferkare Pepiseneb 5615:Akkadian Governors: 4119:Pre-Dynastic period 3643:Neo-Assyrian Empire 3426:Paleo-Syrian states 1655:Ugaritic literature 1641:possessed–possessor 1637:subject-object-verb 1633:verb–subject–object 1612:); three numbers: ( 1584:. It possesses two 1527:Phoenician alphabet 1523:Phoenician alphabet 969:Musée archéologique 609:Bronze Age collapse 392:Bronze Age Collapse 322:Latakia Governorate 201:Bronze Age Collapse 133: / 99:Latakia Governorate 32: 9047:Sumerian King List 8861:Palaestina Secunda 8738:Palaestina Secunda 8568: 8299:Alexander Jannaeus 8198: 8188:Hellenistic Period 8014: 7782: 7760:Humban-haltash III 7724:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 7672: 7637:Tukulti-Ninurta II 7618:Kingdom of Samaria 7514:Mar-biti-apla-usur 7511:Shirikti-shuqamuna 7481:Neo-Elamite period 7464:Marduk-shapik-zeri 7449:Itti-Marduk-balatu 7430:Tiglath-Pileser II 7427:Ashur-resh-ishi II 7382:Enlil-kudurri-usur 7073:Zababa-shuma-iddin 7058:Kadashman-Harbe II 7043:Kadashman-Enlil II 6988: 6961: 6904: 6733: 6719:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 6716:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 6707:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 6466:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 6340: 5994: 5369:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 4750:Old Elamite period 4642:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 4495:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 4412:Jemdet Nasr period 4356: 3886:Herodian Tetrarchy 3002:Pictures from 2009 1698:'s conflicts with 1682:", the "Legend of 1675: 1226: 1214: 1204:and Minet el Beida 1190: 1173: 1156: 1127: 1087:Kadashman-Harbe II 1070: 944: 706: 444: 247:Public access 70:Shown within Syria 30: 9097: 9096: 9091: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9074:978-1-62564-606-4 9059:Unger, Merrill F. 9027:978-0-14-193825-7 8997:978-1-60606-649-2 8764:Province of Egypt 8695:Province of Egypt 8475:Province of Egypt 8217:Antigonid dynasty 8017:Achaemenid Empire 7938:Nebuchadnezzar II 7846:Ashur-nadin-shumi 7715:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 7687:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 7502:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 7470:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 7461:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 7403:Asharid-apal-Ekur 7400:Tiglath-Pileser I 7397:Ashur-resh-ishi I 7385:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 7373:Tukulti-Ninurta I 7320:Kingdom of Israel 7288:Osorkon the Elder 7209:Shutrukid dynasty 7094:Igehalkid dynasty 7061:Adad-shuma-iddina 7055:Enlil-nadin-shumi 7022:Kadashman-Enlil I 7016:Kadashman-harbe I 6460:Sukkalmah dynasty 6324:Isin-Larsa period 6146:Shimashki Dynasty 5872:Puzur-Inshushinak 5471:Netjerkare Siptah 5241:Neferirkare Kakai 4786:Egyptian pyramids 3995:Ancient Near East 3960: 3959: 3901:Nabataean Kingdom 3876:Hasmonean dynasty 3871:Ghassanid Kingdom 3584:Achaemenid Empire 3420:Ib'al Confederacy 3059:Kish civilization 2932:978-3-7001-7998-6 2920:978-2-35159-180-2 2875:978-1-61491-075-6 2661:978-2-35159-756-9 2599:978-1-885923-54-7 2030:978-90-04-28147-9 1979:978-0-521-68498-9 1937:978-90-04-28145-5 1833:978-1-57506-029-3 1806:978-0-203-83057-4 1768:978-1-59856-820-2 1639:(VSO)&(SOV); 1554:Ugaritic language 1544:Ugaritic language 1538:Ugaritic language 1511:Ugaritic alphabet 1505:Ugaritic alphabet 1496: 1495: 1258:Mycenaean pottery 1074:Akkadian language 1054:Cuneiform tablets 928: 927: 888:Addressee of the 605: 604: 567: 566: 406:Middle Bronze Age 354:Kingdom of Ugarit 254: 253: 137:35.602°N 35.782°E 16:(Redirected from 9177: 9079: 9078: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9032: 9031: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8980:Thomas, Ariane; 8977: 8971: 8970: 8963: 8957: 8956: 8941: 8935: 8932: 8917: 8907: 8857:Palaestina Prima 8803:Byzantine Empire 8734:Palaestina Prima 8721:Byzantine Empire 8700:Syria Palaestina 8665:Palmyrene Empire 8651:Bahram VI Chobin 8514:Syria Palaestina 8302:Salome Alexandra 8285:Kingdom of Judea 8271:Diodotus Tryphon 8126:Cleopatra I Syra 8102:Ptolemy Keraunos 7870:Ashur-uballit II 7867:Sin-shumu-lishir 7861:Ashur-etil-ilani 7816:Sargonid dynasty 7709:Marduk-apla-usur 7690:Nabu-apla-iddina 7684:Shamash-mudammiq 7640:Ashurnasirpal II 7623:Kingdom of Judah 7467:Adad-apla-iddina 7458:Enlil-nadin-apli 7455:Nebuchadnezzar I 7379:Ashur-nirari III 7376:Ashur-nadin-apli 7214:Shutruk-Nakhunte 7099:Untash-Napirisha 7088:Kidinuid dynasty 6686:Shamshi-Adad III 6394:Dynasty of Larsa 6212: 6100: 6095: 5923: 5776:Shar-Kali-Sharri 5710:Neferkare Tereru 5698:Neferkare Khendu 5652: 5647: 5478: 5437:Kiku-siwe-tempti 5324: 5319: 5174: 5103:Kish III dynasty 5073: 5004: 4917: 4912: 4817:(2600–2340 BCE) 4782: 4745: 4740: 4730: 4725: 4669:(2700–2600 BCE) 4526:(2900–2700 BCE) 4520: 4437:(3100–2700 BCE) 4416:(3100–2900 BCE) 4170: 4157: 4145: 4121:(4000–2900 BCE) 4110: 4009: 4008: 4005: 4004: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3911:Palmyrene Empire 3881:Herodian kingdom 3855:Byzantine Empire 3670:Israel (Samaria) 3031: 3024: 3017: 3008: 3007: 2831:Sznycer, Maurice 2804: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2774: 2768: 2763: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2588: 2582: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2197: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2129: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2077: 2066: 2062: 2051: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2016: 2010: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1923: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1891: 1882: 1876: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1790: 1773: 1772: 1752: 1578:Classical Arabic 1548:Ugaritic grammar 1488: 1481: 1474: 1298: 1284: 1283: 965:Claude Schaeffer 939:Entrance to the 916:Contemporary of 871:Contemporary of 835:Contemporary of 815:Contemporary of 761: 760: 715:Mycenaean period 524: 516: 515: 510:Ruins of Ugarit. 508: 496: 495: 385: 382: 307: 299: 298: 295: 294: 289: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 224:Claude Schaeffer 148: 147: 145: 144: 143: 138: 134: 131: 130: 129: 126: 110:Fertile Crescent 89: 65: 64: 58: 33: 29: 21: 9185: 9184: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9092: 9083: 9082: 9075: 9056: 9052: 9044: 9035: 9028: 9009: 9005: 8998: 8978: 8974: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8942: 8938: 8933: 8929: 8866:Byzantine Syria 8852:Byzantine Egypt 8827:Farrukh Hormizd 8787: 8783: 8780:Sasanian Empire 8766: 8762: 8743:Byzantine Syria 8729:Byzantine Egypt 8668: 8560: 8556: 8553:Sasanian Empire 8473: 8378:Mithridates III 8358: 8355:Parthian Empire 8288: 8227:Seleucid Empire 8224: 8214: 8190: 8099:Ptolemy I Soter 8097: 8094:Ptolemaic Egypt 8066: 8060: 8020: 8002: 7998: 7996:Kings of Byblos 7987: 7959: 7933: 7904: 7898: 7872: 7852:Mushezib-Marduk 7822:Tiglath-Pileser 7820: 7811: 7788: 7774: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7737: 7729: 7727:Nabu-mukin-zeri 7721:Nabu-nadin-zeri 7706:Marduk-bel-zeri 7699:Baba-aha-iddina 7676: 7653:Adad-nirari III 7643:Shalmaneser III 7632: 7621: 7620: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598:Menkheperre Ini 7575: 7568: 7567: 7531: 7517:Nabû-mukin-apli 7494: 7483:(1100–540 BCE) 7476:Nabu-shum-libur 7444: 7421:Ashur-nirari IV 7415:Ashurnasirpal I 7412:Shamshi-Adad IV 7358:Ashur-uballit I 7353: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7306:Kings of Byblos 7304: 7274: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7229: 7228: 7212: 7206: 7174: 7161: 7160: 7142:Neferneferuaten 7102: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7084:(1500–1100 BCE) 7076:Enlil-nadin-ahi 7064:Adad-shuma-usur 7052:Kashtiliashu IV 7040:Kadashman-Turgu 7025:Burnaburiash II 7004:Kashtiliash III 6996: 6973: 6967: 6937: 6936:(1600–1260 BCE) 6935: 6905: 6896: 6890: 6878: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6832: 6827:Peshgaldaramesh 6822: 6812: 6802: 6798:Sealand Dynasty 6795: 6792: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6747: 6740: 6738: 6713:Ashur-nirari II 6692:Puzur-Ashur III 6680:Shamshi-Adad II 6651: 6649: 6647:Adaside dynasty 6644: 6643: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6565: 6556: 6550: 6539: 6535: 6533:Kings of Byblos 6531: 6525: 6514: 6477: 6464: 6463: 6445:Uruk VI dynasty 6443: 6392: 6343:Dynasty of Isin 6333: 6327: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6259: 6253: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6164: 6158: 6140: 6101: 6089: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6051: 6041: 6027: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5984: 5977: 5973: 5959: 5955: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5905:(2150–2000 BCE) 5886: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5818: 5814: 5802: 5798: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5750: 5740: 5695:Djedkare Shemai 5684: 5678: 5672: 5658: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5604:Sargon of Akkad 5602: 5601: 5598:Akkadian Empire 5590:(2340–2150 BCE) 5588:Akkadian Period 5575: 5571: 5559: 5555: 5534: 5522: 5512: 5508: 5491: 5487: 5473: 5451: 5430: 5428: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5380: 5371: 5357: 5353: 5341: 5337: 5325: 5296: 5293: 5287: 5275: 5266: 5233: 5232: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5152: 5151: 5135: 5132: 5120: 5116: 5105: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5051:(2500-539 BCE) 5039: 5035: 5005: 4999: 4992: 4986: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4928: 4922: 4918: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4853: 4851: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4756: 4755: 4754:(2700–1500 BCE) 4753: 4701: 4690: 4653:("conqueror of 4639: 4623: 4616: 4606: 4592: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4538: 4535: 4515: 4451: 4450: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4415: 4357: 4343: 4330: 4271: 4202: 4191: 4185: 4171: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4138:(4000–3100 BCE) 4137: 4131: 4105: 4099: 4071: 4052: 4042: 4015: 4013: 3997: 3991: 3961: 3956: 3935: 3926:Sasanian Empire 3921:Seleucid Empire 3916:Parthian Empire 3866:Emesene Dynasty 3829: 3675:Israel (united) 3590:Aramaean states 3570: 3117:Akkadian Empire 3103: 3045: 3035: 2967: 2962: 2813: 2811:Further reading 2808: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2712: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2063: 2054: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2017: 2013: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1924: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1877: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1826:. Eisenbrauns. 1818: 1814: 1807: 1791: 1776: 1769: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1712: 1680:Legend of Keret 1663: 1657: 1550: 1542:Main articles: 1540: 1507: 1501: 1492: 1463: 1454:Legend of Keret 1433: 1390: 1331: 1282: 1254:Cypriot pottery 1206: 1165: 1132:Amarna archives 1119: 1113: 1062: 1056: 933: 901:c. 1225–1215 BC 885:c. 1235–1225 BC 868:c. 1260–1235 BC 852:c. 1313–1260 BC 832:c. 1315–1313 BC 812:c. 1350–1315 BC 755: 719:mainland Greece 641:Suppiluliuma II 611: 554: 537: 509: 494: 436: 434:Late Bronze Age 408: 383: 350:late bronze age 334: 291: 264: 260: 190:Late Bronze Age 141: 139: 135: 132: 127: 124: 122: 120: 119: 74: 73: 72: 71: 68: 67: 66: 45: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9183: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9125:Ancient Levant 9122: 9117: 9112: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9073: 9050: 9033: 9026: 9003: 8996: 8982:Potts, Timothy 8972: 8958: 8936: 8926: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8911: 8900: 8899: 8892: 8885: 8878: 8874: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8806: 8799: 8795: 8794: 8776: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8717: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8661: 8657: 8656: 8549: 8545: 8544: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8507: 8506: 8501: 8492: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8465: 8464: 8457: 8456:30 BCE–116 CE 8453: 8452: 8390:Mithridates IV 8372:Mithridates II 8351: 8313: 8308:Aristobulus II 8281: 8277: 8276: 8201:Argead dynasty 8185: 8090:Argead dynasty 8086: 8082: 8081: 8073: 8072: 8052: 8051: 8043:Artaxerxes III 8006: 8004:Kings of Sidon 7993: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7952: 7947:Labashi-Marduk 7926: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7849:Nergal-ushezib 7804: 7785:Black Pharaohs 7767: 7763: 7762: 7730: 7703:Ninurta-apla-X 7664: 7662:Ashur-nirari V 7656:Shalmaneser IV 7646:Shamshi-Adad V 7634:Adad-nirari II 7625: 7615: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7478: 7435: 7418:Shalmaneser II 7406:Ashur-bel-kala 7394:Mutakkil-Nusku 7350:Middle Assyria 7346: 7339: 7314:Kings of Sidon 7297: 7221: 7220:1155–1025 BCE 7217: 7216: 7203:Elamite Empire 7199: 7166: 7165: 7157:Hittite Empire 7153: 7121: 7120: 7105: 7104: 7078: 7067:Meli-Shipak II 7037:Nazi-Maruttash 7001:Burnaburiash I 6980: 6952: 6951:1531–1155 BCE 6948: 6947: 6928: 6883: 6843: 6842: 6789: 6725: 6710:Enlil-Nasir II 6689:Ashur-nirari I 6683:Ishme-Dagan II 6674:Sharma-Adad II 6626:Ashur-apla-idi 6617:1735–1701 BCE) 6596:Ashur-apla-idi 6578:Shamshi-Adad I 6573:1808–1736 BCE) 6558: 6553:Yamhad dynasty 6543: 6541:Kings of Sidon 6520: 6507: 6506:1800–1595 BCE 6503: 6502: 6469: 6468: 6456: 6320: 6310:Puzur-Ashur II 6277: 6220: 6187: 6186: 6181:Mentuhotep III 6150: 6149: 6132: 6127: 6119: 6118:2025-1763 BCE 6115: 6114: 6086:Ur III dynasty 6082: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6043: 6032:Neferkare VIII 6020: 6016: 6015: 6008: 6007: 5979: 5965: 5963: 5950: 5936:Gutian dynasty 5932: 5908: 5907: 5899: 5894:Nebkaure Khety 5888:Meryibre Khety 5879: 5875: 5874: 5857: 5824: 5822: 5806: 5779: 5778: 5772: 5743: 5733: 5719:Neferkamin Anu 5692:Neferkare Neby 5665: 5661: 5660: 5656:Lugal-ushumgal 5653: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5612: 5593: 5592: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5563: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5529: 5524: 5516: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5489:Lugalannemundu 5479: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5420: 5403: 5384: 5375: 5366: 5361: 5345: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5289: 5280: 5279: 5270: 5261: 5256:Djedkare Isesi 5253:Menkauhor Kaiu 5225: 5221: 5220: 5197: 5180: 5156: 5154:Pabilgagaltuku 5143: 5138: 5124: 5113:Akshak dynasty 5109: 5100: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5028: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4953: 4938:Enun-dara-anna 4933: 4932: 4893: 4876: 4861: 4843: 4841: 4819: 4818: 4812: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4746: 4731: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4706: 4695: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4646: 4645: 4631: 4594: 4587: 4586: 4562:Kullassina-bel 4547: 4539: 4528: 4527: 4521: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4417: 4408: 4403: 4354:Narmer Palette 4336: 4335:3100–2900 BCE 4332: 4331: 4264: 4194: 4193: 4178: 4177:3200–3100 BCE 4174: 4173: 4160: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4111: 4092: 4091:4000–3200 BCE 4088: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4046: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3993:Rulers of the 3990: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3947:Amarna letters 3943: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3847:Roman Republic 3839: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3393: 3388: 3376: 3374:Hittite Empire 3371: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3128:Amorite states 3124: 3119: 3113: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3055: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2973: 2966: 2965:External links 2963: 2961: 2960: 2950: 2947: 2934: 2923: 2912: 2902: 2899: 2888: 2877: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2845: 2834: 2824: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2769: 2758: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2710: 2694: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2645: 2636: 2633:978-1789255836 2620: 2611: 2602: 2583: 2572: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2520: 2510: 2501: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2450: 2441: 2431: 2421: 2412: 2400: 2391: 2382: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2345: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2245: 2229: 2217: 2208: 2189: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2124: 2113: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2067: 2052: 2036: 2029: 2011: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1952: 1943: 1936: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1883: 1868: 1856: 1839: 1832: 1812: 1805: 1774: 1767: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1711: 1708: 1661:Ugaritic texts 1659:Main article: 1656: 1653: 1539: 1536: 1503:Main article: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1317:Minet el-Beida 1314: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1290: 1281: 1278: 1205: 1199: 1164: 1161: 1115:Main article: 1112: 1109: 1091:Meli-Shipak II 1058:Main article: 1055: 1052: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 957:Minet el-Beida 932: 929: 926: 925: 918:Chancellor Bay 914: 911: 905: 904: 902: 899: 893: 892: 886: 883: 877: 876: 869: 866: 860: 859: 853: 850: 844: 843: 833: 830: 824: 823: 821:Suppiluliuma I 813: 810: 804: 803: 801: 798: 792: 791: 788: 786: 782: 781: 778: 776: 772: 771: 768: 765: 754: 751: 616:plant diseases 603: 602: 599: 593: 592: 588: 587: 580: 574: 573: 569: 568: 565: 564: 563: 562: 553: 552: 545: 543: 539: 538: 533: 531: 527: 526: 520: 512: 511: 501: 500: 493: 490: 477:Hittite Empire 453:Amarna letters 435: 432: 407: 404: 384: 1450 BC 361:Hittite Empire 333: 330: 326:Ugaritic texts 252: 251: 248: 244: 243: 240: 236: 235: 232: 228: 227: 221: 220:Archaeologists 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 183: 179: 178: 175: 171: 170: 167: 163: 162: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 142:35.602; 35.782 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 96: 92: 91: 80: 76: 75: 69: 60: 59: 53: 52: 51: 50: 47: 46: 43: 40: 39: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9182: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9076: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9029: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9012:Roux, Georges 9007: 8999: 8993: 8989: 8988: 8983: 8976: 8968: 8962: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8916: 8910: 8906: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8884: 8883: 8876: 8875: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8843: 8840: 8839:Yazdegerd III 8837: 8834: 8831: 8828: 8825: 8822: 8819: 8816: 8813: 8810: 8805: 8804: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8775: 8772: 8771:Sahralanyozan 8769: 8765: 8760: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8735: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8714: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8659: 8658: 8655: 8652: 8649: 8646: 8643: 8640: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8616: 8613: 8610: 8607: 8604: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8589: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8547: 8546: 8543: 8540: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8527:Mithridates V 8525: 8524:Sinatruces II 8520: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8505: 8500: 8496: 8489: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8447:Artabanus III 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8417:Tiridates III 8415: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8360:Mithridates I 8357: 8356: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8312: 8309: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8296:Aristobulus I 8294: 8293:John Hyrcanus 8291: 8287: 8286: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8266: 8263: 8262:Alexander III 8260: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8247:Antiochus III 8245: 8242: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8206:Alexander III 8203: 8202: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8141:Cleopatra III 8139: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8046:Artaxerxes IV 8044: 8041: 8040:Artaxerxes II 8038: 8035: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8011: 8005: 8001: 8000:Kings of Tyre 7997: 7991: 7986: 7985: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7956:Median Empire 7951: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7932: 7931: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7896: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7864:Sinsharishkun 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7819: 7817: 7810: 7809: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7786: 7778: 7773: 7772: 7764: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7736: 7735: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701:(five kings) 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7660: 7659:Ashur-Dan III 7657: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7631: 7630: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7499:Ea-mukin-zeri 7497: 7496:Simbar-shipak 7493: 7488:1025–934 BCE 7487: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7424:Ashur-rabi II 7422: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7409:Eriba-Adad II 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7370:Shalmaneser I 7368: 7367:Adad-nirari I 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7321: 7315: 7311: 7310:Kings of Tyre 7307: 7303: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7249:Ramesses VIII 7247: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7204: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7131:Amenhotep III 7129: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6993: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6965: 6957: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6900: 6894: 6889: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6850: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6837:Melamkurkurra 6835: 6831: 6830:Ayadaragalama 6828: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6807:Itti-ili-nibi 6805: 6801: 6799: 6788: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6701:Ashur-shaduni 6699: 6696: 6695:Enlil-nasir I 6693: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6659:Sharma-Adad I 6657: 6654: 6650:1700–722 BCE) 6648: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6581:Ishme-Dagan I 6579: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6554: 6549: 6548: 6542: 6538: 6537:Kings of Tyre 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6512: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6494:Amenemhat III 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6337: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6286:Puzur-Ashur I 6283: 6282: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6251: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6225: 6219: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6193: 6192:Third Eblaite 6188: 6185: 6184:Mentuhotep IV 6182: 6179: 6178:Mentuhotep II 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6137: 6131: 6126: 6124: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6035:Wahkare Khety 6033: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5972: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5937: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5903:Ur III period 5898: 5895: 5892: 5891:Neferkare VII 5889: 5885: 5884: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5838:Ur-Ningirsu I 5835: 5831: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5811: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5670: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5521: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5486: 5484: 5477: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5373:Lugal-kisalsi 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5231: 5230: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5155: 5150: 5148: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5057: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4787: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4759: 4752: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4566:Nangishlishma 4563: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4534: 4533:First Eblaite 4529: 4525: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4492:Seth-Peribsen 4490: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4453:Hotepsekhemwy 4449: 4448: 4440: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4421:Proto-Elamite 4414: 4413: 4407: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4323:Double Falcon 4321: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4175: 4169: 4164: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4097: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3835:Classical Age 3832: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3596:Aram-Damascus 3594: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3154:First Babylon 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2959: 2958:1-56563-575-2 2955: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2945:0-521-87933-7 2942: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2910:1-58983-026-1 2907: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2896:3-534-08778-X 2893: 2889: 2886: 2885:3-460-04041-6 2882: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2856:0-691-02591-6 2853: 2849: 2848:Drews, Robert 2846: 2843: 2842:3-8053-3281-5 2839: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2827:Caquot, André 2825: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2800: 2791: 2785: 2784:9780520039995 2781: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2714: 2708: 2707:90-04-10988-9 2704: 2698: 2689: 2687: 2677: 2668: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2640: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2576: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2551: 2542: 2533: 2524: 2514: 2505: 2498: 2497:3-601-00536-0 2494: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2445: 2435: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2349: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2243: 2242:1-57506-143-0 2239: 2233: 2224: 2222: 2212: 2206: 2205:9789004099951 2202: 2196: 2194: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2098: 2089: 2082: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2050: 2049:0-8018-4251-4 2046: 2040: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2008: 2004: 1995: 1986: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971:0-521-68498-6 1968: 1964: 1963: 1956: 1947: 1939: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1920: 1910: 1901: 1894: 1890: 1888: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1853:9788291626031 1850: 1843: 1835: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1816: 1808: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1532:Unicode block 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1460: 1459:Tale of Aqhat 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1424:Hurrian songs 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1369:Ammittamru II 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1222: 1218: 1210: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1169: 1160: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1123: 1118: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1066: 1061: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 984: 983: 980: 976: 974: 970: 966: 960: 958: 954: 950: 949:Alawite State 942: 937: 923: 919: 915: 912: 910: 907: 906: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 891: 887: 884: 882: 879: 878: 874: 870: 867: 865: 864:Ammittamru II 862: 861: 858: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 842: 838: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 822: 818: 814: 811: 809: 806: 805: 802: 799: 797: 794: 793: 789: 787: 784: 783: 779: 777: 774: 773: 769: 766: 763: 762: 759: 750: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 720: 716: 712: 702: 697: 692: 690: 687:The ruler of 684: 679: 677: 671: 666: 662: 660: 653: 651: 646: 642: 638: 634: 628: 623: 621: 617: 610: 600: 598: 595: 594: 589: 585: 581: 579: 576: 575: 570: 560: 556: 555: 550: 547: 546: 544: 541: 540: 536: 532: 529: 528: 521: 518: 517: 513: 507: 502: 497: 489: 487: 482: 478: 474: 470: 469:Amenhotep III 466: 461: 458: 454: 450: 440: 431: 429: 428:Amenemhet III 425: 421: 417: 413: 403: 399: 397: 393: 389: 378: 374: 371:(then called 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 303: 297: 258: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 202: 199: 195: 192:, Hellenistic 191: 187: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 159: 155: 151: 146: 118: 114: 111: 108: 104: 100: 97: 93: 85: 81: 77: 57: 48: 41: 34: 19: 9063: 9053: 9017:Ancient Iraq 9016: 9006: 8986: 8975: 8961: 8952: 8939: 8930: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8809:Ardashir III 8801: 8778: 8719: 8687:Roman Empire 8685: 8663: 8621:Yazdegerd II 8551: 8542:Artabanus IV 8539:Vologases VI 8530:Vologases IV 8461:Roman Empire 8459: 8444:Vologases II 8420:Artabanus II 8414:Artabanus II 8399:Tiridates II 8387:Phraates III 8353: 8290:Simon Thassi 8283: 8265:Demetrius II 8253:Antiochus IV 8244:Seleucus III 8238:Antiochus II 8225: 8215: 8212:Alexander IV 8199: 8187: 8171:Ptolemy XIII 8153:Berenice III 8147:Cleopatra IV 8088: 8085:331–141 BCE 8076: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8034:Artaxerxes I 8015: 7982: 7979:539–331 BCE 7954: 7935:Nabopolassar 7928: 7899: 7893: 7890:626–539 BCE 7858:Ashurbanipal 7813: 7812: 7806: 7769: 7766:745–609 BCE 7732: 7712:Eriba-Marduk 7673: 7627: 7602: 7570: 7569: 7559: 7548:Shoshenq III 7526: 7523:911–745 BCE 7491: 7473:Marduk-zer-X 7437: 7433:Ashur-dan II 7364:Arik-den-ili 7361:Enlil-nirari 7355:Eriba-Adad I 7348: 7341: 7318: 7299: 7294:Psusennes II 7269: 7268: 7262: 7246:Ramesses VII 7234:Ramesses III 7223: 7207: 7201: 7169: 7162: 7155: 7136: 7125:Amenhotep II 7118:Thutmose III 7092: 7086: 7083: 7034:Kurigalzu II 7028:Kara-hardash 6998:Agum-Kakrime 6989: 6968: 6962: 6930: 6913:'Aper-'Anati 6911: 6906: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6810:Damqi-ilishu 6793: 6782:Samsu-Ditana 6764:Sin-muballit 6755:Sin-muballit 6734: 6704:Ashur-rabi I 6569:Shamshi-Adad 6566: 6560: 6545: 6515: 6509: 6497:Amenemhat IV 6491:Senusret III 6485:Amenemhat II 6472: 6458: 6444: 6393: 6390:Damiq-ilishu 6360:Lipit-Eshtar 6341: 6322: 6279: 6247: 6243: 6227:Shakkanakkus 6190: 6166:Mentuhotep I 6159: 6153: 6134: 6121: 6084: 6078:Puzur-Ishtar 6045: 6040: 6022: 5975:Lugalannatum 5967: 5934: 5901: 5881: 5860:Hishep-Ratep 5826: 5808: 5745: 5735: 5689:Neferkare II 5679: 5673: 5667: 5614: 5596: 5586: 5565: 5518:Invasion by 5481: 5446: 5422: 5414:Enannatum II 5378:E-iginimpa'e 5347: 5339:Igrish-Halam 5250:Nyuserre Ini 5227: 5201:Awan dynasty 5199: 5158: 5145: 5126: 5111: 5102: 5086:Ishtup-Ishar 5066:Iku-Shamagan 5062:Ikun-Shamash 5054: 5032:Ur I dynasty 5030: 5023: 5012: 4987: 4981: 4955: 4936: 4895: 4878: 4863: 4845: 4804: 4796: 4767: 4748: 4711:Enmebaragesi 4697: 4678: 4649: 4640: 4633: 4596: 4591: 4571:En-tarah-ana 4556: 4549: 4541: 4531: 4507: 4504:Neferkasokar 4502: 4497: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4445: 4425: 4419: 4410: 4398: 4393: 4344: 4338: 4325: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4252: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4205:Finger Snail 4203: 4197: 4180: 4149:Anu Ziggurat 4132: 4100: 4094: 4012:Territories/ 3851:Roman Empire 3843:Ancient Rome 3795: 3770: 3652: 3588: 3556: 3546: 3512: 3488: 3424: 3378: 3230: 3126: 3093: 3069:Chagar Bazar 2799: 2790: 2772: 2761: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2713: 2697: 2676: 2667: 2648: 2639: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2586: 2575: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2513: 2504: 2487: 2478: 2469: 2444: 2434: 2424: 2415: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2348: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2232: 2211: 2183: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2138: 2127: 2116: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2039: 2020: 2014: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1960: 1955: 1946: 1927: 1909: 1900: 1859: 1842: 1822: 1815: 1796: 1757: 1750: 1690:that detail 1676: 1551: 1508: 1381:Niqmaddu III 1345:Ammittamru I 1327:Royal Palace 1322:Ras Ibn Hani 1287: 1274: 1231: 1227: 1215: 1202:Ras Ibn Hani 1195: 1191: 1188:Dagon temple 1174: 1157: 1128: 1111:Royal palace 1104:Cypro-Minoan 1101: 1096: 1071: 1060:Ugarit texts 1048:Royal Palace 1037: 981: 977: 961: 945: 897:Niqmaddu III 796:Ammittamru I 756: 748: 728:Ramesses III 707: 694: 686: 681: 673: 668: 664: 655: 630: 625: 612: 577: 572:Belligerents 558: 534: 465:Ammittamru I 462: 460:on average. 445: 424:Senusret III 409: 400: 358: 342:Chalcolithic 335: 309: 256: 255: 82:Ras Shamra ( 8949:Simpson, W. 8877:639–651 CE 8824:Azarmidokht 8815:Khosrow III 8798:628–641 CE 8754:618–628 CE 8716:395–618 CE 8682:273–395 CE 8670:Vaballathus 8660:270–273 CE 8624:Hormizd III 8609:Yazdegerd I 8600:Ardashir II 8594:Adur Narseh 8548:224–270 CE 8536:Vologases V 8510:117–224 CE 8491:116–117 CE 8438:Vardanes II 8435:Vologases I 8426:Gotarzes II 8396:Phraates IV 8366:Hyspaosines 8305:Hyrcanus II 8280:141–30 BCE 8259:Demetrius I 8256:Antiochus V 8250:Seleucus IV 8241:Seleucus II 8235:Antiochus I 8222:Antigonus I 8174:Ptolemy XIV 8162:Cleopatra V 7944:Neriglissar 7941:Amel-Marduk 7924:Psamtik III 7895:Late Period 7834:Sennacherib 7825:Shalmaneser 7752:Tammaritu I 7649:Shammuramat 7592:Takelot III 7589:Osorkon III 7586:Shoshenq VI 7561:Pedubast II 7551:Shoshenq IV 7539:Shoshenq II 7388:Ashur-dan I 7329:Ish-bosheth 7282:Psusennes I 7258:Ramesses XI 7252:Ramesses IX 7243:Ramesses VI 7237:Ramesses IV 7182:Ramesses II 7145:Tutankhamun 7128:Thutmose IV 7112:Thutmose II 7046:Kudur-Enlil 7031:Nazi-Bugash 7019:Kurigalzu I 7007:Ulamburiash 6978:Amenhotep I 6959:Tutankhamun 6945:Parshatatar 6942:Shuttarna I 6875:Seventeenth 6804:Ilum-ma-ili 6779:Ammi-saduqa 6776:Ammi-ditana 6770:Samsu-iluna 6677:Erishum III 6638:Adad-salulu 6635:Ipqi-Ishtar 6623:Ashur-dugul 6608:Adad-salulu 6605:Ipqi-Ishtar 6593:Ashur-dugul 6562:Old Assyria 6557:(Amorites) 6500:Sobekneferu 6488:Senusret II 6479:Amenemhat I 6451:Sîn-iribam 6428:Sin-Iqisham 6422:Sin-Iddinam 6372:Erra-imitti 6369:Lipit-Enlil 6357:Ishme-Dagan 6354:Iddin-Dagan 6290:Shalim-ahum 6281:Old Assyria 6267:Yasmah-Adad 6244:Lim Dynasty 6236:Hanun-Dagan 6232:Hitial-Erra 5997:Ur-Ningirsu 5953:Kuda (Uruk) 5926:Ishgum-Addu 5916:Ishtup-Ilum 5768:Ishma-Dagan 5753:Shakkanakku 5731:Neferirkare 5728:Neferkauhor 5631:Ili-ishmani 5610:Manishtushu 5573:Lugalzagesi 5569:III dynasty 5553:Puzur-Nirah 5268:Ishar-Malik 5247:Shepseskare 5037:Mesannepada 4962:Nin-kisalsi 4950:Lugal-kitun 4920:Meskalamdug 4906:Ur-Pabilsag 4719:Aga of Kish 4628:Barsal-nuna 4513:Khasekhemwy 4499:Neferkara I 4478:Weneg-Nebty 4456:Nebra/Raneb 4268:Lower Egypt 4254:Scorpion II 4199:Upper Egypt 4151:, 4000 BCE) 4134:Uruk period 3616:Bit Bahiani 3401:Tell Hadidi 1688:Ba'al tales 1574:grammatical 1350:Niqmaddu II 931:Archaeology 808:Niqmaddu II 584:Sea Peoples 549:Sea Peoples 492:Destruction 473:Niqmaddu II 396:Tell Tweini 388:Sea Peoples 346:Bronze Ages 140: / 116:Coordinates 9104:Categories 8833:Khosrow IV 8830:Hormizd VI 8812:Shahrbaraz 8789:Khosrow II 8774:Shahrbaraz 8768:Shahrbaraz 8648:Khosrow II 8645:Hormizd IV 8603:Shapur III 8591:Hormizd II 8585:Bahram III 8570:Ardashir I 8441:Pacorus II 8432:Vonones II 8429:Meherdates 8423:Vardanes I 8408:Orodes III 8405:Phraates V 8384:Sinatruces 8232:Seleucus I 8209:Philip III 8183:Arsinoe IV 8108:Arsinoe II 8049:Darius III 7915:Psamtik II 7855:Esarhaddon 7748:Ummanigash 7718:Nabonassar 7612:Bakenranef 7583:Pedubast I 7580:Takelot II 7577:Harsiese A 7565:Osorkon IV 7557:Shoshenq V 7545:Osorkon II 7533:Shoshenq I 7279:Amenemnisu 7255:Ramesses X 7240:Ramesses V 7188:Amenmesses 7176:Ramesses I 7138:Smenkhkare 7115:Hatshepsut 7109:Thutmose I 7013:Karaindash 6752:Sumu-la-El 6584:Mut-Ashkur 6575:(Amorites) 6482:Senusret I 6441:Rim-Sin II 6431:Silli-Adad 6425:Sin-Eribam 6387:Suen-magir 6384:Ur-du-kuga 6381:Iter-pisha 6375:Enlil-bani 6363:Ur-Ninurta 6351:Shu-Ilishu 6348:Ishbi-Erra 6318:Erishum II 6264:Yahdun-Lim 6261:Yaggid-Lim 6074:Tura-Dagan 6053:Utu-hengal 6029:Meryhathor 6005:Nam-mahani 5971:II dynasty 5940:(21 kings) 5834:Puzer-Mama 5830:II dynasty 5812:IV dynasty 5725:Neferkaure 5722:Qakare Ibi 5713:Neferkahor 5704:Neferkamin 5623:Ilshu-rabi 5514:Ishqi-Mari 5510:Ikun-Ishar 5506:Enna-Dagan 5426:II dynasty 5400:Bara-irnun 5355:Puzur-Suen 5351:IV dynasty 5343:Irkab-Damu 5288:(3 kings) 5214:Ukkutahesh 5187:Meskiagnun 5183:A'annepada 5130:II dynasty 5025:Thamphthis 5021:Shepseskaf 4970:Lugal-dalu 4869:Udulkalama 4849:II dynasty 4791:Sekhemkhet 4699:Lugalbanda 4625:Melem-Kish 4621:En-me-nuna 4406:Canaanites 4400:Horus Bird 4365:Neithhotep 4238:Scorpion I 4188:Naqada III 3803:Carchemish 3784:Nabataeans 3601:Aram Rehob 3369:Carchemish 3179:Third Mari 3159:Third Ebla 3109:Bronze Age 3064:Tell Halaf 3051:Copper Age 1742:References 1606:accusative 1602:nominative 1598:adjectives 1570:Phoenician 1449:Baal Cycle 1270:purple dye 1134:, EA 89, 973:Strasbourg 953:necropolis 913:c. 1200 BC 841:Mursili II 800:c. 1350 BC 775:Niqmaddu I 689:Carchemish 645:the crisis 607:See also: 561:city-state 416:Senusret I 394:. Gibala ( 207:Site notes 177:c. 1185 BC 169:c. 7000 BC 156:Settlement 128:35°46′55″E 125:35°36′07″N 18:Ras Shamra 8945:Hallo, W. 8842:Peroz III 8676:Antiochus 8642:Khosrow I 8612:Shapur IV 8606:Bahram IV 8597:Shapur II 8582:Bahram II 8576:Hormizd I 8533:Osroes II 8411:Vonones I 8393:Orodes II 8369:Artabanus 8037:Darius II 7964:Phraortes 7950:Nabonidus 7921:Ahmose II 7909:Psamtik I 7802:Tanutamun 7651:(regent) 7542:Takelot I 7536:Osorkon I 7301:Phoenicia 7285:Amenemope 7231:Setnakhte 7185:Merneptah 7134:Akhenaten 6917:Sakir-Har 6855:Sixteenth 6834:Akurduana 6820:Gulkishar 6817:Shushushi 6773:Abi-eshuh 6767:Hammurabi 6749:Sumu-abum 6671:Shu-Ninua 6662:Iptar-Sin 6632:Sin-namir 6629:Nasir-Sin 6620:Puzur-Sin 6602:Sin-namir 6599:Nasir-Sin 6453:Sîn-gāmil 6449:Sîn-kāšid 6437:Rim-Sin I 6434:Warad-Sin 6314:Naram-Sin 6298:Erishum I 6294:Ilu-shuma 6270:Zimri-Lim 6218:Indilimma 6205:Ibbit-Lim 6175:Intef III 6138:invasions 6125:invasions 6070:Ili-Ishar 6066:Iddi-ilum 6059:2100 BCE 6049:V dynasty 6019:2125 BCE 5957:Puzur-ili 5944:La-erabum 5878:2150 BCE 5804:Shu-turul 5797:(3 years) 5764:Shu-Dagan 5664:2200 BCE 5641:Naram-Sin 5637:2250 BCE 5581:2340 BCE 5547:2350 BCE 5541:Luh-ishan 5536:Urukagina 5532:Lugalanda 5501:Isar-Damu 5497:2370 BCE 5443:2380 BCE 5418:Enentarzi 5406:Enannatum 5395:Gishakidu 5359:Ur-Zababa 5335:Adub-Damu 5331:2400 BCE 5304:2425 BCE 5298:Napilhush 5286:invasions 5264:Enar-Damu 5244:Neferefre 5224:2450 BCE 5167:Ur-Nanshe 5162:I dynasty 5149:I dynasty 5090:Ikun-Mari 5049:Phoenicia 5045:2500 BCE 4978:2575 BCE 4946:Melamanna 4930:Akalamdug 4902:A-Imdugud 4865:Ur-Nungal 4852:(5 kings) 4839:Baba-Damu 4835:Ibbi-Damu 4764:2600 BCE 4734:Gilgamesh 4692:Iltasadum 4663:2700 BCE 4637:I dynasty 4590:2800 BCE 4553:I dynasty 4509:Hudjefa I 4442:2900 BCE 4388:Semerkhet 4380:(regent) 4367:(regent) 4274:Hedju Hor 4102:Naqada II 3896:Macedonia 3861:Commagene 3789:Qedarites 3727:Phoenicia 3695:Philistia 3611:Bit Agusi 3606:Bit-Adini 3448:Tall Bazi 3342:Phoenicia 3312:Jerusalem 3164:Ekallatum 1649:adjective 1521:-derived 1515:cuneiform 1234:Egyptians 1163:Acropolis 1136:Rib-Hadda 967:from the 857:Ahatmilku 770:Comments 723:Merneptah 711:cuneiform 620:Merenptah 486:Akhenaten 455:found in 412:carnelian 377:Mycenaean 338:Neolithic 239:Ownership 231:Condition 186:Neolithic 174:Abandoned 9061:(2014). 9014:(1992). 8984:(2020). 8951:(1971). 8792:Kavad II 8618:Bahram V 8579:Bahram I 8573:Shapur I 8450:Osroes I 8381:Orodes I 8375:Gotarzes 8363:Phraates 8028:Darius I 8025:Cambyses 7973:Astyages 7970:Cyaxares 7912:Necho II 7843:Bel-ibni 7793:Shebitku 7756:Indabibi 7609:Tefnakht 7151:Horemheb 7010:Agum III 6992:Kassites 6975:Ahmose I 6840:Ea-gamil 6824:DIŠ+U-EN 6814:Ishkibal 6761:Apil-Sin 6743:Amorites 6653:Bel-bani 6528:Biblical 6419:Nur-Adad 6410:Gungunum 6398:Naplanum 6366:Bur-Suen 6330:Amorites 6306:Sargon I 6256:Amorites 6200:Amorites 6172:Intef II 6142:Kindattu 6130:Ibbi-Sin 6109:Amar-Sin 6103:Ur-Nammu 6038:Merykare 5930:Apil-kin 5842:Pirig-me 5820:Ur-gigir 5816:Ur-nigin 5756:dynasty) 5701:Merenhor 5627:Epirmupi 5456:Userkare 5410:Entemena 5387:Ur-Lumma 5382:Meskigal 5313:Eannatum 5308:Kun-Damu 5292:Shushun- 5277:Enakalle 5136:kushanna 5122:Undalulu 5094:Iblul-Il 5018:Menkaure 5014:Bikheris 5007:Djedefre 4966:Me-durba 4891:shaengur 4885:En-hegal 4873:Labashum 4831:Agur-lim 4827:Abur-lim 4806:Qahedjet 4651:Enmerkar 4483:Wadjenes 4473:Horus Sa 4468:Nubnefer 4459:Nynetjer 4433:Susa III 4395:Sneferka 4378:Merneith 4096:Naqada I 3818:Palistin 3778:Itureans 3576:Iron Age 3380:Hurrians 3122:Alashiya 3074:Hamoukar 1710:See also 1614:singular 1610:genitive 1582:Akkadian 1519:Egyptian 1499:Alphabet 1419:Pantheon 1409:Language 1404:Alphabet 1386:Ammurapi 1246:Hurrians 1242:Hittites 1238:Cypriots 1078:Ugaritic 909:Ammurapi 740:Ammurapi 650:Alashiya 648:king of 633:Ammurapi 597:Ammurabi 530:Location 481:Karkemiš 449:Ashkelon 373:Alashiya 310:ʾUgarītu 306:𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚 302:Ugaritic 95:Location 88:رأس شمرة 37:𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚 8845:Narsieh 8673:Zenobia 8654:Vistahm 8639:Kavad I 8633:Kavad I 8627:Peroz I 8615:Khosrow 7961:Deioces 7918:Wahibre 7906:Necho I 7799:Taharqa 7796:Shabaka 7780:Taharqa 7744:Teumman 7595:Rudamun 7337:Solomon 7276:Smendes 7197:Twosret 7191:Seti II 6932:Mitanni 6926:Khamudi 6880:Dynasty 6870:Dynasty 6860:Dynasty 6698:Nur-ili 6668:Lullaya 6571:dynasty 6523:Abraham 6413:Abisare 6378:Zambiya 6272:(Queen 6224:Amorite 6195:Kingdom 6169:Intef I 6136:Elamite 6123:Amorite 6112:Shu-Sin 6013:Tirigan 5982:Ur-Baba 5912:Nûr-Mêr 5850:Lu-gula 5846:Lu-Baba 5760:Ididish 5741:Kingdom 5738:Eblaite 5736:Second 5686:Menkare 5561:Shu-Sin 5557:Ishu-Il 5485:dynasty 5465:Pepi II 5398:(Queen 5284:Elamite 5235:Userkaf 5178:Akurgal 5107:Ku-Baba 4923:(Queen 4859:Mesilim 4794:Sanakht 4784:(First 4601:Zuqaqip 4598:Kalumum 4583:Kalibum 4579:Puannum 4536:Kingdom 4385:Anedjib 4369:Hor-Aha 4314:Nat-Hor 4247:Iry-Hor 4243:Shendjw 4215:Pen-Abu 4163:Susa II 3940:Sources 3906:Osroene 3705:Ascalon 3680:Jericho 3558:Nuhašše 3506:Suteans 3444:Armanum 3396:Mitanni 3391:Nuhašše 3352:Shechem 3332:Megiddo 3327:Lakisha 3317:Kenites 3307:Jericho 3287:Dimasqu 3258:Aštartu 3253:Ascalon 3189:Palmyra 3144:Andarig 3134:Alalakh 3079:Jericho 3041:of the 3039:history 1716:Asherah 1686:", the 1629:aspects 1624:); and 1586:genders 1566:Aramaic 1414:Grammar 1395:Culture 1374:Ibiranu 1362:Niqmepa 1357:Arhalba 881:Ibiranu 848:Niqmepa 837:Hittite 828:Arhalba 817:Hittite 785:Yaqarum 767:Reigned 736:Twosret 637:Hittite 601:unknown 551:victory 525:1190 BC 332:History 318:Latakia 182:Periods 166:Founded 161:History 101:, Syria 44:{{{1}}} 9110:Ugarit 9071: 9024: 8994: 8636:Jamasp 8630:Balash 8588:Narseh 8499:Trajan 8497:under 8031:Xerxes 7967:Madyes 7831:Sargon 7291:Siamun 7194:Siptah 7179:Seti I 7163:Ugarit 6908:Semqen 6893:Hyksos 6865:Abydos 6758:Sabium 6665:Bazaya 6656:Libaya 6590:Asinum 6587:Rimush 6547:Yamhad 6439:(...) 6416:Sumuel 6407:Zabaia 6404:Samium 6401:Emisum 6302:Ikunum 6274:Shibtu 6215:Immeya 6106:Shulgi 6001:Ur-gar 5961:Ur-Utu 5828:Lagash 5707:Nikare 5619:Eshpum 5607:Rimush 5459:Pepi I 5294:tarana 5238:Sahure 5218:Hishur 5195:Balulu 5160:Lagash 5141:Mug-si 5134:Ensha- 5082:Sa'umu 5010:Khafre 4994:Snefru 4942:Mes-he 4889:Lugal- 4880:Lagash 4823:Sagisu 4775:Djoser 4684:Tizqar 4655:Aratta 4611:Arwium 4608:Mashda 4558:Jushur 4488:Senedj 4427:period 4359:Narmer 4309:Wazner 4284:Hsekiu 4279:Ny-Hor 4258:Narmer 4228:Canide 4219:Animal 4125:Susa I 4075:Lagash 4049:Akshak 4024:Canaan 3891:Iturea 3823:Pattin 3813:Luhuti 3808:Kummuh 3747:Tartus 3700:Ashdod 3654:Canaan 3631:Sam'al 3626:Hamath 3621:Geshur 3547:Ugarit 3537:Tadmor 3520:ʿApiru 3501:Aḫlamū 3496:ʿApiru 3482:Tuttul 3437:Aleppo 3410:Naziba 3347:Qadesh 3337:Midian 3322:Kumidi 3297:Gibeon 3277:Beruta 3272:Hauran 3268:Bashan 3263:Azzati 3238:Amalek 3209:Yamhad 3199:Ṭābetu 3184:Mukish 3139:Amurru 3099:Urkesh 3094:Ugarit 3084:Byblos 3043:Levant 2956: 2943: 2930: 2918: 2908: 2894: 2883: 2873: 2854: 2840: 2829:& 2782: 2705: 2659: 2631: 2597: 2495: 2240: 2203: 2047: 2027: 1977: 1969: 1934: 1851: 1830: 1803: 1765: 1622:plural 1620:, and 1608:, and 1568:, and 1562:Hebrew 1303:Places 1288:Ugarit 1262:Hathor 1250:Aegean 1248:, and 1171:Ugarit 1140:Byblos 873:Amurru 839:ruler 819:ruler 753:Rulers 670:aware! 639:king, 578:Ugarit 559:Ugarit 542:Result 535:Ugarit 369:Cyprus 257:Ugarit 242:Public 197:Events 106:Region 84:Arabic 31:Ugarit 8836:Boran 8818:Boran 8705:Syria 8485:Syria 8480:Judea 8022:Cyrus 7740:Urtak 7333:David 6939:Kirta 6923:Apepi 6920:Khyan 6641:Adasi 6611:Adasi 6239:(...) 5986:Gudea 5948:Si'um 5897:Setut 5868:Khita 5854:Ka-ku 5795:Ilulu 5791:Nanum 5783:Igigi 5527:Ukush 5429:Nanni 5191:Elulu 5078:Ansud 4997:Khufu 4925:Puabi 4802:Khaba 4798:Nebka 4680:Zamug 4618:Balih 4614:Etana 4575:Babum 4362:Menes 4304:Neheb 4299:Thesh 4289:Khayu 4262:Menes 4223:Stork 4054:Akkad 4044:Assur 4019:Egypt 4014:dates 3772:Arabs 3757:Sidon 3742:Gebal 3737:Arwad 3732:Amrit 3710:Ekron 3685:Judah 3660:Ammon 3636:Zobah 3542:Tunip 3530:Shutu 3525:Shasu 3490:Suhum 3477:Nagar 3467:Terqa 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