Relationship between religion and science

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Heretics by the Church in some instances. Copernicus and his work challenged the view held by the Catholic Church and the common scientific view at the time, yet according to scholar J. L. Heilbron, the Roman Catholic Church sometimes provided financial support to the Copernicans. In doing so, the Church did support and promote scientific research when the goals in question were in alignment with those of the faith, so long as the findings were in line with the rhetoric of the Church. A case example is the Catholic need for an accurate calendar. Calendar reform was a touchy subject: civilians doubted the accuracy of the mathematics and were upset that the process unfairly selected curators of the reform. The Roman Catholic Church needed a precise date for the Easter Sabbath, and thus the Church was highly supportive of calendar reform. The need for the correct date of Easter was also the impetus of cathedral construction. Cathedrals essentially functioned as massive scale sun dials and, in some cases, camera obscuras. They were efficient scientific devices because they rose high enough for their naves to determine the summer and winter solstices. Heilbron contends that as far back as the twelfth century, the Roman Catholic Church was funding scientific discovery and the recovery of ancient Greek scientific texts. However, the Copernican revolution challenged the view held the Catholic Church and placed the Sun at the center of the

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life are mostly favorable towards science."; "Our review of three important issues on the public policy agenda in the United States suggest that although there is a potential for broad religiously based conflict over science, the scope of this conflict is limited. Only on one issue does a significant portion of the public deny strong consensus for religious reasons: evolution. The significance of this disagreement should not be understated, but it is decidedly unrepresentative of the broader set of scientific controversies and issues. As already noted, it is difficult to find any other major policy issues on which there are strong religious objections to scientific research. Religious concerns do arise in connection with a number of areas of life sciences research, such as the effort to develop medical therapies from embryonic stem cells. But these are not rooted in disputes about the truth of scientific research, and can be found across the spectrum of religious sentiment."; "According to the National Science Foundation, public attitudes about science are more favorable in the United States than in Europe, Russia, and Japan, despite great differences across these cultures in level of religiosity (National Science Foundation, 2008).

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30% answered "I do not know if there is a God and there is no way to find out." In the same study, 28% said they believed in God and 8% believed in a higher power that was not God. Ecklund stated that scientists were often able to consider themselves spiritual without religion or belief in god. Ecklund and Scheitle concluded, from their study, that the individuals from non-religious backgrounds disproportionately had self-selected into scientific professions and that the assumption that becoming a scientist necessarily leads to loss of religion is untenable since the study did not strongly support the idea that scientists had dropped religious identities due to their scientific training. Instead, factors such as upbringing, age, and family size were significant influences on religious identification since those who had religious upbringing were more likely to be religious and those who had a non-religious upbringing were more likely to not be religious. The authors also found little difference in religiosity between social and natural scientists.

949:'s accounts. It was in the 19th century that relationship between science and religion became an actual formal topic of discourse, while before this no one had pitted science against religion or vice versa, though occasional complex interactions had been expressed before the 19th century. Most contemporary historians of science now reject the conflict thesis in its original form and no longer support it. Instead, it has been superseded by subsequent historical research which has resulted in a more nuanced understanding. Historian of science, Gary Ferngren, has stated: "Although popular images of controversy continue to exemplify the supposed hostility of Christianity to new scientific theories, studies have shown that Christianity has often nurtured and encouraged scientific endeavour, while at other times the two have co-existed without either tension or attempts at harmonization. If Galileo and the Scopes trial come to mind as examples of conflict, they were the exceptions rather than the rule." 919:

and argues that since significant portions of scientists are religious and the proportion of Americans believing in evolution is much higher, it implies that both are indeed compatible. Elsewhere, Miller has argued that when scientists make claims on science and theism or atheism, they are not arguing scientifically at all and are stepping beyond the scope of science into discourses of meaning and purpose. What he finds particularly odd and unjustified is in how atheists often come to invoke scientific authority on their non-scientific philosophical conclusions like there being no point or no meaning to the universe as the only viable option when the scientific method and science never have had any way of addressing questions of meaning or God in the first place. Furthermore, he notes that since evolution made the brain and since the brain can handle both religion and science, there is no natural incompatibility between the concepts at the biological level.

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saw no conflict between their own personal religious beliefs and science while the majority of those without a religious affiliation (76%) perceived science and religion to be in conflict. The study noted that people who are not affiliated with any religion, also known as "religiously unaffiliated", often have supernatural beliefs and spiritual practices despite them not being affiliated with any religion and also that "just one-in-six religiously unaffiliated adults (16%) say their own religious beliefs conflict with science." Furthermore, the study observed, "The share of all adults who perceive a conflict between science and their own religious beliefs has declined somewhat in recent years, from 36% in 2009 to 30% in 2014. Among those who are affiliated with a religion, the share of people who say there is a conflict between science and their personal religious beliefs dropped from 41% to 34% during this period."

2913:, "while large majorities of Americans respect science and scientists, they are not always willing to accept scientific findings that squarely contradict their religious beliefs." The Pew Forum states that specific factual disagreements are "not common today", though 40% to 50% of Americans do not accept the evolution of humans and other living things, with the "strongest opposition" coming from evangelical Christians at 65% saying life did not evolve. 51% of the population believes humans and other living things evolved: 26% through natural selection only, 21% somehow guided, 4% do not know. In the U.S., biological evolution is the only concrete example of conflict where a significant portion of the American public denies scientific consensus for religious reasons. In terms of advanced industrialized nations, the United States is the most religious. 1564:, Thomas Goldstein, and Ted Davis have reviewed the popular notion that medieval Christianity was a negative influence in the development of civilization and science. In their views, not only did the monks save and cultivate the remnants of ancient civilization during the barbarian invasions, but the medieval church promoted learning and science through its sponsorship of many universities which, under its leadership, grew rapidly in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries. Saint Thomas Aquinas, the Church's "model theologian", not only argued that reason is in harmony with faith, he even recognized that reason can contribute to understanding revelation, and so encouraged intellectual development. He was not unlike other medieval theologians who sought out reason in the effort to defend his faith. Some modern scholars, such as 2792:(AAAS) were "much less religious than the general public," with 51% believing in some form of deity or higher power. Specifically, 33% of those polled believe in God, 18% believe in a universal spirit or higher power, and 41% did not believe in either God or a higher power. 48% say they have a religious affiliation, equal to the number who say they are not affiliated with any religious tradition. 17% were atheists, 11% were agnostics, 20% were nothing in particular, 8% were Jewish, 10% were Catholic, 16% were Protestant, 4% were Evangelical, 10% were other religion. The survey also found younger scientists to be "substantially more likely than their older counterparts to say they believe in God". Among the surveyed fields, chemists were the most likely to say they believe in God. 673:

religion is the age-old endeavor of mankind to become clearly and completely conscious of these values and goals and constantly to strengthen and extend their effect. If one conceives of religion and science according to these definitions then a conflict between them appears impossible. For science can only ascertain what is, but not what should be, and outside of its domain value judgments of all kinds remain necessary. Religion, on the other hand, deals only with evaluations of human thought and action: it cannot justifiably speak of facts and relationships between facts. According to this interpretation the well-known conflicts between religion and science in the past must all be ascribed to a misapprehension of the situation which has been described.

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30% do not believe in a god but believe in a higher power, 13% do not know if there is a god, and 12% do not believe in a god. 49% believe in the efficacy of prayer, 90% strongly agree or somewhat agree with approving degrees in Ayurvedic medicine. Furthermore, the term "secularism" is understood to have diverse and simultaneous meanings among Indian scientists: 93% believe it to be tolerance of religions and philosophies, 83% see it as involving separation of church and state, 53% see it as not identifying with religious traditions, 40% see it as absence of religious beliefs, and 20% see it as atheism. Accordingly, 75% of Indian scientists had a "secular" outlook in terms of being tolerant of other religions.

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of Muslim worship and their vast empire that much science and philosophy was created. People needed to know in which direction they needed to pray toward to face Mecca. Many historians through time have asserted that all modern science originates from ancient Greek scholarship; but scholars like Martin Bernal have claimed that most ancient Greek scholarship relied heavily on the work of scholars from ancient Egypt and the Levant. Ancient Egypt was the foundational site of the Hermetic School, which believed that the sun represented an invisible God. Amongst other things, Islamic civilization was key because it documented and recorded Greek scholarship.

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practice of science in the Muslim world, as Islamic scientists had to confront the western approach to scientific learning, which was based on a different philosophy of nature. From the time of this initial upheaval of the Islamic scientific tradition to the present day, Muslim scientists and scholars have developed a spectrum of viewpoints on the place of scientific learning within the context of Islam, none of which are universally accepted or practiced. However, most maintain the view that the acquisition of knowledge and scientific pursuit in general is not in disaccord with Islamic thought and religious belief.

1545:(354–430) and Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) held that scriptures can have multiple interpretations on certain areas where the matters were far beyond their reach, therefore one should leave room for future findings to shed light on the meanings. The "Handmaiden" tradition, which saw secular studies of the universe as a very important and helpful part of arriving at a better understanding of scripture, was adopted throughout Christian history from early on. Also the sense that God created the world as a self operating system is what motivated many Christians throughout the Middle Ages to investigate nature. 2890:

and religion and only 11% of religious people belong to religions openly rejecting evolution. The fact that the gap between personal and official beliefs of their religions is so large suggests that part of the problem, might be defused by people learning more about their own religious doctrine and the science it endorses, thereby bridging this belief gap. The study concluded that "mainstream religion and mainstream science are neither attacking one another nor perceiving a conflict." Furthermore, they note that this conciliatory view is shared by most leading science organizations such as the

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leaders in science sometimes trump older scientific baggage and that leaders in theology do the same, so once theological intellectuals are taken into account, people who represent extreme positions like Ken Ham and Eugenie Scott will become irrelevant. Cynthia Tolman notes that religion does not have a method per se partly because religions emerge through time from diverse cultures, but when it comes to Christian theology and ultimate truths, she notes that people often rely on scripture, tradition, reason, and experience to test and gauge what they experience and what they should believe.

2547:, nature is not seen as a separate entity, but rather as an integral part of Islam's holistic outlook on God, humanity, and the world. The Islamic view of science and nature is continuous with that of religion and God. This link implies a sacred aspect to the pursuit of scientific knowledge by Muslims, as nature itself is viewed in the Qur'an as a compilation of signs pointing to the Divine. It was with this understanding that science was studied and understood in Islamic civilizations, specifically during the eighth to sixteenth centuries, prior to the colonization of the Muslim world. 518:"In matters that are obscure and far beyond our vision, even in such as we may find treated in Holy Scripture, different interpretations are sometimes possible without prejudice to the faith we have received. In such a case, we should not rush in headlong and so firmly take our stand on one side that, if further progress in the search of truth justly undermines this position, we too fall with it. That would be to battle not for the teaching of Holy Scripture but for our own, wishing its teaching to conform to ours, whereas we ought to wish ours to conform to that of Sacred Scripture." ( 976:

all this, Pope Urban VIII had personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in a book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism as physically proven since the scientific consensus at the time was that the evidence for heliocentrism was very weak. The Church had merely sided with the scientific consensus of the time. Pope Urban VIII asked that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book. Only the latter was fulfilled by Galileo. Whether unknowingly or deliberately, Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian/Ptolemaic geocentric view in

2811:, noted in a study that doctors tend to be science-minded religious people. He helped author a study that "found that 76 percent of doctors believe in God and 59 percent believe in some sort of afterlife." Furthermore, "90 percent of doctors in the United States attend religious services at least occasionally, compared to 81 percent of all adults." He reasoned, "The responsibility to care for those who are suffering and the rewards of helping those in need resonate throughout most religious traditions.". A study from 2017 showed 65% of physicians believe in God. 1154:, both claimed that "the methods of science and religion have much in common." Schilling asserted that both fields—science and religion—have "a threefold structure—of experience, theoretical interpretation, and practical application." Coulson asserted that science, like religion, "advances by creative imagination" and not by "mere collecting of facts," while stating that religion should and does "involve critical reflection on experience not unlike that which goes on in science." Religious language and scientific language also show parallels (cf. 1955:

doctrines. Though he acknowledges that modern science emerged in a religious framework, that Christianity greatly elevated the importance of science by sanctioning and religiously legitimizing it in the medieval period, and that Christianity created a favorable social context for it to grow; he argues that direct Christian beliefs or doctrines were not primary sources of scientific pursuits by natural philosophers, nor was Christianity, in and of itself, exclusively or directly necessary in developing or practicing modern science.

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abandonment of that explanation. Religious faith, in contrast, does not depend on empirical evidence, is not necessarily modified in the face of conflicting evidence, and typically involves supernatural forces or entities. Because they are not a part of nature, supernatural entities cannot be investigated by science. In this sense, science and religion are separate and address aspects of human understanding in different ways. Attempts to put science and religion against each other create controversy where none needs to exist.

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cases. It was common to tolerate and encourage critical thinking about the nature of the world. The relation between Christianity and science is complex and cannot be simplified to either harmony or conflict, according to Lindberg. Lindberg reports that "the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the church and would have regarded himself as free (particularly in the natural sciences) to follow reason and observation wherever they led. There was no warfare between science and the church."

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scientists in the U.K. attend religious services on a regular basis and 32% of scientists in India do. In terms of the Indian scientists, 73% of scientists responded that there are basic truths in many religions, 27% said they believe in God and 38% expressed belief in a higher power of some kind. In terms of perceptions of conflict between science and religion, less than half of both U.K. scientists (38%) and Indian scientists (18%) perceived conflict between religion and science.

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religion and science are each responding to radically different questions; 3) Contact – an approach that looks for both dialogue and interaction, and possible "consonance" between science and religion, and especially for ways in which science shapes religious and theological understanding. 4) Confirmation – a somewhat quieter but extremely important perspective that highlights the ways in which, at a very deep level, religion supports and nourishes the entire scientific enterprise.

17539: 3117: 22879: 21106: 19011: 16654: 2437:) who showcase an increasing form of complexity (Axe-man, King, Plougher/Sage, wise Statesman, mighty Warrior). In fact, many Hindu gods are represented with features of animals as well as those of humans, leading many Hindus to easily accept evolutionary links between animals and humans. In India, the home country of Hindus, educated Hindus widely accept the theory of biological evolution. In a survey of 909 people, 77% of respondents in India agreed with 2906:

subtle epistemic or moral conflicts when scientists make counterclaims to religious tenets. Findings from the Pew Center note similar findings and also note that the majority of Americans (80–90%) show strong support for scientific research, agree that science makes society and individual's lives better, and 8 in 10 Americans would be happy if their children were to become scientists. Even strict creationists tend to have very favorable views on science.

1823:, spoke of the relationship this way: "The Bible itself speaks to us of the origin of the universe and its make-up, not in order to provide us with a scientific treatise, but in order to state the correct relationships of man with God and with the universe. Sacred Scripture wishes simply to declare that the world was created by God, and in order to teach this truth it expresses itself in the terms of the cosmology in use at the time of the writer". 3131: 2279:. For instance, it has been suggested that Wallace-Darwininan evolutionary thought was a part of Hindu thought centuries before modern times. The Shankara and the Sāmkhya did not have a problem with the theory of evolution, but instead, argued about the existence of God and what happened after death. These two distinct groups argued among each other's philosophies because of their texts, not the idea of evolution. With the publication of Darwin's 22854: 19001: 16664: 1612:, a period "characterized by dramatic revolutions in science" and the rise of Protestant challenges to the authority of the Catholic Church via individual liberty, the authority of Christian scriptures became strongly challenged. As science advanced, acceptance of a literal version of the Bible became "increasingly untenable" and some in that period presented ways of interpreting scripture according to its spirit on its authority and truth. 1878:

to be inaccurate. For instance, the claim that early Christians rejected scientific findings by the Greco-Romans is false, since the "handmaiden" view of secular studies was seen to shed light on theology. This view was widely adapted throughout the early medieval period and afterwards by theologians (such as Augustine) and ultimately resulted in fostering interest in knowledge about nature through time. Also, the claim that people of the

2227: 46: 2627:". For example, Ahmadi Muslims universally accept in principle the process of evolution, albeit divinely guided, and actively promote it. Over the course of several decades the movement has issued various publications in support of the scientific concepts behind the process of evolution, and frequently engages in promoting how religious scriptures, such as the Qur'an, supports the concept. For general purposes, the second 2184:. Given the close relationship that Confucianism shares with Buddhism, many of the same arguments used to reconcile Buddhism with science also readily translate to Confucianism. However, modern scholars have also attempted to define the relationship between science and Confucianism on Confucianism's own terms and the results have usually led to the conclusion that Confucianism and science are fundamentally compatible. 440:. Medieval Japan at first had a similar union between "imperial law" and universal or "Buddha law", but these later became independent sources of power. Throughout its long history, Japan had no concept of "religion" since there was no corresponding Japanese word, nor anything close to its meaning, but when American warships appeared off the coast of Japan in 1853 and forced the Japanese government to 527:

essential area of study in its own right and was considered necessary for almost every area of study. It was an independent field, separated from theology, and enjoyed a good deal of intellectual freedom as long as it was restricted to the natural world. In general, there was religious support for natural science by the late Middle Ages and a recognition that it was an important element of learning.

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that nearly one in five atheist scientists who are parents (17%) are part of religious congregations and have attended a religious service more than once in the past year. Some of the reasons for doing so are their scientific identity (wishing to expose their children to all sources of knowledge so they can make up their own minds), spousal influence, and desire for community.

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less positive explicit and implicit attitudes toward science. However, this relationship is inconsistent around the world, with positive, negative, and null correlations being observed in various countries. Our findings are inconsistent with the idea that science and religion are necessarily at odds, undermining common theories of scientific advancement undermining religion.

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natural sciences: 20% did not believe in God, 33% did not know if God existed, 44% believed God existed, and 4% believed in a higher power. Overall, out of the whole study: 10% were atheists, 13% were agnostic, 19% believe in a higher power, 4% believe in God some of the time, 17% had doubts but believed in God, 35% believed in God and had no doubts.

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the late Middle Ages the search for natural causes had come to typify the work of Christian natural philosophers. Although characteristically leaving the door open for the possibility of direct divine interventions, they frequently expressed contempt for soft-minded contemporaries who invoked miracles rather than searching for natural explanations.

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suggested that literal readings of the Genesis narratives of the Creation and Fall motivated and legitimated scientific activity in seventeenth-century England. For many of its seventeenth-century practitioners, science was imagined to be a means of restoring a human dominion over nature that had been lost as a consequence of the Fall.

760:"Not only is science corrosive to religion; religion is corrosive to science. It teaches people to be satisfied with trivial, supernatural non-explanations and blinds them to the wonderful real explanations that we have within our grasp. It teaches them to accept authority, revelation and faith instead of always insisting on evidence."— 9596:

survey shows that scientists are roughly half as likely as the general public to believe in God or a higher power. According to the poll, just over half of scientists (51%) believe in some form of deity or higher power; specifically, 33% of scientists say they believe in God, while 18% believe in a universal spirit or higher power.

820:, the age of the earth, cosmology, and human evolution nearly always cause Americans to flunk science literacy tests compared to other nations." However, Jon Miller, who studies science literacy across nations, states that Americans in general are slightly more scientifically literate than Europeans and the Japanese. According to 2723:

perspective on science and religion is an invention of the West" since such a view is not prevalent among most of scientists around the world. Instead of seeing religion and science as 'always in conflict' they rather view it through the lenses of various cultural dimensions to the relations between religion and science.

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century, and Newtonian mechanics in the 17th century. According to physicist Christopher Graney, Galileo's own observations did not actually support the Copernican view, but were more consistent with Tycho Brahe's hybrid model where that Earth did not move and everything else circled around it and the Sun.

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The Incompatibility Hypothesis (IH) is an ultimate-level hypothesis. IH explains the cause of the controversy science-versus-religion, its fundamental reason. IH addresses directly the inquiry: what elicits the controversy science versus religion? And it offers an educated answer: their intrinsic and

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Cross-cultural studies indicate that people tend to use both natural and supernatural explanations for explaining numerous things about the world such as illness, death, and origins. In other words, they do not think of natural and supernatural explanations as antagonistic or dichotomous, but instead

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According to the Religion Among Scientists in International Context (RASIC) study on 1,581 scientists from the United Kingdom and 1,763 scientists from India, along with 200 interviews: 65% of U.K. scientists identified as nonreligious and only 6% of Indian scientists identify as nonreligious, 12% of

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According to the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture's report on 1,100 scientists in India: 66% are Hindu, 14% did not report a religion, 10% are atheist/no religion, 3% are Muslim, 3% are Christian, 4% are Buddhist, Sikh or other. 39% have a belief in a god, 6% have belief in a god sometimes,

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Elaine Ecklund conducted a study from 2011 to 2014 involving the general US population, including rank and file scientists, in collaboration with the AAAS. The study noted that 76% of the scientists identified with a religious tradition. 85% of evangelical scientists had no doubts about the existence

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In terms of perceptions, most social and natural scientists from 21 American universities did not perceive conflict between science and religion, while 37% did. However, in the study, scientists who had experienced limited exposure to religion tended to perceive conflict. In the same study they found

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of 1,646 natural and social science professors at 21 US research universities found that, in terms of belief in God or a higher power, more than 60% expressed either disbelief or agnosticism and more than 30% expressed belief. More specifically, nearly 34% answered "I do not believe in God" and about

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in 1996, the results were very much the same with 39% believing God exists, 45% disbelieved, and 15% had doubts/did not know. In the same 1996 survey, for scientists in the fields of biology, mathematics, and physics/astronomy, belief in a god that is "in intellectual and affective communication with

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According to a global study on scientists, a significant portion of scientists around the world have religious identities, beliefs, and practices overall. Furthermore, the majority of scientists do not believe there is inherent conflict in being religious and a scientist and stated that "the conflict

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has published analytical philosophy connecting Christian doctrines of creation with empiricism. Historian William B. Ashworth has argued against the historical notion of distinctive mind-sets and the idea of Catholic and Protestant sciences. Historians James R. Jacob and Margaret C. Jacob have argued

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ventured, in interpreting the Psalms, to question the accepted belief that "the waters above the heavens" were contained in a vast receptacle upheld by a solid vault, he was bitterly denounced as heretical. Today, much of the scholarship in which the conflict thesis was originally based is considered

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he wrote, "My confidence in venturing into science lies in my basic belief that as in science, so in Buddhism, understanding the nature of reality is pursued by means of critical investigation." He also stated, "If scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be

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Drew Professor of the Humanities, from a historical perspective this points out that much of the current-day clashes occur between limited extremists—both religious and scientistic fundamentalists—over a very few topics, and that the movement of ideas back and forth between scientific and theological

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has written that the "science and religion" movement is, overall, composed mainly of theists who have a healthy respect for science and may be beneficial to the public understanding of science. She contends that the "Christian scholarship" movement is not a problem for science, but that the "Theistic

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and has nothing at all to do with personal detachment as found in many conceptions of the scientific method. Polanyi further asserted that all knowledge is personal and therefore the scientist must be performing a very personal if not necessarily subjective role when doing science. Polanyi added that

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Most historians today have moved away from a conflict model, which is based mainly on two historical episodes (Galileo and Darwin), toward compatibility theses (either the integration thesis or non-overlapping magisteria) or toward a "complexity" model, because religious figures were on both sides of

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is openly hostile to religion because he believes it actively debauches the scientific enterprise and education involving science. According to Dawkins, religion "subverts science and saps the intellect". He believes that when science teachers attempt to expound on evolution, there is hostility aimed

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It was in the 17th century that the concept of "religion" received its modern shape despite the fact that ancient texts like the Bible, the Quran, and other texts did not have a concept of religion in the original languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these texts were written.

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The United States is perhaps the most religious out of the advanced industrial democracies."; "In fact, large majorities of the traditionally religious American nevertheless hold very positive views of science and scientists. Even people who accept a strict creationist view, regarding the origins of

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contemporary scientific developments such as the use of genetically modified organisms, biotechnological cloning, and nuclear power. Interestingly, again the United States displays distinctive attitudes compared with similar European nations, showing greater faith in both God and scientific progress.

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When did people first begin to speak about science and religion, using that precise terminology? As should now be apparent, this could not have been before the nineteenth century. When we consult written works for actual occurrences of the conjunction "science and religion" or "religion and science"

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So familiar are the concepts 'science' and 'religion,' and so central to Western culture have been the activities and achievements that are usually labeled 'religious' and 'scientific,' that it is natural to assume that they have been enduring features of the cultural landscape of the West. But this

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A 2011 study on a national sample of US college students examined whether these students viewed the science / religion relationship as reflecting primarily conflict, collaboration, or independence. The study concluded that the majority of undergraduates in both the natural and social sciences do not

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A 2009 study from the Pew Research Center on Americans perceptions of science, showed a broad consensus that most Americans, including most religious Americans, hold scientific research and scientists themselves in high regard. The study showed that 84% of Americans say they view science as having a

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The 2013 MIT Survey on Science, Religion and Origins examined the views of religious people in America on origins science topics like evolution, the Big Bang, and perceptions of conflicts between science and religion. It found that a large majority of religious people see no conflict between science

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directs attention towards science, time and again, rather than evoking prejudice against it. The Quran has never advised against studying science, lest the reader should become a non-believer; because it has no such fear or concern. The Holy Quran is not worried that if people will learn the laws of

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and the five cosmic phases. Sometimes the missionary exploits proved dangerous for the Westerners. Jesuit missionaries and scholars Ferdinand Vervbiest and Adam Schall were punished after using scientific methods to determine the exact time of the 1664 eclipse. However, the European mission eastward

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writes that although there is some truth in the "Galileo's condemnation" story but through exaggerations, it has now become "a modern myth perpetuated by those wishing to see warfare between science and religion who were allegedly persecuted by an atavistic and dogma-bound ecclesiastical authority".

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consists of those scholars who involve themselves with what has been called the "religion-and-science dialogue" or the "religion-and-science field." The community belongs to neither the scientific nor the religious community, but is said to be a third overlapping community of interested and involved

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worlds did not have conceptions resembling the modern understandings of "science" or of "religion", certain elements of modern ideas on the subject recur throughout history. The pair-structured phrases "religion and science" and "science and religion" first emerged in the literature during the 19th

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However, previous studies have mainly examined American samples; therefore, generalizations about antagonism between religion and science may be unwarranted...Results show that, within the United States, religiosity is consistently associated with lower interest in science topics and activities and

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religious beliefs." and "Indeed, the secular postindustrial societies, exemplified by the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, prove most skeptical toward the impact of science and technology, and this is in accordance with the countries where the strongest public disquiet has been expressed about certain

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The series of myths that Draper and White spread about science and religion are known today in the literature as the conflict thesis. Thanks to the dedicated and committed research of a band of specialists operating since the 1980s at least, the conflict thesis has now been thoroughly debunked. One

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Throughout these pages we shall observe that there are at least four distinct ways in which science and religion can be related to each other: 1) Conflict – the conviction that science and religion are fundamentally irreconcilable; 2) Contrast – the claim that there can be no genuine conflict since

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Indeed, prior to about the middle of the nineteenth century, the trope "science and religion" was virtually nonexistent.".."In fact, the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries witnessed the creation of what one commentator called "whole libraries" devoted to reconciling religion and science.

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A study was made in collaboration with the AAAS collecting data on the general public from 2011 to 2014, with the focus on evangelicals and evangelical scientists. Even though evangelicals make up only 26% of the US population, the study found that nearly 70 percent of all evangelical Christians do

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According to a 2015 Pew Research Center Study on the public perceptions on science, people's perceptions on conflict with science have more to do with their perceptions of other people's beliefs than their own personal beliefs. For instance, the majority of people with a religious affiliation (68%)

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During the thirteenth century, the Caliphate system in the Islamic Empire fell, and scientific discovery thrived. The Islamic Civilization has a long history of scientific advancement; and their theological practices catalyzed a great deal of scientific discovery. In fact, it was due to necessities

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in Latin, Simplicio in Italian), the name "Simplicio" in Italian also has the connotation of "simpleton". Unfortunately for his relationship with the Pope, Galileo put the words of Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio. Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by

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Accordingly, a religious person is devout in the sense that he has no doubt of the significance and loftiness of those superpersonal objects and goals which neither require nor are capable of rational foundation. They exist with the same necessity and matter-of-factness as he himself. In this sense

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The concepts of "science" and "religion" are a recent invention: "religion" emerged in the 17th century in the midst of colonization, globalization and as a consequence of the Protestant reformation. "Science" emerged in the 19th century in the midst of attempts to narrowly define those who studied

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A survey of scientists who are members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, conducted by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press in May and June 2009, finds that members of this group are, on the whole, much less religious than the general public.1 Indeed, the

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While some historians had always regarded the Draper-White thesis as oversimplifying and distorting a complex relationship, in the late twentieth century it underwent a more systematic reevaluation. The result is the growing recognition among historians of science that the relationship of religion

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Long before the birth of modern science and the appearance of "scientists" in the nineteenth century, the study of nature in the West was carried out by Christian scholars known as natural philosophers, who typically expressed a preference for natural explanations over divine mysteries." & "By

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In a 2024 Pew research center report, only 35% of "nones" (atheist, agnostics, and nothing in particular on religious affiliation); believe that the natural world is all there is, while the majority of nones (63%) believe there are spiritual things beyond the world; and the majority of nones (56%)

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until it could be corrected. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the center of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions. However, before

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argue for compatibility since they do not agree that science is incompatible with religion and vice versa. They argue that science provides many opportunities to look for and find God in nature and to reflect on their beliefs. According to Kenneth Miller, he disagrees with Jerry Coyne's assessment

885:

According to Renny Thomas' study on Indian scientists, atheistic scientists in India called themselves atheists even while accepting that their lifestyle is very much a part of tradition and religion. Thus, they differ from Western atheists in that for them following the lifestyle of a religion is

660:

largely held conventional and orthodox religious views, and a number of them were prominent Churchmen. While theological issues that had the potential to be divisive were typically excluded from formal discussions of the early Society, many of its fellows nonetheless believed that their scientific

503:

i, 18). The first is, to hold the truth of Scripture without wavering. The second is that since Holy Scripture can be explained in a multiplicity of senses, one should adhere to a particular explanation, only in such measure as to be ready to abandon it, if it be proved with certainty to be false;

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argued that there are methodological issues in the study, including ambiguity in the questions such using a personal definition of God instead of broader definitions of God. A study with simplified wording to include impersonal or non-interventionist ideas of God concluded that 40% of "prominent

1954:

have written theological surveys, which also cover additional interactions occurring in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Philosopher of Religion, Richard Jones, has written a philosophical critique of the "dependency thesis" which assumes that modern science emerged from Christian sources and

1921:

is another who has argued that a biblical worldview was significant for the development of modern science. Harrison contends that Protestant approaches to the book of scripture had significant, if largely unintended, consequences for the interpretation of the book of nature. Harrison has also

1575:

David C. Lindberg states that the widespread popular belief that the Middle Ages was a time of ignorance and superstition due to the Christian church is a "caricature". According to Lindberg, while there are some portions of the classical tradition which suggest this view, these were exceptional

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Other lines of research on perceptions of science among the American public conclude that most religious groups see no general epistemological conflict with science and they have no differences with nonreligious groups in the propensity of seeking out scientific knowledge, although there may be

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Karl Giberson argues that when discussing compatibility, some scientific intellectuals often ignore the viewpoints of intellectual leaders in theology and instead argue against less informed masses, thereby, defining religion by non-intellectuals and slanting the debate unjustly. He argues that

526:

In medieval universities, the faculty for natural philosophy and theology were separate, and discussions pertaining to theological issues were often not allowed to be undertaken by the faculty of philosophy. Natural philosophy, as taught in the arts faculties of the universities, was seen as an

378:

The 19th century also experienced the concept of "science" receiving its modern shape with new titles emerging such as "biology" and "biologist", "physics", and "physicist", among other technical fields and titles; institutions and communities were founded, and unprecedented applications to and

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Most creationists are simply people who choose to believe that God created the world-either as described in Scripture or through evolution. Creation scientists, by contrast, strive to use legitimate scientific means both to argue against evolutionary theory and to prove the creation account as

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Religious beliefs of US professors were examined using a nationally representative sample of more than 1,400 professors. They found that in the social sciences: 23% did not believe in God, 16% did not know if God existed, 43% believed God existed, and 16% believed in a higher power. Out of the

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write: "there was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge sphericity and even know its approximate circumference." From the fall of Rome to the time of Columbus, all major scholars and many vernacular writers interested in the physical shape of the earth held a

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towards them by parents who are skeptical because they believe it conflicts with their own religious beliefs, and that even in some textbooks have had the word 'evolution' systematically removed. He has worked to argue the negative effects that he believes religion has on education of science.

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With the decline of Islamic Civilizations in the late Middle Ages and the rise of Europe, the Islamic scientific tradition shifted into a new period. Institutions that had existed for centuries in the Muslim world looked to the new scientific institutions of European powers. This changed the

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is the way to obtain correct knowledge. The scientific level of understanding focuses on how things work and from where they originate, while Hinduism strives to understand the ultimate purposes for the existence of living things. To obtain and broaden the knowledge of the world for spiritual

1615:

After the Black Death in Europe, there occurred a generalized decrease in faith in the Catholic Church. The "Natural Sciences" during the Medieval Era focused largely on scientific arguments. The Copernicans, who were generally a small group of privately sponsored individuals, who were deemed

988:

The actual evidences that finally proved heliocentrism came centuries after Galileo: the stellar aberration of light by James Bradley in the 18th century, the orbital motions of binary stars by William Herschel in the 19th century, the accurate measurement of the stellar parallax in the 19th

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Concerning specific topics like creationism, it is not an exclusively American phenomenon. A poll on adult Europeans revealed that 40% believed in naturalistic evolution, 21% in theistic evolution, 20% in special creation, and 19% are undecided; with the highest concentrations of young earth

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went to Rome to try to persuade Catholic Church authorities not to ban Copernicus' ideas. In the end, a decree of the Congregation of the Index was issued, declaring that the ideas that the Sun stood still and that the Earth moved were "false" and "altogether contrary to Holy Scripture", and

2365:, is described as performing the act of 'creation', or more specifically of 'propagating life within the universe' with the other two deities being responsible for 'preservation' and 'destruction' (of the universe) respectively. In this respect some Hindu schools do not treat the scriptural 1035:

Science and religion are based on different aspects of human experience. In science, explanations must be based on evidence drawn from examining the natural world. Scientifically based observations or experiments that conflict with an explanation eventually must lead to modification or even

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In terms of belief in God among elite scientists, such as "great scientists" in the "American Men of Science" or members of the National Academies of Science; 53% disbelieved, 21% were agnostic, and 28% believed in 1914; 68% disbelieved, 17% were agnostic, and 15% believed in 1933; and 72%

1985:(1925). Numbers has also argued, "Despite the manifest shortcomings of the claim that Christianity gave birth to science—most glaringly, it ignores or minimizes the contributions of ancient Greeks and medieval Muslims—it too, refuses to succumb to the death it deserves." The sociologist 2263:

perfection, many refer to the Bhāgavata for guidance because it draws upon a scientific and theological dialogue. Hinduism offers methods to correct and transform itself in course of time. For instance, Hindu views on the development of life include a range of viewpoints in regards to

667:

supported the compatibility of some interpretations of religion with science. In "Science, Philosophy and Religion, A Symposium" published by the Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion in Their Relation to the Democratic Way of Life, Inc., New York in 1941, Einstein stated:

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of God, compared to 35% of the whole scientific population. In terms of religion and science, 85% of evangelical scientists saw no conflict (73% collaboration, 12% independence), while 75% of the whole scientific population saw no conflict (40% collaboration, 35% independence).

9404:"Many scientists see themselves as having a spirituality not attached to a particular religious tradition. Some scientists who don't believe in God see themselves as very spiritual people. They have a way outside of themselves that they use to understand the meaning of life." 8639:, p. 788: "IBN AL-HAYXHAM, B. AL-HAYTHAM AL-BASRI, AL-MisRl, was identified towards the end of the 19th century with the ALHAZEN, AVENNATHAN and AVENETAN of mediaeval Latin texts. He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist." 2838:

Global studies which have pooled data on religion and science from 1981 to 2001, have noted that countries with greater faith in science also often have stronger religious beliefs, while less religious countries have more skepticism of the impact of science and technology.

1596:

A degree of concord between science and religion can be seen in religious belief and empirical science. The belief that God created the world and therefore humans, can lead to the view that he arranged for humans to know the world. This is underwritten by the doctrine of

794:, views on evolution and levels of religiosity in some countries, along with the existence of books explaining reconciliation between evolution and religion, indicate that people have trouble in believing both at the same time, thus implying incompatibility. According to 3586:

In the late Victorian period it was common to write about the 'warfare between science and religion' and to presume that the two bodies of culture must always have been in conflict. However, it is a very long time since these attitudes have been held by historians of

2151:

The Jesuits from Europe taught Western math and science to the Chinese bureaucrats in hopes of religious conversion. This process saw several challenges of both European and Chinese spiritual and scientific beliefs. The keynote text of Chinese scientific philosophy,

5287:"In fact religion and science are competitors for the truth about quite a number of things, including the origins of the universe, the nature of human beings, and the belief that the laws of nature can be locally and temporarily suspended- thus allowing for miracle" 419:

noted that what is called ancient religion today, would have been called "law" in antiquity. For example, there is no precise equivalent of "religion" in Hebrew, and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities. The

2868:

A study on people from Sweden concludes that though the Swedes are among the most non-religious, paranormal beliefs are prevalent among both the young and adult populations. This is likely due to a loss of confidence in institutions such as the Church and Science.

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the reaction to his book. However, the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly, nor the physical Copernican advocacy. Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings.

1314:

As a general view, this holds that while interactions are complex between influences of science, theology, politics, social, and economic concerns, the productive engagements between science and religion throughout history should be duly stressed as the norm.

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way of guiding "oughts". Habgood also stated that he believed that the reverse situation, where religion attempts to be descriptive, can also lead to inappropriately assigning properties to the natural world. A notable example is the now defunct belief in the

11609:– collection of documents (including the Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science) that seeks to help scientists frame their work within a philosophical and humanistic context, edited at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross (Rome, Italy) 2369:

literally and often the creation stories themselves do not go into specific detail, thus leaving open the possibility of incorporating at least some theories in support of evolution. Some Hindus find support for, or foreshadowing of evolutionary ideas in

2731:

According to a study from 2023 "30–39% of Western-European researchers identify with “some religious affiliation”. "30–37% of scientists identify as non-believers or atheists, and an additional 10–28% as agnostic (with wide geographical differences)".

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by one, the tales spun out in Conflict and Warfare have been shown to be either entirely false, horribly misunderstood, or deliberately misrepresented... There is a clear, evidence-based consensus among this group: the conflict thesis is utter bunk.

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and science has been much more positive than is sometimes thought."; "... while Brooke's view has gained widespread acceptance among professional historians of science, the traditional view remains strong elsewhere, not least in the popular mind.

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That estimate is confirmed by the data contained in figures 10.1 and 10.2, which reveal that what started as a trickle of books and articles addressing "science and religion" before 1850 became a torrent in the 1870s." (see Fig. 10.1 and 10.2)

2127:

The historical process of Confucianism has largely been antipathic towards scientific discovery. However the religio-philosophical system itself is more neutral on the subject than such an analysis might suggest. In his writings On Heaven,

1973:(1596–1650) insisted that he was discovering the "laws that God has put into nature." Later Newton would declare that the regulation of the solar system presupposed the "counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being." Historian 1012:" (NOMA), is that science and religion deal with fundamentally separate aspects of human experience and so, when each stays within its own domain, they co-exist peacefully. While Gould spoke of independence from the perspective of science, 8090:

Black, Alison Harley. "Man and Nature in the Philosophical Thought of Wang Fu-Chih." Publications on Asia of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, no. 41. Seattle: University of Washington Press,

124:

are complex social and cultural endeavors that may vary across cultures and change over time. Most scientific and technical innovations until the scientific revolution were achieved by societies organized by religious traditions. Ancient

4633:

A slightly higher proportion of American adults qualify as scientifically literate than European or Japanese adults, but the truth is that no major industrial nation in the world today has a sufficient number of scientifically literate

1714:, which prohibited the teaching of the theory of evolution in all schools in the state. Later that year, a similar law was passed in Mississippi, and likewise, Arkansas in 1927. In 1968, these "anti-monkey" laws were struck down by the 10012:

Legare, Cristine H.; Evans, E. Margaret; Rosengren, Karl S.; Harris, Paul L. (May 2012). "The Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations Across Cultures and Development: Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations".

1294:, heavily contests the linkage of naturalism with science, as conceived by Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett and like-minded thinkers; while Daniel Dennett thinks that Plantinga stretches science to an unacceptable extent. Philosopher 835:'s view, questions of incompatibility or otherwise are not answerable, since by accepting revelations one is abandoning rules of logic which are needed to identify if there are indeed contradictions between holding certain beliefs. 487:, it was maintained that the natural world must accord with this revealed truth. Any apparent contradiction would indicate either a misunderstanding of the natural world or a misunderstanding of revelation. The prominent scholastic 2921:

see conflict between science and religion. Another finding in the study was that it is more likely for students to move away from a conflict perspective to an independence or collaboration perspective than towards a conflict view.

2901:

According to Elaine Ecklund's 2018 study, the majority of religious groups see religion and science in collaboration or independent of each other, while the majority of groups without religion see science and religion in conflict.

2080:), during this period Great Britain experienced a concerted effort at reconciliation, championed by intellectually conservative scientists, supported by liberal theologians but opposed by younger scientists and secularists and 1398:, the son of the founder of the religion, stated that religion without science is superstition and that science without religion is materialism. He also admonished that true religion must conform to the conclusions of science. 403:(1687), whose title translates to "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", reflects the then-current use of the words "natural philosophy", akin to "systematic study of nature". Even in the 19th century, a treatise by 6584:

Plantinga's effort to stave off the conflict between theism and evolution is a failure... if the bar for rational belief is lowered to mere logical possibility, and the demand for positive evidence dropped, then no holds are

2051:

Protestant values and those of modern science. Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to study God's influence on the world and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research.

2666:

Between 1901 and 2000, 654 Nobel prize laureates belonged to 28 different religions. Most (65%) have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. Specifically on the science-related prizes,

1367:. Religions have also given key participation in development of modern universities and libraries; centers of learning & scholarship were coincident with religious institutions—whether pagan, Muslim, or Christian. 4437: 2917:

mostly positive impact on society. Among those who attend religious services at least once a week, the number is roughly the same at 80%. Furthermore, 70% of U.S. adults think scientists contribute "a lot" to society.

3379:

Recognizing that science and religion are essentially social practices always performed by people living in certain cultural and historical situations should alert us to the fact that religion and science change over

4461:

opposing approaches to assess reality, i.e. science by means of testing hypotheses, falsifying and/or testing predictions and replication of experiments; religion, in contrast, via belief in supernatural causality.

2055:

Some scholars have noted a direct tie between "particular aspects of traditional Christianity" and the rise of science. Other scholars and historians attribute Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the

2460:. The Vedas offer an honor to the sun and moon, water and wind, and to the order in Nature that is universal. This naturalism is the beginning of what further becomes the connection between Hinduism and science. 1886:

was first propagated in the same period that originated the conflict thesis and is still very common in popular culture. Modern scholars regard this claim as mistaken, as the contemporary historians of science

4482: 1757:

attempts to reconcile Christian beliefs and science by accepting the scientific understanding of the age of the Earth and the process of evolution. It includes a range of beliefs, including views described as

808:

describes a hope that "the confrontation between science and formal religion will come to an end when the role played by science in the lives of all people is the same played by religion today." Geologist and

1605:, "Since human beings are said to be in the image of God in virtue of their having a nature that includes an intellect, such a nature is most in the image of God in virtue of being most able to imitate God". 2456:. The Hindu religion traces its beginnings to the Vedas. Everything that is established in the Hindu faith such as the gods and goddesses, doctrines, chants, spiritual insights, etc. flow from the poetry of 8277:

The Hindus were Spinozaites more than two thousand years before the existence of Spinoza; and Darwinians many centuries before our time, and before any word like 'evolution' existed in any language of the

5047:

The conflict thesis, at least in its simple form, is now widely perceived as a wholly inadequate intellectual framework within which to construct a sensible and realistic historiography of Western science.

4882:

2253:

are also ancient scientific manuals and vice versa. In 1835, English was made the primary language for teaching in higher education in India, exposing Hindu scholars to Western secular ideas; this started

839:

holds that incompatibility exists because religion is not problematic to a certain point before it collapses into a number of excuses for keeping certain beliefs, in light of evolutionary implications.

537:

which immediately succeeded it. By 1630, ancient authority from classical literature and philosophy, as well as their necessity, started eroding, although scientists were still expected to be fluent in

3881: 8052:. It currently has about two thousand members, all of whom affirm the Apostles' Creed as part of joining the association, and most of whom hold Ph.D.s in the natural sciences. Their active journal is 10361: 1143:

the scientist often merely follows intuitions of "intellectual beauty, symmetry, and 'empirical agreement'". Polanyi held that science requires moral commitments similar to those found in religion.

8223: 10128:

Francis, Leslie J.; Greer, John E. (1 May 2001). "Shaping Adolescents' Attitudes towards Science and Religion in Northern Ireland: The role of scientism, creationism and denominational schools".

2898:

not view science and religion as being in conflict with each other (48% saw them as complementary and 21% saw them as independent) while 73% of the general US population saw no conflict either.

956:

An often cited example of conflict, that has been clarified by historical research in the 20th century, was the Galileo affair, whereby interpretations of the Bible were used to attack ideas by

661:

activities provided support for traditional religious belief. Clerical involvement in the Royal Society remained high until the mid-nineteenth century when science became more professionalized.

2555:, asserts that the very existence of science, as it is understood in the modern sense, is rooted in the scientific thought and knowledge that emerged in Islamic civilizations during this time. 2019:

on the other. The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental techniques and

2849:

Other cross-national studies have found no correlations supporting the contention that religiosity undermines interest in science topics or activities among the general populations globally.

3442: 2169:

did not only cause conflict. Joachim Bouvet, a theologian who held equal respect for both the Bible and the Book of Changes, was productive in his mission of spreading the Christian faith.

554:, allowing for the dissemination of the Bible in languages of the common people (languages other than Latin). This allowed more people to read and learn from the scripture, leading to the 8146:

Mary Evelyn Tucker "Confucianism and Ecology: The Interrelation of Heaven, Earth, and Humans (Religions of the World and Ecology)" Center for the Study of World Religions (15 August 1998)

1528:

may somehow be part of the process of creation. Habgood holds that Christians should not be surprised that suffering may be used creatively by God, given their faith in the symbol of the

11491: 980:, was often portrayed as an unlearned fool who lacked mathematical training. Although the preface of his book claims that the character is named after a famous Aristotelian philosopher ( 7570:

Cohen (1994) p. 313. Hooykaas puts it more poetically: "Metaphorically speaking, whereas the bodily ingredients of science may have been Greek, its vitamins and hormones were biblical."

3712:

Many religious denominations and individual religious leaders have issued statements acknowledging the occurrence of evolution and pointing out that evolution and faith do not conflict.

6968:

David C. Lindberg, "The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition: Saint Augustine, Roger Bacon, and the Handmaiden Metaphor", in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, ed.

1306:, by contrast, reviews the same book and writes that "those most needing to hear Plantinga's message may fail to give it a fair hearing for rhetorical rather than analytical reasons." 2691:

17% of the prizes in Chemistry, 26% in Medicine, and 23% in Physics. Atheists, Agnostics, and Freethinkers have won 7% of the prizes in Chemistry, 9% in Medicine, and 5% in Physics.

10605: 2970: 2861:

A study conducted on adolescents from Christian schools in Northern Ireland, noted a positive relationship between attitudes towards Christianity and science once attitudes towards

215:, suggesting that religion and science have been in conflict methodologically, factually and politically throughout history. Some contemporary philosophers and scientists, such as 11434: 11320: 7424: 1865: 1342:. Even many 19th-century Christian communities welcomed scientists who claimed that science was not at all concerned with discovering the ultimate nature of reality. According to 9973:

McPhetres, Jonathon; Jong, Jonathan; Zuckerman, Miron (May 2021). "Religious Americans Have Less Positive Attitudes Toward Science, but This Does Not Extend to Other Cultures".

5020:...while Brooke's view has gained widespread acceptance among professional historians of science, the traditional view remains strong elsewhere, not least in the popular mind. 1318:

Scientific and theological perspectives often coexist peacefully. Christians and some non-Christian religions have historically integrated well with scientific ideas, as in the

731:: (1) conflict between the disciplines, (2) independence of the disciplines, (3) dialogue between the disciplines where they overlap and (4) integration of both into one field. 530:

The extent to which medieval science led directly to the new philosophy of the scientific revolution remains a subject for debate, but it certainly had a significant influence.

9868: 996:, still believes there is competition between science and religions in areas related to the origin of the universe, the nature of human beings and the possibility of miracles. 7810: 4444: 4443:. In Why Does Evolution Matter? The Importance of Understanding Evolution, edited by Gabriel Trueba. Newcastle UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 3–16. Archived from 2853:

see them as coexisting and complementary. The reconciliation of natural and supernatural explanations is normal and pervasive from a psychological standpoint across cultures.

2644:

nature its spell will break. The Quran has not prevented people from science, rather it states, "Say, 'Reflect on what is happening in the heavens and the earth.'" (Al Younus)

2156:(or Yi Jing) was initially mocked and disregarded by the Westerners. In return, Confucian scholars Dai Zhen and Ji Yun found the concept of phantoms laughable and ridiculous. 1910:' argument that a biblical world-view holds all the necessary antidotes for the hubris of Greek rationalism: a respect for manual labour, leading to more experimentation and 1710:. It has since developed a sizable religious following in the United States, with creation science ministries branching worldwide. In 1925, The State of Tennessee passed the 9646: 2873:

creationists in Switzerland (21%), Austria (20%), Germany (18%). Other countries such as Netherlands, Britain, and Australia have experienced growth in such views as well.

1914:, and a supreme God that left nature open to emulation and manipulation. It supports the idea early modern science rose due to a combination of Greek and biblical thought. 113:. Since then the relationship between science and religion has been characterized in terms of "conflict", "harmony", "complexity", and "mutual independence", among others. 2846:'s finding that America has more favorable public attitudes towards science than Europe, Russia, and Japan despite differences in levels of religiosity in these cultures. 1020:. Stace felt that science and religion, when each is viewed in its own domain, are both consistent and complete. They originate from different perceptions of reality, as 5302: 1104:'s axioms, such as, "there is only one straight line between two points", are in fact arbitrary. Therefore, science, which relies on arbitrary axioms, can never refute 7561:"Finally, and most importantly, Hooykaas does not of course claim that the Scientific Revolution was exclusively the work of Protestant scholars." Cohen (1994) p. 313 4489: 2148:

would rely on Buddhist/Daoist skepticism to denounce all science as a subjective pursuit limited by humanity's fundamental ignorance of the true nature of the world.

1833:, affirms his opinion that "science and religion, with their distinctive approaches to understanding reality, can enter into an intense dialogue fruitful for both". 5320: 22081: 11639:(four topics: the nature of individual human beings, the origin of the human species, thirdly the origin of life on Earth, and finally the origin of the universe) 2285:, many Hindus were eager to connect their scriptures to Darwinism, finding similarities between Brahma's creation, Vishnu's incarnations, and evolution theories. 2773: 8943: 1733:

Most scientists have rejected creation science for several reasons, including that its claims do not refer to natural causes and cannot be tested. In 1987, the

1199:

scientists, priests, clergymen, theologians and engaged non-professionals. Institutions interested in the intersection between science and religion include the

11549: 4712: 3878: 1873:

matters were even worse. The interpretations of Scripture by Luther and Calvin became as sacred to their followers as the Scripture itself. For instance, when

11632:

We'd be better off without religion? Panellists: Christopher Hitchens, Nigel Spivey, Richard Dawkins, rabbi Juliet Neuberger, AC Grayling and Roger Scruton.

7410: 1415:

and science have been regarded as compatible by numerous authors. Some philosophic and psychological teachings found in Buddhism share points in common with

1869:

from the 19th century, a biblical world view affected negatively the progress of science through time. Dickinson also argues that immediately following the

22887: 10369: 8717: 6438:

Schilling, H. K. (6 June 1958). "A Human Enterprise: Science as lived by its practitioners bears but little resemblance to science as described in print".

1796:, stating that faith and scientific findings regarding human evolution are not in conflict, though humans are regarded as a special creation, and that the 1351:

thought has been more usual. To Principe, this perspective would point to the fundamentally common respect for written learning in religious traditions of

10093:

Legare, Cristine H.; Visala, Aku (2011). "Between Religion and Science: Integrating Psychological and Philosophical Accounts of Explanatory Coexistence".

11331: 10560:

Scheitle, Christopher P. (2011). "U.S. College students' perception of religion and science: Conflict, collaboration, or independence? A research note".

2891: 2789: 2043:

as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. Merton explained that the connection between

13074: 4815: 4549: 1723: 30: 475:

played a major role in the institutionalization, systematization, and expansion of reason. Christianity accepted reason within the ambit of faith. In

21647: 13165: 1719: 3419:

The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to A.D. 1450

1906:

argued for a biblical Protestant, but not excluding Catholicism, influence on the early development of modern science. He presented Dutch historian

22897: 22892: 17927: 17575: 15607: 10331: 7636: 9574: 7265:

The legislative history demonstrates that the term "creation science," as contemplated by the state legislature, embraces this religious teaching.

16700: 15456: 9300:

Brown, C. Mackenzie (September 2003). "The Conflict Between Religion and Science in Light of the Patterns of Religious Belief Among Scientists".

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has argued that there is superficial conflict but deep concord between science and religion, and that there is deep conflict between science and

9435:

Ecklund, Elaine Howard; Scheitle, Christopher P. (May 2007). "Religion among Academic Scientists: Distinctions, Disciplines, and Demographics".

6597: 186: 16513: 11488: 9045: 3910: 3519: 1044:, both science and religion represent distinct ways of approaching experience and these differences are sources of debate. He views science as 11310:

Sollereder, B., & McGrath, A. (Eds.). (2022). Emerging Voices in Science and Theology: Contributions by Young Women (1st ed.). Routledge.

2505:

cannot be the cause of a material entity like the universe. According to Jain belief, it is not possible to create matter out of nothing. The

2295:

prescribes a particular method to analyze knowledge. According to Samkhya, all knowledge is possible through three means of valid knowledge –

7918: 7438:

Lindberg, David (2009). "Myth 1: That the Rise of Christianity was Responsible for the Demise of Ancient Science". In Numbers, Ronald (ed.).

4083:

Thomas, Hugh M. (14 August 2014). "English Secular Clerics and the Growth of European Intellectual Life in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance".

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In the US, people who had no religious affiliation were no more likely than the religious population to have New Age beliefs and practices.

2744:

and 42% believed God existed, 42% disbelieved, and 17% had doubts/did not know; however, when the study was replicated 80 years later using

1762:, which accepts some findings of modern science but also upholds classical religious teachings about God and creation in Christian context. 1226:

science" movement, which proposes abandoning methodological materialism, does cause problems in understanding of the nature of science. The

727:

The kinds of interactions that might arise between science and religion have been categorized by theologian, Anglican priest, and physicist

22074: 16465: 13813: 10612: 10562: 5169: 3090: 3058: 1200: 400: 10294: 4945:

Harrison, Peter (2015). "That religion has typically impeded the progress of science". In Numbers, Ronald L.; Kampourakis, Kostas (eds.).

1969:

of nature, they were not glibly choosing that metaphor. Laws were the result of legislation by an intelligent deity. Thus the philosopher

19047: 10242: 8080:

challenge to Chu Hsi" Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University: Distributed by Harvard University Press, 1982.

8054: 11317: 1056:, in the way that religion does, it may lead to improperly ascribing properties to the natural world as happened among the followers of 19890: 15501: 15428: 12599: 11700: 11466: 10058:

Aizenkot, Dana (11 September 2020). "Meaning-Making to Child Loss: The Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations of Death".

4469:

the comprehension and acceptance of scientific evidence. The authors consider the 3Ds + S to be cognitive effects of illusory thinking.

3048: 2808: 1204: 639: 941:, which holds that religion and science have been in conflict continuously throughout history, was popularized in the 19th century by 20168: 11678: 11144: 9876: 2221: 651: 15752: 6776: 5176:, after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says "this of course is untrue" 18985: 16756: 15592: 15466: 15451: 10786: 10546: 9529: 8417: 5230: 2249:) is a linguistic paradox. Hindu scholastic activities and ancient Indian scientific advancements were so interconnected that many 1808:

component of human origins. Catholic schools have included all manners of scientific study in their curriculum for many centuries.

1650:

has been at the center of some controversy between Christianity and science. Christians who accept a literal interpretation of the

11532: 7169:

Plavcan, J. Michael (2007). "The Invisible Bible: The Logic of Creation Science". In Petto, Andrew J.; Godfrey, Laurie R. (eds.).

375:) were understood as inner qualities of the individual or virtues, never as doctrines, practices, or actual sources of knowledge. 22882: 22067: 21871: 16985: 10920: 9657: 7334: 6926: 5372: 2144:

argued against technical investigation and specialization proposed by Chen Liang. After contact with the West, scholars such as

1929:

holds that "a belief in divine creation" was central to an emergence of science in seventeenth-century England. The philosopher

17968: 11388: 4488:. In Religion and Ethics, edited by Gloria Simpson and Spencer Payne, New York: NOVA Publishers. pp. 73–98. Archived from 1633: 20805: 13396: 11401:

Watson, Simon R. (2019). "God in Creation: A Consideration of Natural Selection as the Sacrificial Means of a Free Creation".

5412: 4675: 2176:, attempts to modernize Confucianism and reconcile it with scientific understanding were attempted by many scholars including 17156: 15612: 11348: 11305: 11206: 11097: 11076: 10988: 10807: 10218: 9953: 9915: 9380: 8875: 8475: 8455: 8262: 8172: 8058:. Across the Atlantic, the Society of Ordained Scientists and Christians in Science are similar affiliation in Great Britain. 7873: 7819: 7517: 7474: 7447: 7373: 7317: 7227: 7178: 6909: 6884: 6808: 6758: 6733: 6662: 6550: 5346: 5092: 4985: 4875: 4846: 4798: 4361: 4321: 4100: 4060: 4028: 3969: 3844: 3778: 3753: 3687: 3616: 3495: 3455:

Ronald Numbers (2011). "Science without God: Natural Laws and Christian Beliefs". In Gordon, Bruce; Dembski, William (eds.).

3372: 3347: 3315: 3287: 2680: 2603: 2579: 743: 643: 6842: 387:

in 1834 and it was applied to those who sought knowledge and understanding of nature. From the ancient world, starting with

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Jainism classifies life into two main divisions those who are static by nature (sthavar) and those who are mobile (trasa).

17: 9331: 1253:. Since that time it has grown into a serious academic field, with academic chairs in the subject area, and two dedicated 22575: 22289: 16978: 16693: 16195: 15476: 15072: 9944:

Keeter, Scott; Smith, Gregory; Masci, David (2011). "Religious Belief and Attitudes about Science in the United States".

8925: 7898: 7139: 7028: 7007: 6534: 5509: 5367: 2197: 2081: 10243:"Religion and Science: Highly Religious Americans are less likely than others to see Conflict between Faith and Science" 6578:(September 2012). "Review of Alvin Plantinga (2011), Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion and Naturalism". 5574: 22839: 19374: 17860: 17843: 16728: 16405: 16135: 16017: 15471: 14051: 11963: 11636: 11112: 10934: 10487: 10312:

Alper, Gregory A. Smith, Patricia Tevington, Justin Nortey, Michael Rotolo, Asta Kallo and Becka A. (24 January 2024).

8113: 7962: 5214: 3426: 3401: 3217: 3095: 2632: 1792:. For example, regarding scientific study such as that of evolution, the church's unofficial position is an example of 1734: 1715: 859: 20431: 9547:

Ecklund, Elaine Howard; Lee, Kristen Schultz (December 2011). "Atheists and Agnostics Negotiate Religion and Family".

5484: 4410: 1841: 22284: 22277: 22260: 22139: 22129: 22111: 21831: 21815: 21671: 20456: 18387: 17339: 17334: 17287: 16968: 16455: 15276: 12484: 11546: 11536: 11443: 11379: 11291: 11277: 11248: 11231: 11152: 11132: 11058: 11029: 11005: 10955: 10753: 10732: 10705: 10691: 10660: 10400: 9284: 9029: 9001: 8947: 8021: 7786: 7719: 7621: 7549: 7508:

Cormack, Leslie (2009). "Myth 3: That Medieval Christians Taught that the Earth was Flat". In Numbers, Ronald (ed.).

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Schloss, Jeffrey P. (2006). "Evolutionary theory and religious belief". In Clayton, Philip; Simpson, Zachary (eds.).

6956: 6258:(1990). "Guest Comment: Preserving and cherishing the Earth—An appeal for joint commitment in science and religion". 5601: 5067: 5040: 5013: 4956: 4925: 4396: 4294: 4151: 3806: 3579: 3464: 3249: 3178: 2668: 1738: 1727: 1073:(geocentric) planetary model that held sway until changes in scientific and religious thinking were brought about by 11643: 11371:

The Popes and Science; the History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time

7888:

Some scholars and historians attribute Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the Scientific Revolution:

1482:(c. 185–254) regarded it much more favorably and required his students to read nearly every work available to them. 635: 542:, the international language of Europe's intellectuals. With the sheer success of science and the steady advance of 22511: 20988: 16508: 14061: 9493:

Ecklund, Elaine Howard; Park, Jerry Z. (2009). "Conflict Between Religion and Science Among Academic Scientists?".

9100:"Creating a foundation for origin of life outreach: How scientists relate to their field, the public, and religion" 8899: 7268: 3905: 865:' view is that all scientists should be atheists, and that science should never accommodate any religious beliefs. 3024: 2076:

argues that in contrast to the conflicts between science and religion in the U.S. in the 1920s (most famously the

2023:; secondly, it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious 1381: 22931: 22620: 21823: 21211: 21018: 19040: 19014: 18672: 18585: 17561: 17349: 16470: 16365: 15491: 15486: 15442: 15067: 13911: 13133: 12118: 10520: 10209:

Numbers, Ronald (2009). "Myth 24: That Creationism is a Uniquely American Phenomenon". In Numbers, Ronald (ed.).

9625: 8976: 8846: 8049: 3533: 3085: 2100: 2089: 157:, whether religious or non-religious in nature, has held different views of science over time. Many 21st-century 20626: 17784: 11631: 11521:

A collection of video interviews with prominent scientists about topics relating science and religion (requires

8721: 7282:"Schools Without Rules: Private schools' curriculum downplays slavery, says humans and dinosaurs lived together" 5258:"Galileo backed Copernicus despite data: Stars viewed through early telescopes suggested that Earth stood still" 4557: 3669: 3598: 1784:

position on the relationship between science and religion is one of harmony, and has maintained the teaching of

306:

may sometimes be influenced by religious beliefs such as in the United States, where some reject the concept of

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Roberts, Jon (2011). "10. Science and Religion". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.).

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Roberts, Jon (2011). "10. Science and Religion". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.).

3038: 1771: 1536:

has examined consonance and dissonance between modern physics, evolutionary biology, and Christian theology.

504:

lest Holy Scripture be exposed to the ridicule of unbelievers, and obstacles be placed to their believing." (

11637:

Dialogue with Professor Richard Dawkins, Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams and Professor Anthony Kenny

10996:, Margaret Osler, and Jitse M. van der Meer, editors. "Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions," 8471: 7134: 7002: 6475:

Seife, C. (23 February 2001). "Papal Science: Science and Religion Advance Together at Pontifical Academy".

5151:

asserts that Simplicio's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers, Lodovico delle Colombe and

4823: 22946: 22807: 22637: 22565: 22265: 22194: 21679: 21565: 21277: 21023: 20928: 20576: 19293: 18939: 17209: 17202: 16533: 16335: 13543: 12251: 11500: 8069:

Cua, Antonio S. "The Quasi-Empirical Aspect of Hsün-tzu's Philosophy of Human Nature." PEW 28 (1978), 3–19.

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Davis, Edward B. (2003). "Christianity, History Of Science And Religion". In Van Huyssteen, Wentzel (ed.).

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For the Glory of God : The Role of Christianity in the Rise and Development of Modern Science Volume 1

4553: 4311: 2614: 2084:. These attempts at reconciliation fell apart in the 1930s due to increased social tensions, moves towards 1930: 1360: 1028: 872:

claims that since religion makes claims that are supernatural, both science and religion are incompatible.

315: 14567: 11140:

The Lab, the Temple, and the Market: Reflections at the Intersection of Science, Religion, and Development

8338: 22941: 21879: 21711: 21528: 20827: 20541: 19170: 18351: 18308: 17838: 17828: 17061: 17036: 17021: 16543: 16255: 16250: 16022: 14540: 14501: 14056: 13970: 13538: 13246: 11868: 11483: 8013: 6714:

Dalai Lama. (2005) "The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality" Broadway.

5155:, rather than Urban. He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the 3567: 3053: 3034: 2843: 2489: 2031:(English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants) can be explained by a 1775: 1699: 1269: 1041: 14572: 14562: 11618:(online version of the dictionary edited in Rome by Urbaniana University Press and Città Nuova Editrice) 10924: 9582: 6703:

Hamilton, Jon. (2005) "The Links Between the Dalai Lama and Neuroscience" www.NPR.org, 11 November 2005

6529: 2658: 22615: 21839: 21735: 21719: 21703: 21503: 20694: 20363: 19669: 19445: 19033: 18313: 17978: 17943: 17739: 15316: 15261: 14957: 13697: 13236: 11863: 11805: 11560: 11386: 11158: 11021: 9060: 8043: 7778: 7711: 7652: 7361: 5325: 4899: 3237: 3164: 2453: 1918: 1671: 1416: 1085: 1009: 444:

demanding, among other things, freedom of religion, the country had to contend with this Western idea.

275: 19079: 13285: 7023: 5635:. University of St Andrews, University of Glasgow, University of Aberdeen, and University of Edinburgh 174: 22865: 22822: 22817: 22792: 22707: 22697: 22692: 21919: 21471: 21456: 21287: 20900: 19112: 19102: 18532: 17993: 17234: 17214: 17122: 17118: 17041: 16733: 16568: 16357: 16215: 15667: 14550: 14329: 13960: 13590: 13113: 12245: 11997: 11834: 11789: 9682:

Gross, Neil; Simmons, Solon (2009). "The religiosity of American college and university professors".

7775:

For the glory of God: how monotheism led to reformations, science, witch-hunts and the end of slavery

7365: 7355: 6650: 5031:

Quotation from Colin A. Russell in "The Conflict Thesis" the first essay of "Gary Ferngren (editor).

4646: 3105: 2990: 2833: 1419:. For example, Buddhism encourages the impartial investigation of nature (an activity referred to as 1135: 647: 546:, the individual scientist gained prestige. Along with the inventions of this period, especially the 14668: 10769: 9922:

Instead, as is clearly shown in Figure 3.3, societies with greater faith in science also often have

3917: 3730: 3656: 1429:)—the principal object of study being oneself. Buddhism and science both show a strong emphasis on 1391: 22702: 22605: 22252: 22199: 22008: 21855: 21572: 21466: 21461: 21136: 21003: 20566: 19816: 19656: 19653: 19379: 19213: 19198: 18650: 18580: 18401: 18166: 18095: 18090: 17789: 17239: 16879: 16864: 16853: 16830: 16072: 16032: 15987: 15777: 15767: 15572: 15321: 15146: 15082: 15052: 14942: 14707: 14616: 14584: 14545: 14457: 13354: 12579: 12515: 11985: 11970: 11664: 10799: 8362:"Science and spirituality: Any Points of Contact? The Teachings of U.G. Krishnamurti: A Case Study" 7831:

Gregory, Andrew (1998), Handout for course 'The Scientific Revolution' at The Scientific Revolution

5875:

Kobe, Donald H. (1998). "Copernicus and Martin Luther: An encounter between science and religion".

4388: 2684: 2672: 2480:

proved that plants have life. In the Jain philosophy the plant lives are termed as 'Vanaspatikaya'

2345:

The accounts of the emergence of life within the universe vary in description, but classically the

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claim that "it is a very long time since these attitudes have been held by historians of science."

13022: 10272: 9907: 9728:

Curlin, Farr A.; Lantos, John D.; Roach, Chad J.; Sellergren, Sarah A.; Chin, Marshall H. (2005).

8195:

Gosling, David L. (2011). "Darwin and the Hindu Tradition: 'Does What Goes Around Come Around?'".

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espoused a proto-scientific world view. However, during the Han Synthesis the more anti-empirical

2099:

organizations promoting a harmony between science and Christianity were founded, most notably the

367:" first emerged. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin roots of both science ( 22722: 22550: 22501: 21982: 21695: 21498: 21476: 21221: 20581: 20522: 20475: 20333: 20296: 19664: 19579: 19569: 19493: 19359: 19331: 18847: 18562: 18502: 18494: 18191: 18186: 17973: 17958: 17823: 17477: 17224: 17219: 17192: 17127: 17081: 17076: 17011: 16904: 16523: 16460: 16410: 16370: 16315: 15950: 15945: 15835: 15782: 15672: 15602: 15398: 15204: 15119: 14324: 14302: 14101: 13923: 13448: 13064: 12991: 12675: 12046: 11846: 11755: 11180: 10964: 10443:

Baker, Joseph O. (2012). "Public Perceptions of Incompatibility Between 'Science and Religion'".

7739: 5520: 5257: 4624: 3991:. Speech presented at "Science and Religion in the Middle Ages," in Harvard University, Cambridge 2501:

holds that a cause and its effect are always identical in nature and an immaterial entity like a

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to students should decrease their self-importance in the universe, as well as their religiosity.

701: 591: 484: 11594: 8704: 8290:

Gosling, David (September 2012). "Science and the Hindu Tradition: Compatibility or Conflict?".

8160: 6704: 5912:

Haught, John F.; Selk, Eugene E. (1996). "Science and Religion: From Conflict to Conversation".

4144:

Of Popes and Unicorns : Science, Christianity, and How the Conflict Thesis Fooled the World

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I constantly sought knowledge and truth, and it became my belief that for gaining access to the

1489:

appear quite different from later attempts at reconciliation with the newer scientific ideas of

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Wienand, Karl; Kampschulte, Lorenz; M. Heckl, Wolfgang; Williams, Margaret (24 February 2024).

5207:

Scientific World of Copernicus: On the Occasion of the 500th Anniversary of his Birth 1473–1973

4192:

Frank Turner, 'The Victorian Conflict between Science and Religion: A Professional Dimension',

3000: 2699: 2676: 1978: 1870: 1707: 1663: 1089: 1017: 875: 788: 678: 441: 428:", sometimes translated as "religion", also means law or duty. Throughout classical India, the 364: 323: 102: 10250: 9846: 9372: 9272: 7920:

Science, Religion, and A.D. White: Seeking Peace in the "Warfare Between Science and Theology"

7746:, pp. 4, 138 n. 3 where Numbers specifically raises his concerns with regards to the works of 7201: 7157: 6218:

Powell, Harry D. (1991). "Making sense of experience: Common ground in science and religion".

5659:"Beyond Barbour or Back to Basics? The Future of Science-and-Religion and the Quest for Unity" 5469: 4790: 4353: 1128:

that arise from cultural traditions, which is similar to the secular perspective on religion.

22829: 22797: 22772: 22657: 22610: 22506: 22484: 22474: 22459: 22399: 22386: 22359: 22224: 22189: 22146: 21903: 21523: 21508: 21412: 20951: 20890: 20870: 20704: 20616: 20596: 20586: 20219: 20068: 19701: 19633: 19541: 19508: 19336: 19316: 19122: 18979: 18934: 18872: 18862: 18201: 18065: 17910: 17900: 17885: 17833: 17282: 17277: 17229: 17197: 17187: 17146: 16926: 16803: 16709: 16631: 16576: 16493: 16445: 16420: 16220: 16042: 16037: 15905: 15895: 15717: 15393: 15331: 15151: 15097: 14518: 14496: 14415: 14356: 14022: 13461: 13312: 12442: 12041: 11953: 11512: 10760:

For the Glory of God: The Role of Christianity in the Rise and Development of Modern Science.

9608: 9253: 7683: 7671: 7339: 5128: 5120: 4599: 4526: 4233:

Easterbrook, G. (15 August 1997). "Scientific Community: Science and God: A Warming Trend?".

2985: 2958: 2804: 2769: 2108: 2057: 2044: 1951: 1926: 1897: 1820: 1759: 1628: 1352: 1185:"Science is not only compatible with spirituality; it is a profound source of spirituality."— 981: 844: 700:. Prominent scientists advocating religious belief include Nobel Prize–winning physicist and 583: 13332: 13280: 9899: 9785:

Robinson, Kristin A.; Cheng, Meng-Ru; Hansen, Patrick D.; Gray, Richard J. (February 2017).

9364: 6850:

book review of J.L.Heilbron's work, The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories

4782: 2590:

and closeness to God, there is no better way than that of searching for truth and knowledge.

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reported that "Some private schools in Florida that rely on public funding teach students"

1609: 1539: 1494: 1407: 1343: 1263: 1213: 946: 831:, compatibility or incompatibility is a theological concern, not a scientific concern. In 709: 603: 197: 37: 18612: 13401: 12278: 10963:

Philip Clayton(ed.), Zachary Simpson (associate-ed.) Hardcover 2006, paperback July 2008.

9022:

Secularity and Science : What Scientists Around the World Really Think About Religion

7722:, p. 19. See also Peter Harrison, "Newtonian Science, Miracles, and the Laws of Nature", 7495: 5191: 4918:

Of Popes and Unicorns: Science, Christianity, and How the Conflict Thesis Fooled the World

4768:"Excerpts of Statements by Scientists Who See No Conflict Between Their Faith and Science" 3340:

From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science

2336:, the Hindu school of logic, accepts all these 3 means and in addition accepts one more – 1387: 742:. More typologies that categorize this relationship can be found among the works of other 8: 22737: 22727: 22585: 22555: 22479: 22464: 22424: 22419: 22344: 22229: 22050: 21887: 21335: 21318: 21272: 21262: 21129: 21109: 21064: 21054: 21013: 20961: 20946: 20875: 20855: 20837: 20669: 20636: 20497: 20484: 20291: 20088: 19999: 19954: 19860: 19746: 19559: 19407: 18954: 18655: 18527: 18406: 18075: 17998: 17988: 17865: 17749: 17744: 17324: 17006: 16899: 16874: 16859: 16788: 16626: 16601: 16581: 16558: 16485: 16435: 16415: 16330: 16320: 16275: 16235: 16190: 16185: 16175: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16145: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16087: 15997: 15972: 15850: 15840: 15802: 15772: 15757: 15742: 15732: 15722: 15687: 15682: 15632: 15577: 15552: 15496: 15353: 15336: 15224: 15219: 15209: 15077: 14878: 14791: 14736: 14712: 14599: 14484: 14442: 14237: 14086: 13714: 13506: 13386: 13160: 12947: 12832: 12760: 12650: 12571: 12398: 12051: 11875: 11721: 11540: 11522: 11170: 10838: 10362:"Nearly 70 percent of evangelicals do not view religion and science as being in conflict" 10280: 9900: 9621: 9578: 9418: 8561: 8535: 8498: 8447: 6598:"Themelios | Review: Where The Conflict Really Lies Science Religion And Naturalism" 3670:

National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2008).

3599:

National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2008).

2953: 2785: 2518: 2205: 2173: 2104: 1655: 1533: 1486: 1456:

false," he says, "then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims."

1155: 1151: 1093: 1061: 1024:

points out, but meet each other, for example, in the feeling of amazement and in ethics.

942: 915: 802: 587: 468: 201: 98: 57: 19821: 10141: 9212: 9165: 8744: 8414: 6398: 6353: 6271: 6231: 6194: 6157: 6120: 6079: 6040: 5999: 5962: 5925: 5888: 5851: 5814: 5777: 5740: 5703: 5234: 3417:

Lindberg, David C. (2007). "1. Science Before the Greeks (On changes in science here)".

1395: 1302:

and fails to "stave off the conflict between theism and evolution." Cognitive scientist

533:

The Middle Ages laid ground for the developments that took place in science, during the

22782: 22652: 22454: 22354: 22349: 22134: 21972: 21962: 21763: 21639: 21513: 21434: 21398: 21206: 21059: 21028: 21008: 20956: 20938: 20913: 20908: 20860: 20847: 20814: 20709: 20611: 20546: 20502: 20446: 20286: 20115: 20009: 19917: 19721: 19600: 19591: 19554: 19549: 19455: 19450: 19427: 19346: 19160: 19087: 18944: 18902: 18812: 18777: 18552: 18517: 18419: 18361: 18323: 18318: 18154: 18144: 17948: 17920: 17870: 17661: 17621: 17472: 17427: 17314: 17137: 16958: 16793: 16783: 16606: 16586: 16553: 16450: 16440: 16385: 16380: 16310: 16290: 16280: 16265: 16260: 16240: 16210: 16205: 16180: 16170: 16102: 16067: 16052: 15957: 15930: 15920: 15880: 15865: 15860: 15812: 15807: 15747: 15702: 15662: 15557: 15544: 15346: 15326: 15251: 15124: 14947: 14621: 14579: 14420: 14388: 14363: 14290: 14270: 14091: 14039: 14027: 14005: 13597: 13555: 13428: 13253: 13231: 13226: 13042: 12826: 12802: 12181: 12105: 11853: 11799: 11418: 11365: 11224:

Divine Grace and Emerging Creation: Wesleyan Forays in Science and Theology of Creation

11016: 10873: 10587: 10468: 10416:

Evans, John (2011). "Epistemological and Moral Conflict Between Religion and Science".

10188: 10153: 10110: 10075: 9990: 9822: 9762: 9729: 9510: 9452: 9234: 9177: 9126: 9099: 9080: 9039: 8627:

Robert Briffault (1928). The Making of Humanity, pp. 190–202. G. Allen & Unwin Ltd.

8415:

Similarities in concept of evolution of life on earth in Dashavatar and modern Geology.

8036: 7974:

The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities c. 1815 – c. 1914

7844: 7703: 7648: 7496:"Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science" 7254:

The Origin of Rights, Roger E. Salhany, Toronto, Calgary, Vancouver: Carswell pp. 32–34

6853: 6508: 6426: 6328: 5456: 5192:"Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science" 4749: 4346: 4266: 3718: 3698: 3644: 3627: 3560: 3513: 3193:

view is mistaken. 'science' and 'religion' are concepts of relatively recent coinage .

3100: 3073: 3010: 2217: 1962: 1793: 1754: 1718:

as unconstitutional, "because they established a religious doctrine violating both the

1703: 1542: 1356: 1147: 953:

each dispute and there was no overall aim by any party involved to discredit religion.

899: 851: 682: 615: 599: 579: 551: 512: 499:"In discussing questions of this kind two rules are to observed, as Augustine teaches ( 453: 392: 341: 259: 251: 178: 166: 97:") and of "religion" as distinct concepts in the preceding few centuries—partly due to 94: 18707: 18660: 13709: 13258: 12854: 12584: 11471: 6934: 5801:

Jammer, Max; Bernstein, Jeremy (2000). "Einstein and Religion: Physics and Theology".

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4767: 4206: 3864: 2587: 1993:, argued in contrast that "Christian theology was essential for the rise of science." 1447:, mentions that empirical scientific evidence supersedes the traditional teachings of 53: 22870: 22853: 22834: 22469: 22404: 22374: 21937: 21753: 21629: 21097: 20998: 20993: 20978: 20918: 20880: 20865: 20822: 20393: 20353: 20271: 20199: 20182: 20160: 19788: 19763: 19574: 19394: 19137: 19004: 19000: 18882: 18867: 18537: 18484: 18464: 18366: 18356: 18283: 18112: 18102: 17895: 17683: 17603: 17531: 17304: 17161: 16951: 16916: 16810: 16749: 16663: 16657: 16591: 16548: 16538: 16528: 16518: 16425: 16345: 16305: 16230: 16200: 16092: 16047: 16027: 16002: 15977: 15940: 15925: 15900: 15875: 15787: 15737: 15692: 15677: 15657: 15647: 15622: 15562: 15506: 15266: 15042: 14638: 14609: 14533: 14528: 14489: 14427: 14383: 14368: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14280: 14015: 13901: 13667: 13637: 13617: 13438: 13216: 13197: 13192: 13123: 13086: 12807: 12722: 12645: 12543: 12533: 12501: 12489: 12457: 12434: 12416: 12312: 12167: 12075: 12061: 12024: 12012: 11841: 11760: 11712: 11648: 11439: 11422: 11375: 11354: 11344: 11301: 11287: 11273: 11244: 11227: 11202: 11148: 11128: 11108: 11093: 11072: 11054: 11025: 11001: 10984: 10951: 10930: 10877: 10842: 10821: 10813: 10803: 10749: 10728: 10718: 10701: 10687: 10656: 10591: 10579: 10575: 10460: 10429: 10396: 10325: 10214: 10192: 10157: 10079: 10040: 10026: 9994: 9949: 9911: 9814: 9806: 9767: 9749: 9647:"Religious Communities, Science, Scientists, and Perceptions: A Comprehensive Survey" 9560: 9506: 9376: 9365: 9280: 9238: 9226: 9131: 9084: 9076: 9025: 8997: 8881: 8871: 8700: 8451: 8268: 8258: 8208: 8168: 8109: 8017: 7977: 7958: 7955:

God & Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science

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God & Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science

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Philip Clayton(ed.), Zachary Simpson(associate-ed.). Hardcover 2006, paperback 2008.

5342: 5297: 5210: 5088: 5063: 5036: 5009: 4981: 4952: 4921: 4871: 4842: 4794: 4783: 4753: 4728:"Atheism and Unbelief among Indian Scientists: Towards an Anthropology of Atheism(s)" 4392: 4357: 4317: 4290: 4283: 4258: 4250: 4147: 4117: 4096: 4056: 4024: 3965: 3840: 3802: 3774: 3749: 3703: 3683: 3632: 3612: 3575: 3501: 3491: 3460: 3422: 3397: 3368: 3343: 3311: 3283: 3245: 3213: 3174: 3068: 3043: 2943: 2749:

humankind" was most popular among mathematicians (about 45%) and least popular among

2624: 2530: 2255: 1990: 1974: 1958: 1947: 1892: 1888: 1683: 1651: 1303: 1275: 1208: 1097: 1045: 1005: 971: 903: 728: 611: 429: 311: 271: 270:, have seen compatibility or interdependence between religion and science. Biologist 263: 154: 146: 138: 21778: 18507: 17402: 14121: 13719: 13369: 13091: 10472: 10114: 9826: 9745: 9514: 9181: 6933:). § The enduring originality of the thought of Saint Thomas Aquinas. Archived from 6430: 6406: 4270: 1970: 391:, to the 19th century, the practice of studying nature was commonly referred to as " 318:

has written that "the evidence for evolution can be fully compatible with religious

29:"Science and Religion" redirects here. For the 1991 book by John Hedley Brooke, see 22787: 22762: 22662: 22523: 22518: 22299: 21942: 21863: 21847: 21727: 21292: 21201: 21049: 20983: 20973: 20674: 20621: 20571: 20551: 20512: 20507: 20348: 20276: 19994: 19905: 19796: 19768: 19753: 19716: 19422: 19402: 19369: 19274: 19236: 18907: 18770: 18740: 18730: 18725: 18622: 18607: 18253: 18149: 17983: 17803: 17774: 17713: 17651: 17502: 17457: 17437: 16973: 16963: 16946: 16616: 16498: 16395: 16007: 15967: 15915: 15910: 15827: 15797: 15707: 15597: 15461: 15413: 15408: 14967: 14932: 14905: 14663: 14648: 14523: 14447: 14297: 14275: 14183: 14044: 13823: 13786: 13642: 13627: 13575: 13359: 13339: 13307: 13302: 13273: 13268: 13180: 13170: 12979: 12943: 12935: 12906: 12819: 12739: 12734: 12697: 12687: 12613: 12551: 12393: 12230: 12080: 11738: 11588: 11410: 10865: 10793: 10778: 10765: 10648: 10571: 10452: 10425: 10180: 10145: 10102: 10067: 10030: 10022: 9982: 9798: 9757: 9741: 9691: 9556: 9502: 9456: 9444: 9309: 9216: 9169: 9121: 9111: 9072: 8696: 8204: 8048:

As to specifically Christian theists, an example of continue presence would be the

7397: 6930: 6512: 6484: 6447: 6402: 6357: 6316: 6312: 6275: 6235: 6198: 6161: 6124: 6083: 6044: 6003: 5966: 5929: 5892: 5855: 5818: 5781: 5744: 5707: 5670: 5554: 5265: 5049:" (p. 7, followed by a list of the basic reasons why the conflict thesis is wrong). 4739: 4697: 4242: 4088: 3693: 3675: 3622: 3604: 2980: 2628: 2548: 2371: 2366: 2292: 2250: 2209: 2036: 1797: 1743: 1659: 1557: 1475: 1254: 1231: 1227: 1176: 1167: 907: 801:, "whereas religion scorns the power of human comprehension, science respects it." 795: 716: 623: 492: 433: 169:

has been challenged. While the classification of the material world by the ancient

36:"Science and theology" redirects here. For the 1998 book by John Polkinghorne, see 21773: 14260: 10889: 10071: 7307: 6803:(Johns Hopkins Paperbacks ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 222. 6488: 6451: 6361: 5362: 2441:, and 85 per cent of God-believing people said they believe in evolution as well. 2140:

skepticism regarding the nature of reality. Likewise, during the Medieval period,

1172: 22802: 22647: 22625: 22394: 22309: 22294: 22059: 21957: 21952: 21533: 21488: 21323: 21297: 21241: 20755: 20724: 20689: 20654: 20532: 20383: 20281: 20239: 20150: 20138: 20123: 20098: 20073: 19843: 19711: 19706: 19623: 19608: 19281: 19165: 18914: 18897: 18852: 18842: 18787: 18760: 18697: 18692: 18677: 18602: 18338: 18328: 17963: 17953: 17754: 17631: 17492: 17452: 17374: 17329: 17166: 17071: 17056: 17031: 16845: 16825: 16667: 15291: 15271: 14761: 14653: 14643: 14312: 13980: 13771: 13751: 13682: 13647: 13580: 13364: 13290: 13263: 13221: 13175: 13138: 12926: 12869: 12640: 12157: 11958: 11884: 11824: 11779: 11748: 11584: 11553: 11504: 11495: 11370: 11324: 11268: 11258: 11236: 11219: 11197: 11174: 11163: 11139: 11123: 11048: 11039: 10960: 10943: 10885: 9397:"Natural scientists are less likely to believe in God than are social scientists" 9116: 8441: 8421: 8009: 7759: 7751: 7611: 7541: 7535: 7107: 7078:

Calendar: Humanity's Epic Struggle to Determine a True and Accurate Calendar Year

5545: 5516: 5465: 5164: 4946: 4692: 4527:"Does The Empirical Nature Of Science Contradict The Revelatory Nature Of Faith?" 4384: 4246: 4050: 3889: 3885: 3837:

A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century

3168: 3136: 2938: 2765:

Others have also observed some methodological issues which impacted the results.

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and Peter Guthrie Tait's, which helped define much of modern physics, was titled

384: 267: 228: 220: 216: 212: 85: 19895: 11090:

Neuroscience and the Soul: The Human Person in Philosophy, Science, and Theology

10346: 9059:

Ecklund, Elaine Howard; Park, Jerry Z.; Sorrell, Katherine L. (September 2011).

6311:(5332). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1589a–1593. 298:, propose an interconnection between science and religion, while others such as 22860: 22812: 22767: 22560: 22496: 22409: 22369: 22209: 22169: 21619: 21560: 21393: 21328: 21313: 21216: 20664: 20659: 20527: 20492: 20424: 20398: 20234: 20083: 20022: 19935: 19778: 19674: 19417: 19097: 18887: 18877: 18817: 18765: 18702: 18597: 18522: 18479: 18459: 18248: 18124: 18085: 17779: 17769: 17764: 17688: 17543: 17412: 17272: 16911: 16820: 15418: 15306: 15246: 14962: 14937: 14722: 14626: 14508: 14452: 14405: 13818: 13766: 13662: 13632: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13585: 13481: 13379: 13374: 13327: 13317: 12329: 11992: 11975: 11794: 11774: 11743: 11011: 10993: 10741: 9338: 8006:

Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-twentieth-century Britain

7801: 7640: 6575: 6483:(5508). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1472–1474. 6446:(3310). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1324–1327. 6393:(3304). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1004–1006. 6348:(3285). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1225–1229. 5727:

Brancazio, Peter J. (1994). "What is truth? A course in science and religion".

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Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-twentieth-century Britain

1874: 1830: 1789: 1781: 1602: 1590: 1331: 1295: 1121: 1021: 993: 836: 825: 810: 705: 547: 488: 461: 255: 232: 193: 170: 20105: 19880: 12594: 11624:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Steven Jay Gould, John Haldane and Hilary Rose ( 11284:

Can a Darwinian Be a Christian? The Relationship Between Science and Religion.

10869: 10184: 10149: 9802: 8718:"International Year of Light – Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics" 3505: 1977:

stated that this thesis "received a boost" from mathematician and philosopher

1234:" and the scientific community. This annual series continues and has included 22920: 22672: 22642: 22580: 22381: 22329: 22324: 22234: 21798: 21793: 21768: 21577: 21518: 21429: 21357: 21282: 20719: 20631: 20561: 20303: 20093: 20027: 19984: 19853: 19478: 19264: 19246: 18857: 18782: 18665: 18645: 18557: 18512: 17723: 17462: 17397: 17369: 17297: 17026: 16941: 15341: 14895: 14776: 14168: 14163: 14111: 13948: 13886: 13781: 13672: 13570: 13501: 13433: 13423: 13391: 13322: 13202: 13185: 13103: 12999: 12962: 12881: 12789: 12240: 12191: 11896: 11600: 11508: 11414: 11193: 10583: 10494: 10456: 9986: 9810: 9753: 9448: 8885: 8272: 7805: 7213: 7045:

Revolutionizing the sciences: European knowledge and its ambitions, 1500–1700

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of man and animals. The sequence of avatars starts from an aquatic organism (

2116: 2028: 1997: 1623: 1549: 1517: 1440: 1421: 1319: 1235: 1222: 961: 805: 657: 619: 559: 196:

of the early 17th century, associated with the scientific revolution and the

110: 93:

century. This coincided with the refining of "science" (from the studies of "

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Larson, E. J.; Witham, L. (1997). "Scientists are still keeping the faith".

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2. Toshihiko Izutsu (1964). God and Man in the Koran. Weltansckauung. Tokyo.

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The Merton Thesis: Oetinger and German Pietism, a significant negative case,

3859: 2047:

and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the

1836: 1737:

ruled that creationism is religion, not science, and cannot be advocated in

1211:. Journals addressing the relationship between science and religion include 416: 153:

and medieval Christians who studied nature emphasized natural explanations.

22632: 22491: 22429: 22164: 21653: 21451: 21382: 21342: 21170: 20750: 20740: 20699: 20679: 20451: 20414: 20373: 20259: 20209: 19870: 19848: 19826: 19773: 19741: 19613: 19473: 19384: 19180: 18802: 18792: 18755: 18745: 18735: 18627: 18542: 18474: 18371: 18035: 17759: 17708: 17507: 17487: 17442: 17417: 17407: 17379: 17309: 17267: 17141: 17095: 17066: 17046: 15481: 15383: 15239: 14927: 14922: 14900: 14890: 14771: 14203: 14138: 14081: 14066: 14032: 13657: 13565: 12561: 12452: 12447: 12298: 12268: 12142: 12110: 11858: 11829: 11816: 11597:

The Victorian Web: Literature, History, and Culture in the Age of Victoria

10798:(Expanded ed., 1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, MA: 10464: 10044: 9818: 9771: 9135: 8106:

China's Transition to Modernity : The New Classical Vision of Dai Zhen

7770: 7389: 6801:

Science and Religion, 400 BC to AD 1550 : from Aristotle to Copernicus

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In its traditional forms, the conflict thesis has been largely discredited.

3707: 3636: 3485: 2948: 2510: 2085: 2077: 1986: 1943: 1939: 1826: 1816: 1815:

is to teach us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go." In 1981, Pope

1805: 1617: 1565: 1561: 1509: 1505: 1323: 1267:. Articles are also sometimes found in mainstream science journals such as 1139: 911: 832: 798: 784: 772:

between evolution and religion is intrinsic to the incompatibility between

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The Culture of Science: How the Public Relates to Science Across the Globe

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Barbour, Ian G.; Selk, Eugene E. (1991). "Religion in an Age of Science".

5269: 4262: 3257:

in English publications, that is exactly what we discover (see figure 14).

1052:. He stated that if science and mathematics concentrate on what the world 379:

interactions with other aspects of society and culture occurred. The term

22667: 22364: 22334: 22319: 22184: 22179: 21977: 21967: 21947: 21367: 21347: 21257: 21180: 20745: 20684: 20556: 20536: 20441: 20378: 20338: 20318: 20244: 20214: 19875: 19811: 19503: 19488: 19364: 19354: 19303: 19269: 19208: 18822: 18807: 18687: 18682: 18228: 18161: 18080: 18045: 18025: 17693: 17553: 17497: 17482: 17467: 17447: 17364: 17292: 17109: 17099: 17086: 17051: 17001: 16931: 16884: 16771: 16761: 15403: 15378: 15197: 15165: 15156: 15102: 15032: 15017: 14910: 14801: 14462: 14410: 14198: 13916: 13896: 13736: 13677: 13415: 13411: 13207: 12712: 12660: 12630: 12467: 12321: 12213: 12137: 12002: 11938: 11889: 11253: 11216:. Chicago, Ill.: Press of Hillison & Etten Co., 1904, t.p. 1918. 11034: 10679: 10669: 10652: 10035: 6777:"God's Action in Nature's World: Essays in Honour of Robert John Russell" 5602:"'Science and Religion', 'Christian Scholarship', and 'Theistic Science'" 5451: 5315: 4438:"The Incompatibility Hypothesis: Evolution versus Supernatural Causation" 4298: 2571: 2502: 2457: 2414: 2386: 2268: 2181: 2177: 2032: 2020: 2001: 1879: 1812: 1785: 1748: 1670:

that attempts to provide scientific support for a literal reading of the

1667: 1497:. Many early interpretations of evolution polarized themselves around a 1434: 1364: 1299: 1246: 1117: 1081: 1013: 821: 791: 776: 768:

According to Guillermo Paz-y-Miño-C and Avelina Espinosa, the historical

739: 735: 607: 543: 534: 476: 460:, has a considerable foundation in the works of the Arabs who translated 457: 404: 299: 287: 243: 150: 142: 89: 17614: 16678: 14717: 14658: 13761: 13155: 12974: 12523: 11311: 10762:

2 Volumes. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2011 and 2012.

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Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

8771:"Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision" 8136:. Singapore: Department of Mathematics: University of Singapore. 117543. 4166:

Peter Harrison, 'Religion, the Royal Society, and the Rise of Science',

2258:. Hindu sages maintained that logical argument and rational proof using 2245:, the dividing line between objective sciences and spiritual knowledge ( 1504:

These ideas were significantly countered by later findings of universal

22600: 22595: 22540: 22204: 22174: 22156: 21788: 21783: 21758: 21538: 21362: 21226: 21175: 21152: 20591: 20419: 20368: 20358: 20229: 20133: 20078: 19885: 19865: 19731: 19498: 19412: 19241: 19188: 19152: 19056: 18750: 18547: 18469: 18454: 18243: 18213: 18176: 18134: 18129: 18060: 17698: 17384: 17113: 17104: 17091: 16835: 16798: 15369: 15364: 15234: 15229: 15192: 15170: 15027: 15007: 15002: 14843: 14833: 14796: 14400: 14178: 14126: 13866: 13511: 13491: 13027: 12952: 12891: 12655: 12635: 12556: 12208: 12176: 12147: 11926: 11921: 11906: 11482:– website about the historical relations between science and religion, 11429: 10524: 9419:"Scientists May Not Be Very Religious, but Science May Not Be to Blame" 8770: 6255: 5838:

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The Nature of Nature : Examining the Role of Naturalism in Science

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intellectual transformations and influential English scientists (e.g.,

1911: 1883: 1801: 1711: 1471: 1444: 1426: 1239: 1186: 1057: 957: 780: 773: 555: 480: 437: 247: 182: 134: 77: 17538: 14208: 13047: 11564: 11479: 11397:. Toronto: Oxford University Press, Canadian Branch, 1967. x, , 269 p. 11298:

Science and Spirituality: Making Room for Faith in the Age of Science.

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The God Theory: Universes, Zero-point Fields, and What's Behind It All

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Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland. "Utilitarian Confucianism : Chʻen Liang

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Protestantism had an important influence on science. According to the

1394:

asserts that true science and true religion can never be in conflict.

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Clash in Cambridge: Science and religion seem as antagonistic as ever

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God-of-the-Gaps Arguments in Light of Luther's Theology of the Cross.

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The Science Myth – God, society, the self and what we will never know

9472:"Essay Forum on the Religious Engagements of American Undergraduates" 9396: 9254:"Do Scientists Really Reject God?: New Poll Contradicts Earlier Ones" 9173: 7914: 3212:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 254, 258, 259, 260. 2910: 2862: 2750: 2740:

In 1916, 1,000 leading American scientists were randomly chosen from

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of the early universe, the chemical origins of life and biological

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from Greek to Islamic to Christian traditions which helped spark the

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The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design

9869:"Indian scientists significantly more religious than UK scientists" 7691: 7309:

The Language of God : A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief

5004:

Quotation from Ferngren's introduction at "Gary Ferngren (editor).

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Articles Related to the Relationship Between Religion and Science

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Science and Mormonism: Correlations, Conflicts, and Conciliations

10347:"The MIT Survey on Science, Religion and Origins: the Belief Gap" 10204: 10202: 9730:"Religious characteristics of U.S. physicians: A national survey" 9711:"Survey on physicians' religious beliefs shows majority faithful" 8618:

3. Situating Arabic Science: Locality versus Essence (A.I. Sabra)

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List of scholars on the relationship between religion and science

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disbelieved, 21% were agnostic, and 7% believed in 1998. However

2543:(the Oneness of God), as are all other branches of knowledge. In 2430: 2382: 2288: 2133: 2048: 2040: 2012: 1292:

Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion, and Naturalism

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INTERS – Interdisciplinary Documentation on Religion and Science

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The Marriage of Sense and Soul: Integrating Science and Religion

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Genetic Turning Points: The Ethics of Human Genetic Intervention

7425:

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5735:(10). American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT): 893–899. 5159:

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between Protestantism and the scientific values. In his theory,

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Nebuchadnezzar's Dream or The End of a Medieval Catholic Church

10488:"Religious Belief and Public Attitudes About Science in the US" 10295:"Most of the Religiously Unaffiliated Still Keep Belief in God" 10211:

Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths About Science and Religion

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Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths About Science and Religion

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Scientific Aspects of Mormonism: or, Religion in Terms of Life

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Science and religion are portrayed to be in harmony in the

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University of Chicago Press. 6774:Knight, Christopher C. (2008). 6612: 6590: 6551:"Philosopher sticks up for God" 6521: 6407:10.1126/science.127.3304.1004-a 6296: 5683: 5567: 5476: 5419:. Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center 5404: 5331: 5309: 5291: 5249: 5223: 5198: 5183: 5133: 5110: 5101: 5052: 5025: 4998: 4965: 4938: 4909: 4830: 4807: 4774: 4770:. National Academy of Sciences. 4760: 4719: 4704: 4686: 4667: 4653: 4639: 4617: 4591: 4572: 4541: 4402: 4374: 4337: 4303: 4277: 4199: 4186: 4173: 4160: 4135: 4116:Szalay, Jessie (29 June 2016). 4012: 4003: 3994: 3964:. University of Chicago Press. 3940: 3899: 3871: 3853: 3828: 3815: 3663: 3477: 3448: 3282:. University of Chicago Press. 3086:American Scientific Affiliation 2519:steady state cosmological model 2101:American Scientific Affiliation 1459: 1386:A fundamental principle of the 1375: 999: 722: 692:include evolutionary biologist 511:where the referenced text from 479:, ideas articulated via divine 456:) in Western Europe during the 22091:Science and technology studies 21688:Critical History of Philosophy 21151: 19055: 16729:Analytic–synthetic distinction 15424:Separation of church and state 14077:Polytheistic reconstructionism 11595:Victorian Science and Religion 11475:: Science and Religion Project 10858:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 10676:. 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(12 December 1990). 3799:50 Great Myths about Religions 3410: 3385: 3356: 3230: 3157: 3096:Creation–evolution controversy 3006:Scientific method and religion 2965:Issues in Science and Religion 2452:: earth, water, fire, air and 2136:was favored and combined with 1309: 1251:Issues in Science and Religion 1196:religion and science community 432:consisted of concepts such as 409:Treatise on Natural Philosophy 13: 1: 21896:Knowledge and Human Interests 21232:Rankean historical positivism 20788: 13033:Traditional Sabahan religions 11085:. : Deseret News Press, 1967. 10727:. Great Britain: Bloomsbury. 10360:McCaig, Amy (13 March 2015). 10072:10.1080/10720537.2020.1819491 9709:Easton, John (14 July 2005). 7847:(Springer) 7 (4), pp. 642–660 7137:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 7026:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 7005:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 6749:Russell, Robert John (2008). 6532:. In Zalta, Edward N. 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Vol. 24, no. 19. 9273:"Scientists, Unbelief among" 9117:10.1371/journal.pone.0282243 8745:"The 'first true scientist'" 8707:. Retrieved 22 October 2014. 7428:(Kindle Locations 1970–2132) 7306:Collins, Francis S. (2007). 7076:Duncan, David Ewing (1998). 5460:. In Barbour, Ian G. (ed.). 5457:"Science and Religion Today" 5209:. Springer. pp. 63–65. 4716:, Free Press, 2010, pp. 5–6. 4554:Council for Secular Humanism 4247:10.1126/science.277.5328.890 2615:Ahmadiyya views on evolution 2608: 1983:Science and the Modern World 1800:is required to explain both 1652:biblical account of creation 1361:Transmission of the Classics 1029:National Academy of Sciences 1004:A modern view, described by 889: 316:National Academy of Sciences 7: 21880:Conjectures and Refutations 21712:The Logic of Modern Physics 21529:Deductive-nomological model 20627:Contemporary utilitarianism 20542:Internalism and externalism 18352:Best of all possible worlds 18309:Eschatological verification 17866:Fine-tuning of the universe 17062:Hypothetico-deductive model 17037:Deductive-nomological model 17022:Constructivist epistemology 15277:National religiosity levels 14502:Nauruan Indigenous religion 14057:Hellenism (modern religion) 11503:– Discussion with atheists 11107:. 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Plantinga, in his book 648:List of Muslim scientists 250:throughout history, from 22200:Philosophy of technology 21856:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 21573:Structural functionalism 21499:Naturalism in literature 18581:Friedrich Schleiermacher 18167:Theories about religions 17969:Inconsistent revelations 16865:Intertheoretic reduction 16854:Ignoramus et ignorabimus 16831:Functional contextualism 15593:Central African Republic 12580:Vietnamese folk religion 11971:Charismatic Christianity 11415:10.1177/0008429819830356 11186:Johnston, Howard Agnew. 10800:Harvard University Press 10457:10.1177/0963662511434908 9987:10.1177/1948550620923239 9528:Ecklund, Elaine Howard. 9449:10.1525/sp.2007.54.2.289 8424:Dr. Nitish Priyadarshi, 8420:14 November 2017 at the 7990:Lindberg, David. (1992) 7953:(1986). "Introduction". 7864:(1986). "Introduction". 7354:Machamer, Peter (1998). 7312:. New York: Free Press. 7061:Heilbron, J. L. 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According to 485:law of non-contradiction 21983:Willard Van Orman Quine 21696:Idealism and Positivism 21288:Critique of metaphysics 21222:Sociological positivism 20582:Postanalytic philosophy 20523:Experimental philosophy 17350:Philosophers of science 17128:Scientific essentialism 17077:Model-dependent realism 17012:Constructive empiricism 16905:Evidence-based practice 15487:New religious movements 15120:Theories about religion 15073:Evolutionary psychology 14102:Modern Finnish paganism 12047:Independent Catholicism 11552:18 January 2012 at the 11181:D. Appleton and Company 11069:Evolution and the Fall, 10965:Oxford University Press 10748:. Paulist Press, 1995. 10723:Grayling, A.C. (2014). 10696:Chu, Dominique (2013), 9609:"Scientists and Belief" 9575:"Scientists and Belief" 9314:10.1111/1467-9744.00524 9275:. In Flynn, Tom (ed.). 8975:Shalev, Baruch (2005). 8904:The Review of Religions 8831:. Cambridge: MIT Press. 8827:Saliba, George (2014). 8401:Cvancara, A.M. (1995). 7840:Becker, George (1992), 7740:Oxford University Press 7080:. New York: Avon Books. 6832:Grant 2006, pp. 105–106 6823:Grant 2006, pp. 111–114 6638:. The Teaching Company. 6623:. The Teaching Company. 5600:Scott, Eugenie (1998). 5521:Oxford University Press 5070:. (Introduction, p. ix) 3487:Why I am not a Buddhist 3484:Thompson, Evan (2020). 3306:Nongbri, Brent (2013). 2742:American Men of Science 2513:have always existed (a 2291:, the oldest school of 2105:The Biologos Foundation 2082:conservative Christians 2072:, historian of biology 1062:normative moral science 702:United Church of Christ 592:Constantine the African 200:, led scholars such as 187:Middle Eastern scholars 22932:Philosophy of religion 22273:Sociology of knowledge 22028: 21997:Concepts in contention 21638: 21628: 21618: 21509:Objectivity in science 21407:Non-Euclidean geometry 21373:Methodological dualism 21334: 20715:Social constructionism 19727:Hellenistic philosophy 19143:Theoretical philosophy 19118:Philosophy of religion 19108:Philosophy of language 18445:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers 17585:Philosophy of religion 17433:Alfred North Whitehead 17423:Charles Sanders Peirce 16136:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14117:Erzyan native religion 13966:Unitarian Universalism 13345:Native American Church 12091:Oneness Pentecostalism 11622:"Science and Religion" 11323:19 August 2019 at the 10926:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8851:ProQuest Ebook Central 8388:Rastogi, V.B. (1988). 8308:Sarma, Deepak (2011) " 7598:The Great Instauration 7422:Andrew Dickson White. 7186:described in Scripture 7135:"Religion and science" 7032:. Stanford University. 7003:"Religion and science" 6799:Grant, Edward (2006). 6600:. The Gospel Coalition 6538:. Stanford University. 6530:"Religion and science" 5491:. TED Conferences, LLC 5328:, Princeton, NJ, 1952. 4894:Brooke, J. H. (1991). 4417:. TED Conferences, LLC 4019:Grant, Edward (2001). 3835:Grant, Edward (2007). 3001:Psychology of religion 2700:Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi 2663: 2646: 2592: 2580:Renaissance scientists 2553:The Making of Humanity 2238: 1979:Alfred North Whitehead 1856: 1708:evidence for evolution 1664:scientific creationism 1638: 1540:Christian philosophers 1500:struggle for existence 1334:and mathematics under 1191: 1180: 1138:that protects against 1092:such as Lobachevsky's 1090:non-Euclidean geometry 1038: 1018:philosophy of religion 876:Evolutionary biologist 789:evolutionary biologist 765: 679:ethical non-naturalism 675: 524: 103:Protestant Reformation 61: 22937:Philosophy of science 22840:Transition management 22830:Technology assessment 22798:Regulation of science 22773:Evidence-based policy 22658:Sociotechnical system 22507:Traditional knowledge 22387:Psychology of science 22360:Mapping controversies 22266:shaping of technology 22225:Social constructivism 22190:Philosophy of science 22147:History of technology 21904:The Poverty of Theory 21524:Philosophy of science 21413:Uncertainty principle 21098:Philosophy portal 20617:Scientific skepticism 20597:Reformed epistemology 19123:Philosophy of science 18980:Faith and rationality 18935:Criticism of religion 18873:Robert Merrihew Adams 18863:Nicholas Wolterstorff 18066:Divine command theory 17532:Philosophy portal 17283:Hard and soft science 17278:Faith and rationality 17147:Scientific skepticism 16927:Scientific Revolution 16710:Philosophy of science 16456:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15753:São Tomé and Príncipe 15613:Republic of the Congo 13814:Aboriginal Australian 12443:Chinese folk religion 10366:Unconventional Wisdom 10249:. Pew. Archived from 9696:10.1093/socrel/srp026 9684:Sociology of Religion 8853:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8159:Kak, Subhash (2005). 7684:Christopher B. Kaiser 7409:Pope Francis (2015), 7340:Catholic Encyclopedia 6949:The Savior of Science 6649:Smith, Peter (1999). 6105:Religion vs. Science? 5270:10.1038/news.2010.105 5161:(Drake, 1953, p. 491) 5147:, for example. Drake 4816:"Methods in Religion" 4600:"Losing our religion" 4297:pp. 20–22, following 2986:Philosophy of science 2959:Faith and rationality 2805:University of Chicago 2784:A 2009 report by the 2770:Elaine Howard Ecklund 2698:According to scholar 2661: 2637: 2613:Further information: 2584: 2409:), to a dwarf human ( 2401:), to a land-animal ( 2229: 2109:Christians in Science 2058:Scientific Revolution 2045:religious affiliation 2000:there was a positive 1952:Christopher B. Kaiser 1844: 1821:Roman Catholic Church 1819:, then leader of the 1626: 1516:seems to be a mix of 1353:rabbinical literature 1183: 1175: 1033: 845:theoretical physicist 758: 670: 634:Further information: 584:Leo the Mathematician 566:Medieval Contributors 497: 434:penance through piety 415:In the 19th century, 101:of the sciences, the 48: 22927:Religion and science 22745:Women in engineering 22591:Financial technology 22571:Digital anthropology 22340:Criticism of science 22253:Actor–network theory 22215:Religion and science 22107:Economics of science 21912:The Scientific Image 21583:Structuration theory 21546:Qualitative research 21447:Criticism of science 21442:Critical rationalism 21378:Problem of induction 20518:Critical rationalism 20225:Edo neo-Confucianism 20069:Acintya bheda abheda 20048:Renaissance humanism 19759:School of the Sextii 19133:Practical philosophy 19128:Political philosophy 18970:Religious philosophy 18450:Pico della Mirandola 18415:Anselm of Canterbury 18347:Augustinian theodicy 18259:Religious skepticism 17592:Concepts in religion 17258:Criticism of science 17133:Scientific formalism 17017:Constructive realism 16922:Scientific pluralism 16895:Problem of induction 16078:United Arab Emirates 14864:Religious experience 14238:Historical religions 13242:Four Mothers Society 12600:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 11932:Schwenkfelder Church 11585:Science and Religion 11171:Huxley, Thomas Henry 10919:Vernet, J. (1996) . 10653:10.2307/j.ctv1ddczjt 9873:Rice University News 8161:"Hindu perspectives" 8104:Hu, Minghui (2017). 7645:Science and Religion 7269:Edwards v. Aguillard 7043:Dear, Peter (2001). 6621:Science and Religion 5510:Religion-and-Science 5413:"Torah and Geometry" 5395:Religion and Science 5237:on 28 September 2018 4826:on 4 September 2015. 4287:Science and Theology 4196:, 49 (1978) 356–376. 4170:, 6 (2008), 255–271. 4168:Theology and Science 3884:24 June 2011 at the 3030:Buddhism and science 2996:Religious skepticism 2478:Jagdish Chandra Bose 2397:), to an amphibian ( 2391:biological evolution 2017:experimental science 2004:between the rise of 1861:Andrew Dickson White 1688:scientific paradigms 1408:Buddhism and science 1344:Lawrence M. Principe 1330:scholars during the 1264:Theology and Science 1214:Theology and Science 992:British philosopher 947:Andrew Dickson White 715:, and climatologist 710:Human Genome Project 604:St. Albert the Great 556:Evangelical movement 198:Age of Enlightenment 38:Science and Theology 18:Religion and science 22947:History of religion 22586:Engineering studies 22556:Cyborg anthropology 22345:Demarcation problem 22230:Social epistemology 21888:One-Dimensional Man 21336:Geisteswissenschaft 21319:Confirmation holism 20089:Nimbarka Sampradaya 20000:Korean Confucianism 19747:Academic Skepticism 18955:History of religion 18656:Friedrich Nietzsche 18533:Gottfried W Leibniz 18528:Nicolas Malebranche 18460:King James VI and I 17740:Abrahamic religions 17325:Rhetoric of science 17263:Descriptive science 17007:Confirmation holism 16900:Scientific evidence 16860:Inductive reasoning 16789:Demarcation problem 16471:Trinidad and Tobago 16366:Antigua and Barbuda 15534:Religion by country 14590:Cult of Magna Mater 13070:Philippine Dayawism 12651:Nimbarka Sampradaya 12399:Chinese Manichaeism 12071:Jehovah's Witnesses 11876:Proto-Protestantism 11541:Scientific American 11272:, Routledge, 1996. 11243:, Templeton, 2003, 10839:Motilal Banarsidass 10606:"Nones on the Rise" 10372:on 16 November 2018 10318:Pew Research Center 10301:. 15 November 2012. 10299:Pew Research Center 10281:Pew Research Center 10277:"Nones" on the Rise 10247:Pew Research Center 10142:2001RSTEd..19...39J 9879:on 16 November 2018 9654:Elaine Ecklund Blog 9622:Pew Research Center 9579:Pew Research Center 9474:. Religion.ssrc.org 9417:Donovan, Patricia. 9344:on 11 December 2017 9213:1998Natur.394..313L 9166:1997Natur.386..435L 8448:Xlibris Corporation 7726:56 (1995), 531–553. 6677:Yong, Amos. (2005) 6399:1958Sci...127.1004H 6354:1957Sci...126.1225W 6272:1990AmJPh..58..615S 6232:1991AmJPh..59..679P 6195:1991AmJPh..59.1152B 6158:1992AmJPh..60..394O 6121:1992AmJPh..60..778D 6080:1992AmJPh..60..871P 6041:1993AmJPh..61..201P 6000:1994AmJPh..62..296S 5963:1996AmJPh..64..110V 5926:1996AmJPh..64.1532H 5889:1998AmJPh..66..190K 5852:1998AmJPh..66..273N 5815:2000AmJPh..68..676J 5778:2000AmJPh..68Q.785B 5741:1994AmJPh..62..893B 5704:1986AmJPh..54..312T 5575:"Ian Ramsey Centre" 5141:(1966, pp. 133–134) 4122:www.livescience.com 3558:Shapin, S. (1996). 2954:Demarcation problem 2786:Pew Research Center 2669:Christians have won 2329:– verbal testimony. 2206:Hindu units of time 2174:May Fourth Movement 2158:The Book of Changes 2154:The Book of Changes 1656:Darwinian evolution 1534:Robert John Russell 1487:Newtonian mechanics 1156:rhetoric of science 1152:Harold K. Schilling 1112:Parallels in method 1094:hyperbolic geometry 1080:In the view of the 943:John William Draper 916:Simon Conway Morris 803:Planetary scientist 588:Gerbert of Aurillac 202:John William Draper 99:professionalization 22942:History of science 22866:History of science 22783:Funding of science 22653:Skunkworks project 22350:Double hermeneutic 22135:History of science 21963:Hans-Georg Gadamer 21764:Alexander Bogdanov 21640:Positivismusstreit 21435:Post-behavioralism 21399:history of science 21251:Principal concepts 21207:Logical positivism 20710:Post-structuralism 20612:Scientific realism 20567:Quinean naturalism 20547:Logical positivism 20503:Analytical Marxism 19722:Peripatetic school 19634:Chinese naturalism 19161:Aesthetic response 19088:Applied philosophy 18965:Religious language 18945:Ethics in religion 18903:William Lane Craig 18778:Charles Hartshorne 18518:Desiderius Erasmus 18420:Augustine of Hippo 18362:Inconsistent triad 18324:Apophatic theology 18319:Logical positivism 18301:Religious language 17921:Watchmaker analogy 17886:Necessary existent 17662:Conceptions of God 17622:Intelligent design 17544:Science portal 17473:Carl Gustav Hempel 17428:Wilhelm Windelband 17315:Questionable cause 17138:Scientific realism 16959:Underdetermination 16794:Empirical evidence 16784:Creative synthesis 16406:Dominican Republic 15452:Abrahamic prophets 14541:Proto-Indo-Iranian 13043:Aliran Kepercayaan 12246:Non-denominational 12168:Modernist Salafism 11854:Oriental Orthodoxy 11628:, 25 January 2001) 11494:6 May 2012 at the 11480:"Faith and Reason" 11473:Counterbalance.org 11212:Nelson, Thomas L. 11167:(Cambridge, 2010). 10948:Ideas and Opinions 10833:Plott, C. (2000). 10768:and Larry Witham. 10758:Jones, Richard H. 8944:"Islam in Science" 8566:www.yugpradhan.com 8540:www.yugpradhan.com 8426:American Chronicle 7951:Numbers, Ronald L. 7947:Lindberg, David C. 7862:Numbers, Ronald L. 7858:Lindberg, David C. 7845:Sociological Forum 7704:John Hedley Brooke 7649:John Hedley Brooke 7583:(Cambridge, 1998). 7245:, pp. 399–431 7222:. Modern Library. 6937:on 19 August 2000. 6854:The New York Times 6555:The New York Times 5581:on 25 October 2010 5485:"Militant atheism" 5117:Finocchiaro (1997) 4980:. pp. ix, x. 4663:. 18 October 2010. 4411:"Militant atheism" 4385:Arthur R. Peacocke 4209:. Sacred-texts.com 3101:Intelligent design 3074:Quakers in science 3011:Theistic evolution 2706:, and 26% were of 2664: 2631:of the community, 2570:must be proved by 2405:), to a humanoid ( 2239: 2218:Indian mathematics 1963:John Hedley Brooke 1857: 1794:theistic evolution 1755:Theistic evolution 1704:Biblical inerrancy 1639: 1601:. In the words of 1543:Augustine of Hippo 1357:Christian theology 1181: 1148:Charles A. Coulson 900:George F. R. Ellis 783:and the belief in 683:ethical naturalism 616:Thomas Bradwardine 600:Robert Grosseteste 580:Bede the Venerable 552:Johannes Gutenberg 513:Augustine of Hippo 454:natural philosophy 393:natural philosophy 342:natural philosophy 252:Augustine of Hippo 167:Buddhist modernism 95:natural philosophy 84:. Even though the 62: 22914: 22913: 22908: 22907: 22835:Technology policy 22566:Dematerialization 22375:black swan events 22057: 22056: 22044: 22043: 22040: 22039: 21938:Theodor W. Adorno 21754:Richard Avenarius 21630:Werturteilsstreit 21591: 21590: 21539:Sense-data theory 21237:Polish positivism 21212:Positivist school 21119: 21118: 21081: 21080: 21077: 21076: 21073: 21072: 20779: 20778: 20775: 20774: 20771: 20770: 20498:Analytic feminism 20470: 20469: 20432:Kierkegaardianism 20394:Transcendentalism 20354:Neo-scholasticism 20200:Classical Realism 20177: 20176: 19949: 19948: 19764:Neopythagoreanism 19521: 19520: 19517: 19516: 19138:Social philosophy 19023: 19022: 18923: 18922: 18883:Peter van Inwagen 18868:Richard Swinburne 18813:George I Mavrodes 18673:Vladimir Solovyov 18613:Søren Kierkegaard 18538:William Wollaston 18485:William of Ockham 18465:Marcion of Sinope 18367:Irenaean theodicy 18357:Euthyphro dilemma 18284:Transcendentalism 18113:Womanist theology 18103:Feminist theology 18007: 18006: 17798: 17797: 17684:Divine simplicity 17604:Euthyphro dilemma 17551: 17550: 17393: 17392: 17305:Normative science 17162:Uniformitarianism 16917:Scientific method 16811:Explanatory power 16676: 16675: 16644: 16643: 16640: 16639: 15628:Equatorial Guinea 15524: 15523: 15520: 15519: 15058:Cognitive science 14677: 14676: 14610:Mysteries of Isis 14384:Frankish paganism 14227: 14226: 14223: 14222: 14219: 14218: 13971:White Brotherhood 13837: 13836: 13802: 13801: 13247:Keetoowah Society 13104:Sundanese Wiwitan 12921: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12646:Brahma Sampradaya 12608: 12607: 12411: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12389:Assianism/Uatsdin 12307: 12306: 12076:British Israelism 12062:Nontrinitarianism 12025:Plymouth Brethren 12020:Nondenominational 11954:Congregationalism 11842:Eastern Orthodoxy 11790:Reconstructionist 11350:978-0-02-865704-2 11306:978-0-521-75594-8 11207:978-1-59333-583-0 11183:, 1897, 372 pages 11121:Haisch, Bernard. 11098:978-0-8028-7450-4 11077:978-0-8028-7379-8 10989:978-0-8028-7370-5 10979:Barr, Stephen M. 10809:978-0-674-02339-0 10779:Larson, Edward J. 10766:Larson, Edward J. 10220:978-0-674-05741-8 10107:10.1159/000329135 10095:Human Development 10015:Child Development 9955:978-0-415-87369-7 9917:978-1-107-64837-1 9382:978-0-19-539298-2 9330:Ecklund, Elaine. 9207:(6691): 313–314. 9160:(6624): 435–436. 8950:on 11 August 2014 8877:978-0-8108-7821-1 8724:on 1 October 2014 8497:Hamilton, Fiona. 8457:978-1-4415-0729-7 8390:Organic Evolution 8264:978-81-7625-064-1 8174:978-0-02-865833-9 8132:Helmer, Alasken. 7875:978-0-520-05538-4 7820:978-1-4051-0595-8 7756:Eugene M. Klaaren 7748:Michael B. Foster 7744:Ronald L. Numbers 7664:John Dillenberger 7519:978-0-674-05741-8 7492:Ronald L. Numbers 7488:David C. Lindberg 7475:978-0-275-95904-3 7465:Jeffrey Russell. 7449:978-0-674-05741-8 7392:, Address to the 7375:978-0-521-58841-6 7319:978-1-4165-4274-2 7229:978-0-679-64288-6 7214:Larson, Edward J. 7180:978-0-393-33073-1 6947:Jaki, Stanley L. 6911:978-0-306-80637-7 6904:. Da Capo Press. 6886:978-0-226-48214-9 6856:. 24 October 1999 6848:D. Graham Burnett 6810:978-0-8018-8401-6 6760:978-0-8006-6273-8 6735:978-0-02-865704-2 6664:978-1-85168-184-6 6619:Principe (2006). 6107:, by Jay Orear". 5786:10.1119/1.1303729 5515:, pp. 562–576 in 5347:978-0-8245-2213-1 5298:Stephen Jay Gould 5190:Lindberg, David. 5094:978-0-7618-5566-8 4987:978-0-8018-7038-5 4877:978-0-8018-7038-5 4848:978-0-674-05741-8 4814:Tolman, Cynthia. 4800:978-0-06-093049-3 4710:Richard Dawkins, 4680:Sean Carroll Blog 4363:978-0-8091-3606-3 4323:978-1-4514-0985-7 4284:John Polkinghorne 4102:978-0-19-870256-6 4062:978-0-06-130583-2 4030:978-0-511-03262-2 3971:978-0-226-41234-4 3846:978-0-521-68957-1 3780:978-0-226-41234-4 3755:978-0-226-48214-9 3689:978-0-309-10586-6 3618:978-0-309-10586-6 3534:Science and Islam 3497:978-0-300-24870-8 3374:978-0-8028-2823-1 3349:978-0-226-08928-7 3317:978-0-300-15416-0 3289:978-0-226-18448-7 3148: 3147: 3069:Parson-naturalist 3044:Islam and science 2944:Continuity thesis 2683:, and 54% in all 2625:Islam and science 2531:Islam and science 2117:The Veritas Forum 1991:Baylor University 1975:Ronald L. Numbers 1959:Oxford University 1948:John Dillenberger 1927:Eugene M. Klaaren 1917:Oxford historian 1893:Ronald L. Numbers 1889:David C. Lindberg 1766:Roman Catholicism 1724:Fourth Amendments 1304:Justin L. Barrett 1255:academic journals 1209:Faraday Institute 1098:elliptic geometry 1006:Stephen Jay Gould 972:De Revolutionibus 904:Kenneth R. Miller 729:John Polkinghorne 612:William of Ockham 560:individual agency 312:natural selection 272:Stephen Jay Gould 264:Kenneth R. Miller 155:Confucian thought 147:scientific method 139:scientific method 16:(Redirected from 22954: 22881: 22880: 22856: 22808:Right to science 22788:Horizon scanning 22763:Academic freedom 22663:Technical change 22524:Women in science 22519:Unity of science 22300:Strong programme 22084: 22077: 22070: 22061: 22060: 22033: 22019: 21943:Gaston Bachelard 21864:Truth and Method 21848:World Hypotheses 21728:The Two Cultures 21643: 21633: 21623: 21608: 21607: 21597: 21596: 21339: 21293:Unity of science 21202:Legal positivism 21161: 21160: 21146: 21139: 21132: 21123: 21122: 21108: 21107: 21096: 21095: 21094: 20811: 20810: 20802: 20801: 20785: 20784: 20675:Frankfurt School 20622:Transactionalism 20572:Normative ethics 20552:Legal positivism 20528:Falsificationism 20513:Consequentialism 20508:Communitarianism 20481: 20480: 20349:New Confucianism 20188: 20187: 19995:Neo-Confucianism 19960: 19959: 19769:Second Sophistic 19754:Middle Platonism 19597: 19596: 19538: 19537: 19527: 19526: 19370:Epiphenomenalism 19237:Consequentialism 19171:Institutionalism 19076: 19075: 19065: 19064: 19050: 19043: 19036: 19027: 19026: 19013: 19012: 19003: 18908:Ali Akbar Rashad 18771:Reinhold Niebuhr 18731:Bertrand Russell 18726:George Santayana 18623:Albrecht Ritschl 18608:Ludwig Feuerbach 18398: 18397: 18394:(by date active) 18254:Process theology 17999:Russell's teapot 17809: 17808: 17804:Existence of God 17714:Process theology 17667: 17666: 17652:Theological veto 17615:religious belief 17578: 17571: 17564: 17555: 17554: 17542: 17541: 17530: 17529: 17528: 17503:Bas van Fraassen 17458:Hans Reichenbach 17438:Bertrand Russell 17355: 17354: 17181:Philosophy of... 16964:Unity of science 16757:Commensurability 16703: 16696: 16689: 16680: 16679: 16666: 16656: 16655: 16534:Papua New Guinea 16509:Marshall Islands 16336:Northern Ireland 15541: 15540: 15530: 15529: 15414:Secular theology 15409:Secular humanism 14694: 14693: 14683: 14682: 14558:Ancestral Pueblo 14233: 14232: 13852: 13851: 13529: 13528: 12932: 12931: 12688:Shaiva Siddhanta 12619: 12618: 12552:Korean shamanism 12431: 12430: 12422: 12421: 12318: 12317: 12231:Mahdawi movement 12101:Swedenborgianism 12081:Christadelphians 11727: 11726: 11718: 11717: 11709: 11708: 11696: 11695: 11681: 11674: 11667: 11658: 11657: 11645: 11644: 11614: 11589:Eastern Orthodox 11576: 11574: 11572: 11561:Young, Robert M. 11543:, September 2005 11426: 11389:Review excerpts: 11362: 11316:Spierer, Eugen. 11237:Oord, Thomas Jay 11220:Oord, Thomas Jay 11188:Scientific Faith 11118: 11064: 10940: 10921:"Ibn al-Haytham" 10915: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10886:Sardar, Ziauddin 10881: 10852: 10829: 10738: 10725:The God Argument 10666: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10617: 10610: 10602: 10596: 10595: 10557: 10551: 10550: 10543: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10527:on 22 April 2010 10517: 10502: 10501: 10500:on 19 June 2012. 10499: 10492: 10483: 10477: 10476: 10440: 10434: 10433: 10413: 10407: 10406: 10388: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10357: 10351: 10350: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10329: 10321: 10309: 10303: 10302: 10291: 10285: 10284: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10238: 10225: 10224: 10206: 10197: 10196: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10038: 10009: 10003: 10002: 9970: 9964: 9963: 9941: 9930: 9929: 9905: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9864: 9853: 9852: 9842: 9831: 9830: 9782: 9776: 9775: 9765: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9662: 9651: 9642: 9633: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9605: 9599: 9598: 9592: 9590: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9467: 9461: 9460: 9432: 9423: 9422: 9414: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9370: 9360: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9343: 9336: 9327: 9318: 9317: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9252:Scott, Eugenie. 9249: 9243: 9242: 9224: 9192: 9186: 9185: 9174:10.1038/386435a0 9149: 9140: 9139: 9129: 9119: 9095: 9089: 9088: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9043: 9035: 9017: 9008: 9007: 8989: 8980: 8973: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8940: 8934: 8933: 8928:. 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Archived from 4811: 4805: 4804: 4788: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4747: 4723: 4717: 4708: 4702: 4698:The God Delusion 4690: 4684: 4683: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4579:Porco, Carolyn. 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4556:. Archived from 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4522: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4495:on 6 August 2016 4494: 4487: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4457: 4455: 4450:on 6 August 2016 4449: 4442: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4406: 4400: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4351: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4307: 4301: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4230: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4203: 4197: 4190: 4184: 4177: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4046: 4035: 4034: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3957: 3951: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3923:on 23 March 2003 3922: 3916:. Archived from 3915: 3903: 3897: 3875: 3869: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3832: 3826: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3722: 3714: 3701: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3630: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3565: 3555: 3546: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3517: 3509: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3452: 3446: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3335: 3322: 3321: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3275: 3260: 3259: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3205: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3161: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3120: 3119: 2981:Natural theology 2933: 2693:Muslims have won 2549:Robert Briffault 2293:Hindu philosophy 2251:Hindu scriptures 2210:Indian astronomy 2037:Robert K. Merton 1852:L'Image du monde 1798:existence of God 1788:as set forth by 1744:Orlando Sentinel 1680:scientific facts 1660:Creation science 1476:Greek philosophy 1392:Baháʼí scripture 1320:ancient Egyptian 1232:natural theology 1228:Gifford Lectures 1168:Natural theology 1146:Two physicists, 1048:and religion as 908:Katharine Hayhoe 796:physical chemist 717:John T. Houghton 626:(c. 1401–1464). 624:Nicholas of Cusa 622:(c. 1320–1382), 610:(c. 1214–1294), 606:(c. 1200–1280), 602:(c. 1168–1253), 598:(c. 1080–1152), 594:(c. 1020–1087), 493:Summa Theologica 371:) and religion ( 304:scientific facts 210: 207: 151:Franciscan friar 50:God the Geometer 21: 22962: 22961: 22957: 22956: 22955: 22953: 22952: 22951: 22917: 22916: 22915: 22910: 22909: 22904: 22844: 22803:Research ethics 22749: 22648:Reverse salient 22542: 22535: 22311: 22304: 22295:Sociotechnology 22239: 22151: 22116: 22093: 22088: 22058: 22053: 22036: 21992: 21958:Paul Feyerabend 21953:Wilhelm Dilthey 21926: 21803: 21742: 21659: 21602: 21587: 21534:Ramsey sentence 21489:Instrumentalism 21418: 21396: 21394:paradigm shifts 21387: 21324:Critical theory 21302: 21298:Verificationism 21246: 21242:Russian Machism 21190: 21155: 21150: 21120: 21115: 21092: 21090: 21069: 21033: 20933: 20895: 20842: 20796: 20795: 20767: 20756:Russian cosmism 20729: 20725:Western Marxism 20690:New Historicism 20655:Critical theory 20641: 20637:Wittgensteinian 20533:Foundationalism 20466: 20403: 20384:Social contract 20240:Foundationalism 20173: 20155: 20139:Illuminationism 20124:Aristotelianism 20110: 20099:Vishishtadvaita 20052: 20004: 19945: 19912: 19783: 19712:Megarian school 19707:Eretrian school 19648: 19609:Agriculturalism 19586: 19532: 19513: 19460: 19432: 19389: 19341: 19298: 19282:Incompatibilism 19251: 19223: 19175: 19147: 19070: 19059: 19054: 19024: 19019: 18991: 18919: 18915:Alexander Pruss 18898:Jean-Luc Marion 18853:Alvin Plantinga 18848:Dewi Z Phillips 18835: 18833: 18827: 18798:Walter Kaufmann 18788:Frithjof Schuon 18761:Rudolf Bultmann 18718: 18712: 18708:Joseph Maréchal 18698:Pavel Florensky 18693:Sergei Bulgakov 18678:Ernst Troeltsch 18661:Harald Høffding 18638: 18632: 18603:William Whewell 18591:Georg W F Hegel 18586:Karl C F Krause 18573: 18567: 18563:Johann G Herder 18553:Baron d'Holbach 18503:Augustin Calmet 18489: 18405: 18393: 18392: 18389: 18381: 18339:Problem of evil 18333: 18329:Verificationism 18295: 18003: 17949:Atheist's Wager 17932: 17794: 17728: 17656: 17632:Problem of evil 17587: 17582: 17552: 17547: 17536: 17526: 17524: 17512: 17493:Paul Feyerabend 17453:Michael Polanyi 17389: 17375:Galileo Galilei 17344: 17330:Science studies 17246: 17176: 17167:Verificationism 17072:Instrumentalism 17057:Foundationalism 17032:Conventionalism 16990: 16826:Feminist method 16712: 16707: 16677: 16672: 16636: 16563: 16544:Solomon Islands 16480: 16352: 16256:North Macedonia 16097: 15822: 15535: 15516: 15477:Mass gatherings 15445: 15440: 15433: 15372: 15367: 15358: 15292:Religiocentrism 15272:National church 15140: 15137: 15129: 15044: 15037: 14974: 14896:Bodies of water 14688: 14673: 14458:Jamaican Maroon 14240: 14215: 14152: 13982: 13975: 13846: 13844: 13833: 13798: 13772:Trinidad Orisha 13557: 13550: 13523: 13516: 13443: 13406: 13397:Washat Dreamers 13115: 13108: 13004: 12986: 12913: 12887:Srilankan Vedda 12838: 12766: 12641:Sri Vaishnavism 12604: 12566: 12538: 12496: 12403: 12377: 12344: 12303: 12257: 12182:Twelver Shi'ism 12124: 11986:Neo-charismatic 11959:Presbyterianism 11811: 11703: 11690: 11685: 11650: 11642: 11612: 11570: 11568: 11554:Wayback Machine 11519:Meaning of Life 11513:Edge Foundation 11505:Richard Dawkins 11496:Wayback Machine 11453: 11448: 11366:Walsh, James J. 11351: 11325:Wayback Machine 11296:Ruse, Michael. 11282:Ruse, Michael. 11194:Lenaers, Roger. 11159:Harrison, Peter 11115: 11061: 11012:Brooke, John H. 10994:Brooke, John H. 10975: 10973:Further reading 10970: 10937: 10900: 10898: 10849: 10810: 10735: 10711:Drummond, Henry 10663: 10636: 10631: 10621: 10619: 10618:on 9 March 2013 10615: 10608: 10604: 10603: 10599: 10558: 10554: 10545: 10544: 10540: 10530: 10528: 10519: 10518: 10505: 10497: 10490: 10484: 10480: 10441: 10437: 10414: 10410: 10403: 10389: 10385: 10375: 10373: 10358: 10354: 10343: 10339: 10323: 10322: 10310: 10306: 10293: 10292: 10288: 10271: 10270: 10266: 10256: 10254: 10239: 10228: 10221: 10207: 10200: 10169: 10165: 10126: 10122: 10091: 10087: 10056: 10052: 10010: 10006: 9971: 9967: 9956: 9942: 9933: 9918: 9896: 9892: 9882: 9880: 9865: 9856: 9843: 9834: 9783: 9779: 9726: 9722: 9707: 9703: 9680: 9676: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9649: 9643: 9636: 9620: 9616: 9607: 9606: 9602: 9588: 9586: 9585:on 7 April 2011 9573: 9572: 9568: 9545: 9541: 9534:Huffington Post 9526: 9522: 9491: 9487: 9477: 9475: 9468: 9464: 9437:Social Problems 9433: 9426: 9415: 9408: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9390: 9383: 9361: 9357: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9334: 9328: 9321: 9298: 9294: 9287: 9269: 9265: 9250: 9246: 9193: 9189: 9150: 9143: 9110:(2): e0282243. 9096: 9092: 9057: 9053: 9037: 9036: 9032: 9018: 9011: 9004: 8990: 8983: 8974: 8963: 8953: 8951: 8942: 8941: 8937: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8909: 8907: 8898: 8897: 8893: 8878: 8862: 8858: 8843: 8836: 8825: 8821: 8816: 8809: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8773: 8767: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8741: 8737: 8727: 8725: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8695: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8663:, pp. 8–9. 8659: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8626: 8622: 8617: 8613: 8608: 8604: 8599: 8590: 8585: 8581: 8571: 8569: 8560: 8559: 8555: 8545: 8543: 8534: 8533: 8529: 8514: 8510: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8479: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8458: 8450:. p. 136. 8438: 8431: 8422:Wayback Machine 8413: 8409: 8400: 8396: 8387: 8380: 8370: 8368: 8358: 8354: 8344: 8342: 8337: 8336: 8332: 8320: 8316: 8307: 8303: 8288: 8284: 8265: 8251: 8247: 8237: 8235: 8220: 8216: 8193: 8182: 8175: 8157: 8150: 8145: 8141: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8102: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8077: 8073: 8068: 8064: 8032: 8028: 8010:Peter J. Bowler 8004: 8000: 7984: 7965: 7936: 7934: 7930: 7923: 7904: 7902: 7887: 7883: 7876: 7855: 7851: 7839: 7835: 7830: 7826: 7802:Sztompka, Piotr 7800: 7793: 7769: 7765: 7760:Stanley L. Jaki 7752:Reijer Hooykaas 7734: 7730: 7702: 7698: 7682: 7678: 7662: 7658: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7591: 7587: 7578: 7574: 7569: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7542:H. Floris Cohen 7534: 7527: 7520: 7506: 7502: 7486:Quotation from 7485: 7481: 7464: 7457: 7450: 7436: 7432: 7421: 7417: 7408: 7404: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7352: 7348: 7331: 7327: 7320: 7304: 7300: 7290: 7288: 7278: 7274: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7230: 7211: 7207: 7196: 7192: 7181: 7167: 7163: 7152: 7148: 7131: 7127: 7120: 7104: 7100: 7089: 7085: 7074: 7070: 7059: 7052: 7041: 7037: 7024:"Enlightenment" 7020: 7016: 6999: 6995: 6990:. p. 8182. 6983: 6976: 6967: 6963: 6946: 6942: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6873: 6869: 6859: 6857: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6797: 6793: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6747: 6743: 6736: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6702: 6698: 6689: 6685: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6647: 6643: 6632: 6628: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6576:Boudry, Maarten 6573: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6547: 6543: 6526: 6522: 6301: 6297: 6280:10.1119/1.16418 6240:10.1119/1.16767 6203:10.1119/1.16630 6166:10.1119/1.16889 6129:10.1119/1.17057 6088:10.1119/1.17004 6050:10.1119/1.17287 6008:10.1119/1.17567 5971:10.1119/1.18125 5934:10.1119/1.18441 5897:10.1119/1.18844 5860:10.1119/1.19024 5823:10.1119/1.19513 5749:10.1119/1.17735 5712:10.1119/1.14636 5688: 5684: 5655: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5534: 5527: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5481: 5477: 5452:Barbour, Ian G. 5449: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5409: 5405: 5393: 5380: 5361: 5360: 5353: 5336: 5332: 5314: 5310: 5296: 5292: 5281: 5277: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5203: 5199: 5188: 5184: 5165:Arthur Koestler 5138: 5134: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5081: 5074: 5057: 5053: 5044: 5030: 5026: 5017: 5003: 4999: 4988: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4943: 4939: 4928: 4914: 4910: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4835: 4831: 4820:Malboro College 4812: 4808: 4801: 4779: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4724: 4720: 4709: 4705: 4693:Richard Dawkins 4691: 4687: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4596: 4592: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4560:on 5 March 2016 4548:Atkins, Peter. 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4523: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4407: 4403: 4379: 4375: 4364: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4308: 4304: 4282: 4278: 4231: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4191: 4187: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4047: 4038: 4031: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3958: 3954: 3946:Neil McMullin. 3945: 3941: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3890:Solomon Zeitlin 3888:, p. 3, citing 3886:Wayback Machine 3876: 3872: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3742: 3738: 3726: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3690: 3668: 3664: 3652: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3619: 3597: 3593: 3582: 3556: 3549: 3531: 3527: 3511: 3510: 3498: 3482: 3478: 3467: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3390: 3386: 3375: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3336: 3325: 3318: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3276: 3263: 3252: 3238:Harrison, Peter 3235: 3231: 3220: 3206: 3199: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3165:Harrison, Peter 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3137:Religion portal 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 2939:Conflict thesis 2930: 2879: 2859: 2836: 2830: 2817: 2815:Other countries 2738: 2729: 2720: 2712:Jewish atheists 2656: 2651: 2617: 2611: 2606: 2533: 2527: 2515:static universe 2492: 2486: 2471: 2466: 2233:is regarded as 2224: 2202:Hindu cosmology 2190: 2125: 2074:Peter J. Bowler 2066: 1904:H. Floris Cohen 1847:spherical Earth 1839: 1778: 1768: 1676:Book of Genesis 1666:is a branch of 1644: 1587:Catholic Church 1508:. According to 1468: 1462: 1410: 1404: 1384: 1378: 1373: 1312: 1284:Alvin Plantinga 1192: 1170: 1164: 1132:Michael Polanyi 1114: 1002: 939:conflict thesis 935: 933:Conflict thesis 929: 927:Conflict thesis 896:Francis Collins 894:Others such as 892: 879:Richard Dawkins 870:Sean M. Carroll 848:Steven Weinberg 829:Lawrence Krauss 814:Donald Prothero 766: 762:Richard Dawkins 756: 754:Incompatibility 748:Arthur Peacocke 725: 713:Francis Collins 698:Steven Weinberg 694:Richard Dawkins 681:(contrasted to 665:Albert Einstein 654: 632: 596:Adelard of Bath 590:(c. 946–1003), 576:John Philoponus 568: 450: 385:William Whewell 365:World Religions 337: 332: 282:and aspects of 268:Francis Collins 260:Francisco Ayala 229:Donald Prothero 221:Lawrence Krauss 217:Richard Dawkins 213:conflict thesis 208: 56:, representing 54:Bible moralisée 41: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22960: 22950: 22949: 22944: 22939: 22934: 22929: 22912: 22911: 22906: 22905: 22903: 22902: 22901: 22900: 22895: 22890: 22875: 22874: 22873: 22868: 22863: 22849: 22846: 22845: 22843: 22842: 22837: 22832: 22827: 22826: 22825: 22820: 22813:Science policy 22810: 22805: 22800: 22795: 22790: 22785: 22780: 22775: 22770: 22768:Digital divide 22765: 22759: 22757: 22751: 22750: 22748: 22747: 22742: 22741: 22740: 22735: 22730: 22725: 22720: 22712: 22711: 22710: 22705: 22700: 22695: 22690: 22684:Technological 22682: 22681: 22680: 22670: 22665: 22660: 22655: 22650: 22645: 22640: 22635: 22630: 22629: 22628: 22623: 22618: 22613: 22608: 22598: 22593: 22588: 22583: 22578: 22573: 22568: 22563: 22561:Design studies 22558: 22553: 22547: 22545: 22537: 22536: 22534: 22533: 22532: 22531: 22521: 22516: 22515: 22514: 22504: 22499: 22497:Scientometrics 22494: 22489: 22488: 22487: 22482: 22477: 22472: 22467: 22462: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22442: 22434: 22433: 22432: 22427: 22422: 22417: 22412: 22407: 22402: 22397: 22389: 22384: 22379: 22378: 22377: 22370:Paradigm shift 22367: 22362: 22357: 22352: 22347: 22342: 22337: 22332: 22327: 22322: 22316: 22314: 22306: 22305: 22303: 22302: 22297: 22292: 22287: 22282: 22281: 22280: 22270: 22269: 22268: 22263: 22255: 22249: 22247: 22241: 22240: 22238: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22222: 22217: 22212: 22210:Postpositivism 22207: 22202: 22197: 22192: 22187: 22182: 22177: 22172: 22170:Antipositivism 22167: 22161: 22159: 22153: 22152: 22150: 22149: 22144: 22143: 22142: 22140:and technology 22132: 22126: 22124: 22118: 22117: 22115: 22114: 22109: 22103: 22101: 22095: 22094: 22087: 22086: 22079: 22072: 22064: 22055: 22054: 22049: 22046: 22045: 22042: 22041: 22038: 22037: 22035: 22034: 22025: 22020: 22011: 22006: 22000: 21998: 21994: 21993: 21991: 21990: 21985: 21980: 21975: 21970: 21965: 21960: 21955: 21950: 21945: 21940: 21934: 21932: 21928: 21927: 21925: 21924: 21916: 21908: 21900: 21892: 21884: 21876: 21868: 21860: 21852: 21844: 21836: 21828: 21820: 21811: 21809: 21805: 21804: 21802: 21801: 21796: 21791: 21786: 21781: 21779:Émile Durkheim 21776: 21771: 21766: 21761: 21756: 21750: 21748: 21744: 21743: 21741: 21740: 21732: 21724: 21716: 21708: 21700: 21692: 21684: 21676: 21667: 21665: 21661: 21660: 21658: 21657: 21651: 21645: 21635: 21625: 21620:Methodenstreit 21614: 21612: 21604: 21603: 21593: 21592: 21589: 21588: 21586: 21585: 21580: 21575: 21570: 21569: 21568: 21561:Social science 21558: 21553: 21548: 21543: 21542: 21541: 21536: 21531: 21521: 21516: 21514:Operationalism 21511: 21506: 21501: 21496: 21491: 21486: 21481: 21480: 21479: 21474: 21469: 21464: 21459: 21449: 21444: 21439: 21438: 21437: 21426: 21424: 21423:Related topics 21420: 21419: 21417: 21416: 21410: 21403: 21401: 21389: 21388: 21386: 21385: 21380: 21375: 21370: 21365: 21360: 21355: 21350: 21345: 21340: 21331: 21329:Falsifiability 21326: 21321: 21316: 21314:Antipositivism 21310: 21308: 21304: 21303: 21301: 21300: 21295: 21290: 21285: 21280: 21275: 21270: 21265: 21260: 21254: 21252: 21248: 21247: 21245: 21244: 21239: 21234: 21229: 21224: 21219: 21217:Postpositivism 21214: 21209: 21204: 21198: 21196: 21192: 21191: 21189: 21188: 21183: 21178: 21173: 21167: 21165: 21157: 21156: 21149: 21148: 21141: 21134: 21126: 21117: 21116: 21114: 21113: 21101: 21086: 21083: 21082: 21079: 21078: 21075: 21074: 21071: 21070: 21068: 21067: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21041: 21039: 21035: 21034: 21032: 21031: 21026: 21021: 21016: 21011: 21006: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20986: 20981: 20976: 20971: 20966: 20965: 20964: 20954: 20949: 20943: 20941: 20935: 20934: 20932: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20916: 20911: 20905: 20903: 20901:Middle Eastern 20897: 20896: 20894: 20893: 20888: 20883: 20878: 20873: 20868: 20863: 20858: 20852: 20850: 20844: 20843: 20841: 20840: 20835: 20830: 20825: 20819: 20817: 20808: 20798: 20797: 20794: 20793: 20789: 20781: 20780: 20777: 20776: 20773: 20772: 20769: 20768: 20766: 20765: 20758: 20753: 20748: 20743: 20737: 20735: 20731: 20730: 20728: 20727: 20722: 20717: 20712: 20707: 20702: 20697: 20692: 20687: 20682: 20677: 20672: 20667: 20665:Existentialism 20662: 20660:Deconstruction 20657: 20651: 20649: 20643: 20642: 20640: 20639: 20634: 20629: 20624: 20619: 20614: 20609: 20604: 20599: 20594: 20589: 20584: 20579: 20574: 20569: 20564: 20559: 20554: 20549: 20544: 20539: 20530: 20525: 20520: 20515: 20510: 20505: 20500: 20495: 20493:Applied ethics 20489: 20487: 20478: 20472: 20471: 20468: 20467: 20465: 20464: 20459: 20457:Nietzscheanism 20454: 20449: 20444: 20439: 20434: 20429: 20428: 20427: 20417: 20411: 20409: 20405: 20404: 20402: 20401: 20399:Utilitarianism 20396: 20391: 20386: 20381: 20376: 20371: 20366: 20361: 20356: 20351: 20346: 20341: 20336: 20331: 20326: 20321: 20316: 20311: 20306: 20301: 20300: 20299: 20297:Transcendental 20294: 20289: 20284: 20279: 20274: 20264: 20263: 20262: 20252: 20247: 20242: 20237: 20235:Existentialism 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20191: 20185: 20179: 20178: 20175: 20174: 20172: 20171: 20165: 20163: 20157: 20156: 20154: 20153: 20148: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20120: 20118: 20112: 20111: 20109: 20108: 20103: 20102: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20076: 20071: 20060: 20058: 20054: 20053: 20051: 20050: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20030: 20025: 20023:Augustinianism 20020: 20014: 20012: 20006: 20005: 20003: 20002: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19966: 19964: 19957: 19951: 19950: 19947: 19946: 19944: 19943: 19938: 19936:Zoroastrianism 19933: 19928: 19922: 19920: 19914: 19913: 19911: 19910: 19909: 19908: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19873: 19868: 19858: 19857: 19856: 19851: 19841: 19840: 19839: 19834: 19829: 19824: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19804: 19793: 19791: 19785: 19784: 19782: 19781: 19779:Church Fathers 19776: 19771: 19766: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19750: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19704: 19699: 19694: 19693: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19661: 19659: 19650: 19649: 19647: 19646: 19641: 19636: 19631: 19626: 19621: 19616: 19611: 19605: 19603: 19594: 19588: 19587: 19585: 19584: 19583: 19582: 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19552: 19546: 19544: 19534: 19533: 19523: 19522: 19519: 19518: 19515: 19514: 19512: 19511: 19506: 19501: 19496: 19491: 19486: 19481: 19476: 19470: 19468: 19462: 19461: 19459: 19458: 19453: 19448: 19442: 19440: 19434: 19433: 19431: 19430: 19425: 19420: 19415: 19410: 19405: 19399: 19397: 19391: 19390: 19388: 19387: 19382: 19377: 19372: 19367: 19362: 19357: 19351: 19349: 19343: 19342: 19340: 19339: 19334: 19329: 19324: 19319: 19314: 19308: 19306: 19300: 19299: 19297: 19296: 19294:Libertarianism 19291: 19290: 19289: 19279: 19278: 19277: 19267: 19261: 19259: 19253: 19252: 19250: 19249: 19244: 19239: 19233: 19231: 19225: 19224: 19222: 19221: 19216: 19211: 19206: 19201: 19196: 19191: 19185: 19183: 19177: 19176: 19174: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19157: 19155: 19149: 19148: 19146: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19120: 19115: 19110: 19105: 19100: 19098:Metaphilosophy 19095: 19090: 19084: 19082: 19072: 19071: 19061: 19060: 19053: 19052: 19045: 19038: 19030: 19021: 19020: 19018: 19017: 19007: 18996: 18993: 18992: 18990: 18989: 18982: 18977: 18972: 18967: 18962: 18957: 18952: 18947: 18942: 18937: 18931: 18929: 18928:Related topics 18925: 18924: 18921: 18920: 18918: 18917: 18911: 18910: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18890: 18888:Daniel Dennett 18885: 18880: 18878:Ravi Zacharias 18875: 18870: 18865: 18860: 18855: 18850: 18845: 18843:William L Rowe 18839: 18837: 18829: 18828: 18826: 18825: 18820: 18818:William Alston 18815: 18810: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18785: 18780: 18774: 18773: 18768: 18766:Gabriel Marcel 18763: 18758: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18738: 18733: 18728: 18722: 18720: 18714: 18713: 18711: 18710: 18705: 18703:Ernst Cassirer 18700: 18695: 18690: 18685: 18680: 18675: 18669: 18668: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18642: 18640: 18634: 18633: 18631: 18630: 18625: 18620: 18615: 18610: 18605: 18600: 18598:Thomas Carlyle 18594: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18577: 18575: 18569: 18568: 18566: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18525: 18523:Baruch Spinoza 18520: 18515: 18510: 18508:René Descartes 18505: 18499: 18497: 18491: 18490: 18488: 18487: 18482: 18480:Thomas Aquinas 18477: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18417: 18411: 18409: 18395: 18386: 18383: 18382: 18380: 18379: 18374: 18369: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18343: 18341: 18335: 18334: 18332: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18316: 18311: 18305: 18303: 18297: 18296: 18294: 18293: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18249:Possibilianism 18246: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18211: 18206: 18205: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18158: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18125:Fundamentalism 18122: 18117: 18116: 18115: 18110: 18100: 18099: 18098: 18093: 18086:Existentialism 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18017: 18015: 18009: 18008: 18005: 18004: 18002: 18001: 17996: 17991: 17986: 17981: 17979:Noncognitivism 17976: 17971: 17966: 17961: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17940: 17938: 17934: 17933: 17931: 17930: 17928:Transcendental 17925: 17924: 17923: 17918: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17896:Pascal's wager 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17847: 17846: 17841: 17831: 17826: 17824:Christological 17821: 17815: 17813: 17806: 17800: 17799: 17796: 17795: 17793: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17736: 17734: 17730: 17729: 17727: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17670: 17664: 17658: 17657: 17655: 17654: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17619: 17618: 17617: 17606: 17601: 17595: 17593: 17589: 17588: 17581: 17580: 17573: 17566: 17558: 17549: 17548: 17546: 17534: 17522: 17517: 17514: 17513: 17511: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17478:W. V. O. Quine 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17413:Rudolf Steiner 17410: 17405: 17403:Henri Poincaré 17400: 17394: 17391: 17390: 17388: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17361: 17359: 17352: 17346: 17345: 17343: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17301: 17300: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17273:Exact sciences 17270: 17265: 17260: 17254: 17252: 17251:Related topics 17248: 17247: 17245: 17244: 17243: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17210:Social science 17207: 17206: 17205: 17203:Space and time 17195: 17190: 17184: 17182: 17178: 17177: 17175: 17174: 17169: 17164: 17159: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17135: 17130: 17125: 17116: 17107: 17102: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17009: 17004: 16998: 16996: 16992: 16991: 16989: 16988: 16983: 16982: 16981: 16976: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16955: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16914: 16912:Scientific law 16909: 16908: 16907: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16850: 16849: 16848: 16843: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16821:Falsifiability 16818: 16813: 16808: 16807: 16806: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16780: 16779: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16753: 16752: 16750:Mill's Methods 16742: 16731: 16726: 16720: 16718: 16714: 16713: 16706: 16705: 16698: 16691: 16683: 16674: 16673: 16671: 16670: 16660: 16649: 16646: 16645: 16642: 16641: 16638: 16637: 16635: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16573: 16571: 16565: 16564: 16562: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16521: 16516: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16490: 16488: 16482: 16481: 16479: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16362: 16360: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16350: 16349: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16326:United Kingdom 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16107: 16105: 16099: 16098: 16096: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15954: 15953: 15948: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15832: 15830: 15824: 15823: 15821: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15549: 15547: 15537: 15536: 15526: 15525: 15522: 15521: 15518: 15517: 15515: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15448: 15446: 15438: 15435: 15434: 15432: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15419:Secularization 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15399:Deconstruction 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15375: 15373: 15363: 15360: 15359: 15357: 15356: 15351: 15350: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15247:Fundamentalism 15244: 15243: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15201: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15180: 15179: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15154: 15149: 15143: 15141: 15134: 15131: 15130: 15128: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15111: 15110: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15049: 15047: 15039: 15038: 15036: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14984: 14982: 14976: 14975: 14973: 14972: 14971: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14914: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14888: 14887: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14820: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14725: 14723:Call to prayer 14720: 14715: 14710: 14708:Disaffiliation 14700: 14698: 14690: 14689: 14679: 14678: 14675: 14674: 14672: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14635: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14614: 14613: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14582: 14577: 14576: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14555: 14554: 14553: 14548: 14538: 14537: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14511: 14506: 14505: 14504: 14494: 14493: 14492: 14487: 14477: 14472: 14471: 14470: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14424: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14406:Greco-Buddhism 14403: 14393: 14392: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14366: 14361: 14360: 14359: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14338: 14337: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14316: 14315: 14310: 14300: 14295: 14294: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14257: 14256: 14245: 14242: 14241: 14229: 14228: 14225: 14224: 14221: 14220: 14217: 14216: 14214: 14213: 14212: 14211: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14160: 14158: 14154: 14153: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14148: 14136: 14131: 14130: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14048: 14047: 14037: 14036: 14035: 14030: 14020: 14019: 14018: 14013: 14003: 13998: 13997: 13996: 13987: 13985: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13957: 13956: 13951: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13920: 13919: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13858: 13856: 13849: 13839: 13838: 13835: 13834: 13832: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13810: 13808: 13804: 13803: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13796: 13795: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13767:Tambor de Mina 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13723: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13693: 13692: 13691: 13690: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13588: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13562: 13560: 13552: 13551: 13549: 13548: 13547: 13546: 13544:Guanche church 13535: 13533: 13526: 13518: 13517: 13515: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13453: 13451: 13449:Tibeto-Burmese 13445: 13444: 13442: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13420: 13418: 13408: 13407: 13405: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13383: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13362: 13357: 13355:Nuu-chah-nulth 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13336: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13299: 13298: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13277: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13264:Muscogee Creek 13261: 13256: 13251: 13250: 13249: 13244: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13189: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13152: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13131: 13126: 13120: 13118: 13110: 13109: 13107: 13106: 13101: 13099:Sumbese Marapu 13096: 13095: 13094: 13089: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13051: 13050: 13045: 13037: 13036: 13035: 13030: 13020: 13018:Batak Parmalim 13014: 13012: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13002: 12996: 12994: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12982: 12977: 12967: 12966: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12940: 12938: 12929: 12923: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12911: 12910: 12909: 12904: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12873: 12872: 12867: 12857: 12852: 12846: 12844: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12829: 12824: 12823: 12822: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12782: 12776: 12774: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12764: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12680: 12679: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12627: 12625: 12616: 12610: 12609: 12606: 12605: 12603: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12576: 12574: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12548: 12546: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12520: 12519: 12506: 12504: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12492: 12487: 12477: 12476: 12475: 12470: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12439: 12437: 12428: 12419: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12385: 12383: 12379: 12378: 12376: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12354: 12352: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12330:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 12326: 12324: 12315: 12309: 12308: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12265: 12263: 12259: 12258: 12256: 12255: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12217: 12216: 12206: 12201: 12200: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12171: 12170: 12165: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12134: 12132: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12122: 12115: 12114: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12067:Bible Students 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12037:Restorationism 12034: 12033: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11993:Evangelicalism 11990: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11968: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11904: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11887: 11873: 11872: 11871: 11866: 11856: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11832: 11821: 11819: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11809: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11735: 11733: 11724: 11715: 11705: 11704: 11692: 11691: 11684: 11683: 11676: 11669: 11661: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11641: 11640: 11634: 11629: 11619: 11610: 11604: 11598: 11592: 11582: 11577: 11557: 11544: 11530: 11516: 11498: 11486: 11477: 11469: 11460: 11454: 11452: 11451:External links 11449: 11447: 11446: 11427: 11409:(2): 216–236. 11398: 11393:Waters, F. W. 11391: 11363: 11349: 11336: 11327: 11314: 11308: 11294: 11280: 11264: 11251: 11234: 11217: 11210: 11191: 11184: 11168: 11156: 11135: 11119: 11114:978-0190650629 11113: 11100: 11086: 11079: 11065: 11059: 11044: 11032: 11009: 10991: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10968: 10958: 10941: 10936:978-9004161214 10935: 10916: 10907: 10882: 10853: 10847: 10830: 10808: 10789: 10787:online version 10776: 10763: 10756: 10742:Haught, John F 10739: 10733: 10720: 10708: 10694: 10677: 10667: 10661: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10597: 10570:(1): 175–186. 10552: 10538: 10503: 10478: 10435: 10424:(4): 707–727. 10408: 10401: 10383: 10352: 10337: 10304: 10286: 10264: 10253:on 29 May 2016 10226: 10219: 10198: 10163: 10120: 10101:(3): 169–184. 10085: 10050: 10021:(3): 779–793. 10004: 9981:(4): 528–536. 9965: 9954: 9931: 9916: 9890: 9854: 9832: 9797:(1): 205–225. 9777: 9740:(7): 629–634. 9720: 9701: 9690:(2): 101–129. 9674: 9663:on 12 May 2016 9634: 9632:. 9 July 2009. 9614: 9600: 9566: 9555:(4): 728–743. 9539: 9520: 9501:(2): 276–292. 9485: 9462: 9443:(2): 289–307. 9424: 9406: 9402:. Physorg.com. 9388: 9381: 9355: 9319: 9308:(3): 603–632. 9292: 9285: 9263: 9244: 9187: 9141: 9090: 9071:(3): 552–569. 9051: 9030: 9009: 9002: 8981: 8961: 8935: 8932:on 9 May 2010. 8917: 8891: 8876: 8856: 8834: 8819: 8807: 8795: 8761: 8735: 8709: 8689: 8677: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8620: 8611: 8602: 8588: 8579: 8553: 8527: 8508: 8489: 8478:. 30 June 2009 8463: 8456: 8440:Kutty (2009). 8429: 8407: 8394: 8378: 8352: 8330: 8322:Samkhya Karika 8314: 8301: 8282: 8263: 8245: 8214: 8203:(2): 345–369. 8180: 8173: 8148: 8139: 8121: 8115:978-0295741802 8114: 8093: 8083: 8071: 8062: 8026: 7998: 7996: 7995: 7988: 7982: 7969: 7964:978-0520055384 7963: 7943: 7911: 7881: 7874: 7849: 7833: 7824: 7806:Ritzer, George 7791: 7763: 7728: 7696: 7676: 7656: 7629: 7622: 7613:God and Nature 7602: 7585: 7572: 7563: 7554: 7525: 7518: 7500: 7479: 7455: 7448: 7430: 7415: 7402: 7381: 7374: 7346: 7325: 7318: 7298: 7272: 7256: 7247: 7235: 7228: 7205: 7190: 7179: 7161: 7146: 7125: 7118: 7098: 7083: 7068: 7050: 7035: 7014: 6993: 6974: 6961: 6940: 6917: 6910: 6892: 6885: 6867: 6834: 6825: 6816: 6809: 6791: 6766: 6759: 6741: 6734: 6716: 6707: 6696: 6683: 6670: 6663: 6641: 6626: 6611: 6589: 6567: 6541: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6472: 6435: 6382: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6252: 6215: 6178: 6141: 6100: 6063: 6020: 5983: 5946: 5909: 5872: 5835: 5798: 5761: 5682: 5669:(1): 235–258. 5646: 5623: 5592: 5566: 5537:Hefner, Philip 5525: 5502: 5475: 5430: 5403: 5378: 5351: 5330: 5308: 5290: 5275: 5248: 5222: 5216:978-9401026185 5215: 5197: 5182: 5178:(1959, p. 483) 5149:(1978, p. 355) 5132: 5109: 5100: 5093: 5072: 5051: 5024: 4997: 4986: 4964: 4957: 4937: 4926: 4908: 4902:. p. 42. 4886: 4876: 4854: 4847: 4829: 4806: 4799: 4773: 4759: 4718: 4703: 4685: 4666: 4652: 4638: 4616: 4590: 4571: 4540: 4525:Coyne, Jerry. 4506: 4473: 4428: 4401: 4373: 4362: 4336: 4322: 4302: 4276: 4220: 4198: 4185: 4183:(London, 1667) 4179:Thomas Sprat, 4172: 4159: 4152: 4134: 4108: 4101: 4075: 4061: 4036: 4029: 4011: 4002: 3993: 3977: 3970: 3952: 3939: 3906:Kuroda, Toshio 3898: 3870: 3852: 3845: 3827: 3814: 3807: 3786: 3779: 3761: 3754: 3736: 3727:|journal= 3688: 3680:10.17226/11876 3662: 3653:|journal= 3617: 3609:10.17226/11876 3591: 3580: 3547: 3539:Jim Al-Khalili 3525: 3496: 3476: 3465: 3447: 3441:Clegg, Brian. 3434: 3428:978-0226482057 3427: 3409: 3403:978-0226317830 3402: 3384: 3373: 3355: 3348: 3323: 3316: 3295: 3288: 3261: 3250: 3229: 3219:978-0226317830 3218: 3197: 3179: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3126: 3123:Science portal 3110: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3032: 3027: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2878: 2875: 2858: 2855: 2829: 2828:General public 2826: 2816: 2813: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2708:Jewish descent 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2610: 2607: 2557:Ibn al-Haytham 2529:Main article: 2526: 2523: 2488:Main article: 2485: 2482: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2342:(comparison). 2331: 2330: 2320: 2307: 2273:origin of life 2247:adhyatma vidya 2214:Hindu calendar 2189: 2186: 2124: 2121: 2065: 2062: 2041:German Pietism 1971:René Descartes 1931:Michael Foster 1919:Peter Harrison 1884:Earth was flat 1875:Georg Calixtus 1838: 1835: 1790:Thomas Aquinas 1782:Roman Catholic 1767: 1764: 1643: 1640: 1603:Thomas Aquinas 1558:David Lindberg 1464:Main article: 1461: 1458: 1406:Main article: 1403: 1400: 1380:Main article: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1332:Ottoman Empire 1311: 1308: 1296:Maarten Boudry 1182: 1163: 1160: 1122:Thomas S. Kuhn 1113: 1110: 1096:and Riemann's 1022:Arnold O. Benz 1001: 998: 994:A. C. Grayling 931:Main article: 928: 925: 891: 888: 837:Daniel Dennett 826:astrophysicist 811:paleontologist 757: 755: 752: 724: 721: 706:Charles Townes 631: 628: 586:(c. 790–869), 578:(c. 490–570), 574:(c. 477–524), 567: 564: 548:printing press 491:writes in the 489:Thomas Aquinas 449: 446: 336: 333: 331: 328: 256:Thomas Aquinas 233:Stephen Shapin 204:to postulate ( 194:Galileo affair 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22959: 22948: 22945: 22943: 22940: 22938: 22935: 22933: 22930: 22928: 22925: 22924: 22922: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22889: 22886: 22885: 22884: 22876: 22872: 22869: 22867: 22864: 22862: 22859: 22858: 22855: 22851: 22850: 22847: 22841: 22838: 22836: 22833: 22831: 22828: 22824: 22821: 22819: 22816: 22815: 22814: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22801: 22799: 22796: 22794: 22791: 22789: 22786: 22784: 22781: 22779: 22776: 22774: 22771: 22769: 22766: 22764: 22761: 22760: 22758: 22756: 22752: 22746: 22743: 22739: 22736: 22734: 22731: 22729: 22726: 22724: 22721: 22719: 22716: 22715: 22713: 22709: 22706: 22704: 22701: 22699: 22696: 22694: 22691: 22689: 22686: 22685: 22683: 22679: 22676: 22675: 22674: 22673:Technoscience 22671: 22669: 22666: 22664: 22661: 22659: 22656: 22654: 22651: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22643:Media studies 22641: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22627: 22624: 22622: 22619: 22617: 22614: 22612: 22609: 22607: 22604: 22603: 22602: 22599: 22597: 22594: 22592: 22589: 22587: 22584: 22582: 22581:Early adopter 22579: 22577: 22574: 22572: 22569: 22567: 22564: 22562: 22559: 22557: 22554: 22552: 22551:Co-production 22549: 22548: 22546: 22544: 22538: 22530: 22527: 22526: 22525: 22522: 22520: 22517: 22513: 22510: 22509: 22508: 22505: 22503: 22500: 22498: 22495: 22493: 22490: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22468: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22437: 22435: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22421: 22418: 22416: 22413: 22411: 22408: 22406: 22403: 22401: 22400:communication 22398: 22396: 22393: 22392: 22390: 22388: 22385: 22383: 22382:Pseudoscience 22380: 22376: 22373: 22372: 22371: 22368: 22366: 22363: 22361: 22358: 22356: 22353: 22351: 22348: 22346: 22343: 22341: 22338: 22336: 22333: 22331: 22330:Boundary-work 22328: 22326: 22325:Bibliometrics 22323: 22321: 22318: 22317: 22315: 22313: 22307: 22301: 22298: 22296: 22293: 22291: 22288: 22286: 22283: 22279: 22276: 22275: 22274: 22271: 22267: 22264: 22262: 22259: 22258: 22256: 22254: 22251: 22250: 22248: 22246: 22242: 22236: 22235:Transhumanism 22233: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22206: 22203: 22201: 22198: 22196: 22193: 22191: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22181: 22178: 22176: 22173: 22171: 22168: 22166: 22163: 22162: 22160: 22158: 22154: 22148: 22145: 22141: 22138: 22137: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22127: 22125: 22123: 22119: 22113: 22110: 22108: 22105: 22104: 22102: 22100: 22096: 22092: 22085: 22080: 22078: 22073: 22071: 22066: 22065: 22062: 22052: 22047: 22032: 22031: 22026: 22024: 22021: 22018: 22017: 22012: 22010: 22007: 22005: 22002: 22001: 21999: 21995: 21989: 21986: 21984: 21981: 21979: 21976: 21974: 21973:György Lukács 21971: 21969: 21966: 21964: 21961: 21959: 21956: 21954: 21951: 21949: 21946: 21944: 21941: 21939: 21936: 21935: 21933: 21929: 21922: 21921: 21917: 21914: 21913: 21909: 21906: 21905: 21901: 21898: 21897: 21893: 21890: 21889: 21885: 21882: 21881: 21877: 21874: 21873: 21869: 21866: 21865: 21861: 21858: 21857: 21853: 21850: 21849: 21845: 21842: 21841: 21837: 21834: 21833: 21829: 21826: 21825: 21821: 21818: 21817: 21813: 21812: 21810: 21806: 21800: 21799:Vienna Circle 21797: 21795: 21794:Berlin Circle 21792: 21790: 21787: 21785: 21782: 21780: 21777: 21775: 21774:Eugen Dühring 21772: 21770: 21769:Auguste Comte 21767: 21765: 21762: 21760: 21757: 21755: 21752: 21751: 21749: 21745: 21738: 21737: 21733: 21730: 21729: 21725: 21722: 21721: 21717: 21714: 21713: 21709: 21706: 21705: 21701: 21698: 21697: 21693: 21690: 21689: 21685: 21682: 21681: 21677: 21674: 21673: 21669: 21668: 21666: 21664:Contributions 21662: 21655: 21652: 21649: 21646: 21642: 21641: 21636: 21632: 21631: 21626: 21622: 21621: 21616: 21615: 21613: 21609: 21605: 21598: 21594: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21578:Structuralism 21576: 21574: 21571: 21567: 21564: 21563: 21562: 21559: 21557: 21554: 21552: 21549: 21547: 21544: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21526: 21525: 21522: 21520: 21519:Phenomenalism 21517: 21515: 21512: 21510: 21507: 21505: 21502: 21500: 21497: 21495: 21492: 21490: 21487: 21485: 21482: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21454: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21436: 21433: 21432: 21431: 21430:Behavioralism 21428: 21427: 21425: 21421: 21414: 21411: 21408: 21405: 21404: 21402: 21400: 21395: 21390: 21384: 21381: 21379: 21376: 21374: 21371: 21369: 21366: 21364: 21361: 21359: 21358:Human science 21356: 21354: 21351: 21349: 21346: 21344: 21341: 21338: 21337: 21332: 21330: 21327: 21325: 21322: 21320: 21317: 21315: 21312: 21311: 21309: 21305: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21291: 21289: 21286: 21284: 21283:Pseudoscience 21281: 21279: 21278:Justification 21276: 21274: 21271: 21269: 21266: 21264: 21261: 21259: 21256: 21255: 21253: 21249: 21243: 21240: 21238: 21235: 21233: 21230: 21228: 21225: 21223: 21220: 21218: 21215: 21213: 21210: 21208: 21205: 21203: 21200: 21199: 21197: 21193: 21187: 21184: 21182: 21179: 21177: 21174: 21172: 21169: 21168: 21166: 21162: 21158: 21154: 21147: 21142: 21140: 21135: 21133: 21128: 21127: 21124: 21112: 21111: 21102: 21100: 21099: 21088: 21087: 21084: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21042: 21040: 21038:Miscellaneous 21036: 21030: 21027: 21025: 21022: 21020: 21017: 21015: 21012: 21010: 21007: 21005: 21002: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20963: 20960: 20959: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20944: 20942: 20940: 20936: 20930: 20927: 20925: 20922: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20906: 20904: 20902: 20898: 20892: 20889: 20887: 20884: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20862: 20859: 20857: 20854: 20853: 20851: 20849: 20845: 20839: 20836: 20834: 20831: 20829: 20826: 20824: 20821: 20820: 20818: 20816: 20812: 20809: 20807: 20803: 20799: 20791: 20790: 20786: 20782: 20764: 20763: 20759: 20757: 20754: 20752: 20749: 20747: 20744: 20742: 20739: 20738: 20736: 20734:Miscellaneous 20732: 20726: 20723: 20721: 20720:Structuralism 20718: 20716: 20713: 20711: 20708: 20706: 20705:Postmodernism 20703: 20701: 20698: 20696: 20695:Phenomenology 20693: 20691: 20688: 20686: 20683: 20681: 20678: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20656: 20653: 20652: 20650: 20648: 20644: 20638: 20635: 20633: 20632:Vienna Circle 20630: 20628: 20625: 20623: 20620: 20618: 20615: 20613: 20610: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20590: 20588: 20585: 20583: 20580: 20578: 20575: 20573: 20570: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20562:Moral realism 20560: 20558: 20555: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20526: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20506: 20504: 20501: 20499: 20496: 20494: 20491: 20490: 20488: 20486: 20482: 20479: 20477: 20473: 20463: 20460: 20458: 20455: 20453: 20450: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20440: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20426: 20423: 20422: 20421: 20418: 20416: 20413: 20412: 20410: 20406: 20400: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20390: 20387: 20385: 20382: 20380: 20377: 20375: 20372: 20370: 20367: 20365: 20364:Phenomenology 20362: 20360: 20357: 20355: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20345: 20342: 20340: 20337: 20335: 20332: 20330: 20327: 20325: 20322: 20320: 20317: 20315: 20312: 20310: 20307: 20305: 20304:Individualism 20302: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20275: 20273: 20270: 20269: 20268: 20265: 20261: 20258: 20257: 20256: 20253: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20192: 20189: 20186: 20184: 20180: 20170: 20169:Judeo-Islamic 20167: 20166: 20164: 20162: 20158: 20152: 20149: 20147: 20146: 20145:ʿIlm al-Kalām 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20121: 20119: 20117: 20113: 20107: 20104: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20094:Shuddhadvaita 20092: 20090: 20087: 20085: 20082: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20072: 20070: 20067: 20066: 20065: 20062: 20061: 20059: 20055: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20028:Scholasticism 20026: 20024: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20015: 20013: 20011: 20007: 20001: 19998: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19967: 19965: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19952: 19942: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19923: 19921: 19919: 19915: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19872: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19863: 19862: 19859: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19846: 19845: 19842: 19838: 19835: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19799: 19798: 19795: 19794: 19792: 19790: 19786: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19752: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19729: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19700: 19698: 19695: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19667: 19666: 19663: 19662: 19660: 19658: 19655: 19651: 19645: 19642: 19640: 19637: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19625: 19622: 19620: 19617: 19615: 19612: 19610: 19607: 19606: 19604: 19602: 19598: 19595: 19593: 19589: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19557: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19547: 19545: 19543: 19539: 19535: 19528: 19524: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19502: 19500: 19497: 19495: 19492: 19490: 19487: 19485: 19482: 19480: 19479:Conceptualism 19477: 19475: 19472: 19471: 19469: 19467: 19463: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19447: 19444: 19443: 19441: 19439: 19435: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19409: 19408:Particularism 19406: 19404: 19401: 19400: 19398: 19396: 19392: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19376: 19375:Functionalism 19373: 19371: 19368: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19360:Eliminativism 19358: 19356: 19353: 19352: 19350: 19348: 19344: 19338: 19335: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19323: 19320: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19309: 19307: 19305: 19301: 19295: 19292: 19288: 19285: 19284: 19283: 19280: 19276: 19273: 19272: 19271: 19268: 19266: 19265:Compatibilism 19263: 19262: 19260: 19258: 19254: 19248: 19245: 19243: 19240: 19238: 19235: 19234: 19232: 19230: 19226: 19220: 19217: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19204:Particularism 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19186: 19184: 19182: 19178: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19158: 19156: 19154: 19150: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19085: 19083: 19081: 19077: 19073: 19066: 19062: 19058: 19051: 19046: 19044: 19039: 19037: 19032: 19031: 19028: 19016: 19008: 19006: 19002: 18998: 18997: 18994: 18988: 18987: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18968: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18938: 18936: 18933: 18932: 18930: 18926: 18916: 18913: 18912: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18864: 18861: 18859: 18858:Anthony Kenny 18856: 18854: 18851: 18849: 18846: 18844: 18841: 18840: 18838: 18830: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18783:Mircea Eliade 18781: 18779: 18776: 18775: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18723: 18721: 18715: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18670: 18667: 18666:William James 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18646:Ernst Haeckel 18644: 18643: 18641: 18635: 18629: 18626: 18624: 18621: 18619: 18616: 18614: 18611: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18595: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18578: 18576: 18570: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18558:Immanuel Kant 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18513:Blaise Pascal 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18500: 18498: 18496: 18492: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18412: 18410: 18408: 18403: 18399: 18396: 18391: 18384: 18378: 18375: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18344: 18342: 18340: 18336: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18314:Language game 18312: 18310: 18307: 18306: 18304: 18302: 18298: 18292: 18291: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18189: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18142: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18105: 18104: 18101: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18088: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18018: 18016: 18014: 18010: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17984:Occam's razor 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17941: 17939: 17935: 17929: 17926: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17913: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17836: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17829:Consciousness 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17816: 17814: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17801: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17737: 17735: 17731: 17725: 17724:Unmoved mover 17722: 17720: 17719:Supreme Being 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17671: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17659: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17616: 17612: 17611: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17596: 17594: 17590: 17586: 17579: 17574: 17572: 17567: 17565: 17560: 17559: 17556: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17533: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17515: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17463:Rudolf Carnap 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17398:Auguste Comte 17396: 17395: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17370:Francis Bacon 17368: 17366: 17363: 17362: 17360: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17347: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17299: 17298:Pseudoscience 17296: 17295: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17255: 17253: 17249: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17212: 17211: 17208: 17204: 17201: 17200: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17185: 17183: 17179: 17173: 17170: 17168: 17165: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17157:Structuralism 17155: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17120: 17119:Received view 17117: 17115: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17097: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17027:Contextualism 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16999: 16997: 16993: 16987: 16984: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16971: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16939: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16906: 16903: 16902: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16855: 16851: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16838: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16805: 16802: 16801: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16778: 16775: 16774: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16751: 16748: 16747: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16740: 16736: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16721: 16719: 16715: 16711: 16704: 16699: 16697: 16692: 16690: 16685: 16684: 16681: 16669: 16665: 16661: 16659: 16651: 16650: 16647: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16574: 16572: 16570: 16569:South America 16566: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16487: 16483: 16477: 16476:United States 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16363: 16361: 16359: 16358:North America 16355: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16328: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16216:Liechtenstein 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16108: 16106: 16104: 16100: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15943: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15833: 15831: 15829: 15825: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15668:Guinea-Bissau 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15550: 15548: 15546: 15542: 15538: 15531: 15527: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15492:Organizations 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15436: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15355: 15352: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15329: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15317:Vegetarianism 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15262:Homosexuality 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15222: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15185: 15184: 15181: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15163: 15162: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15132: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15109: 15106: 15105: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15083:Neurotheology 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15050: 15048: 15046: 15040: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14985: 14983: 14981: 14977: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14955: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14893: 14892: 14889: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14871: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14804: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14777:Folk religion 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14705: 14702: 14701: 14699: 14695: 14691: 14684: 14680: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14619: 14618: 14615: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14600:Imperial cult 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14587: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14560: 14559: 14556: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14543: 14542: 14539: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14516: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14503: 14500: 14499: 14498: 14495: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14482: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14469: 14466: 14465: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14398: 14397: 14394: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14371: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14358: 14355: 14354: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14336: 14333: 14332: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14305: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14278: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14255: 14252: 14251: 14250: 14247: 14246: 14243: 14239: 14234: 14230: 14210: 14207: 14206: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14169:Discordianism 14167: 14165: 14164:Anthroposophy 14162: 14161: 14159: 14155: 14147: 14146: 14142: 14141: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14112:Mari religion 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14094: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14046: 14043: 14042: 14041: 14038: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14025: 14024: 14021: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14008: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13995: 13992: 13991: 13989: 13988: 13986: 13984: 13978: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13949:Neo-Theosophy 13947: 13946: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13918: 13915: 13914: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13887:New Acropolis 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13859: 13857: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13840: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13811: 13809: 13805: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13707: 13706: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13699: 13695: 13694: 13689: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13583: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13561: 13559: 13553: 13545: 13542: 13541: 13540: 13537: 13536: 13534: 13532:North African 13530: 13527: 13525: 13519: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13454: 13452: 13450: 13446: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13421: 13419: 13417: 13413: 13409: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13315: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13297: 13294: 13293: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13286:Kwakwakaʼwakw 13284: 13282: 13279: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13239: 13238: 13235: 13234: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13168: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13136: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13117: 13111: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13083: 13080: 13076: 13073: 13072: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13025: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13015: 13013: 13011: 13007: 13001: 12998: 12997: 12995: 12993: 12992:Austroasiatic 12989: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12968: 12964: 12963:Vattisen Yaly 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12949: 12945: 12942: 12941: 12939: 12937: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12924: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12882:Kirat Mundhum 12880: 12878: 12875: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12841: 12835: 12834: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12821: 12818: 12817: 12816: 12813: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12773: 12769: 12763: 12762: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12684: 12681: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12611: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12569: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12518: 12517: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12499: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12481: 12478: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12436: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12380: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12353: 12351: 12347: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12310: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12266: 12264: 12260: 12254: 12253: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12241:Milah Abraham 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12215: 12212: 12211: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12179: 12178: 12175: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12160: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12131: 12127: 12121: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12011: 12010: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11972: 11969: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11897:Protestantism 11895: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11874: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11840: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11827: 11826: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11818: 11814: 11808: 11807: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11682: 11677: 11675: 11670: 11668: 11663: 11662: 11659: 11653: 11646: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11627: 11623: 11620: 11617: 11611: 11608: 11605: 11602: 11599: 11596: 11593: 11590: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11555: 11551: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11531: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11517: 11514: 11510: 11509:Steven Pinker 11506: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11493: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11474: 11470: 11468: 11464: 11463:Test of Faith 11461: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11445: 11444:0-7679-0343-9 11441: 11437: 11436: 11431: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11399: 11396: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11381: 11380:0-7661-3646-9 11377: 11373: 11372: 11367: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11342: 11337: 11334: 11333: 11328: 11326: 11322: 11319: 11315: 11313: 11309: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11293: 11292:0-521-63716-3 11289: 11285: 11281: 11279: 11278:0-415-91667-4 11275: 11271: 11270: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11249:1-932031-70-7 11246: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11232:1-60608-287-6 11229: 11225: 11221: 11218: 11215: 11211: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11199: 11195: 11192: 11189: 11185: 11182: 11178: 11177: 11172: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11157: 11154: 11153:0-88936-920-8 11150: 11146: 11142: 11141: 11136: 11134: 11133:1-57863-374-5 11130: 11126: 11125: 11120: 11116: 11110: 11106: 11101: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11060:9781409481614 11056: 11052: 11051: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11030:0-521-23961-3 11027: 11023: 11019: 11018: 11013: 11010: 11007: 11006:0-226-07565-6 11003: 10999: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10977: 10966: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10956:0-517-00393-7 10953: 10949: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10932: 10928: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10913: 10908: 10897: 10896: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10854: 10850: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10796: 10790: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10774: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10761: 10757: 10755: 10754:0-8091-3606-6 10751: 10747: 10743: 10740: 10736: 10734:9781408837436 10730: 10726: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10706:1-78279-047-0 10703: 10699: 10695: 10693: 10692:0-06-060938-9 10689: 10685: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10664: 10662:9780691015149 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10645: 10639: 10638: 10614: 10607: 10601: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10564: 10556: 10548: 10542: 10526: 10522: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10496: 10489: 10482: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10451:(3): 340–53. 10450: 10446: 10439: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10412: 10404: 10402:9780190650629 10398: 10394: 10387: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10356: 10348: 10341: 10333: 10327: 10319: 10315: 10308: 10300: 10296: 10290: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10268: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10222: 10216: 10212: 10205: 10203: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10167: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10124: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10089: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10054: 10046: 10042: 10037: 10036:2027.42/91141 10032: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10008: 10001: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9957: 9951: 9947: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9928: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9909: 9904: 9903: 9894: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9850: 9849: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9781: 9773: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9724: 9716: 9712: 9705: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9678: 9659: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9639: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9618: 9610: 9604: 9597: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9570: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9543: 9535: 9531: 9524: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9489: 9473: 9466: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9431: 9429: 9420: 9413: 9411: 9398: 9392: 9384: 9378: 9374: 9369: 9368: 9359: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9324: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9296: 9288: 9286:9781591023913 9282: 9278: 9274: 9267: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9223: 9222:10.1038/28478 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9191: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9148: 9146: 9137: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9094: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9055: 9047: 9041: 9033: 9031:9780190926755 9027: 9023: 9016: 9014: 9005: 9003:9781317610366 8999: 8995: 8988: 8986: 8978: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8949: 8945: 8939: 8931: 8927: 8921: 8905: 8901: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8873: 8869: 8868: 8860: 8852: 8848: 8841: 8839: 8830: 8823: 8814: 8812: 8804: 8799: 8783: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8750: 8746: 8739: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8693: 8686: 8685:Ackerman 1991 8681: 8675:, p. 11. 8674: 8669: 8662: 8661:Topdemir 2007 8657: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8633: 8624: 8615: 8606: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8583: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8523: 8519: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8459: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8436: 8434: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8411: 8404: 8398: 8391: 8385: 8383: 8367: 8363: 8356: 8340: 8334: 8327: 8323: 8318: 8311: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8218: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8176: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8155: 8153: 8143: 8135: 8128: 8126: 8117: 8111: 8107: 8100: 8098: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8066: 8059: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8045: 8040: 8039: 8030: 8023: 8022:0-226-06858-7 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7975: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7929: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7912: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7877: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7846: 7843: 7837: 7828: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7803: 7798: 7796: 7788: 7787:0-691-11436-6 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7732: 7725: 7721: 7720:0-521-23961-3 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7660: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7625: 7623:9780520056923 7619: 7615: 7614: 7606: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7582: 7576: 7567: 7558: 7552:, pp. 308–321 7551: 7550:0-226-11280-2 7547: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7532: 7530: 7521: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7451: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7427: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7406: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7385: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7350: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7329: 7321: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7302: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7270: 7260: 7251: 7244: 7239: 7231: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7199: 7194: 7187: 7182: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7159: 7155: 7150: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7119:9780199279272 7115: 7111: 7110: 7102: 7094: 7087: 7079: 7072: 7064: 7057: 7055: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7018: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6989: 6981: 6979: 6971: 6965: 6958: 6957:0-8028-4772-2 6954: 6950: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6921: 6913: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6888: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6855: 6851: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6829: 6820: 6812: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6778: 6770: 6762: 6756: 6752: 6745: 6737: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6711: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6687: 6680: 6674: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6637: 6630: 6622: 6615: 6599: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6556: 6552: 6545: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6524: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5651: 5634: 5627: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5513:Philip Hefner 5511: 5506: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5337:Arnold Benz: 5334: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5285:, p. 55: 5284: 5283:Grayling 2014 5279: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5145:(1966, p. 30) 5143:, and Seeger 5142: 5139:See Langford 5136: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5104: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5077: 5069: 5068:0-8018-7038-0 5065: 5061: 5055: 5048: 5042: 5041:0-8018-7038-0 5038: 5034: 5028: 5021: 5015: 5014:0-8018-7038-0 5011: 5007: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4960: 4958:9780674915473 4954: 4950: 4949: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4927:9780190053093 4923: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870:. p. 7. 4869: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4648: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4528: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4399:, pp. xiii–xv 4398: 4397:0-268-01704-2 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4349: 4340: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4295:0-8006-3153-6 4292: 4288: 4285: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4208: 4202: 4195: 4189: 4182: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4155: 4153:9780190053093 4149: 4145: 4138: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3937:23.3–4 (1996) 3936: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3818: 3810: 3808:9780470673508 3804: 3800: 3793: 3791: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3581:9780226750200 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3529: 3521: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3490:. New Haven. 3489: 3488: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3466:9781935191285 3462: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3438: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3300: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3258: 3253: 3251:9780226184517 3247: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3202: 3194: 3182: 3180:9780226184517 3176: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3019:By tradition: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2976:Merton thesis 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2877:United States 2874: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2759:Eugenie Scott 2754: 2753:(about 22%). 2752: 2747: 2743: 2736:United States 2733: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2689:Jews have won 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450:five elements 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2374:, namely the 2373: 2368: 2367:creation myth 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029:Royal Society 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1998:Merton Thesis 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1859:According to 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1739:public school 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1613: 1611: 1610:Enlightenment 1606: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1585:In 1992, the 1583: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550:J.L. Heilbron 1546: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1520:, beauty and 1519: 1518:good and evil 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441:Tenzin Gyatso 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1422:Dhamma-Vicaya 1418: 1414: 1409: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1383: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1249:'s 1966 book 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1236:William James 1233: 1229: 1224: 1223:Eugenie Scott 1220: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1190: 1188: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116:According to 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 997: 995: 990: 986: 983: 979: 974: 973: 967: 963: 962:heliocentrism 959: 954: 950: 948: 944: 940: 934: 924: 920: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 887: 883: 880: 877: 873: 871: 868: 864: 861: 857: 853: 849: 846: 843:According to 841: 838: 834: 830: 827: 823: 819: 815: 812: 807: 806:Carolyn Porco 804: 800: 797: 793: 790: 786: 782: 778: 775: 771: 764: 763: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 720: 718: 714: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 674: 669: 666: 662: 659: 658:Royal Society 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 630:Modern period 627: 625: 621: 620:Nicole Oresme 618:(1300–1349), 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 531: 528: 523: 521: 516: 514: 509: 507: 502: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 471:The works of 470: 469:compositions. 467: 463: 459: 455: 445: 443: 442:sign treaties 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 345: 343: 327: 325: 324:denominations 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 203: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 123: 119: 114: 112: 111:globalization 108: 104: 100: 96: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 32: 27: 19: 22888:Associations 22723:criticism of 22633:Leapfrogging 22616:linear model 22502:Team science 22492:Scientocracy 22415:Neo-colonial 22214: 22165:Anthropocene 21918: 21910: 21902: 21894: 21886: 21878: 21870: 21862: 21854: 21846: 21838: 21830: 21822: 21814: 21734: 21726: 21718: 21710: 21702: 21694: 21686: 21678: 21670: 21654:Science wars 21550: 21452:Epistemology 21383:Reflectivism 21343:Hermeneutics 21195:Declinations 21171:Antihumanism 21164:Perspectives 21103: 21089: 20760: 20751:Postcritique 20741:Kyoto School 20700:Posthumanism 20680:Hermeneutics 20535: / 20476:Contemporary 20452:Newtonianism 20415:Cartesianism 20374:Reductionism 20210:Conservatism 20205:Collectivism 20143: 19871:Sarvāstivadā 19849:Anekantavada 19774:Neoplatonism 19742:Epicureanism 19675:Pythagoreans 19614:Confucianism 19580:Contemporary 19570:Early modern 19474:Anti-realism 19428:Universalism 19385:Subjectivism 19181:Epistemology 18984: 18974: 18803:Martin Lings 18756:Emil Brunner 18746:Paul Tillich 18736:Martin Buber 18651:W K Clifford 18628:Afrikan Spir 18543:Thomas Chubb 18495:Early modern 18475:Adi Shankara 18388:Philosophers 18372:Natural evil 18288: 18264:Spiritualism 18239:Perennialism 18192:Metaphysical 18036:Antireligion 17911:Teleological 17834:Cosmological 17785:Baháʼí Faith 17750:Christianity 17709:Personal god 17508:Larry Laudan 17488:Imre Lakatos 17443:Otto Neurath 17418:Karl Pearson 17408:Pierre Duhem 17380:Isaac Newton 17319: 17310:Protoscience 17268:Epistemology 17142:Anti-realism 17140: / 17121: / 17112: / 17098: / 17096:Reductionism 17094: / 17067:Inductionism 17047:Evolutionism 16852: 16739:a posteriori 16738: 16734: 16073:Turkmenistan 16033:Saudi Arabia 15778:South Africa 15768:Sierra Leone 15573:Burkina Faso 15482:Names of God 15429:Unaffiliated 15384:Antireligion 15301: 15240:Universalism 15188:Assimilation 15053:Anthropology 14928:Supernatural 14923:Spirituality 14891:Sacred space 14879:Purification 14752:Denomination 14706: / 14514:Paleo-Balkan 14480:Mesopotamian 14320:Cook Islands 14291:Old Prussian 14204:UFO religion 14143: 14139:Zalmoxianism 14067:Neoshamanism 13924:Spiritualism 13807:Other ethnic 13696: 13522:Traditional 13482:Bongthingism 13370:Acoma Pueblo 13313:Mesoamerican 13010:Austronesian 12831: 12827:Neo-Buddhism 12759: 12755:Neo-Hinduism 12676:Swaminarayan 12514: 12463:Salvationist 12448:Confucianism 12299:Samaritanism 12269:Ali-Illahism 12250: 12117: 12111:Unitarianism 12052:Old Catholic 11859:Nestorianism 11817:Christianity 11804: 11770:Conservative 11625: 11613:(in Italian) 11569:. 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T. Stace 4604:Skepticblog 4299:Ian Barbour 2710:(including 2572:experiments 2503:creator God 2458:Vedic hymns 2415:Parashurama 2387:Dashavatara 2385:of Vishnu ( 2269:creationism 2182:Xiong Shili 2178:Feng Youlan 2033:correlation 2021:methodology 2002:correlation 1908:R. Hooykaas 1880:Middle Ages 1871:Reformation 1831:Laudato si' 1813:Holy Spirit 1786:natural law 1749:Creationism 1668:creationism 1608:During the 1524:, and that 1443:, the 14th 1435:materialism 1365:Renaissance 1310:Integration 1300:creationism 1247:Ian Barbour 1118:Ian Barbour 1082:Lubavitcher 1054:ought to be 1046:descriptive 1014:W. T. Stace 850:, teaching 822:cosmologist 792:Jerry Coyne 777:rationalism 740:John Haught 736:Ian Barbour 608:Roger Bacon 544:rationalism 535:Renaissance 508:1a, 68, 1) 477:Christendom 458:Middle Ages 405:Lord Kelvin 300:Ian Barbour 288:John Lennox 248:theologians 209: 1874 143:Roger Bacon 22921:Categories 22871:Technology 22823:science of 22818:history of 22703:revolution 22611:disruptive 22601:Innovation 22596:Hype cycle 22541:Technology 22512:ecological 22485:skepticism 22475:misconduct 22460:enterprise 22278:scientific 22205:Positivism 22175:Empiricism 22157:Philosophy 21789:Ernst Mach 21784:Ernst Laas 21759:A. J. Ayer 21747:Proponents 21566:Philosophy 21363:Humanities 21307:Antitheses 21176:Empiricism 21153:Positivism 21045:Amerindian 20952:Australian 20891:Vietnamese 20871:Indonesian 20420:Kantianism 20369:Positivism 20359:Pragmatism 20334:Naturalism 20314:Liberalism 20292:Subjective 20230:Empiricism 20134:Avicennism 20079:Bhedabheda 19963:East Asian 19886:Madhyamaka 19866:Abhidharma 19732:Pyrrhonism 19499:Nominalism 19494:Naturalism 19423:Skepticism 19413:Relativism 19403:Absolutism 19332:Naturalism 19242:Deontology 19214:Skepticism 19199:Naturalism 19189:Empiricism 19153:Aesthetics 19057:Philosophy 18793:J L Mackie 18751:Karl Barth 18548:David Hume 18470:Maimonides 18455:Heraclitus 18244:Polytheism 18214:Nondualism 18202:Humanistic 18187:Naturalism 18177:Monotheism 18135:Henotheism 18130:Gnosticism 18061:Demonology 17944:747 gambit 17861:Experience 17699:Misotheism 17385:David Hume 17358:Precursors 17240:Psychology 17220:Economics‎ 17114:Empiricism 17105:Pragmatism 17092:Positivism 17082:Naturalism 16952:scientific 16836:Hypothesis 16799:Experiment 16514:Micronesia 16391:Costa Rica 16286:San Marino 16246:Montenegro 16226:Luxembourg 16083:Uzbekistan 16058:Tajikistan 15963:Kyrgyzstan 15936:Kazakhstan 15886:East Timor 15856:Bangladesh 15846:Azerbaijan 15763:Seychelles 15728:Mozambique 15713:Mauritania 15698:Madagascar 15588:Cape Verde 15370:irreligion 15365:Secularism 15267:Minorities 15235:Toleration 15230:Syncretism 15215:Fanaticism 15205:Disability 15193:Missionary 15183:Conversion 15171:Ordination 15093:Psychology 15088:Philosophy 15028:Polytheism 15008:Monotheism 15003:Henotheism 14844:Orthopraxy 14834:Ordination 14797:Meditation 14792:Indigenous 14757:Entheogens 14742:Conversion 14568:Pueblo III 14485:Babylonian 14475:Melanesian 14401:Gnosticism 14286:Lithuanian 14179:Fourth Way 14033:Circassian 14011:Dievturība 13934:Tensegrity 13867:Falun Gong 13512:Sanamahism 13492:Donyi-Polo 13082:Polynesian 13028:Kaharingan 12953:Burkhanism 12892:Ravidassia 12870:Śvetāmbara 12656:Pushtimarg 12636:Krishnaism 12572:Vietnamese 12557:Cheondoism 12490:Yao Taoism 12426:East Asian 12192:Isma'ilism 12148:Maturidism 11927:Mennonites 11922:Hutterites 11907:Anabaptism 11800:Humanistic 10901:3 February 10848:8120805518 10818:2006043675 10531:16 January 9883:16 January 8803:Plott 2000 8784:(4): 53–55 7983:0521814561 7937:14 January 7915:Noll, Mark 7364:. p. 6634:Principe. 5553:(1): 3–7. 5423:8 February 5417:chabad.org 4127:3 November 4055:. Harper. 3860:Max Müller 3570:. p. 3506:1130904542 3152:References 3080:In the US: 2832:See also: 2751:physicists 2704:Christians 2654:Scientists 2641:Holy Quran 2602:See also: 2588:effulgence 2568:hypothesis 2497:theory of 2372:scriptures 2327:Āptavacana 2271:, and the 2192:See also: 2172:After the 2146:Wang Fuzhi 2097:ecumenical 2025:demography 2010:Protestant 2006:Puritanism 1912:empiricism 1802:monogenism 1770:See also: 1712:Butler Act 1578:Ted Peters 1495:relativity 1472:Tertullian 1445:Dalai Lama 1427:Pali Canon 1288:naturalism 1240:John Dewey 1187:Carl Sagan 1166:See also: 1058:Pythagoras 1027:The USA's 982:Simplicius 964:. By 1616 958:Copernicus 781:empiricism 774:scientific 481:revelation 417:Max Müller 240:scientists 183:Anaxagoras 78:philosophy 22778:Factor 10 22606:diffusion 22445:consensus 22440:community 22405:education 22245:Sociology 22220:Scientism 22099:Economics 22030:Verstehen 22016:Phronesis 22004:Knowledge 21988:Max Weber 21808:Criticism 21556:Sociology 21494:Modernism 21472:pluralism 21457:anarchism 21353:Historism 21273:Induction 21186:Scientism 20924:Pakistani 20886:Taiwanese 20833:Ethiopian 20806:By region 20792:By region 20607:Scientism 20602:Systemics 20462:Spinozism 20389:Socialism 20324:Modernism 20287:Objective 20195:Anarchism 20129:Averroism 20018:Christian 19970:Neotaoism 19941:Zurvanism 19931:Mithraism 19926:Mazdakism 19697:Cyrenaics 19624:Logicians 19257:Free will 19219:Solipsism 19166:Formalism 18893:Loyal Rue 18618:Karl Marx 18440:Gaudapada 18269:Shamanism 18234:Pantheism 18219:Nontheism 18197:Religious 18182:Mysticism 18155:Christian 18145:Religious 18096:Atheistic 18091:Christian 17974:Nonbelief 17959:Free will 17775:Mormonism 17599:Afterlife 17225:Geography 17193:Chemistry 17152:Scientism 16947:ladenness 16767:Construct 16745:Causality 16632:Venezuela 16577:Argentina 16494:Australia 16446:Nicaragua 16421:Guatemala 16221:Lithuania 16043:Sri Lanka 16038:Singapore 16018:Palestine 15906:Indonesia 15896:Hong Kong 15718:Mauritius 15439:Overviews 15394:Criticism 15347:Sectarian 15337:Terrorism 15312:Theocracy 15257:Happiness 15225:Pluralism 15210:Education 15136:Religion 15108:Salvation 15098:Sociology 15043:Religious 15023:Pantheism 15013:Nontheism 14906:Mountains 14884:Sacrifice 14839:Orthodoxy 14829:Mythology 14824:Mysticism 14713:Behaviour 14622:Canaanite 14605:Mithraism 14573:Pueblo IV 14563:Pueblo II 14468:Mazdakism 14443:Hungarian 14416:Mysteries 14325:Dravidian 14107:Hungarian 14023:Caucasian 13994:Godianism 13954:Agni Yoga 13944:Theosophy 13907:Rastafari 13882:Modekngei 13862:Brahmoism 13855:Syncretic 13847:movements 13845:religious 13757:Quimbanda 13705:Candomblé 13698:Diasporic 13477:Bathouism 13467:Benzhuism 13387:Tsimshian 13333:Purépecha 13254:Longhouse 13212:Sun Dance 13161:Blackfoot 13149:Wabunowin 13144:Midewiwin 13065:Malaysian 13055:Kapitayan 12865:Digambara 12850:Ayyavazhi 12815:Vajrayana 12780:Theravada 12693:Ganapatya 12666:Ramanandi 12595:Hoahaoism 12473:Yiguandao 12368:Yarsanism 12363:Shabakism 12350:Yazdânism 12340:Zurvanism 12335:Mazdaznan 12294:Rastafari 12289:Mandaeism 12163:Wahhabism 12143:Ash'arism 12106:Tolstoyan 12096:Spiritual 12086:Mormonism 12057:Judaizers 12030:Quakerism 12008:Methodist 11998:Irvingism 11949:Calvinism 11902:Adventism 11885:Moravians 11722:Abrahamic 11571:31 August 11529:software) 11527:RealMedia 11423:202271434 10878:170934544 10592:145194313 10584:1468-5906 10193:144733731 10158:145735058 10080:225231409 9995:225696990 9811:1573-6571 9754:0884-8734 9239:204998837 9085:145466527 9040:cite book 8910:31 August 8886:779265251 8705:1703-7603 8697:Haq, Syed 8505:. London. 8503:The Times 8298:(3): 577. 8273:660004349 7905:28 August 7672:Doubleday 6651:"science" 6560:7 January 6497:0036-8075 6460:0036-8075 6415:0036-8075 6370:0036-8075 6333:155250302 6325:0036-8075 6288:0002-9505 6248:0002-9505 6211:0002-9505 6174:0002-9505 6137:0002-9505 6096:0002-9505 6059:0002-9505 6016:0002-9505 5979:0002-9505 5942:0002-9505 5905:0002-9505 5868:0002-9505 5831:0002-9505 5794:0002-9505 5757:0002-9505 5720:0002-9505 5639:14 August 5616:7 January 4754:171788110 4609:21 August 4467:(3Ds + S) 4255:0036-8075 3729:ignored ( 3719:cite book 3655:ignored ( 3645:cite book 3514:cite book 2911:Pew Forum 2863:scientism 2685:Economics 2679:, 62% in 2675:, 65% in 2673:Chemistry 2621:Ahmadiyya 2609:Ahmadiyya 2499:causality 2407:Narasimha 2353:, from a 2317:inference 2300:Pratyakṣa 2265:evolution 2231:Saraswati 1855:(c. 1246) 1806:spiritual 1696:evolution 1692:cosmology 1648:evolution 1634:Education 1599:imago dei 1570:worldview 1526:suffering 1491:evolution 1431:causality 1126:paradigms 1071:Ptolemaic 890:Criticism 867:Physicist 856:evolution 852:cosmology 818:evolution 473:Aristotle 389:Aristotle 381:scientist 308:evolution 280:knowledge 159:Buddhists 135:Christian 22898:Scholars 22893:Journals 22883:Category 22857:Portals 22738:transfer 22728:dynamics 22678:feminist 22480:priority 22465:literacy 22425:rhetoric 22391:Science 22355:Logology 22051:Category 21467:nihilism 21462:idealism 21392:Related 21268:Evidence 21110:Category 21065:Yugoslav 21055:Romanian 20962:Scottish 20947:American 20876:Japanese 20856:Buddhist 20838:Africana 20828:Egyptian 20670:Feminist 20592:Rawlsian 20587:Quietism 20485:Analytic 20437:Krausism 20344:Nihilism 20309:Kokugaku 20272:Absolute 20267:Idealism 20255:Humanism 20043:Occamism 20010:European 19955:Medieval 19901:Yogacara 19861:Buddhist 19854:Syādvāda 19737:Stoicism 19702:Cynicism 19690:Sophists 19685:Atomists 19680:Eleatics 19619:Legalism 19560:Medieval 19484:Idealism 19438:Ontology 19418:Nihilism 19322:Idealism 19080:Branches 19069:Branches 19015:Category 18960:Religion 18950:Exegesis 18435:Boethius 18430:Averroes 18425:Avicenna 18407:medieval 18377:Theodicy 18224:Pandeism 18140:Humanism 18108:Thealogy 18051:Dharmism 18021:Acosmism 18013:Theology 17881:Morality 17876:Miracles 17755:Hinduism 17745:Buddhism 17704:Pandeism 17679:Demiurge 17647:Theodicy 17520:Category 17172:Vitalism 16995:Theories 16969:Variable 16890:Paradigm 16777:function 16735:A priori 16724:Analysis 16717:Concepts 16658:Category 16622:Suriname 16612:Paraguay 16597:Colombia 16504:Kiribati 16431:Honduras 16401:Dominica 16376:Barbados 16341:Scotland 16301:Slovenia 16296:Slovakia 16271:Portugal 16141:Bulgaria 16063:Thailand 16013:Pakistan 15993:Mongolia 15988:Maldives 15983:Malaysia 15871:Cambodia 15818:Zimbabwe 15793:Tanzania 15643:Ethiopia 15638:Eswatini 15618:Djibouti 15583:Cameroon 15568:Botswana 15512:Timeline 15507:Scholars 15467:Founders 15327:Violence 15282:Politics 15152:Business 15115:Theology 14859:Prophecy 14849:Paganism 14737:Covenant 14704:Apostasy 14639:Scythian 14580:Rapa Nui 14534:Thracian 14529:Illyrian 14519:Albanian 14490:Sumerian 14433:Harappan 14369:Germanic 14364:Georgian 14357:Selk'nam 14342:Etruscan 14330:Egyptian 14308:Druidism 14271:Armenian 14194:Satanism 14174:Eckankar 14097:Estonian 14082:Romanian 14072:Ossetian 14052:Germanic 14001:Armenian 13990:African 13983:paganism 13912:Sant Mat 13902:Rajneesh 13877:Meivazhi 13872:Japanese 13829:Siberian 13762:Santería 13732:Convince 13598:Bushongo 13502:Kiratism 13429:Hmongism 13296:Wocekiye 13281:Jivaroan 13237:Cherokee 13232:Iroquois 13227:Ho-Chunk 13116:American 13087:Hawaiian 13000:Sarnaism 12970:Tungusic 12958:Tengrism 12948:Mongolic 12877:Sarnaism 12808:Nichiren 12785:Mahayana 12772:Buddhism 12750:Sant Mat 12740:Sauraism 12735:Smartism 12730:Shaktism 12723:Balinese 12708:Kaumaram 12703:Kapalika 12698:Kashmiri 12683:Shaivism 12623:Hinduism 12590:Caodaism 12534:Ryukyuan 12529:Tenrikyo 12524:Shugendō 12502:Japanese 12373:Yazidism 12358:Ishikism 12236:Quranism 12209:Khawarij 12158:Salafism 12153:Atharism 12042:Esoteric 12013:Holiness 12003:Lutheran 11964:Reformed 11944:Baptists 11917:Brethren 11881:Hussites 11869:Assyrian 11785:Haymanot 11739:Orthodox 11688:Religion 11563:(1985). 11550:Archived 11492:Archived 11384:WorldCat 11359:50906321 11321:Archived 11024:, 1991, 10888:(1998). 10826:69734583 10473:35333653 10465:23045885 10326:cite web 10115:53668380 10045:22417318 9924:stronger 9827:38793240 9819:27071796 9772:16050858 9515:27316976 9182:32101226 9136:36827404 9104:PLOS ONE 8749:BBC News 8418:Archived 8012:, 2001, 7789:, p. 123 7777:, 2003, 7742:, 2007, 7710:, 1991, 7694:, 1991). 7692:Eerdmans 7674:, 1960). 7651:, 1991, 7216:(2004). 6860:1 August 6505:11234068 6468:17742389 6431:56193337 6423:17809961 6378:17734927 5539:(2008). 5454:(1968). 5157:Dialogue 5022:" (p. x) 4564:22 March 4271:39722460 3882:Archived 3868:. p. 28. 3708:18178613 3637:18178613 3587:science. 3240:(2015). 3167:(2015). 2928:See also 2894:(AAAS). 2687:awards. 2681:Medicine 2576:evidence 2507:universe 2423:Balarama 2355:Trimurti 2277:Hinduism 2243:Hinduism 2188:Hinduism 1936:Anglican 1804:and the 1684:theories 1514:universe 1478:, while 1449:Buddhism 1413:Buddhism 1402:Buddhism 1340:Buddhism 1336:Hinduism 1162:Dialogue 863:PZ Myers 770:conflict 690:atheists 572:Boethius 422:Sanskrit 411:(1867). 399:'s book 369:scientia 353:Hinduism 349:Buddhism 149:, was a 122:religion 90:medieval 82:theology 22861:Science 22543:studies 22455:dissent 22395:citizen 22312:studies 22310:Science 22257:Social 22122:History 21931:Critics 21656:(1990s) 21650:(1980s) 21644:(1960s) 21624:(1890s) 21477:realism 21409:(1830s) 21397:in the 21060:Russian 21029:Spanish 21024:Slovene 21014:Maltese 21009:Italian 20989:Finland 20957:British 20939:Western 20929:Turkish 20914:Islamic 20909:Iranian 20861:Chinese 20848:Eastern 20815:African 20762:more... 20447:Marxism 20277:British 20220:Dualism 20116:Islamic 20074:Advaita 20064:Vedanta 20038:Scotism 20033:Thomism 19975:Tiantai 19918:Persian 19906:Tibetan 19896:Śūnyatā 19837:Cārvāka 19827:Ājīvika 19822:Mīmāṃsā 19802:Samkhya 19717:Academy 19670:Ionians 19644:Yangism 19601:Chinese 19592:Ancient 19555:Western 19550:Ancient 19509:Realism 19466:Reality 19456:Process 19337:Realism 19317:Dualism 19312:Atomism 19194:Fideism 18986:more... 18719:postwar 18402:Ancient 18290:more... 18209:New Age 18150:Secular 18120:Fideism 18071:Dualism 18041:Atheism 18031:Animism 17937:Against 17780:Sikhism 17770:Judaism 17765:Jainism 17674:Brahman 17627:Miracle 17230:History 17198:Physics 17188:Biology 16986:more... 16974:control 16870:Inquiry 16627:Uruguay 16602:Ecuador 16582:Bolivia 16559:Vanuatu 16486:Oceania 16436:Jamaica 16416:Grenada 16371:Bahamas 16331:England 16321:Ukraine 16276:Romania 16236:Moldova 16196:Ireland 16191:Iceland 16186:Hungary 16176:Germany 16166:Finland 16161:Estonia 16156:Denmark 16151:Czechia 16146:Croatia 16131:Belgium 16126:Belarus 16121:Austria 16116:Andorra 16111:Albania 16088:Vietnam 15998:Myanmar 15973:Lebanon 15891:Georgia 15851:Bahrain 15841:Armenia 15803:Tunisia 15773:Somalia 15758:Senegal 15743:Nigeria 15733:Namibia 15723:Morocco 15688:Liberia 15683:Lesotho 15633:Eritrea 15603:Comoros 15578:Burundi 15553:Algeria 15497:Outline 15462:Deities 15389:Atheism 15302:Science 15220:Freedom 15078:History 15045:studies 14998:Dualism 14988:Animism 14953:Worship 14933:Symbols 14874:Liturgy 14787:Goddess 14747:Deities 14728:Laicism 14718:Beliefs 14697:Aspects 14669:Zapotec 14664:Vainakh 14632:Yahwism 14617:Semitic 14546:Iranian 14448:Hurrian 14438:Hittite 14428:Guanche 14421:Orphism 14352:Fuegian 14347:Finnish 14335:Atenism 14281:Latvian 14266:Arabian 14209:Raëlism 14189:Jediism 14184:Goddess 14157:De novo 14045:Druidry 13939:Thelema 13892:New Age 13777:Umbanda 13668:Tumbuka 13653:Odinala 13638:Lugbara 13558:African 13524:African 13472:Bimoism 13462:Burmese 13308:Mapuche 13274:Wyandot 13217:Guarani 13198:Choctaw 13193:Chilote 13129:Alaskan 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