696:
393:
232:
544:
2475:
27:
138:
152:
1177:
783:
Moeller's
Pioneers were then involved in the fighting on 18 September to reduce the British perimeter and retake the northern end of the Arnhem bridge. It was noted that the RAD troops had no combat experience. Captain Moeller's report concluded: "These men were rather skeptical and reluctant at the
611:
A health- and life-insurance program for NSAD members (from
November 1933 to June 1935) and RAD workers (from June 1935 to 1945) in case they became ill or were injured or killed while on the job. The pre-war organization would also provide funding for education or training for poor members so they
687:
During the early war
Norwegian and Western campaigns, hundreds of RAD units were engaged in supplying frontline troops with food and ammunition, repairing damaged roads and constructing and repairing airstrips. Throughout the course of the war, the RAD were involved in many projects. The RAD units
711:
Batteries. Several RAD units also performed combat on the eastern front as infantry. As the German defences were devastated, more and more RAD men were committed to combat. During the final months of the war, RAD men formed 6 major frontline units, which were involved in serious fighting.
495:
or RAD with Hierl as its director until the end of World War II. By law issued on 26 June 1935, the RAD was re-established as an amalgamation of the many prior labour organisations formed in
Germany during the Weimar Republic, with Hierl appointed as Reich Labour Leader
599:
brassard, the RAD symbol, an arm badge in the shape of an upward pointing shovel blade, was displayed on the upper left shoulder of all uniforms and great-coats worn by all personnel. Men and women had to work up to 76 hours a week.
2333:
521:(3) The Reich Labor Service is intended to educate German youth in the spirit of National Socialism in national community and in the true concept of work, above all in the due respect for manual work.
761:
but were blocked just east of the Arnhem town square by the
British 2nd and 3rd Parachute Battalions. They engaged in intense house to house fighting, which allowed their parent formation SS-
506:. With massive financial support by the German government, RAD members were to provide service for civic and agricultural construction projects. Per Reich Labor Service Act of June 26, 1935:
535:(2) The Reich Labor Leader stands at the head of the Reich leadership of the Labor Service; he determines the organization, regulates the work assignment and directs training and education.
661:(lit. Defence Force Followers). Auxiliary forces with this status, while not a part of the Armed Forces themselves, provided such vital support that they were given protection by the
784:
beginning, which was hardly surprising. But when they were put in the right place they helped us a lot; and in time they integrated completely, becoming good and reliable comrades."
458:
state secretary in the Reich
Ministry of Labour, responsible for FAD matters. Hierl was already a high-ranking member of the NSDAP and head of the party's labour organisation, the
732:
During
Operation Market-Garden in September 1944, RAD troops were used as reinforcements. Losses for these troops were in the hundreds. Some RAD troops were assigned to the
1296:
532:(1) The Reich Labor Service is subordinate to the Reich Minister of the Interior. Under him, the Reich Labor Leader exercises command over the Reich Labor Service.
2527:
1533:
974:
707:
The role of the RAD was not limited to combat support functions. Hundreds of RAD units received training as anti-aircraft units and were deployed as RAD
2267:
1383:
1138:
English edition: "Soldiers of Labor. Labor
Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America", 1933–1945, Cambridge University Press, New York 2005,
2248:
1291:
793:
1286:
2542:
2537:
2260:
260:
2522:
2238:
643:
added in the colored border. Officials and employees of the organization wore a larger version of the pin to indicate their status.
2371:
2323:
1926:
568:
91:
2507:
63:
668:
Just prior to the outbreak of World War II, nearly all the RAD/M's extant RAD-Abteilung units were either incorporated into the
2338:
695:
1414:
1159:
1111:
Moeller 'Die
Schlacht um Arnheim-Oosterbeek. Der Einsatz des Pionier Battalion 9 Hohenstaufen vom 17. bis 26. September 1944.
44:
70:
2255:
1311:
1181:
1861:
2497:
733:
2294:
1318:
392:
77:
2512:
1143:
1133:
773:
110:
2517:
1569:
1224:
591:
Conscripted personnel had to move into labour barracks. Each rank and file RAD man was supplied with a spade and a
418:
374:
From June 1935 onward, men aged between 18 and 25 may have served six months before their military service. During
676:(Construction troops) as an expedient to rapidly increase their numbers or else in a few cases transferred to the
2445:
1623:
1376:
1301:
1187:
59:
1306:
468:
army, with a view to implementing a compulsory service. Meant as an evasion of the regulations set by the 1919
429:(NSDAP) ascended to national power. The state sponsored employment organisation provided services to civic and
48:
1192:
2532:
1791:
1761:
1749:
2313:
1564:
910:
681:
473:
334:
616:("membership card") that gave personal information (name, birthdate, and birthplace) and identified which
2060:
959:
2095:
2274:
2160:
1781:
1528:
1371:
382:
1579:
371:
ideology. It was the official state labour service, divided into separate sections for men and women.
2204:
2417:
2361:
2145:
2131:
1661:
1574:
1498:
1424:
1400:
1366:
855:
2065:
1029:
Heyck, Hartmut (2003). "Labour
Services in the Weimar Republic and their Ideological Godparents".
915:
518:(2) All young Germans of both sexes are obliged to serve their people in the Reich Labor Service.
84:
2412:
2366:
2318:
2120:
865:
769:
758:
721:
669:
585:
364:
37:
692:), laid minefields, manned fortifications, and even helped guard vital locations and prisoners.
2502:
2184:
2005:
1866:
1694:
1543:
1281:
964:
895:
584:(Work Groups), battalion-sized formations of 1200–1800 men. These groups were divided into six
749:
Moeller. The understrength unit was made up of 90 Pioneers armed with flamethrowers and extra
652:
2460:
2217:
1856:
1806:
1801:
451:
2450:
2343:
2233:
2015:
1419:
1217:
994:
469:
462:
or NSAD. Hierl developed the concept of a state labour service organisation similar to the
254:
1849:
1844:
443:. As the name stated, participating was voluntary as long as the Weimar Republic existed.
8:
2390:
2223:
1635:
1604:
1439:
925:
1616:
635:
program were encouraged to pay back into it with donations. Donors received an enameled
414:
2440:
2150:
2085:
1881:
1766:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1689:
1513:
1269:
1054:
940:
1555:
845:
2400:
2395:
2228:
1975:
1904:
1729:
1609:
1508:
1429:
1390:
1155:
1139:
1129:
1058:
1046:
969:
662:
1995:
1197:
1072:
2424:
2243:
2209:
2189:
2110:
2035:
1980:
1876:
1754:
1589:
1482:
1357:
1038:
984:
825:
820:
815:
727:
592:
455:
430:
406:
314:
2105:
1647:
502:
2478:
2433:
2194:
2165:
2080:
2075:
2055:
2025:
1990:
1893:
1886:
1771:
1472:
1210:
989:
765:
439:
434:
410:
240:
219:
1042:
2407:
2279:
2155:
2100:
2090:
2046:
1955:
1935:
1724:
1701:
1594:
1492:
1477:
1434:
1332:
999:
905:
319:
1945:
1913:
2491:
2328:
2030:
1965:
1950:
1837:
1828:
1717:
1666:
1656:
1584:
1467:
1446:
1342:
1050:
830:
777:
689:
488:
275:
262:
2010:
378:, compulsory service also included young women, and the RAD developed to an
2289:
2115:
2070:
2020:
2000:
1985:
1940:
1871:
1796:
1640:
1523:
1462:
1407:
1395:
1276:
930:
885:
840:
805:
480:
447:
375:
360:
356:
352:
236:
231:
1198:
The Law on State Labor Service (Reichsarbeitsdienstgesetz) of 26 June 1935
639:("commemorative pin") that used the oval NSAD or RAD symbol with the text
2455:
1970:
1816:
1786:
1630:
1503:
1126:
Soldaten der Arbeit. Arbeitsdienste in Deutschland und den USA, 1933–1945
890:
870:
835:
745:
572:
subdivisions of the Nazi Party. Each of these districts was headed by an
379:
753:, which Moeller divided into two assault companies. On 17 September, SS-
425:('Voluntary Labour Service', FAD), on 5 June 1931, two years before the
1960:
1710:
1673:
1599:
1487:
1325:
979:
954:
920:
880:
612:
could learn a trade or get a university degree. Members had to carry a
543:
464:
426:
524:(4) The Reich Labor Service is intended to carry out charitable work.
515:(1) The Reich Labor Service is honorary service to the German people.
472:, voluntariness initially was maintained after protests by the Geneva
2140:
1821:
1455:
1251:
935:
810:
677:
624:("membership group") they were assigned to, kind of like a soldier's
386:
555:) and the voluntary, from 1939 compulsory, section for young women (
26:
1811:
1776:
1518:
900:
596:
1260:
850:
684:
for that service. New units were quickly formed to replace them.
137:
580:(Guard Company). Under each district were between six and eight
151:
1682:
1538:
1233:
1176:
875:
688:
constructed coastal fortifications (many RAD men worked on the
368:
250:
2284:
860:
750:
595:. A paramilitary uniform was implemented in 1934; beside the
1073:"documentArchiv.de – Reichsarbeitsdienstgesetz (26.06.1935)"
708:
700:
603:
551:
The RAD was divided into two major sections, one for men (
1202:
1128:, Verlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2003.
1095:
1093:
1022:
1188:
The German Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labor Service)
562:
The RAD was composed of 33 districts each called an
396:
RAD members working in the field, East Prussia, 1938
367:, militarise the workforce and indoctrinate it with
975:
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1090:
557:Reichsarbeitsdienst der weiblichen Jugend – RAD/wJ
547:RAD flag, Female Section, in use between 1935–1945
487:with the Interior Ministry under his party fellow
2489:
780:, but were then encircled by the German forces.
2250:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
483:led to the affiliation of his office as a FAD
1218:
794:Ranks and insignia of the Reichsarbeitsdienst
665:. Some, including the RAD, were militarized.
433:projects, from 16 July 1932 it was headed by
359:as an agency to help mitigate the effects of
2431:
2422:
2269:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
1911:
1902:
1891:
1835:
1826:
1708:
1699:
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1645:
1614:
1453:
1444:
1405:
1381:
1340:
1330:
1316:
1267:
1258:
1249:
2528:Paramilitary organisations based in Germany
1225:
1211:
715:
2239:German National Movement in Liechtenstein
768:to dig in and form a defensive line. The
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
694:
542:
491:. On 11 July 1934, the NSAD was renamed
391:
699:RAD members digging a trench for a RAD
2490:
576:officer with headquarters staff and a
1206:
1149:
1099:
1028:
787:
628:("military identification booklet").
479:Hierl's rivalry with Labour Minister
460:Nationalsozialistischer Arbeitsdienst
2256:National Socialist Movement of Chile
566:(lit. Work District) similar to the
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
995:Construction soldier (East Germany)
13:
2543:Military logistics of Nazi Germany
2538:Military logistics of World War II
2295:World Union of National Socialists
1415:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality
1319:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte
653:Bicycle infantry § World Wars
553:Reichsarbeitsdienst Männer – RAD/M
14:
2554:
2334:Last surviving war crime suspects
1169:
1037:(2). SAGE Publications: 221–236.
2523:Non-combatant military personnel
2474:
2473:
2324:Nazi Party leaders and officials
1175:
739:("Engineer Battalion") under SS-
230:
150:
136:
25:
2446:Political views of Adolf Hitler
1031:Journal of Contemporary History
631:Workers who benefited from the
538:
409:, the German government of the
385:which provided support for the
36:needs additional citations for
2508:1934 establishments in Germany
2339:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler
1105:
1065:
1013:
682:new wartime construction units
335:Reich Ministry of the Interior
1:
2280:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)
1118:
400:
2314:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler
1565:Aestheticization of politics
911:2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling
798:
588:-sized RAD-Abteilung units.
474:World Disarmament Conference
355:organization established in
16:Organization in Nazi Germany
7:
2261:National Socialist Movement
2229:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)
1043:10.1177/0022009403038002131
960:Civilian Conservation Corps
947:
446:The concept was adopted by
10:
2559:
2498:Government of Nazi Germany
2275:Nordic Resistance Movement
1372:National Socialist Program
1232:
791:
757:Moeller advanced from the
725:
719:
650:
437:in the official rank of a
423:Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst
181:Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst
143:House flag with RAD symbol
2471:
2379:
2353:
2305:
2244:Nasjonal Samling (Norway)
2173:
2130:
2045:
1925:
1554:
1356:
1240:
329:
307:
291:
246:
225:
215:
207:
173:
165:
160:
149:
135:
130:Reichsarbeitsdienst – RAD
128:
2513:German words and phrases
2146:Nazi concentration camps
1662:Economic interventionism
1624:Jewish conspiracy theory
1425:Night of the Long Knives
1401:Religion in Nazi Germany
1006:
856:Einstossflammenwerfer 46
776:snuck past and took the
743:Hans Moeller as part of
2518:Economy of Nazi Germany
2290:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)
866:Schwarzlose machine gun
770:2nd Parachute Battalion
722:Operation Market-Garden
716:Operation Market Garden
657:The RAD was classed as
190:Nationalsozialistischer
2432:
2423:
1912:
1903:
1892:
1867:Social interventionism
1836:
1827:
1709:
1700:
1695:Greater Germanic Reich
1681:
1672:
1646:
1615:
1454:
1445:
1406:
1382:
1377:Hitler's rise to power
1341:
1331:
1317:
1282:League of German Girls
1268:
1259:
1250:
965:Deutscher Aufbaudienst
896:Abwehrflammenwerfer 42
704:
646:
548:
397:
60:"Reich Labour Service"
2161:Human experimentation
1857:Reactionary modernism
1802:Anti-Slavic sentiment
1529:Human experimentation
1261:Geheime Staatspolizei
1150:McNab, Chris (2009).
916:Volkswagen KĂĽbelwagen
792:Further information:
720:Further information:
703:battery in March 1945
698:
680:to form the basis of
546:
452:Nazi seizure of power
405:In the course of the
395:
276:52.49194°N 13.28500°E
2533:Military engineering
2234:German American Bund
1575:Anti-intellectualism
1420:Enabling Act of 1933
1184:at Wikimedia Commons
470:Treaty of Versailles
345:Reich Labour Service
156:An RAD squad in 1940
124:Reich Labour Service
45:improve this article
2354:Role and impact in
2224:American Nazi Party
1636:Cult of personality
1605:Class collaboration
1514:Extermination camps
1499:Concentration camps
1440:Anti-Comintern Pact
1182:Reichsarbeitsdienst
926:Mercedes-Benz L3000
500:) according to the
498:ReichsarbeitsfĂĽhrer
493:Reichsarbeitsdienst
351:; RAD) was a major
349:Reichsarbeitsdienst
272: /
125:
2441:German Romanticism
2329:Nazi Party members
2151:Extermination camp
1544:Racial segregation
1270:Deutsches Jungvolk
1124:Kiran Klaus Patel:
941:M42 Truppenfahrrad
788:Ranks and insignia
705:
549:
454:in 1933 appointed
398:
281:52.49194; 13.28500
174:Preceding agencies
123:
2485:
2484:
2026:Strasser (Gregor)
1905:Volksgemeinschaft
1850:Völkisch movement
1845:Völkisch equality
1430:Nuremberg rallies
1391:German rearmament
1180:Media related to
1161:978-1-906626-51-8
1077:Documentarchiv.de
970:Organisation Todt
736:Pionier Abteilung
663:Geneva Convention
413:under Chancellor
341:
340:
308:Agency executives
121:
120:
113:
95:
2550:
2477:
2476:
2437:
2428:
2425:Drang nach Osten
2270:
2251:
2121:von Sebottendorf
1917:
1908:
1897:
1877:State capitalism
1862:Social Darwinism
1841:
1832:
1714:
1705:
1686:
1677:
1651:
1620:
1617:DolchstoĂźlegende
1590:Authoritarianism
1483:Nuremberg trials
1459:
1450:
1411:
1387:
1346:
1336:
1322:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1203:
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1112:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1026:
1020:
1017:
985:Labour battalion
826:Model 39 grenade
821:Stielhandgranate
816:Mannlicher M1895
741:HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
728:Battle of Arnhem
659:Wehrmachtgefolge
637:Erinnerungsnadel
607:("Labor Thanks")
574:ArbeitsgaufĂĽhrer
456:Konstantin Hierl
431:land improvement
421:established the
419:emergency decree
415:Heinrich BrĂĽning
407:Great Depression
315:Konstantin Hierl
303:
298:
287:
286:
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2466:
2465:
2451:Racial theories
2434:Generalplan Ost
2381:
2375:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2319:Nazi ideologues
2301:
2300:
2299:
2268:
2263:(United States)
2262:
2249:
2175:
2169:
2166:Romani genocide
2133:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2031:Strasser (Otto)
1921:
1920:
1919:
1894:Gleichschaltung
1887:Totalitarianism
1772:One-party state
1580:Anti-liberalism
1550:
1549:
1548:
1473:Tripartite Pact
1384:Machtergreifung
1352:
1351:
1350:
1236:
1231:
1193:RAD-Abteilungen
1172:
1162:
1154:. Amber Books.
1152:The Third Reich
1137:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1110:
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1079:
1071:
1070:
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1023:
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1014:
1009:
1004:
990:Assault pioneer
950:
945:
846:PanzerbĂĽchse 39
801:
796:
790:
774:Col. John Frost
759:railway station
730:
724:
718:
655:
649:
614:Mitglieds-karte
609:
541:
509:
485:Reichskommissar
450:, who upon the
440:Reichskommissar
435:Friedrich Syrup
411:Weimar Republic
403:
337:
325:
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161:Agency overview
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2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Beefsteak Nazi
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2387:
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2385:
2383:
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2369:
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2356:German society
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2171:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Final Solution
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2134:and war crimes
2128:
2127:
2123:
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2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2096:von Liebenfels
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2052:
2051:
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2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:von Ribbentrop
2003:
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1983:
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1973:
1968:
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1958:
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1932:
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1648:FĂĽhrerprinzip
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503:FĂĽhrerprinzip
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489:Wilhelm Frick
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62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2396:Architecture
2344:SS personnel
2285:SUMKA (Iran)
2216:
1872:Social order
1797:Antisemitism
1750:Palingenetic
1641:Dictatorship
1610:Conspiracism
1534:Labour camps
1504:Deportations
1491:
1463:World War II
1408:Kirchenkampf
1396:Nazi Germany
1277:Hitler Youth
1241:Organisation
1151:
1125:
1107:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:
1067:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1015:
931:Krupp Protze
886:Schu-mine 42
841:Sturmpistole
806:Luger pistol
782:
762:
754:
744:
740:
735:
731:
706:
686:
673:
667:
658:
656:
640:
636:
633:Arbeits Dank
632:
630:
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:
605:Arbeits Dank
604:
590:
581:
578:Wachkompanie
577:
573:
567:
563:
561:
556:
552:
550:
539:Organization
534:
531:
527:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
510:
508:
501:
497:
492:
484:
481:Franz Seldte
478:
463:
459:
448:Adolf Hitler
445:
438:
422:
404:
376:World War II
373:
361:unemployment
357:Nazi Germany
353:paramilitary
348:
344:
342:
247:Headquarters
237:Nazi Germany
226:Jurisdiction
194:
189:
180:
169:26 June 1935
129:
107:
101:January 2013
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2456:Strasserism
2086:de Gobineau
2061:Chamberlain
1927:Politicians
1914:Volkskörper
1817:Master race
1787:Prussianism
1735:Nationalism
1690:Imperialism
1631:Corporatism
1082:26 February
980:Labour Army
891:Glasmine 43
871:Teller mine
836:Panzerfaust
763:Kampfgruppe
755:Kampfgruppe
751:machineguns
746:Kampfgruppe
279: /
220:Labour Army
2492:Categories
2132:Atrocities
2047:Ideologues
1882:Syncretism
1807:Aryan race
1782:Propaganda
1730:Militarism
1711:Lebensraum
1674:Geopolitik
1600:Chauvinism
1488:Neo-Nazism
1326:Nazi Party
1119:References
1100:McNab 2009
1019:Nominally.
955:Bevin Boys
921:Opel Blitz
881:Stock mine
726:See also:
674:Bautruppen
651:See also:
618:Arbeitsgau
564:Arbeitsgau
465:Reichswehr
427:Nazi Party
401:Foundation
264:52°29′31″N
211:8 May 1945
71:newspapers
2141:Action T4
2111:Rosenberg
2091:Haushofer
2036:Streicher
1822:Nordicism
1767:New Order
1456:Anschluss
1252:Ahnenerbe
1059:159763812
1051:0022-0094
936:Sd.Kfz. 2
811:Gewehr 98
799:Equipment
678:Luftwaffe
387:Wehrmacht
383:formation
380:auxiliary
292:Employees
267:13°17′6″E
255:Grunewald
208:Dissolved
2479:Category
2418:Glossary
2372:Nobility
2185:Americas
2101:von List
2056:Baeumler
1991:Goebbels
1976:Heydrich
1956:Eichmann
1812:Aryanism
1777:Populism
1667:Eugenics
1556:Ideology
1519:Genocide
948:See also
901:Topfmine
766:Spindler
626:Soldbuch
597:swastika
322:, Deputy
300:350,000
295:200,000
2413:Economy
2380:Related
2367:Economy
2218:Parties
2201:Europe
2176:Germany
2174:Outside
2116:Schmitt
2001:Lammers
1981:Himmler
1951:Drexler
1941:Daluege
1936:Bormann
1762:New Man
1539:Pogroms
1524:Ghettos
1358:History
851:MP 3008
734:9th SS
593:bicycle
586:company
363:on the
85:scholar
2401:Cinema
2382:topics
2210:Sweden
2205:Greece
2190:Brazil
2106:MĂĽller
2076:Eckart
1996:Göring
1986:Hitler
1946:Dönitz
1792:Racism
1745:Racial
1683:Heimat
1292:NSDStB
1234:Nazism
1158:
1142:
1132:
1057:
1049:
876:S-mine
772:under
297:(1935)
251:Berlin
198:(NSAD)
166:Formed
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2461:Women
2306:Lists
2195:Chile
2081:Feder
2066:Darré
2021:Speer
1966:Frick
1961:Frank
1755:Ultra
1740:Ethno
1287:NSDĂ„B
1055:S2CID
1007:Notes
861:MG 08
184:(FAD)
92:JSTOR
78:books
2071:Devi
2011:Röhm
1971:Hess
1347:(SS)
1337:(SA)
1307:NSKK
1302:NSFK
1297:NSRL
1156:ISBN
1140:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1084:2019
1047:ISSN
709:Flak
701:flak
670:Heer
620:and
569:Gaue
528:§ 2.
511:§ 1.
369:Nazi
343:The
216:Type
64:news
2391:Art
1312:NSF
1039:doi
672:'s
647:War
559:).
417:by
47:by
2494::
1092:^
1075:.
1053:.
1045:.
1035:38
1033:.
476:.
1226:e
1219:t
1212:v
1164:.
1146:.
1136:.
1086:.
1061:.
1041::
496:(
347:(
253:–
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
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