2172:
2732:
3536:
3233:
4110:
2573:
3760:
3927:
882:
1111:
2433:
4421:
1754:
9840:
3570:, Gheorghiu-Dej issued propaganda accusing Pauker, Luca and Georgescu of having been an arch-Stalinists responsible for the party's excesses in the late 1940s and early 1950s (notably, in regard to collectivization)—despite the fact that they had occasionally opposed a number of radical measures advocated by the General Secretary. After that purge, Gheorghiu-Dej had begun promoting PMR activists who were perceived as more loyal to his own political views; among them were
1778:
56:
9900:
740:, Romanian historians generally asserted that the party only had around 1,000 members at the end of World War II. Other researchers argue that this figure may have been intentionally based on the Muscovite faction figures and, as such, underestimated to undermine the influence of the internal faction; this estimate was afterwards promoted in post-communist historiography to reinforce a stereotypical image of the regime as illegitimate.
525:, which began in 1969 to convene every five years. The Central Committee was the highest body when Congress was not in session. Because the Central Committee met only twice a year, most day-to-day duties and responsibilities were vested in Politburo. The party leader held the office of General Secretary and, after 1945, held significant influence over the government. Between 1974 and 1989, the General Secretary also held the office of
12166:
7182:, party members, by only very, very little, if we are to keep in mind the present legal situation, if we keep in mind that, through our party's work, thousands, tens and hundreds of thousands workers were rallied. During this time, when our party only had 5–6,000 party members, we held large, huge protests against the realities in our country, in Bucharest as well as throughout the land..." (Rangheț, 25–27 April 1945, in Colt)
4226:, proposed to extend Ceaușescu's office as General Secretary for life, but was turned down by the latter. Shortly before that moment, the collective leadership of the Presidium was replaced with a Political Executive Committee, which, in practice, elected itself; together with the Secretariat, it was controlled by Ceaușescu himself, who was president of both bodies. During the same year, the general secretary also made himself
459:. During the mid-1930s, due to the purges against the Iron Guard, the party was on the road to achieving power, but the dictatorship of king Carol II crushed this. In 1934–1936, PCR reformed itself in the mainland of Romania properly, with foreign observers predicting a possible communist takeover in Romania. The party emerged as a powerful actor on the Romanian political scene in August 1944, when it became involved in the
5219:
5193:
5167:
5141:
5110:
5079:
4740:. No formal dissolution of the PCR took place. Rather, the party simply disappeared. The speed with which the PCR, one of the largest parties of its kind, dissolved, as well as its spontaneity, were held by commentators as additional proof that its sizable membership presented a largely false image of its true beliefs. In nearly every other Eastern Bloc country, the former ruling Communist parties recast themselves into
1766:
362:
5884:
5846:
5745:
5715:
5685:
5663:
5655:
5625:
5617:
5555:
5511:
5503:
5462:
5454:
3196:. Years later, historian Petre Ţurlea reviewed an incomplete confidential PCR report about the election that confirmed the Bloc won around 48 percent of the vote. He concluded that had the election been conducted fairly, the opposition parties could have won enough votes between them to form a coalition government, albeit with far less than the 80 percent support opposition supporters long claimed.
5921:
5914:
5892:
5854:
5824:
5817:
5782:
5775:
5753:
5723:
5693:
5548:
5418:
5411:
5370:
5363:
5327:
5320:
3412:"and progressively marginalized, it was ultimately decapitated in 1948. Beginning that year, the PMR leadership officially questioned its own political support, and began a massive campaign to remove"foreign and hostile elements" from its rapidly expanded structures. In 1952, with Stalin's renewed approval, Gheorghiu-Dej emerged victorious from the confrontation with
2706:, which allowed for the introduction of Communists into the security forces. The Communist Party subsequently launched a campaign against the Rădescu government, including the mass demonstration of 24 February that resulted in four deaths among the participants. According to Frunză, this culminated in a 13 February 1945 demonstration outside the
4688:, which called for an inquiry into the state of ethnic minorities and the rural population; the political isolation experienced by Communist Romania was highlighted by the fact that Hungary endorsed the report, while all other Eastern bloc countries abstained. This followed more than a decade of deteriorating relations between the PCR and the
4248:", and "first among the country's miners". Progressively after 1967, the large bureaucratic structure of the PCR again replicated and interfered with state administration and economic policies. The President himself became noted for frequent visits on location at various enterprises, where he would dispense directives, for which the termed
3606:; in parallel, citing Khrushchevite precedents, the PMR briefly reorganized its leadership on a plural basis (1954–1955), while Gheorghiu-Dej reshaped party doctrine to include ambiguous messages about Stalin's legacy (insisting on the defunct Soviet's leader contribution to Marxist thought, official documents also deplored his
4180:, which acted as the main PCR body between Congresses, had increased to 265 full members and 181 candidate members (supposed to meet at least four times a year). By then, the general secretary also called for women to be enrolled in greater numbers in all party structures. In parallel, the political doctrine in respect to
4196:
4498:
of peasants had dropped from 34 to 15%. In the end, these records contrasted the fact that the PCR had become completely subservient to its leader and no longer had any form of autonomous activity, while membership became a basic requirement in numerous social contexts, leading to purely formal allegiances and
9422:
3630:, criticized Gheorghiu-Dej's leadership and identified him with Romanian Stalinism. They were purged in 1957, themselves accused of being Stalinists and of having been plotting with Pauker. Through Ceaușescu's voice, Gheorghiu-Dej also marginalized another group of old members of the PMR, associated with
4497:
committees, varying in number and representing various areas of
Romanian society, were officially recorded in 1980. Statistics also indicated that, during the transition from the 1965 PMR (with 8% of the total population) to the 1988 PCR, the membership of workers had grown from 44 to 55%, while that
3904:
These actions gave
Romania greater freedom in pursuing the program which Gheorghiu-Dej had been committed to since 1954, one allowing Romania to defy reforms in the Eastern Bloc and to maintain a largely Stalinist course. It has also been argued that Romania's emancipation was, in effect, limited to
4559:
2722:
only in such a scenario. Frunză claimed however that
Vyshinsky also intimated a Soviet takeover of the country if the King failed to comply, and that, under pressure from Soviet troops who were supposedly disarming the Romanian military and occupying key installations, Michael agreed and dismissed
2860:
program was about to be adopted). According to Frunză, although contrasted by the
Communist press with its previous equivalent, the measure was supposedly much less relevant—land awarded to individual farmers in 1923 was more than three times the 1945 figures, and all effects were canceled by the
647:
3716:
Churches). Estimates for the total number of victims in the 1947/1948-1964 period vary significantly: as low as 160,000 or 282,000 political prisoners, and as high 600,000 (according to one estimate, about 190,000 people were killed or died in custody— ). Notorious penal facilities of the time
2884:
in the
Communist press. During the period, government-backed Communists used various means to exercising influence over the vast majority of the press, and began infiltrating or competing with independent cultural forums. Economic dominance, partly responding to Soviet requirements, was first
4695:
In the face of the changes that unfolded in the rest of
Eastern Europe in 1988 and 1989, the PCR retained its image as one of the most unreconstructed parties in the Soviet bloc. It even went as far as to call for a Warsaw Pact invasion of Poland after that country's Communists announced a
505:, who had just been elected secretary general. Other legal, political parties existed in Romania, but their influence was limited and they were subordinate to the constitutionally-authorised leading role of the PCR. All other legal parties and entities were part of the Communist-dominated
584:. Over the years, the PCR massively increased to become entirely submitted to Ceaușescu's will. From the 1960s onward, it had a reputation for being far more independent of the Soviet Union than its brethren in the Warsaw Pact. However, it also became the most hardline party in the
4570:("cadre rotation" or "reshuffling"), placing strain on low-level officials to seek the protection of higher placed ones as a means to preserve their position or to be promoted. This effectively prompted activists who did not approve of the change in tone to retire, while others—
3885:, through which it stressed its commitment to a "national path" towards Communism (it read: "There does not and cannot exist a "parent" party and a "son" party or "superior" party and "subordinate" parties"). During late 1964, the PMR's leadership clashed with new Soviet leader
4176:). Ostensibly a popular front affiliating virtually all non-party members, it was actually tightly controlled by party activists. It was intended to consolidate the impression that the entire population was backing Ceaușescu's policies. As a result of these new policies, the
3463:, replacing its 1948 precedent, legislated Stalinist tenets, and proclaimed that "the people's democratic state is consistently carrying out the policy of enclosing and eliminating capitalist elements". Gheorghiu-Dej, who remained an orthodox Stalinist, took the position of
2667:(FND), which campaigned against the government, demanding the appointment of more Communist officials and sympathizers, while claiming democratic legitimacy and alleging that Sănătescu had dictatorial ambitions. The FND was soon joined by the Liberal group around Tătărescu,
7573:
Petre Ţurlea, "Alegerile parlamentare din noiembrie '46: guvernul procomunist joacă şi câştigă. Ilegalităţi flagrante, rezultat viciat" ("The
Parliamentary Elections of November '46: the Pro-Communist Government Plays and Wins. Blatant Unlawfulness, Tampered Result"),
9426:
4058:(created with the goal of meeting a possible Soviet intervention in Romania). From 1965 to 1976, the PCR rose from approximately 1.4 million members to 2.6 million. In the contingency of an anti-Soviet war, the PCR even sought an alliance with the maverick
4255:
Despite the party's independent, "national communist" course, the absolute control that Ceaușescu had over the party and the country led to some non-Romanian observers describing the PCR as one of the closest things to an old-style
Stalinist party. For instance,
1902:), passed in early 1924; Comintern sources indicate that, around 1928, it was losing contact with Soviet overseers. In 1925, the question of Romania's borders as posed by the Comintern led to protests by Cristescu and, eventually, to his exclusion from the party (
4338:, and, progressively after that, measures were endorsed to artificially increase the birth rate—including special taxes for childless couples. Another measure, going hand in hand with economic ones, allowed ethnic Germans a chance to leave Romania and settle in
2584:
After having been underground for two decades, the
Communists enjoyed little popular support at first, compared to the other opposition parties (however, the decrease in popularity of the National Liberals was reflected in the forming of a splinter group around
3859:, a Soviet project of creating trans-national economic units and of assigning Romanian areas the task of supplying agricultural products. Several other measures of that year also presented themselves as radical changes in tone: after Gheorghiu-Dej endorsed
3617:
In this context, the PMR soon dismissed all the relevant consequences of the
Twentieth Soviet Congress, and Gheorghiu-Dej even argued that De-Stalinization had been imposed by his team right after 1952. At a party meeting in March 1956, two members of the
2059:, infiltrated the small interior wing and probably obtained valuable information about its activities. The financial resources of the party, ensured by Soviet support and by various satellite organizations (collecting funds in the name of causes such as
4548:. After 1980, the nationalist ideology adopted by the PCR progressively targeted the Hungarian community as a whole, based on suspicions of its allegiance to Hungary, whose policies had become diametrically opposed to the methods of Romanian leaders (
2849:(January 1946). At the time, Groza's party and the PCR came to disagree on some issues (with the Front publicly affirming its support for private land ownership), before the Ploughmen's Front was eventually pressured into supporting Communist tenets.
755:; the success of state repression in driving the party underground and limiting its activities; and finally, the party's "anti-national" policy, as it began to be stated in the 1920s—supervised by the Comintern, this policy called for the breakup of
552:, with support from Stalin, defeated all other factions and achieved full control over the party and country. After 1953, the party gradually theorized a "national path" to communism. At the same time, however, the party delayed the time to join its
3428:". Out of a membership of approximately one million, between 300,000 and 465,000 members, almost half of the party, was removed in the successive purges. The specific target for the "verification campaign", as it was officially called, were former
3821:
A drastic divergence in ideological outlooks manifested itself only after autumn 1961, when the PMR's leadership felt threatened by the Soviet Union's will to impose the condemnation of Stalinism as the standard in communist states. Following the
2710:, and followed a week later by street fighting between Georgescu's Communist forces and supporters of the National Peasants' Party in Bucharest. In a period of escalating chaos, Rădescu called for elections. The Soviet deputy foreign minister
736:). Government crackdown and competition with other socialist groups brought a drastic reduction in its membership—from the ca. 40,000 members the Socialist Party had, the new group was left with as much as 2,000 or as little as 500; after the
2245:", and, since the FRN had crumbled, several low-ranking party officials actually began collaborating with the new regime. At around the same time, a small section of the exterior wing remained active in France, where it eventually joined the
1968:) and the widespread suspicion other left-wing forces maintained toward the Comintern. The Communists did, nevertheless, attempt to reach consensus with other groupings on several occasions (in 1934–1943, they established alliances with the
4039:, while implying that his was to be a new style of leadership. In its official discourse, the PCR introduced the dogmas of "socialist democracy" and direct communication with the masses. From ca. 1965 to 1975, there was a noted rise in the
4704:
and its vehement opposition to the invasion of Czechoslovakia 21 years earlier. It initially appeared that the PCR would ride out the anti-Communist tide sweeping through Eastern Europe when on 24 November—two weeks after the fall of the
2533:
front, and withdrew Romania from the Axis. Later party discourse tended to dismiss the importance of both the Soviet offensive and the dialogue with other forces (and eventually described the coup as a revolt with large popular support).
4654:'s public criticism of the Braşov repression, and inspired by the impact of changes in other Eastern Bloc countries, protests of marginalized PCR activists became notorious after March 1989, when Brucan and Pârvulescu, together with
4582:
among them—were officially dispatched to low-ranking positions or otherwise marginalized. In June 1988, the leadership of the Political Executive Committee was reduced from 15 to 7 members, including Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife.
2402:("National Democratic Bloc"), in order to arrange for Romania to withdraw from its alliance with Nazi Germany. The ensuing talks were prolonged by various factors, most notably by the opposition of National Peasants' Party leader
12506:
2633:
4484:
By 1983, membership of the PCR had risen to 3.3 million, and, in 1989, to 3.7–3.8 million—meaning that, in the end, over 20% of Romanian adults were party members, making the PCR the largest communist group of the
4540:, with 7% Hungarians (the latter group's membership had dropped by more than 2% since the previous Congress). Formal criticism of the new policies regarding minorities had also been voiced by Hungarian activists, including
2593:, who later entered an alliance with the Communist Party). Soon after 23 August, the Communists also engaged in a campaign against Romania's main political group of the time, the National Peasants' Party, and its leaders
11423:
1865:) to be shot while in custody—alleging that they had attempted to flee. Consequently, Argetoianu stated his belief that"communism is over in Romania", which allowed for a momentary relaxing of pressures—begun by
3275:; it was also reported that only half of the PSD's 500,000 members joined the newly founded grouping. Capitalizing on these gains, the Communist government shunted most of the remaining parties aside after the
2499:, Foriș was discreetly assassinated in 1946. Several assessments view Foriș's dismissal as the complete rupture in historical continuity between the PCdR established in 1921 and what became the ruling party of
1946:
directives remained notable factors. In parallel, its leadership suffered changes that were meant to place it under an ethnic Romanian and working-class leadership—the emergence of a Stalin-backed group around
3185:. Demonstrators were faced with gunshots; around 10 people were killed, and many wounded. The official account, according to which the Groza government responded to a coup attempt, was disputed by Frunză.
4027:—steps which were meant to indicate that Romania was following strict Marxist policies while remaining independent. He continued Romanianization and de-Sovietization efforts by stressing notions such as
3905:
economic relations and military cooperation, being as such dependent on a relatively tolerant mood inside the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the PMR's nationalism made it increasingly popular with Romanian
2837:—"the royal strike"). Following Anglo-American mediation, Groza agreed to include politicians from outside his electoral alliance, appointing two secondary figures in their parties (the National Liberal
2460:, the self-confidence and status gained by the PCdR made possible the creation of the Bloc, which was designed as the basis of a future anti-Axis government. Parallel contacts were established, through
11628:
4732:, comprising a large number of moderate former PCR members who supported Gorbachev's vision. Having fled the PCR's headquarters under pressure from demonstrators, Ceauşescu and his wife were captured,
4211:, while his career profited from the deaths of Stoica (who committed suicide) and Sălăjan (who died while undergoing surgery). Instead, he came to rely on a new generation of activists, among them
3219:", firmly aligned with the Soviet Union. According to the king, his signature was obtained after the Groza cabinet representatives threatened to kill 1,000 students they had rounded up in custody.
3182:
4081:, Ceaușescu's gesture also served to consolidate his image as a national and independent communist leader. One year before the invasion of Czechoslovakia, Ceaușescu opened up diplomatic ties with
2616:
The Communist Party, engaged in a massive recruitment campaign, was able to attract ethnic Romanians in large numbers—workers and intellectuals alike, including some former members of the fascist
4047:, who noted that this social improvement trend began ca. 1950 and benefited 45% of the population, concluded that one of its main effects was to increase the citizens' dependency on the state.
451:, which led to the creation of competing factions that sometimes came into open conflict. That did not prevent the party from participating in the political life of the country through various
4614:. At a meeting between the two, Gorbachev upbraided Ceaușescu for his inflexible attitude. "You are running a dictatorship here," the Soviet leader warned. However, Ceaușescu refused to bend.
11226:
10398:
3798:
at the end of the decade. Industrialization along the PMR's own directives highlighted Romanian independence—one of its consequences was the massive steel-producing industrial complex in
4602:. "In Gorbachev's mind, Ceaușescu was part of a "Gang of Four" inflexibly hardline leaders unwilling to make the reforms he felt necessary to save Communism, along with Czechoslovakia's
1376:
3372:). Chiaburs were defined by the Party as the common enemies of communism in Romania. Thus, they were subjected to abuses by the cadres. In 1950, the party, which viewed itself as the
2334:, tried to establish organised resistance groups; however, they were quickly captured by the Romanian authorities and executed, as were some of the more active propagandists, such as
706:
612:
747:, which resulted in a relatively small working class (with industry and mining employing fewer than 10% of the active population) and a large peasant population; the minor impact of
7178:
Frunză, p.201-212; according to Rangheț: "After 3 months of our party's legal existence, in October, we had almost 5–6,000 party members. What is this to say? That we expanded the
4598:
As a result, the PCR remained an obstinate bastion of hardline Communism. Gorbachev's distaste for Ceaușescu was well known; he even went as far as to call Ceaușescu "the Romanian
2549:
which was dominated by the military, but included one representative each from the National Liberal Party, National Peasants' Party and Social Democratic Party, with Pătrășcanu as
621:, its official platform and main newspaper between 1931 and 1989, the party issued several local and national publications at various points in its history (including, after 1944,
11621:
2783:
2217:); in contrast with the general mood, the PCdR welcomed both gestures along the lines of its earlier activism. Official history, after ca. 1950, stated that the PCdR protested
3669:, which contributed to unease inside the PMR and resulted in a wave of arrests. While refusing to allow dissemination of Soviet literature exposing Stalinism (writers such as
2557:
on 31 August, and thereafter played a crucial role in supporting the Communist Party's rise to power as the Soviet military command virtually ruled the city and the country (
3471:). Executive and PMR leaderships remained in Gheorghiu-Dej's hands until his death in 1965 (with the exception of 1954–1955, when his office of PMR leader was taken over by
2344:
reports that, in Bucharest, between January 1941 and September 1942, 143 individuals were tried for communism, of which 19 were sentenced to death and 78 to prison terms or
1061:
2904:
11260:
10706:
4444:, an engineer working in Bucharest, was imprisoned after distributing 20,000 leaflets which called for a popular rally against the regime, while a protests of miners in
4165:. In effect, measures to concentrate power in Ceaușescu's hands were taken as early as 1967, when the general secretary became the ultimate authority on foreign policy.
4300:, first manifested when much of the budget was diverted to support an over-sized industry, was made more drastic by the political decision to pay in full the country's
11614:
10616:
4066:—negotiations did not yield a clear result. Although military intervention in Romania was reportedly taken into consideration by the Soviets, there is indication that
10246:
3136:
2620:. By 1947, it grew to around 710,000 members. Although the PCR was still highly disorganized and factionalized, it benefited from Soviet backing (including that of
521:, which entails a democratic and open discussion on policy on the condition of unity in upholding the agreed-upon policies. The highest body within the PCR was the
3058:
1520:
3795:
2955:
3700:. This marked a toning down in the violence and scale of repression, after almost twenty years during which the Party had acted against political opposition and
1545:
980:
3985:
3114:
12411:
10701:
10580:
3042:
6068:
3876:
1879:
The PCdR was thus unable to send representatives to the Comintern, and was virtually replaced abroad by a delegation of various activists who had fled to the
994:
685:(the latter was refounded in 1927, reuniting those opposed to communist policies). The establishment was linked with the socialist group's affiliation to the
9645:
1125:
656:
The mine owner to the miner: "A socialist, you say? My son is a socialist too, but without going on strike..., that is why he already has his own capital..."
4466:
9881:
4360:
3653:
and other dissident Hungarian leaders were imprisoned on Romanian soil. The Hungarian rebellion also sparked student protests in such places as Bucharest,
2926:
with a joint leadership reflecting an uneasy balance between the external and internal wings: while Gheorghiu-Dej retained his general secretary position,
2680:
4219:
9965:
2838:
2829:
governments refused to recognize Groza's administration, King Michael called on Groza to resign. When he refused, the monarch went to his summer home in
10958:
10403:
3177:
Party control over the security forces was successfully used on 8 November 1945, when the opposition parties organised a demonstration in front of the
1085:
973:
3558:, Gheorghiu-Dej began to steer Romania towards a more "independent" path while remaining within the Soviet orbit during the late 1950s. Following the
2602:
12872:
12787:
10595:
9960:
3575:
3151:
3079:
2171:
2122:
1054:
9784:
6486:, 80 party members, not more, not less. And throughout the land, our party had less than 1,000 party members, including our comrades in prisons and
4070:
had himself ruled out Romanian participation in Warsaw Pact maneuvers, and that he continued to rely on Ceaușescu's support for other common goals.
3960:
from the government, and ultimately from the party leadership, and began accumulating posts for himself. By 1969, he was in complete control of the
3790:. Moves to withdraw the country from Soviet overseeing were taken in quick succession after 1953. Khrushchev allowed Constantinescu to dissolve the
3380:
origin held 64% of party offices and 40% of higher government posts, while results of the recruitment efforts remained below official expectations.
3009:
11119:
10383:
10378:
9930:
9859:
9628:
9616:
9489:
4473:
to the authorities. This coincided with a noted popular rise in support for outspoken dissidents who were kept under house arrest, among whom were
4093:(May 1968), Romania was the recipient of Western world support going well into the 1970s (significant visits were paid by United States Presidents
3713:
2044:
and other high-ranking Communists). Journals viewed as associates of the party were closed down, and all suspected PCdR activists faced detention (
1891:" in the following decades). The interior party only survived as an underground group after it was outlawed by the Brătianu government through the
1033:
702:
4012:). This measure was instrumental in consolidating the new leadership while further increasing its distance from Gheorghiu-Dej's political legacy.
3126:
9970:
9515:
5529:
2146:
2126:
4311:
Two other programs initiated under Ceaușescu had massive consequences on social life. One of them was the plan, announced as early as 1965, to "
4207:, who criticized the heavy loans contracted in support of industrialization policies. In time, the new leader distanced himself from Maurer and
2082:(FRN), the newly created sole legal party of Carol's dictatorship, and attempt to attract members of its structures to the revolutionary cause.
12777:
12095:
11239:
10550:
10408:
6015:
5583:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5120:
5089:
5058:
4806:
3091:
3026:
2110:
2026:
1550:
845:
Romania had a minority population of 30%, and it was largely from this section that the party drew its membership—a large percentage of it was
788:
682:
545:
9532:
6290:
4367:, Ceauşescu also intensified political repression in the country (beginning in 1971). This took a drastic turn in 1977, when, confronted with
12862:
12812:
3326:
measure in August 1947 (severely limiting the amount convertible by people without an actual job, primarily members of the aristocracy). The
3141:
2071:), were severely drained—by political difficulties at home, as well as, after 1939, by the severing of connections with Moscow in France and
4755:. For example, until 2014 every post-revolution president had formerly been a member of the PCR. Among other small parties an unregistered
4129:
581:
10828:
10504:
10211:
9945:
9935:
9578:
6248:
4448:
against wage cuts was broken up by Securitate forces; three years later a strike organized by Romanian and Hungarian industrial workers in
3855:
3802:, which, being dependent on imports of iron from overseas, was for long a major strain on the Romanian economy. In 1957, Gheorghiu-Dej and
3248:
2291:
1047:
690:
678:
12601:
1931:
The interior wing began organizing itself as a more efficient conspiratorial network through regained Comintern control. The onset of the
822:
it had come to imply. (In turn, the early conflict between the PCdR and other minor socialist groups has been attributed to the legacy of
12832:
11216:
10988:
10920:
10696:
10621:
10267:
9985:
6507:
Dumitru Lăcătuşu, "Convenient Truths: Representations of the Communist Illegalists in the Romanian Historiography in Post-Communism", in
3701:
3146:
3053:
2290:, the Communist Party began approaching traditional parties that were engaged in semi-clandestine opposition to Antonescu: alongside the
2250:
1808:
1643:
1416:
1200:
4203:
Members of the upper echelons of the party who objected to Ceaușescu's stance were accused of supporting Soviet policies; they included
3838:. Romanian media was alone among Warsaw Pact countries to report Chinese criticism of the Soviet leadership from its source; in return,
17:
12837:
12827:
4463:
2771:
2703:
2457:
1842:
1388:
9397:
1964:
doctrine was not fully passed into the local party's politics, mainly due to the Soviet territorial policies (culminating in the 1939
11061:
10996:
10241:
4685:
3984:, were instrumental in ensuring legitimacy. Soon after 1965, Ceaușescu used his prerogatives to convoke a Party Commission headed by
1590:
9448:
4043:
for the Romanian population as a whole, which was similar to developments in most other Eastern bloc countries. Political scientist
3271:). Nevertheless, Social Democrats were excluded from most party posts and were forced to support Communist policies on the basis of
11536:
11033:
10767:
10757:
10474:
10393:
10302:
10297:
9874:
4059:
4016:
3499:
1510:
12867:
12782:
12184:
11472:
11454:
10631:
10484:
9940:
6034:
4763:
claim to be the successors of the PCR, with the latter entering Parliament in the 1992–1996 legislature under its former name of
4054:; a highly popular measure with the Romanian public, it led to sizable enrollments in the PCR and the newly created paramilitary
2731:
2639:
On PCdR initiative, the National Democratic Bloc was dissolved on 8 October 1944; instead, the Communists, Social Democrats, the
1861:, ordered the first in a series of repressions, and, in the context of trial, allowed for several communist activists (including
580:
in Romanian society and at the same time consolidating his grip on power whilst using the Party's authority to brew a persuasive
4733:
12817:
12807:
12481:
12421:
12396:
10951:
10863:
10833:
10721:
10626:
10479:
10368:
10226:
10170:
10005:
9950:
6117:
Kligman, Gail. "Political Demography: The Banning of Abortion in Ceausescu's Romania". In Ginsburg, Faye D.; Rapp, Rayna, eds.
5869:
5640:
5602:
4760:
4756:
4173:
4169:
4051:
3934:
3830:
in 1961, Romania initially gave full support to the Khrushchev's stance, but maintained exceptionally good relations with both
3288:
2815:
2664:
2299:
1383:
1140:
544:, as the party's guiding ideology and would remain so through much of its existence. In 1948, the Communist Party absorbed the
506:
287:
282:
10236:
10231:
12877:
12847:
12802:
12220:
12199:
11804:
11505:
11284:
10646:
9920:
9303:
7793:
7684:
6419:
6394:
4689:
4377:, the regime expelled him and others from the country. A more serious disobedience occurred in August of the same year, when
2590:
1973:
1438:
1175:
9620:
3535:
3211:
of its entire leadership. On 30 December 1947, the Communist Party's power was consolidated when King Michael was forced to
3181:
to express solidarity with King Michael, who was still refusing to sign his name to new legislation, on the occasion of his
3166:
countries, was to provide a base of support for Gheorghiu-Dej. The conference also saw the first mention of the PCdR as the
2605:'s account, the conflict's first stage was centered on Communist allegations that Maniu had encouraged violence against the
2017:
government (who had intensified repression of Communist groups), finding themselves placed in an unusual position after the
12857:
11458:
10469:
10292:
9925:
9890:
9738:
4388:
4137:
2856:
that advertised, among others, an interest into peasant issues and a respect for property (in front of common fears that a
2795:
1433:
1393:
1135:
377:
9690:, Working Paper No. 37, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 2002; Retrieved on 5 July 2007
12822:
12340:
11933:
11800:
11491:
11304:
11279:
10853:
10418:
10388:
10338:
10282:
10076:
9955:
9867:
5203:
5177:
5151:
4490:
4265:
3563:
3456:
1145:
589:
9512:" ("Collective Destiny, Involuntary Servitude, Totalitarian Misery: Three Myths of Romanian Communism"), p. 175–197
5988:
3964:. The circumstances surrounding this process are still disputed, but theories evidence that the support given to him by
2802:). The non-Communist ministers came from the Social Democrats (who were falling under the control of the pro-Communists
12852:
12746:
12566:
12552:
12451:
12235:
12088:
11986:
11542:
11343:
10982:
10641:
10590:
10433:
10353:
10055:
9915:
7610:
6063:
5900:
5862:
5832:
5790:
5761:
5731:
5701:
5671:
5633:
4729:
3786:
penetrated official discourse, largely owing to Gheorghiu-Dej's call for economic independence and distancing from the
3550:
upon the close of the PMR's 3rd Congress (June 1960). Nicolae Ceauşescu can be seen at Gheorghiu-Dej's right hand side.
3464:
3276:
2542:
1673:
1570:
12446:
4432:
A major act of discontent occurred inside the party during its XIIth Congress in late November 1979, when PCR veteran
4050:
A seminal event occurred in August 1968, when Ceaușescu highlighted his anti-Soviet discourse by vocally opposing the
3879:), the PMR itself took a stand against Khrushchevite principles by issuing, in late April, a declaration published in
743:
The early Communist Party had little influence in Romania. This was due to a number of factors: the country's lack of
12797:
12767:
12436:
12406:
12350:
11719:
11313:
11194:
11147:
11092:
10944:
10888:
10883:
10681:
10570:
10025:
9610:
9564:
9497:
6234:
6203:
6142:
5951:
3178:
2707:
1600:
9889:
3291:(FND), which won with 93.2 percent of the vote. By then, however, the FND had taken on the same character as other "
1935:, and the series of strikes infiltrated (and sometimes provoked) by the interior wing signified relative successes (
12587:
12476:
12360:
12335:
12225:
11762:
11208:
11041:
10777:
10772:
10752:
10747:
10534:
10438:
10175:
9995:
5247:
the head of state was called President of the State Council while after 1973 the post changed to that of president
2072:
1912:
Around the time of the party's Fifth Congress in 1931, the Muscovite wing became the PCdR's main political factor:
10333:
3346:'s Soviet-Romanian committee, was adopted in 1950. Of newly enforced measures, the arguably most far-reaching was
2032:
In the years following the elections, the PCdR entered a phase of rapid decline, coinciding with the increasingly
12355:
11857:
11394:
11188:
10428:
10131:
4697:
3642:
2209:
1801:
300:
8775:, p.416, 424, 434–442, 488–492; "Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"; Deletant, p.266-269; Negrici, p.221-226
3853:
The change in policies was to become obvious in 1964, when the Communist regime offered a stiff response to the
2021:, a fascist movement, signed an electoral pact with Maniu; participation in the move was explained by Communist
12401:
12320:
12230:
11328:
11270:
11010:
10878:
10823:
10742:
10464:
9990:
6534:
6361:
5590:
5578:
5563:
5520:
5470:
5426:
5378:
5335:
5287:
3872:
3709:
3189:
2898:
2873:
2621:
2353:
1998:
1605:
1580:
846:
31:
11606:
2302:
parties. At the time, virtually all the interior leadership was imprisoned at various locations (most of them
12466:
12194:
12145:
12081:
11402:
11230:
11027:
10782:
10651:
10272:
10190:
10040:
10035:
10030:
9773:
6086:"Romania: Information on the percentage of the population that are members of the communist party, from 1987"
5475:
4794:
4752:
4319:, the country was supposed to be left with 6,000); it also brought massive changes for the cities—especially
4185:
3997:
3754:
3468:
3405:
3267:) which remained the ruling party's official name until 24 July 1965 (when it returned to the designation as
3037:
2779:
2775:
2744:
2606:
2550:
2461:
1896:
850:
565:
483:
260:
12559:
11416:
10221:
12772:
12189:
11433:
11319:
11084:
10671:
10529:
10509:
10216:
9713:("The History of the Iron Guard, 1919–1941: The Mystique of Ultra-Nationalism"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1993
9683:
Gheorghiu-Dej and the Romanian Workers' Party: From De-Sovietization to the Emergence of National Communism
8908:
7179:
4437:
3807:
3646:
3460:
2676:
2648:
2560:
2522:
2395:
1977:
1490:
823:
815:
472:
212:
8413:, p.216; Frunză, p.440-441, 454–457; Deletant & Ionescu, p.17; Iordachi I.2, II.1; Tismăneanu, p.45-46
5941:
4385:, and, despite having reached an agreement with the government, were repressed and some of them expelled (
2791:
1981:
818:), and usually strongly supported the post-1919 territorial status quo—although they tended to oppose the
596:, but Romania kept its socialist-era constitution until 1991. Romania also retained its membership in the
12842:
12792:
12710:
11384:
11334:
11099:
10798:
10676:
10661:
10656:
10514:
10499:
9655:
6159:
6121:
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995 :234-255. Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE KIE/49442.
5936:
4478:
4223:
3530:
3347:
3284:
3200:
2684:
2660:
2652:
2369:
2295:
2268:
2106:
2006:
1965:
1932:
1905:
1411:
1190:
881:
737:
557:
229:
10936:
9576:"80 în București și mai puțin de 1000 în toată țara" ("80 in Bucharest and Less throughout the Country")
9509:
Destinul colectiv, servitutea involuntară, nefericirea totalitară: trei mituri ale comunismului românesc
4396:, was crushed and its leaders arrested on various charges in 1979. Progressively during the period, the
3295:"in the Soviet bloc. The member parties became completely subservient to the PMR, and had to accept its"
3259:'s group from the Social Democrats in March 1946). The Social Democrats merged with the PCR to form the
2872:, the Communists consecrated their control of the legal system—the process included the creation of the
2510:
officers, and armed Communist-led civilians supported by the National Democratic Bloc arrested dictator
608:
12545:
12330:
11663:
11527:
11499:
11448:
11375:
11002:
10848:
10818:
10524:
10423:
10358:
10343:
10287:
10106:
10096:
9639:
6526:
6297:
6131:
Sabrina P. Ramet (2004). "Church and State in Romania before and after 1989". In Henry F. Carey (ed.).
4055:
3339:
2846:
2656:
2079:
2078:
Consequently, the executive committee of the Comintern called on Romanian Communists to infiltrate the
1794:
1560:
1465:
674:
641:
428:
190:
120:
9716:
8736:, p.412-414; "Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"; Deletant & Ionescu, p.29, 46; Iordachi, II.1
8475:, p.216-217, 220–221; Deletant & Ionescu, p.15-19; Frunză, p.445-449, 458–461; Tismăneanu, p.32-34
7129:, p.50-55; Chant, p.84-85, 124–125, 303; Deletant, p.3-4, 241–246, 265–266, 343–346; Frunză, p.128-137
6316:
4304:(in 1983, this was set at 10 billion United States dollars, of which 4.5 billion was accumulated
4257:
3459:
which removed Jews from leading positions in that country's Communist government. At the same time, a
2718:
as Prime Minister, with the Soviet government suggesting it would reinstate Romanian sovereignty over
1821:
Shortly after its creation, the PCdR's leadership was alleged by authorities to have been involved in
12626:
12471:
12431:
12365:
12345:
12204:
11686:
11562:
11154:
11047:
10666:
10575:
10454:
10413:
10185:
10126:
10116:
10071:
10050:
10045:
10010:
9980:
8553:, p.398-399; "Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"; Deletant & Ionescu, p.25; Frunză, p.472-474
4681:
4659:
4348:, in return for payments from the latter country. Overall, around 200,000 Germans left, most of them
4312:
4241:
4204:
3827:
3742:
3587:
3559:
3256:
3232:
2538:
2222:
1925:
1728:
1565:
837:
were a minority in its ranks until after the end of World War II: between 1924 and 1944, none of its
447:
control. During the 1920s and the 1930s, most of its activists were imprisoned or took refuge in the
130:
11875:
6553:, p.18-45; Frunză, p.38-48, 63–72; Iordachi, I.2; Pokivailova, p.48; Troncotă, p.19-20; Veiga, p.222
6275:
4109:
3424:, and their supporters from the party—alleging that their various political attitudes were proof of"
1980:), and small Communist groups became active in the leftist sections of mainstream parties. In 1934,
1952:
1026:
12416:
11853:
11390:
10716:
10585:
10565:
10363:
10180:
9731:
5802:
5484:
5435:
5392:
5344:
5301:
3408:. After October 1945, the two former groups had associated in neutralizing Pătrăşcanu's—exposed as"
3303:
2234:
1595:
1555:
1180:
604:
456:
295:
166:
9802:
4827:
4433:
3119:
3031:
2916:
2740:
2492:
2105:: an entire generation of party activists was killed on Stalin's orders, including, among others,
1899:
12731:
12679:
12657:
12391:
11577:
11179:
11138:
10858:
10494:
10307:
8128:, p.136, 206–207; Deletant & Ionescu, p.8-9; Frunză, p.425; Tismăneanu, p.11-12, 16–19, 24–26
4324:
3989:
2586:
2166:
2064:
2014:
1668:
1638:
1371:
311:
9575:
7785:
7019:, p.42-52, 132–134, 332, 335–336, 343–344; Deletant, p.196, 238–239, 303; Frunză, p.122-123, 138
6252:
4155:). During the early 1970s, while curbing liberalization, he launched his own version of China's
3988:, charged with investigating both Stalinist legacy and Gheorghiu-Dej's purges: resulting in the
3688:(created in 1949 and rapidly growing in numbers) maintained a steady pace in its suppression of"
2889:(created in the summer of 1945), directing the bulk of Romanian trade towards the Soviet Union.
600:
until its dissolution on 1 July 1991; that role had been largely symbolic since the late 1960s.
12516:
12456:
12370:
12292:
11913:
11476:
10873:
10726:
10691:
10686:
10636:
10555:
10312:
10091:
9824:
9814:
9469:
7860:
7775:
6353:
6347:
5595:
5063:
4845:
4833:
4632:, the final crisis of the PCR and its regime began in the autumn, when industrial employees in
4401:
4101:, in 1969 and 1975 respectively, while Ceaușescu was frequently received in Western capitals).
3764:
3718:
3674:
3554:
Uncomfortable and possibly threatened by the reformist measures adopted by Stalin's successor,
3539:
3467:
while moving Groza to the presidency of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly (de facto
3397:
3236:
2992:
2981:
2912:
2826:
2787:
2766:
On 6 March, Groza became leader of a Communist-led government and named Communists to lead the
2517:
2488:
2427:
2407:
1948:
1869:
1858:
1653:
1293:
955:
819:
549:
460:
11895:
9677:
5970:
4505:
At the same time, the ideological viewpoint was changed, with the party no longer seen as the
3933:
and other PCR leaders in August 1968, addressing the Romanian public at a rally to oppose the
3204:
3021:
439:. After being outlawed in 1924, the PCR remained a minor and illegal grouping for much of the
12315:
10843:
10838:
10813:
10348:
10328:
10136:
10111:
10086:
10081:
5946:
4181:
3759:
3595:
3513:
3444:
3272:
2803:
2767:
2719:
2610:
2507:
2254:
2218:
1938:
1838:
1826:
1733:
1663:
1633:
1195:
514:
239:
12019:
11812:
8163:, p.198-200, 207; Deletant & Ionescu, p.9-13; Frunză, p.426-428-434; Tismăneanu, p.19-23
6106:
3953:
3627:
3603:
3358:, while around 80,000 peasants faced trial for resisting and 17,000 others were uprooted or
3215:. The Communist-dominated legislature then abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Romania a "
3170:(PCR), the new name being used as a propaganda tool suggesting a closer connection with the
3131:
2965:
2869:
2331:
2052:
1854:
1278:
857:. Actual or perceived ethnic discrimination against these minorities added to the appeal of
12736:
12689:
12486:
12128:
12104:
12029:
11971:
11732:
11078:
10893:
10808:
10762:
10519:
10489:
10459:
10195:
9839:
9556:
8439:, p.220, 321–325; Deletant & Ionescu, p.18; Iordachi I.2, II.1; Tismăneanu, p.34, 48–49
8115:, p.206, 217; Deletant & Ionescu, p.8, 9; Frunză, p.430-434; Tismăneanu, p.15-16, 18–19
4745:
4579:
4405:
4349:
4227:
4114:
4001:
3981:
3926:
3779:
3623:
3599:
3359:
3343:
3323:
3287:
dissolved themselves in 1953). The PMR fought the elections as the dominant partner of the
3280:
3216:
2970:
2923:
2811:
2691:
2640:
2546:
2484:
2406:, who, alarmed by Soviet successes, was trying to reach a satisfactory compromise with the
2375:
2287:
2230:
1969:
1423:
1228:
1160:
1019:
858:
826:'s quasi-Poporanist ideas inside the latter, as an intellectual basis for the rejection of
806:
influence, placed its focus on the peasantry (as it notably did with the early advocacy of
780:
561:
533:
526:
479:
432:
382:
235:
221:
178:
12652:
11923:
9829:
9423:"Petre Ignatencu: Πραγματική κυβέρνηση της Ρουμανίας είναι το ΔΝΤ και η Παγκόσμια Τράπεζα"
8102:, p.206, 217–218; Deletant & Ionescu, p.7-8, 9; Frunză, p.424-425; Tismăneanu, p.9, 16
6059:
5795:
5125:
4851:
3941:
3930:
3571:
3388:
During the period, the central scene of the PMR was occupied by the conflict between the "
3240:
2960:
2572:
2233:). As the border changes sparked a political crisis leading to an Iron Guard takeover—the
2187:
1333:
502:
73:
8:
12282:
11890:
10925:
9724:
9651:
The Anatomy of a Historical Conflict: Romanian-Hungarian Diplomatic Conflict in the 1980s
4721:
4717:
4623:
4494:
4436:
spoke out against Ceaușescu's policy of discouraging discussions and relying on obedient
4335:
4316:
4293:
4156:
3965:
3949:
3940:
Gheorghiu-Dej died in March 1965 and was succeeded by a collective leadership made up of
3847:
3705:
3689:
3641:, remained an agent of political repression: it fully supported Khurshchev's invasion of
3591:
2388:
2142:
2010:
1921:
1834:
1718:
1698:
1623:
1495:
1253:
987:
807:
623:
593:
452:
372:
252:
12511:
12009:
11827:
11737:
4667:
4647:
of the movement's leaders, and handed out sentences of imprisonment and internal exile.
4639:
4445:
4208:
4078:
2483:"(at the time, it was headed by former inmates of Caransebeș prison); replaced with the
568:
stance was continued under the leadership of Nicolae Ceaușescu. Following an episode of
12705:
12287:
12014:
11245:
10015:
9975:
9796:
9758:
9602:
7615:
6487:
4819:
4776:
4541:
4364:
4289:
4189:
4040:
4032:
3969:
3803:
3783:
3738:
3355:
3299:"as a condition of their continued existence. Groza, however, remained Prime Minister.
3103:
3084:
2950:
2822:
2760:
2472:
2465:
2311:
2237:—the interior wing's confusion intensified: the upper echelon faced investigation from
2175:
2090:
2037:
1846:
1830:
1703:
1428:
1338:
1263:
1258:
1233:
1150:
1094:
1001:
926:
873:
776:
436:
347:
267:
68:
12049:
11885:
11865:
9518:, "Mitul patriei primejduite" ("The Myth of the Fatherland in Peril"), p. 220–226
6038:
4663:
4440:(he was subsequently heckled, evicted from the Congress hall, and isolated). In 1983,
4276:
The renewed industrialization, which based itself on both a dogmatic understanding of
4133:
3547:
3014:
2695:
2225:), but evidence is inconclusive (party documents attesting the policy are dated after
1273:
12277:
12272:
12039:
11976:
11956:
11832:
11742:
11439:
10868:
10000:
9790:
9768:
9681:
9606:
9560:
9493:
9299:
9288:
7789:
7680:
7045:, p.52; Deletant, p.116, 123, 196–198, 219, 225, 254, 303, 311, 332–333, 335–336, 340
6530:
6415:
6390:
6367:
6357:
6230:
6199:
6138:
6001:
5383:
4812:
4788:
4741:
4710:
4701:
4677:
4672:
4603:
4587:
4551:
4526:
4510:
4499:
4425:
4284:
goals, brought major economic problems to Romania, beginning with the effects of the
4277:
4177:
4090:
3993:
3961:
3835:
3823:
3631:
3583:
3555:
3543:
3421:
3171:
2986:
2931:
2752:
2699:
2625:
2500:
2479:, who was still general secretary, was deposed by with Soviet approval by the rival "
2476:
2246:
2213:
2191:
2094:
2068:
1917:
1723:
1455:
1313:
1238:
1185:
950:
938:
838:
744:
666:
407:
398:
272:
63:
4684:
provoked an international response, as Romania was subjected to a resolution of the
3810:
from Romanian soil. As early as 1956, Romania's political apparatus reconciled with
3734:
2842:
2833:
and refused to sign any government decrees or bills (a period colloquially known as
2735:
The Communist Party's National Conference of October 1945. Pictured, left to right:
2335:
1248:
12667:
12267:
12034:
11999:
11918:
11747:
11727:
11699:
10803:
9819:
9763:
9555:("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"),
9523:
7781:
5292:
4839:
4782:
4655:
4533:
principles in both its internal policies and its relations with the outside world.
4344:
4245:
4145:
4036:
3957:
3607:
3567:
3472:
3425:
3307:
2945:
2862:
2756:
2711:
2361:
2203:
2150:
2114:
2033:
1862:
1770:
1758:
1628:
1515:
1505:
1348:
1303:
1288:
1130:
931:
670:
173:
11752:
9808:
6479:
6160:"From legal tolerance to social acceptance: predictors of heterosexism in Romania"
4823:
4212:
4118:
3860:
3692:", until as late as 1962–1964. In 1962–1964, the party leadership approved a mass
3156:
3063:
2920:
2807:
2496:
2415:
2411:
2323:
650:
Criticism among socialist groups, as illustrated in a December 1922 caricature by
12715:
12245:
12138:
11994:
11961:
11951:
11780:
11694:
11638:
10915:
9707:
9650:
9594:
9587:
9582:
9451:, jurnalul.ro : Istoria comunismului, 26 July 2005, accessed 23 January 2019
8701:, p.404, 412–415; Deletant & Ionescu, p.22; Frunză, p.513-514; Iordachi, II.1
6193:
6132:
6085:
6072:
4737:
4297:
4285:
4268:
on Romania referred to the PCR's "Stalinist repression of individual liberties."
4067:
4063:
4020:
3886:
3811:
3772:
3697:
3678:
3491:
3335:
3331:
3319:
3193:
3096:
3068:
3004:
2668:
2469:
2238:
2130:
1942:), but gains were not capitalized—as lack of ideological appeal and suspicion of
1866:
1782:
1738:
1525:
1470:
1353:
1308:
1283:
1243:
1110:
842:
756:
651:
510:
476:
440:
416:
12325:
10121:
2432:
2360:
or other heritage, deporting the majority of the former, alongside Romanian and
694:
12662:
12461:
12375:
11941:
11817:
11785:
11775:
11709:
11636:
10600:
10020:
9778:
9295:
9233:, p.491-494; Deletant & Ionescu, p.32, 44–46; Frunză, p.520; Iordachi, II.3
6469:
Allegations in the Social-Democratic press, 1923, in Frunză, p.30; Iordachi I.2
5568:
4800:
4644:
4611:
4566:
Especially during the 1980s, clientelism was further enhanced by a new policy,
4545:
4506:
4441:
4420:
4353:
3910:
3909:, and the last stage of the Gheorghiu-Dej regime was popularly identified with
3670:
3611:
3502:; Tito was routinely attacked by the official press, and the Romanian-Yugoslav
3373:
3296:
2903:
The Communist Party held its first open conference (16–22 October 1945, at the
2714:
went to Bucharest to request the monarch that he appoint Communist sympathizer
2327:
2319:
2259:
2047:
2022:
1648:
1343:
1298:
1165:
943:
603:
The PCR co-ordinated several organizations during its existence, including the
569:
518:
12044:
12024:
11837:
4382:
3973:
3794:
in 1954, followed by the closing of Romanian-Soviet cultural ventures such as
12761:
12674:
12647:
12155:
11966:
11946:
11880:
11770:
11704:
11513:
11253:
10711:
9543:
8615:, p.403-412, 414; Deletant & Ionescu, p.27; Frunză, p.475; Negrici, p.221
7672:
4651:
4607:
4571:
4530:
4301:
4261:
4136:(herself promoted to high offices) after visiting North Korea and noting the
4094:
4074:
3977:
3726:
3722:
3452:
3448:
3327:
3292:
2976:
2598:
2511:
2345:
2279:
2272:
2179:
2138:
2098:
2056:
1960:
1913:
1822:
1658:
1448:
1268:
1223:
1170:
1155:
811:
698:
541:
536:, a fusion of the original ideas of German philosopher and economic theorist
468:
256:
8833:
Deletant & Ionescu, p.31; Frunză, p.472, 475, 476–478, 479–480, 483, 511
6371:
6249:"Rethinking National Identity after National-Communism? The case of Romania"
5020:
4236:
4151:
2307:
12004:
11870:
11642:
11582:
11485:
11202:
11055:
10141:
9667:
T. A. Pokivailova, "1939–1940. Cominternul și Partidul Comunist din România
9503:
8890:
US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"; Deletant & Ionescu, p.26
6387:
Communism in Romania : a study of Romanian communism from 1920 to 1947
5094:
4486:
4474:
4339:
4082:
4044:
3945:
3906:
3898:
3831:
3579:
3483:
3440:
3311:
3188:
The PCR and its allies, grouped in the Bloc of Democratic Parties, won the
3163:
3073:
2384:
2349:
2226:
2134:
1991:
1880:
1850:
1480:
1460:
1318:
792:
779:). In 1924, the Comintern provoked Romanian authorities by encouraging the
760:
752:
585:
464:
448:
336:
9465:
7764:, p.76, 251–253; Deletant & Ionescu, p.3-4; Frunză, p.393-394, 412–413
6349:
Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design
6276:"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?"
4725:
4713:—Ceaușescu was reelected for another five-year term as General Secretary.
3654:
3247:
In February 1948, the Communists ended a long process of infiltrating the
2628:). After 1944, it was leading a paramilitary wing, the Patriotic Defense (
2553:—the first Communist to hold high office in Romania. The Red Army entered
2340:
2315:
2183:
689:(just before the latter's Third Congress): after a delegation was sent to
12741:
12608:
12580:
12240:
12133:
11671:
11587:
11466:
11367:
10966:
10262:
10101:
9599:
Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944
9479:
8365:, p.215, 218; Frunză, p.437, 449, 452–453; Tismăneanu, p.14-15, 43–44, 50
7808:
US Library of Congress:"The Communist Party"; Deletant & Ionescu, p.3
4706:
4636:
called a strike that immediately drew echoes with the city's population (
4575:
4515:
4453:
4195:
4161:
4141:
4098:
4086:
4028:
4009:
4005:
3868:
3662:
3638:
3417:
3377:
3351:
3315:
2998:
2935:
2853:
2799:
2736:
2715:
2644:
2594:
2403:
2283:
2264:
2118:
2102:
2002:
1986:
1713:
1678:
1443:
1328:
1323:
1205:
903:
784:
597:
573:
553:
246:
8909:
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+ro0010%29
8449:
8024:, p.391-394; Deletant & Ionescu, p.7, 20–21; Tismăneanu, p.12, 27–31
7103:, p.49-50, 62;"Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"; Frunză, p.400-402
6311:
6195:
Governing Sexuality: The Changing Politics of Citizenship and Law Reform
4887:
4330:
3881:
3842:
officials complimented Romanian nationalism by supporting the view that
3814:, which led to a series of common economic projects (culminating in the
2576:
October 1944 rally in support of the National Democratic Front, held at
2394:
In June 1943, at a time when troops were suffering major defeats on the
1777:
908:
617:
572:
in the late 1960s, Ceaușescu again adopted a hard line by imposing the "
548:
and attracted various new members. In the early 1950s, the group around
153:
12684:
12594:
12441:
12150:
12073:
11790:
11676:
11112:
10560:
9746:
6491:
6478:
US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party". According to PCR leader
6020:
6018:" ("The UTC's Role in the Regime's Gear Mechanism"), Adrian Cioflancă,
4470:
4397:
4378:
4373:
4327:
and successive demolitions, new architectural guidelines were imposed (
3894:
3843:
3815:
3768:
3685:
3517:
3429:
3413:
3212:
3208:
3162:
The post-1945 constant growth in membership, by far the highest of all
3047:
2927:
2748:
2617:
2453:
2303:
2242:
2154:
2041:
2018:
1708:
1575:
1500:
854:
799:
768:
662:
161:
6223:
Southeastern Europe in the 19. und 20. century. Foreign ways– own ways
4456:
met with the same result. Also in 1983, fearing the multiplication of
4315:", which was meant to urbanize Romania at a fast pace (of over 13,000
2085:
Until 1944, the group active inside Romania became split between the "
1916:
replaced the entire party leadership, including the general secretary
55:
12118:
11822:
11572:
9670:" (1939–1940. The Comintern and the Communist Party of Romania"), in
7641:
US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"; Frunză, p.274, 350–354
6483:
5007:
4997:
4987:
4977:
4967:
4957:
4947:
4937:
4927:
4877:
4537:
4409:
4368:
4320:
3864:
3650:
3619:
3487:
3436:
3409:
3350:—by 1962, when the process was considered complete, 96% of the total
3255:—Singular Workers' Front, the PCR had profited from the departure of
2908:
2877:
2818:
parties (followers of Tătărescu and Alexandrescu's dissident wings).
2577:
2554:
2526:
2437:
2380:
2357:
1943:
1485:
1102:
834:
686:
577:
537:
444:
424:
316:
225:
217:
141:
6119:
Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction.
6035:"DDR & Ostalgie - Lexikon - Pionierorganisation der SR Rumänien"
5973:
Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe: Revised Edition
4633:
4599:
4558:
4260:
referred to the last 18 years of Ceaușescu's tenure as a period of "
3799:
798:
At the same time, the left-wing political spectrum was dominated by
576:", re-Stalinizing the party's rule by intensifying the spreading of
12573:
12123:
11069:
10898:
4716:
A month later, both Ceaușescu and the party were overthrown in the
4521:
4458:
4305:
3992:
of a large number of Communist officials (including, among others,
3897:, and eventually managed to have them recalled, making Romania the
3684:
Despite Stalin's death, the massive police apparatus headed by the
3637:
On the outside too, the PMR, leading a country that had joined the
3507:
3479:
2881:
2857:
2530:
2449:
2441:
2352:
Antonescu regime established a distinction between PCdR members of
2199:
2060:
1683:
1475:
827:
803:
775:(regions that, the communists argued, had been denied the right of
772:
646:
12165:
9552:
Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc
8239:
8237:
8235:
3748:
3478:
From the moment it came to power and until Stalin's death, as the
2852:
In the meantime, the first measure taken by the cabinet was a new
2694:
to form a second government which collapsed within weeks. General
12521:
11567:
11519:
11350:
10277:
9899:
9894:
9710:, Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919–1941: Mistica ultranaționalismului
8540:, p.393-397; Deletant & Ionescu, p.29-30; Tismăneanu, p.51-53
8299:, p.218-219, 220; Deletant & Ionescu, p.19; Frunză, p.456-457
6414:(1st ed.). Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos. pp. 1604–1605.
4907:
4281:
4231:
4168:
At the time, a new organization was instituted under the name of
4122:
4073:
While it appears that Romanian leaders genuinely approved of the
3791:
3787:
3693:
3495:
3439:
purges of Jews in particular from other Communist Parties in the
2886:
2383:, where improper feeding caused an outbreak of paralysis, and in
1884:
1873:
764:
748:
420:
6675:
6673:
4629:
4628:
Announced by a February 1987 protest of workers and students in
4035:. At the time, Ceauşescu made references to Gheorghiu-Dej's own
3666:
3251:(ensuring control through electoral alliances and the two-party
2093:
who looked to Gheorghiu-Dej as their leader) and the one around
759:, which was regarded as a colonial entity "illegally occupying"
9695:
Cristian Troncotă, "Siguranța și spectrul revoluției comuniste"
8232:
6075:, Ilarion Tiu, 10 mai 2006 - Accesat la data de 10 aprilie 2011
4917:
4897:
4700:
trade union—a sharp reversal of its previous opposition to the
4234:; this was the first in a succession of titles, also including
3839:
3658:
3503:
2830:
2365:
1693:
9181:
Deletant & Ionescu, p. 41–42; Frunză, p. 481–483
6192:
Carl Stychin (2003). "Sexuality and EU Accession in Romania".
5971:
Roger East, Jolyon Pontin, Bloomsbury Publishing, 6 Oct 2016,
4751:
Many former members of the PCR have been major players in the
4192:, and set up separate workers' councils for both communities.
2892:
1765:
361:
11130:
8749:, p.79-80, 429, 431, 489–490; Deletant & Ionescu, p.28-29
6670:
6490:." (Rangheț, 25–27 April 1945, in Colt). In the late 1940s,
6389:(1st ed.). Bucharest, Romania: POLIROM. pp. 49–52.
4449:
4393:
3677:), Romanian leaders took active part in the campaign against
3368:
2814:
ally, as well as, nominally, from the National Peasants' and
2157:'s mission to take over and reshape the surviving structure.
2101:. The exterior faction of the party was decimated during the
1688:
9264:, p.426-431; Deletant & Ionescu, p.30; Frunză, p.485-486
7611:"Romania's King Without a Throne Outlives Foes and Setbacks"
3239:
with delegates to the February 1948 PCR congress (the young
2414:, continued to back negotiations initiated by Antonescu and
2036:
tone of King Carol's regime (but in fact inaugurated by the
11597:
An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism
11594:
Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state
11296:
11261:
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde
11222:
11171:
11017:
8945:, p.467-468; Deletant & Ionescu, p.33-34; Frunză, p.512
8527:, p.393-397; Deletant & Ionescu, p.29-30; Frunză, p.472
7217:, p.51-52; Deletant & Ionescu, p.4-5; Frunză, p.218-219
6352:. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Rockport Publishers. pp.
3730:
1829:; all major party figures, including the general secretary
709:) left at different intervals beginning with January 1921.
9698:("Siguranța and the Specter of Communist Revolution"), in
9216:
US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"; Cioroianu,
8633:
US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"; Cioroianu,
4509:, but as the main social factor and the embodiment of the
3696:, extended to, among other prisoners, ca. 6,700 guilty of
2690:
Sănătescu resigned in November, but was persuaded by King
9203:
US Library of Congress:"The Communist Party"; Cioroianu,
8172:
Deletant & Ionescu, p.10-11, 34; Tismăneanu, p.21, 31
8089:, p.204; Deletant & Ionescu, p.7; Tismăneanu, p.10-12
7906:, p.180-182, 200–203; Frunză, p.403-407; Tismăneanu, p.16
5021:
President of the State Council and Presidential elections
4015:
In 1965, Ceaușescu declared that Romania was no longer a
3890:
2567:
2391:
and were shot by retreating German troops in March 1944.
1074:
540:, and Lenin, was introduced in 1929 by the Soviet leader
330:
9398:"Noul Partid Comunist Român, condus de un șofer de taxi"
8868:, p.489; Deletant & Ionescu, p.31; Frunză, p.483-484
8788:, p.489; Deletant & Ionescu, p.30-31; Negrici, p.221
6107:
DECRET Nr. 770 din 1 octombrie 1966-Ministerul Justitiei
4590:'s reforms, Ceaușescu himself wanted nothing to do with
517:, a principle conceived by Russian Marxist theoretician
9659:
9097:, p.479; Deletant & Ionescu, p.34-35; Frunză, p.526
7278:, p.55-56; Frunză, p.173-174, 220–222, 237–238, 254–255
6346:
Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006).
4252:("valuable advice") was coined by official propaganda.
4085:, and refused to break links with Israel following the
3916:
3199:
The following months were dedicated to confronting the
12412:
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
10702:
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
10581:
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
4089:. Starting with the much-publicized visit by France's
3482:
erupted, the PMR endorsed Soviet requirements for the
3222:
2241:(as well as other Comintern officials) on charges of "
10967:
Current and former ruling parties of communist states
9631:, Washington, D.C., April 2004; retrieved 5 July 2007
7151:
Deletant, p.243, 265–266, 269, 344; Frunză, p.130-145
4113:
The 1974 ceremony marking Ceaușescu's investiture as
3952:
as Premier. Ceaușescu removed rivals such as Stoica,
3524:
2634:
Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union
2475:. A seminal event also occurred during those months:
787:
republic on Romanian territory; also in that year, a
501:
in 1964 and 1965) until it was officially renamed by
11424:
Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe
8575:
Deletant, p.266-269; Frunză, p.474, 504–509, 513–518
8426:, p.220; Deletant & Ionescu, p.18; Frunză, p.453
8378:, p.215; Frunză, p.437, 449; Tismăneanu, p.14-15, 50
7774:
Kligman, Gail; Verdery, Katherine (14 August 2011).
6795:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6134:
Romania Since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society
5250:
4381:
miners went on strike, briefly took hold of Premier
4361:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
4230:, following a ceremony during which he was handed a
4144:, while incorporating in it several aspects of past
2651:(which was absorbed by the former in November), the
1883:
at various intervals (Romanian groups in Moscow and
9748:
General Secretaries of the Romanian Communist Party
9326:
9324:
8919:
Deletant & Ionescu, p.26, 32; Frunză, p.510-512
8723:, p.404-405;"Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"
7454:, p.295-296; Deletant, p.245-262; Frunză, p.228-232
7142:, p.51; Deletant, p.243-245, 257; Frunză, p.126-129
6520:
4184:claimed interest in obtaining allegiance from both
1546:
Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
9539:" ("Communism and the Man Who Lived the Illusion")
9287:
9281:
9279:
7493:, p.62, 91–93, 174–176, 194–195; Frunză, p.219-220
6566:, p.36; Frunză, p.71; Troncotă, p.19; Veiga, p.115
6509:Brukenthalia. Supplement of Brukenthal, Acta Musei
6137:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 290.
4770:
4711:Communist rule effectively ended in Czechoslovakia
4308:). By March 1989, the debt had been paid in full.
2632:, disbanded in 1948), and a cultural society, the
2410:(and, together with the National Liberals' leader
2221:'s cession to Hungary later in the same year (the
1086:Repression of communists in the Kingdom of Romania
783:in southern Bessarabia, in an attempt to create a
8273:, p.212-217, 219, 220, 372–376; Frunză, p.440-444
6784:
6345:
6157:
5053:President elected by the Great National Assembly
4586:While some elements of the PCR were receptive to
4536:As recorded in 1984, 90% of the PCR members were
3416:, his chief "Muscovite"rival, as well as purging
2387:, where some 50 were victims of the authorities'
2379:). Most Jews from the PCdR category were held in
12759:
11120:African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde
9629:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
9356:Deletant & Ionescu, p.39-40; Iordachi, III.4
9347:, p.487-488; Deletant & Ionescu, p.37, 40–41
9321:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8621:
7933:Deletant & Ionescu, p.5-6; Frunză, p.403-407
7851:, p.194-195, 200–201; Frunză, p.359-363; 407–410
6227:Berliner Jahrbuch für osteuropäische Geschichte.
6130:
4392:). A newly created and independent trade union,
4199:The Xth Party Congress, Romanian stamp from 1969
3338:were enforced beginning 11 June 1948. The first
2675:(the latter claimed the legacy from the defunct
2418:with the United States and the United Kingdom).
9971:Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania
9547:, Nr.25 (641), June 2002; retrieved 5 July 2007
9276:
9132:Deletant & Ionescu, p.38; Frunză, p.525-525
8645:
8643:
7834:
7619:, 27 January 2007; Retrieved on 7 December 2007
6807:
6805:
4748:parties, and remain major players to this day.
3302:A new series of economic changes followed: the
2525:in force, ordered the Romanian Army to enter a
607:, and organized training for its cadres at the
11018:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
9705:
9693:
9665:
9550:
9534:
9507:
9483:
9290:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire
8815:Deletant & Ionescu, p.23-24; Iordachi, I.3
8207:, p.221, 314–315; Deletant & Ionescu, p.19
7832:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7816:
7814:
7773:
6460:, p.45; Communist press, 1923, in Frunză, p.30
4643:). In December, authorities convened a public
4023:and changed the name of the party back to the
2868:It was also then that, through Pătrășcanu and
1079:
802:, an original ideology which partly reflected
789:Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
727:
717:
588:, which harmed its relationship with even the
12089:
11622:
10952:
9931:Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party
9875:
9732:
8618:
7838:US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"
6334:communism is a more radical leftist ideology.
6296:from the original on 21 May 2018 – via
3743:deportation to the inhospitable Bărăgan Plain
3622:who were supporters of Khruschevite reforms,
3310:(December 1946), and, in order to combat the
2698:was asked to form a government and appointed
2506:On 23 August 1944, King Michael, a number of
1802:
1126:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
1055:
10829:Federation of Socialist Parties from Romania
10384:Romanian Social Democratic Party (1990–2001)
10379:Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)
9946:Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
9936:Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania
8640:
8453:, 1964, in Iordachi I.2; in Tismăneanu, p.49
8321:, p.345-352; Deletant & Ionescu, p.13-15
6802:
6409:
6384:
6191:
6111:
3901:'s first country to have accomplished this.
2398:, the PCdR proposed that all parties form a
2364:in general, to camps, prisons and makeshift
2198:In 1940, Romania had to cede Bessarabia and
1857:cabinets, equated Comintern membership with
435:that would replace the social system of the
10697:National Democratic Hungarian-Szekler Party
10622:Bratstvo Community of Bulgarians in Romania
9986:Justice and Respect in Europe for All Party
8842:Deletant & Ionescu, p.30; Frunză, p.483
7811:
7032:, 1971, Bucharest: Editura Politică. p. 199
6523:The political economy of Romanian socialism
3451:targeted Jews in the Soviet Union, and the
3192:, although there is evidence of widespread
2893:1945 restructuring and second Groza cabinet
795:, was established inside the Soviet Union.
12096:
12082:
11629:
11615:
10959:
10945:
9882:
9868:
9739:
9725:
6482:: " on August 23, 1944, our party had, in
6412:Elections in Europe : a data handbook
6198:. Portland: Hart Publishing. p. 117.
4525:policies developed in the Soviet Union by
2941:The Central Committee had 27 full members
1809:
1795:
1389:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
1062:
1048:
880:
592:. It collapsed in 1989 in the wake of the
431:, it gave an ideological endorsement to a
54:
9638:("The History of Stalinism in Romania"),
9334:, p.486-487; Deletant & Ionescu, p.36
9285:
9032:, p.471-474; Deletant & Ionescu, p.24
8141:, p.136, 208; Tismăneanu, p.22, 23–24, 27
7786:10.23943/princeton/9780691149721.001.0001
4686:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
4493:. 64,200 basic party units, answering to
3034:– President of Central Control Commission
1591:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
679:Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party
27:Ruling party of Romania from 1953 to 1989
12873:Organizations of the Revolutions of 1989
12788:Political parties disestablished in 1989
12103:
10989:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
10753:Union of Patriots/National Popular Party
9966:Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars
9154:, p.479; Deletant & Ionescu, p.42-43
8997:, p.469; Deletant & Ionescu, p.47-49
8932:, p.467; Deletant & Ionescu, p.32-33
8194:, p.291-294; Deletant & Ionescu, p.4
6645:Argetoianu, June 1922, in Troncotă, p.19
6240:
4557:
4469:ordered all citizens to hand over their
4419:
4194:
4108:
4104:
3925:
3806:persuaded the Soviets to withdraw their
3758:
3534:
3231:
2730:
2571:
2521:). King Michael then proclaimed the old
2431:
2170:
2029:' refusal to collaborate with the PCdR.
1994:, itself banned later in the same year.
645:
532:Ideologically, the PCR was committed to
482:into abdicating, and it established the
11100:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
8220:, p.268-318; Frunză, p.367-370, 392–399
8011:, p.76, 181–182, 206; Frunză, p.393-394
6833:"Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"
6410:Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010).
6219:Stalinism und Neo-Stalinism in Romania.
3435:The move against Pauker's group echoed
833:The PCdR's "foreign" image was because
661:The party was founded in 1921 when the
14:
12760:
12422:National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)
11335:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
10834:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy
9961:Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs
9951:Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
9688:Cold War International History Project
9660:Romanian Institute for Cultural Memory
9625:Cold War International History Project
9621:Romania and the Warsaw Pact: 1955–1989
6229:Bd. 2). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1994,
4240:("Leader"), "supreme commander of the
4174:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy
4052:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2726:
2568:In opposition to Sănătescu and Rădescu
1924:, who was at the time a member of the
1384:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
1075:Communist Party of Romania (1921–1948)
12778:Political parties established in 1921
12221:Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia
12200:Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia
12077:
11610:
11440:Seychelles People's Progressive Front
11034:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin
10940:
10647:General Jewish Labour Bund in Romania
10505:National Peasants' Party–Alexandrescu
10154:
9863:
9720:
9536:Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia
9488:("The Myths of Romanian Communism"),
9110:, p.479; Deletant & Ionescu, p.35
9045:, p.473; Deletant & Ionescu, p.24
8971:, p.468; Deletant & Ionescu, p.33
7632:, p.93-94; Frunză, p.259-286, 329–359
7467:, p.77-93, 106–148; Frunză, p.240-258
6385:Giurgiu, Ioan; Pavel, Philip (2003).
6273:
5866:
5799:
5637:
5572:
4728:and eventually bringing to power the
4008:, and Romanian victims of the Soviet
3749:Gheorghiu-Dej and the "national path"
2468:, between the PCdR, the Soviets, and
1990:, a pro-Soviet group reaching out to
522:
406:
12863:Defunct socialist parties in Romania
12813:Defunct political parties in Romania
12602:Treceți, batalioane române, Carpații
11459:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
8334:, p.214; Frunză, p.442, 445, 449–450
7972:, p.195-196; Tismăneanu, p.19, 22–23
7946:, p.103; Deletant & Ionescu, p.3
7677:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
6246:
5015:
4271:
4218:At the XIth Party Congress in 1974,
3917:Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989)
1551:All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks
1521:20th Congress of the Communist Party
12341:Alliance for the Union of Romanians
11934:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
11492:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
11320:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution
10854:National Liberal Ecologist Alliance
10399:Social Democratic Party of Bukovina
10389:Romanian Socialist Democratic Party
10339:Democratic National Salvation Front
10283:National Democratic Christian Party
10077:Alliance for the Union of Romanians
10006:Renewing Romania's European Project
8501:, p.221-223, 275–276; Frunză, p.458
7666:
7296:Barbu, p.187-188; Frunză, p.174-177
7116:, p.50; Frunză, p.213, 218–221, 402
6494:gave the same estimate (Cioroianu,
6027:
4858:
4491:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4228:President of the Socialist Republic
3921:
3741:; another method of punishment was
3564:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3506:border became the scene of massive
3400:, and the newly emerged and weaker"
3330:was being overtly condemned, while
3223:Romanian Workers' Party (1948–1965)
2624:and other Soviet appointees to the
590:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
24:
12747:Unification of Moldova and Romania
12553:Dac-am plecat, Ardealule, din tine
12236:Union of Transylvania with Romania
12185:Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan
11987:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
11805:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
11543:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
11506:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
11285:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
10212:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
9591:, June 1999; retrieved 5 July 2007
6251:. www.eurhistxx.de. Archived from
4724:, begun as a popular rebellion in
4690:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
4130:cult of personality around himself
3546:(front row, right) at Bucharest's
3525:Gheorghiu-Dej and de-Stalinization
3469:President of the People's Republic
3383:
3203:, which was annihilated after the
2278:As Romania came under the rule of
1984:and other PCdR supporters created
1377:The History of the Communist Party
693:, a group of moderates (including
683:Social Democratic Party of Romania
408:[parˈtidulkɔmuˈnistrɔˈmɨn]
200:
25:
12889:
12838:1989 disestablishments in Romania
12828:Formerly ruling communist parties
12437:National-Christian Defense League
11720:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
11195:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
10884:Social Democratic Pole of Romania
10571:National-Christian Defense League
7955:1952 Constitution, in Cioroianu,
7609:Cioroianu, p.99; Craig S. Smith,
7480:, p.67-71, 372–373; Frunză, p.381
7432:, p.58-59; Frunză, p.198-200, 221
6016:Rolul UTC în angrenajul totalitar
5952:Social Democratic Party (Romania)
5251:Great National Assembly elections
4696:power-sharing agreement with the
4670:, sent Ceaușescu their so-called
4389:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977
3846:had been a traditional victim of
3190:Romanian elections of 19 November
2770:as well as the ministries of the
2514:and seized control of the state (
1951:before and after the large-scale
669:faction won control of Romania's
12588:Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire
12477:Everything For the Country Party
12336:National Identity Bloc in Europe
12226:Union of Bessarabia with Romania
12164:
11801:Hungarian Working People's Party
11763:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
11305:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
11280:Hungarian Working People's Party
11209:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
10748:Ecologist Union of Romania Party
10485:Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere
10419:Social Protection People's Party
10409:Social Democratic Workers' Party
10242:National Liberal Party–Tătărescu
9926:Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania
9898:
9838:
9636:Istoria stalinismului în România
9441:
9415:
9390:
9377:
9368:
9359:
9350:
9337:
9312:
9267:
9254:
9245:
9236:
9223:
9210:
9197:
9184:
9175:
9166:
9157:
9144:
9135:
9126:
9113:
9100:
9087:
9074:
9061:
9048:
9035:
9022:
9013:
9000:
8987:
8974:
8961:
8948:
8935:
8922:
8913:
8902:
8893:
8884:
8871:
8858:
8845:
8836:
8827:
8818:
8809:
8800:
8791:
8778:
8765:
8752:
8739:
8726:
8713:
8704:
8691:
8678:
8665:
8656:
8605:
8596:
8587:
8578:
8569:
8556:
8543:
8530:
8517:
8504:
8491:
8478:
8465:
8456:
8442:
8429:
8416:
8403:
8394:
8381:
8368:
8355:
8346:
8337:
8324:
8311:
8302:
8289:
8276:
8263:
8250:
8223:
8210:
8197:
8184:
8175:
8166:
8153:
8144:
8131:
8118:
8105:
8092:
8079:
8066:
8053:
8040:
8027:
8014:
8001:
7988:
7975:
7962:
7949:
7936:
7927:
7918:
7909:
7896:
7883:
7870:
7854:
7841:
7802:
7767:
7754:
7741:
7728:
7715:
7702:
7689:
7653:
7644:
7635:
7622:
7603:
7590:
7577:
7567:
7554:
7545:
7536:
7523:
7514:
7505:
7496:
7483:
7470:
7457:
7444:
7435:
7422:
7413:
7400:
7387:
7374:
7361:
7352:
6601:Iordachi, I.2; Pokivailova, p.47
5919:
5912:
5890:
5883:
5882:
5852:
5845:
5844:
5822:
5815:
5780:
5773:
5751:
5744:
5743:
5721:
5714:
5713:
5691:
5684:
5683:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5653:
5624:
5623:
5616:
5615:
5554:
5553:
5546:
5510:
5509:
5502:
5501:
5461:
5460:
5453:
5452:
5416:
5409:
5368:
5361:
5325:
5318:
5217:
5191:
5165:
5139:
5108:
5077:
4359:Although Romania adhered to the
3702:active anti-communist resistance
3566:, in which Khurshchev initiated
3486:. Aligning the country with the
3249:Romanian Social Democratic Party
2591:National Liberal Party-Tătărescu
1776:
1764:
1752:
1394:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
1379:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
1109:
635:
546:Romanian Social Democratic Party
360:
12482:People's Party – Dan Diaconescu
12447:National Liberal Party-Brătianu
12356:Romanian Socialist Party (2003)
10480:Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu
10429:Socialist Party of Transylvania
10369:People's Party – Dan Diaconescu
10237:National Liberal Party–Câmpeanu
10232:National Liberal Party–Brătianu
9852:indicate interim officeholders.
9365:Deletant & Ionescu, p.39-40
9318:Deletant & Ionescu, p.35-36
9220:, p.428; Frunză, p.504-518, 520
9194:, p.415, 426–432; Frunză, p.521
9163:Deletant & Ionescu, p.37-39
9019:Deletant & Ionescu, p.42-44
8593:Deletant & Ionescu, p.25-26
8462:Deletant & Ionescu, p.18-19
7343:
7334:
7321:
7312:
7299:
7290:
7281:
7268:
7255:
7242:
7233:
7220:
7207:
7198:
7185:
7172:
7163:
7154:
7145:
7132:
7119:
7106:
7093:
7084:
7075:
7066:
7057:
7048:
7035:
7022:
7009:
6996:
6987:
6978:
6975:Frunză, p.72; Pokivailova, p.48
6969:
6966:Frunză, p.103–104, 149–154, 215
6960:
6947:
6938:
6929:
6916:
6903:
6894:
6885:
6876:
6867:
6854:
6845:
6836:
6827:
6814:
6775:
6766:
6753:
6744:
6735:
6722:
6713:
6700:
6691:
6682:
6657:
6648:
6639:
6630:
6617:
6604:
6595:
6582:
6569:
6556:
6543:
6514:
6511:, No. 4, Sibiu, 2014, p.199-200
6501:
6472:
6463:
6450:
6441:
6428:
6403:
6378:
6339:
6304:
6267:
6212:
6185:
6151:
4771:General secretaries (1921–1989)
4562:The 65th anniversary of the PCR
4264:", and the last edition of the
3972:, as well as the ascendancy of
3265:Partidul Muncitoresc Român, PMR
2938:became the other main leaders.
2723:Rădescu, who fled the country.
2683:'s faction (separated from the
2458:Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive
2210:Soviet occupation of Bessarabia
2160:
12868:Nationalist parties in Romania
12833:Romania–Soviet Union relations
12783:1921 establishments in Romania
12231:Union of Bukovina with Romania
10879:Romanian Democratic Convention
10824:Democratic Group of the Centre
10682:Jewish National People's Party
10303:Progressive Conservative Party
9485:Miturile comunismului românesc
9123:, p.487-488; Frunză, p.486-489
9084:, p.478-479; Frunză, p.525-526
8566:, p.397-400; Frunză, p.473-474
8260:, p.300-319; Frunză, p.394-399
7780:. Princeton University Press.
6124:
6100:
6078:
6053:
6008:
5979:
5964:
5920:
5913:
5891:
5853:
5823:
5816:
5781:
5774:
5752:
5722:
5692:
5547:
5417:
5410:
5369:
5362:
5326:
5319:
4513:. In marked contrast with the
4244:", "honorary president of the
3893:advisers still present in the
2899:1946 Romanian general election
2880:, and constantly supported by
2622:Vladislav Petrovich Vinogradov
2440:greet Romania's new ally, the
2286:country, joined in the German
1581:Communist Party of New Zealand
1571:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
738:fall of one-party rule in 1989
32:Communitarian Party of Romania
13:
1:
12818:Left-wing nationalist parties
12808:Socialist Republic of Romania
12567:Doamne, ocrotește-i pe români
12467:Romanian National Unity Party
12195:Wallachian Revolution of 1848
11455:Supreme Revolutionary Council
10768:Party of Young Free Democrats
10758:National Reconstruction Party
10652:Group of Transylvanian Saxons
10535:Transylvanian Peasants' Party
10334:Communist Party (Nepeceriști)
10273:Conservative-Democratic Party
10191:Romanian National Unity Party
10031:Social Liberal Humanist Party
9476:, 1990; retrieved 5 July 2007
9458:
7274:Barbu, p.187-189; Cioroianu,
6679:Deletant & Ionescu, p.4–5
5476:Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski
4795:Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski
4507:vanguard of the working class
3755:National Communism in Romania
3610:and encouraged Stalinists to
3542:(front row, left) seeing off
3374:vanguard of the working class
3050:– Politburo member, Secretary
3001:– Politburo member, Secretary
2995:– Politburo member, Secretary
2989:– Politburo member, Secretary
2876:, charged with investigating
2288:offensive against the Soviets
981:List of imprisoned communists
729:Partidul Comunist din România
712:The party renamed itself the
12878:Romanian nationalist parties
12848:Far-left politics in Romania
12803:Communist parties in Romania
12397:Democratic Nationalist Party
12190:Moldavian Revolution of 1848
11858:Polish United Workers' Party
11395:Polish United Workers' Party
11085:Communist Party of Kampuchea
10778:Republican Party (1990–1993)
10773:Republican Party (1993–2004)
10632:Democratic Union of the Roma
10217:Free and Independent Faction
10171:Democratic Nationalist Party
9941:Cultural Union of Ruthenians
9449:Ultimul conducator ilegalist
9141:Deletant & Ionescu, p.35
8899:Deletant & Ionescu, p.32
8710:Deletant & Ionescu, p.22
8662:Deletant & Ionescu, p.27
7587:, p.95-96; Frunză, p.287-308
7564:, p.64-66; Frunză, p.287-292
6521:William E. Crowther (1988).
6167:Revista Română de Sociologie
3366:(the Romanian equivalent of
2911:) and agreed to replace the
2561:Soviet occupation of Romania
2421:
2318:). Some communists, such as
2231:invasion of the Soviet Union
1895:(named after its proponent,
1491:Chinese Communist Revolution
824:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea
18:Romanian Workers' Party
7:
12858:Defunct nationalist parties
12711:Re-latinization of Romanian
12402:Bessarabian Peasants' Party
10799:Alliance for Romanian Unity
10677:Jewish Democratic Committee
10627:Cultural Union of Albanians
10465:Bessarabian Peasants' Party
10155:
9656:Central European University
9058:, p.486; Frunză, p.516, 518
8063:, p.207, 375; Frunză, p.437
7924:Deletant & Ionescu, p.5
7675:& Philip Stöver (2010)
7650:Deletant & Ionescu, p.2
6088:. Refworld. 1 February 1996
5937:List of Romanian communists
5930:
4680:. At around the same time,
4617:
4371:'s movement in support for
4363:(1973) and signed the 1975
3531:De-Stalinization in Romania
3461:new republican constitution
3227:
2874:Romanian People's Tribunals
2847:Ministers without Portfolio
2841:and the National Peasants'
2107:Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea
1933:Great Depression in Romania
1906:Balkan Communist Federation
1511:Death and funeral of Stalin
1191:Soviet socialist patriotism
1080:Comintern and internal wing
841:was of Romanian ethnicity.
791:, roughly corresponding to
719:Partidul Socialist-Comunist
677:, successor to the defunct
423:. The successor to the pro-
301:Balkan Communist Federation
10:
12894:
12823:Far-left political parties
11664:Party of Labour of Albania
11528:Communist Party of Vietnam
11231:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
11062:African Independence Party
11003:Party of Labour of Albania
10849:Justice and Truth Alliance
10819:Christian Liberal Alliance
10475:Democratic Peasants' Party
10359:Party of Social Solidarity
10344:Democratic Party of Labour
10298:People's Party (2005–2006)
10288:National Renaissance Front
9921:Association of Macedonians
9425:. E-dromos. Archived from
9286:Sebetsyen, Victor (2009).
8958:, p.468-469; Frunză, p.512
8675:, p.409; Frunză, p.516-518
8343:Tismăneanu, p.37-38, 47–48
7663:, p.292; Frunză, p.355-357
7072:Frunză, p.123-125; 130–131
7006:, p.52; Frunză, p.103, 402
6984:Frunză, p.72, 105–107, 127
6438:, p.23-27; Frunză, p.21-22
6298:Friedrich Ebert Foundation
6158:Viviana Andreescu (2011).
4736:by the new authorities in
4621:
4292:. The profound neglect of
3935:invasion of Czechoslovakia
3826:of the late 1950s and the
3763:Foreign leaders attending
3752:
3528:
3490:, it officially condemned
3376:, reported that people of
2905:Mihai Viteazul High School
2896:
2673:Democratic Peasants' Party
2425:
2294:, it began talks with the
2164:
2080:National Renaissance Front
1606:Stalin Bloc — For the USSR
1561:Communist Party of Germany
1466:Soviet atomic bomb project
1083:
872:Communist movement in the
724:Communist Party of Romania
675:Socialist Party of Romania
642:Socialist Party of Romania
639:
630:
499:Partidul Muncitoresc Român
497:between 1948 and 1964 and
495:Partidul Muncitoresc Romîn
489:The party operated as the
484:Romanian People's Republic
473:Soviet occupational forces
429:Socialist Party of Romania
121:Socialist Party of Romania
29:
12853:Defunct communist parties
12724:
12698:
12640:
12627:Bessarabia, Romanian land
12618:
12537:
12530:
12499:
12472:Socialist Party of Labour
12432:National Fascist Movement
12384:
12366:Alliance for the Homeland
12346:Romanian Nationhood Party
12308:
12301:
12260:
12213:
12180:
12173:
12162:
12111:
11985:
11932:
11904:
11852:
11799:
11761:
11718:
11687:Bulgarian Communist Party
11685:
11662:
11653:
11649:
11563:List of communist parties
11558:
11535:
11512:
11498:
11484:
11473:National Liberation Front
11465:
11447:
11432:
11415:
11401:
11383:
11365:
11342:
11327:
11312:
11294:
11269:
11252:
11238:
11215:
11201:
11187:
11169:
11155:Congolese Party of Labour
11146:
11128:
11111:
11091:
11077:
11068:
11054:
11048:Bulgarian Communist Party
11040:
11026:
11009:
10995:
10981:
10972:
10921:List of political parties
10911:
10864:People's Democratic Front
10791:
10783:Transylvania–Banat League
10735:
10609:
10576:National Fascist Movement
10543:
10530:Socialist Peasants' Party
10470:Democratic Agrarian Party
10447:
10414:Socialist Party of Labour
10321:
10293:People's Party (1918–1938
10255:
10204:
10186:National Union from Banat
10163:
10150:
10127:Romanian Nationhood Party
10117:National Rebirth Alliance
10072:Alliance for the Homeland
10064:
10011:Romanian Nationhood Party
9908:
9847:
9836:
9754:
7384:, p.93; Frunză, p.187-189
6935:Frunză, p.90–91, 151, 215
6173:(3–4). București: 209–231
5997:, the Two-Faced Journal")
5993:, ziarul cu două fețe" ("
5942:Proclamation of Timişoara
5794:
5599:
5594:
5474:
5382:
5291:
5124:
5052:
4818:Provisional secretariat:
4765:Socialist Party of Labour
4753:post-1989 political scene
3767:'s funeral (March 1965).
3289:People's Democratic Front
3257:Constantin Titel Petrescu
2792:Petre Constantinescu-Iaşi
2665:National Democratic Front
2649:Socialist Peasants' Party
2529:with the Red Army on the
2223:Second Vienna Arbitration
1982:Petre Constantinescu-Iași
1978:Socialist Peasants' Party
1926:Communist Party of Poland
1833:, were prosecuted in the
1566:Communist Party of Greece
714:Socialist-Communist Party
368:
359:
354:
342:
323:
308:International affiliation
307:
294:
278:
266:
211:
196:
184:
172:
160:
148:
137:
131:Socialist Party of Labour
126:
116:
98:
80:
62:
53:
41:
12798:Banned communist parties
12768:Romanian Communist Party
12452:National Socialist Party
12427:Romanian Communist Party
12417:National Romanian Fascio
11906:Romanian Communist Party
11409:Romanian Communist Party
10722:Ukrainian Workers' Party
10717:Ukrainian National Party
10662:Hungarian People's Union
10657:Hungarian People's Party
10617:Autonomous Swabian Party
10591:National Socialist Party
10586:National Romanian Fascio
10566:National Christian Party
10500:National Peasants' Party
10394:Romanian Socialist Party
10374:Romanian Communist Party
10354:National Salvation Front
10132:Romanian Socialist Party
9956:Democratic Turkish Union
9627:, Working Paper No. 43,
9492:, Bucharest, 1997–1998.
9474:Country Study of Romania
7054:Deletant, p.196-197, 225
5957:
4761:Romanian Socialist Party
4730:National Salvation Front
4464:Minister of the Interior
4415:
4172:(eventually renamed the
4170:Front of Socialist Unity
4025:Romanian Communist Party
3871:texts (uncovered by the
3560:Twentieth Party Congress
3304:National Bank of Romania
3285:Hungarian People's Union
3269:Romanian Communist Party
3253:Frontul Unic Muncitoresc
3201:National Peasants' Party
3168:Romanian Communist Party
3110:and 8 candidate members
2704:Ministry of the Interior
2685:National Peasants' Party
2653:Hungarian People's Union
2452:reached and crossed the
2400:Blocul Național Democrat
2235:National Legionary State
2202:to the Soviet Union and
2182:regime, photographed in
2007:National Peasants' Party
2001:, the Communists backed
1974:Hungarian People's Union
1843:Minister of the Interior
1596:National Bolshevik Party
1586:Romanian Communist Party
1556:Albanian Party of Labour
1201:Transformation of nature
1181:Socialism in one country
988:1921 Dealul Spirii Trial
974:Repression of communists
897:Romanian Communist Party
609:Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy
605:Union of Communist Youth
443:and submitted to direct
395:Romanian Communist Party
167:Union of Communist Youth
44:Romanian Communist Party
30:Not to be confused with
12732:Anti-Romanian sentiment
12680:Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen
12658:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
12392:Romanian National Party
12351:Social Democratic Party
12331:People's Movement Party
11376:Workers' Party of Korea
11180:Communist Party of Cuba
11139:Chinese Communist Party
10889:Social Democratic Union
10525:Radical Peasants' Party
10495:National Agrarian Party
10434:Socialist Workers Party
10404:Social Democratic Party
10308:Romanian National Party
10097:People's Movement Party
10056:Union of the Ukrainians
10026:Social Democratic Party
9916:Association of Italians
9662:; retrieved 5 July 2007
6732:, p.41; Frunză, p.51-53
6498:, p.45; Frunză, p.202).
6317:Encyclopædia Britannica
5230:
4544:, leader of the PCR in
4323:, where, following the
4258:Encyclopædia Britannica
3710:Romanian Roman Catholic
3426:right-wing deviationism
3261:Romanian Workers' Party
2537:The King named General
2167:Romania in World War II
1966:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1669:Authoritarian socialism
1639:Stalin and antisemitism
1372:Foundations of Leninism
1034:Anti-fascist resistance
867:Part of a series on the
722:) and, soon after, the
491:Romanian Workers' Party
461:royal coup that toppled
403:Partidul Comunist Român
268:Political position
86:; 103 years ago
47:Partidul Comunist Român
12457:Crusade of Romanianism
12407:Democratic Union Party
12371:Romanian Village Party
12361:National Liberal Party
12293:Ferdinand I of Romania
11914:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
11637:Leaders of the ruling
11477:Yemeni Socialist Party
10874:Right Romania Alliance
10859:National Union PSD+PUR
10727:Union of Romanian Jews
10707:People's Council Party
10556:Crusade of Romanianism
10439:United Socialist Party
10227:National Liberal Party
10222:Liberal Union–Brătianu
10176:Democratic Union Party
10092:Nation People Together
9996:National Liberal Party
9706:
9694:
9666:
9581:7 October 2007 at the
9551:
9535:
9508:
9484:
9470:US Library of Congress
9071:, p.478; Frunză, p.524
8855:, p.491; Frunză, p.480
8824:Frunză, p.476, 510–511
8391:, p.215; Frunză, p.438
8076:, p.375; Frunză, p.437
7861:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
7195:, p.297; Frunză, p.208
7160:Frunză, p.171, 178–190
7090:Frunză, p.131-133, 139
7030:File din istoria U.T.C
7028:C. Bărbulescu et al.,
5596:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
5064:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
4846:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
4834:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
4830:(April–September 1944)
4757:party of the same name
4709:and the same day that
4563:
4429:
4402:involuntary commitment
4288:, and worsened by the
4242:Romanian People's Army
4200:
4128:Ceaușescu developed a
4125:
4077:reforms undertaken by
3944:as general secretary,
3937:
3776:
3765:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
3719:Danube-Black Sea Canal
3706:religious institutions
3675:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
3551:
3540:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
3398:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
3244:
3237:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
2993:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
2913:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
2810:) and the traditional
2788:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
2763:
2581:
2489:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
2448:In early 1944, as the
2445:
2195:
2194:, is second from left)
1949:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1825:'s bomb attack on the
1654:Stalinist architecture
1294:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
1027:Grivița strike of 1933
956:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
861:ideas in their midst.
745:industrial development
728:
718:
658:
550:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
402:
104:; 34 years ago
12560:Deșteaptă-te, române!
12546:Cântă cucu-n Bucovina
12316:Greater Romania Party
11854:Polish Workers' Party
11417:São Tomé and Príncipe
11391:Polish Workers' Party
10844:Hungarian German Bloc
10839:Green Ecologist Party
10814:Centre Right Alliance
10642:German People's Party
10364:Peasant Workers' Bloc
10329:Banat Socialist Party
10137:The Right Alternative
10112:Greater Romania Party
10082:Greater Romania Party
7533:, p.62; Frunză, p.233
6873:Frunză, p.84, 102–103
5947:Eastern Bloc politics
4828:Constantin Pîrvulescu
4561:
4500:political clientelism
4434:Constantin Pîrvulescu
4423:
4408:as a means to punish
4406:psychiatric hospitals
4313:systemize rural areas
4198:
4112:
4105:Ceaușescu's supremacy
3929:
3828:Soviet-Albanian split
3762:
3704:, as well as against
3596:Gheorghe Gaston Marin
3538:
3354:had been enclosed in
3306:was passed into full
3273:democratic centralism
3235:
3032:Constantin Pârvulescu
2917:Constantin Pîrvulescu
2885:effected through the
2768:Romanian Armed Forces
2741:Constantin Pîrvulescu
2734:
2720:Northern Transylvania
2657:Mitiţă Constantinescu
2611:Northern Transylvania
2575:
2508:Romanian Armed Forces
2493:Constantin Pîrvulescu
2435:
2338:. A statistic of the
2255:Gheorghe Gaston Marin
2219:Northern Transylvania
2174:
1939:Lupeni Strike of 1929
1900:Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu
1839:Constantin Argetoianu
1827:Parliament of Romania
1729:Soviet–Albanian split
1664:Anti-Soviet agitation
1634:Rise of Joseph Stalin
649:
515:democratic centralism
513:, organized based on
457:Peasant Workers' Bloc
240:Left-wing nationalism
207:3.6 million–4 million
102:22 December 1989
12737:Bessarabian question
12690:Corneliu Vadim Tudor
12487:United Romania Party
12321:New Generation Party
12105:Romanian nationalism
11972:Konstantin Chernenko
10894:Social Liberal Union
10809:Centre Left Alliance
10763:Party of Free Change
10515:Peasants' Party–Lupu
10490:League Against Usury
10460:Agrarian Union Party
10278:Constitutional Party
10196:United Romania Party
9557:Editura Curtea Veche
7777:Peasants under Siege
7419:Cioroianu, p.161-162
6900:Pokivailova, p.46–47
6274:March, Luke (2009).
6247:Petrescu, Cristina.
5004:14th (November 1989)
4994:13th (November 1984)
4984:12th (November 1979)
4974:11th (November 1974)
4746:democratic socialist
4660:Alexandru Bârlădeanu
4580:Paul Niculescu-Mizil
4350:Transylvanian Saxons
4334:). By 1966, Romania
4205:Alexandru Bârlădeanu
4148:regimes in Romania (
4115:President of Romania
4002:Miron Constantinescu
3982:Paul Niculescu-Mizil
3624:Miron Constantinescu
3600:Paul Niculescu-Mizil
3588:Alexandru Bârlădeanu
3344:Miron Constantinescu
2971:Miron Constantinescu
2547:coalition government
2539:Constantin Sănătescu
2376:Holocaust in Romania
2356:origin and those of
1920:—appointing instead
1887:, the sources of a "
1771:Socialism portal
1759:Communism portal
1674:Comparison to Nazism
1424:First five-year plan
1229:Yemelyan Yaroslavsky
1020:Tatarbunary Uprising
781:Tatarbunary Uprising
681:and the short-lived
527:President of Romania
475:, the PCR pressured
471:. With support from
433:communist revolution
296:European affiliation
279:National affiliation
236:Socialist patriotism
179:Pioneer Organization
12773:Romanian revolution
12283:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
11896:Mieczysław Rakowski
11891:Wojciech Jaruzelski
10926:Politics of Romania
10743:Ecological Movement
9991:League of Albanians
9678:Vladimir Tismăneanu
9646:Constantin Iordachi
9559:, Bucharest, 2005.
9466:The Communist Party
9429:on 18 February 2013
8352:Tismăneanu, p.34-36
8150:Tismăneanu, p.29-30
6957:, p.43, 52, 171–172
6488:concentration camps
6024:, 22 December 2006.
4934:7th (December 1955)
4924:6th (February 1948)
4914:5th (December 1931)
4734:tried, and executed
4718:Romanian Revolution
4624:Romanian Revolution
4610:and East Germany's
4250:indicații prețioase
4159:, announced by the
4157:Cultural Revolution
3998:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu
3966:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
3950:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
3848:Russian imperialism
3796:Editura Cartea Rusă
3708:(most notably, the
3645:in response to the
3592:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
3496:independent actions
3445:anti-"Cosmopolitan"
3406:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu
3243:stands to his left)
3038:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu
3022:Alexandru Moghioroș
2956:Constantin Câmpeanu
2821:As a result of the
2780:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu
2745:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu
2727:First Groza cabinet
2630:Apărarea Patriotică
2609:in newly recovered
2607:Hungarian community
2551:Minister of Justice
2518:King Michael's Coup
2462:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu
2444:, on 31 August 1944
2428:King Michael's Coup
2389:criminal negligence
2190:, future leader of
2176:Political prisoners
2143:Alexander Stefanski
2091:political prisoners
2063:or support for the
2025:as provoked by the
1922:Alexander Stefanski
1897:Minister of Justice
1876:to the tried PCdR.
1835:Dealul Spirii Trial
1783:Politics portal
1719:Sino-Albanian split
1699:National Bolshevism
1624:Anti-Stalinist left
1496:First Indochina War
1254:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
1141:Cult of personality
839:general secretaries
808:cooperative farming
707:Constantin Popovici
594:Romanian Revolution
582:cult of personality
455:, most notably the
453:front organizations
373:Politics of Romania
253:Social conservatism
12843:National communism
12793:Comintern sections
12706:Aromanian question
12288:Carol I of Romania
12146:National communism
12020:Dragoslav Marković
11924:Nicolae Ceaușescu
11246:New Jewel Movement
10268:Conservative Party
10065:Extraparliamentary
10041:Union of Croatians
10036:Union of Armenians
10016:Save Romania Union
9976:Force of the Right
9603:Palgrave Macmillan
9251:Iordachi, I.3, III
7616:The New York Times
7441:Frunză, p.200, 221
7397:, p.61-64, 159–161
6071:2018-03-13 at the
4964:10th (August 1969)
4884:2nd (October 1922)
4777:Gheorghe Cristescu
4676:, publicized over
4564:
4529:, Romania adopted
4430:
4365:Helsinki Final Act
4290:1979 energy crisis
4224:Mayor of Bucharest
4201:
4126:
4041:standard of living
4033:self-determination
4021:Socialist Republic
4017:People's Democracy
3986:Ion Popescu-Puțuri
3954:Alexandru Drăghici
3938:
3889:over the issue of
3784:national communism
3777:
3647:Revolution of 1956
3628:Iosif Chişinevschi
3604:Gheorghe Rădulescu
3552:
3447:campaign in which
3356:collective farming
3245:
3137:Dumitru Focșăneanu
3132:Alexandru Drăghici
3115:Liuba Chișinevschi
3106:– Politburo member
3104:Gheorghe Vasilichi
3076:– Politburo member
2973:– Politburo member
2966:Iosif Chișinevschi
2870:Alexandru Drăghici
2823:Potsdam Conference
2764:
2761:Gheorghe Vasilichi
2681:Anton Alexandrescu
2587:Gheorghe Tătărescu
2582:
2446:
2312:concentration camp
2196:
2053:Siguranța Statului
2038:1936 Craiova Trial
2015:Gheorghe Tătărescu
1958:In 1934, Stalin's
1872:'s granting of an
1855:Ion I. C. Brătianu
1847:Alexandru Averescu
1831:Gheorghe Cristescu
1704:National communism
1339:Vladimir Kryuchkov
1264:Vyacheslav Molotov
1259:Valerian Kuybyshev
1234:Kliment Voroshilov
1002:1936 Craiova Trial
927:Gheorghe Cristescu
874:Kingdom of Romania
820:centralized system
777:self-determination
659:
615:). In addition to
578:communist ideology
566:national communist
486:in December 1947.
437:Kingdom of Romania
348:The Internationale
261:National communism
69:Gheorghe Cristescu
12755:
12754:
12653:Nicolae Ceaușescu
12636:
12635:
12517:Cîntarea României
12495:
12494:
12302:Political parties
12278:Michael the Brave
12273:Stephen the Great
12256:
12255:
12205:Bridge of Flowers
12071:
12070:
12067:
12066:
12062:
12061:
12058:
12057:
11977:Mikhail Gorbachev
11957:Nikita Khrushchev
11876:Władysław Gomułka
11846:
11845:
11639:Communist parties
11604:
11603:
11553:
11552:
11549:
11548:
11359:
11358:
11163:
11162:
11107:
11106:
10934:
10933:
10907:
10906:
10869:Red Quadrilateral
10672:Italian Community
10520:Ploughmen's Front
10313:Vlad Țepeș League
10001:Party of the Roma
9891:Political parties
9857:
9856:
9700:Dosarele Istoriei
9642:, Bucharest, 1990
9615:Dennis Deletant,
9305:978-0-375-42532-5
9294:. New York City:
9273:Frunză, p.485-486
8806:Frunză, p.482-483
8400:Frunză, p.452-453
7795:978-0-691-14972-1
7685:978-3-8329-5609-7
7551:Frunză, p.234-239
7358:Frunză, p.183-184
7349:Frunză, p.181-182
7340:Frunză, p.180-184
7318:Frunză, p.180-181
7287:Frunză, p.186-190
7169:Frunză, p.163-170
6993:Frunză, p.106-107
6944:Pokivailova, p.45
6913:, p.42, 44, 48–50
6891:Pokivailova, p.47
6799:Pokivailova, p.48
6741:Troncotă, p.20–22
6636:Troncotă, p.18-19
6421:978-3-8329-5609-7
6396:978-3-8329-5609-7
6065:Și verzi și roșii
6060:Jurnalul Național
6005:, 14 January 2006
6002:Evenimentul Zilei
5928:
5927:
5796:Nicolae Ceaușescu
5532:
5487:
5438:
5395:
5384:Vitali Holostenco
5347:
5304:
5228:
5227:
5126:Nicolae Ceaușescu
5016:Electoral history
5013:
5012:
4894:3rd (August 1924)
4852:Nicolae Ceaușescu
4789:Vitali Holostenco
4742:social democratic
4702:Brezhnev Doctrine
4678:Radio Free Europe
4673:Letter of the Six
4588:Mikhail Gorbachev
4552:Goulash Communism
4527:Mikhail Gorbachev
4511:national interest
4426:Mikhail Gorbachev
4336:outlawed abortion
4278:Marxian economics
4272:Late 1970s crisis
4178:Central Committee
4091:Charles de Gaulle
3962:Central Committee
3948:as president and
3942:Nicolae Ceaușescu
3931:Nicolae Ceaușescu
3877:Stanisław Schwann
3863:'s publishing of
3836:Communist Albania
3824:Sino-Soviet split
3632:Constantin Doncea
3584:Grigore Preoteasa
3572:Nicolae Ceauşescu
3556:Nikita Khrushchev
3544:Nikita Khrushchev
3514:Tito–Stalin split
3422:Teohari Georgescu
3322:was imposed as a
3281:Ploughmen's Front
3241:Nicolae Ceaușescu
3217:People's Republic
3172:national interest
2987:Teohari Georgescu
2982:Constanța Crăciun
2961:Nicolae Ceaușescu
2932:Teohari Georgescu
2839:Mihail Romniceanu
2812:Ploughmen's Front
2753:Teohari Georgescu
2700:Teohari Georgescu
2661:Union of Patriots
2641:Ploughmen's Front
2626:Allied Commission
2523:1923 Constitution
2501:Communist Romania
2296:National Peasants
2251:German occupation
2214:Treaty of Craiova
2200:Northern Bukovina
2192:Communist Romania
2188:Nicolae Ceaușescu
2069:Spanish Civil War
1970:Ploughmen's Front
1918:Vitali Holostenco
1819:
1818:
1734:Tito–Stalin split
1724:Sino–Soviet split
1456:Spanish Civil War
1439:Industrialisation
1366:Theoretical works
1334:Nicolae Ceauşescu
1314:Nikos Zachariadis
1239:William Z. Foster
1186:Socialist realism
1072:
1071:
995:1924 Mârzescu Law
939:Vitali Holostenco
691:Bolshevist Russia
671:Social-Democratic
509:. The PCR was a
503:Nicolae Ceaușescu
391:
390:
378:Political parties
186:Paramilitary wing
127:Succeeded by
74:Nicolae Ceaușescu
64:General Secretary
16:(Redirected from
12885:
12535:
12534:
12512:Cenaclul Flacăra
12306:
12305:
12268:Vlad the Impaler
12178:
12177:
12168:
12098:
12091:
12084:
12075:
12074:
12035:Milanko Renovica
12010:Dušan Dragosavac
12000:Stevan Doronjski
11919:Gheorghe Apostol
11850:
11849:
11738:Alexander Dubček
11728:Klement Gottwald
11700:Valko Chervenkov
11660:
11659:
11656:
11655:
11651:
11650:
11631:
11624:
11617:
11608:
11607:
11426:
11363:
11362:
11263:
11167:
11166:
11122:
11102:
11075:
11074:
10979:
10978:
10975:
10974:
10961:
10954:
10947:
10938:
10937:
10158:
10152:
10151:
9903:
9902:
9884:
9877:
9870:
9861:
9860:
9842:
9741:
9734:
9727:
9718:
9717:
9712:
9697:
9669:
9605:, London, 2006.
9573:
9554:
9538:
9531:
9524:Adrian Cioroianu
9511:
9487:
9452:
9447:Paula Mihailov,
9445:
9439:
9438:
9436:
9434:
9419:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9408:
9394:
9388:
9387:, p.488, 493–494
9381:
9375:
9372:
9366:
9363:
9357:
9354:
9348:
9341:
9335:
9328:
9319:
9316:
9310:
9309:
9293:
9283:
9274:
9271:
9265:
9258:
9252:
9249:
9243:
9240:
9234:
9227:
9221:
9214:
9208:
9201:
9195:
9188:
9182:
9179:
9173:
9170:
9164:
9161:
9155:
9148:
9142:
9139:
9133:
9130:
9124:
9117:
9111:
9104:
9098:
9091:
9085:
9078:
9072:
9065:
9059:
9052:
9046:
9039:
9033:
9026:
9020:
9017:
9011:
9004:
8998:
8991:
8985:
8978:
8972:
8965:
8959:
8952:
8946:
8939:
8933:
8926:
8920:
8917:
8911:
8906:
8900:
8897:
8891:
8888:
8882:
8881:, p.416, 489–490
8875:
8869:
8862:
8856:
8849:
8843:
8840:
8834:
8831:
8825:
8822:
8816:
8813:
8807:
8804:
8798:
8795:
8789:
8782:
8776:
8769:
8763:
8756:
8750:
8743:
8737:
8730:
8724:
8717:
8711:
8708:
8702:
8695:
8689:
8682:
8676:
8669:
8663:
8660:
8654:
8647:
8638:
8631:
8616:
8609:
8603:
8602:Barbu, p.193-195
8600:
8594:
8591:
8585:
8582:
8576:
8573:
8567:
8560:
8554:
8547:
8541:
8534:
8528:
8521:
8515:
8508:
8502:
8495:
8489:
8482:
8476:
8469:
8463:
8460:
8454:
8446:
8440:
8433:
8427:
8420:
8414:
8407:
8401:
8398:
8392:
8385:
8379:
8372:
8366:
8359:
8353:
8350:
8344:
8341:
8335:
8328:
8322:
8315:
8309:
8306:
8300:
8293:
8287:
8280:
8274:
8267:
8261:
8254:
8248:
8241:
8230:
8227:
8221:
8214:
8208:
8201:
8195:
8188:
8182:
8179:
8173:
8170:
8164:
8157:
8151:
8148:
8142:
8135:
8129:
8122:
8116:
8109:
8103:
8096:
8090:
8083:
8077:
8070:
8064:
8057:
8051:
8044:
8038:
8031:
8025:
8018:
8012:
8005:
7999:
7992:
7986:
7979:
7973:
7966:
7960:
7953:
7947:
7940:
7934:
7931:
7925:
7922:
7916:
7915:Cioroianu, p.299
7913:
7907:
7900:
7894:
7887:
7881:
7880:, p.297, 298–300
7874:
7868:
7863:, in Cioroianu,
7858:
7852:
7845:
7839:
7836:
7809:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7771:
7765:
7758:
7752:
7745:
7739:
7732:
7726:
7719:
7713:
7706:
7700:
7693:
7687:
7670:
7664:
7657:
7651:
7648:
7642:
7639:
7633:
7626:
7620:
7607:
7601:
7594:
7588:
7581:
7575:
7571:
7565:
7558:
7552:
7549:
7543:
7540:
7534:
7527:
7521:
7518:
7512:
7509:
7503:
7502:Barbu, p.190-191
7500:
7494:
7487:
7481:
7474:
7468:
7461:
7455:
7448:
7442:
7439:
7433:
7426:
7420:
7417:
7411:
7404:
7398:
7391:
7385:
7378:
7372:
7365:
7359:
7356:
7350:
7347:
7341:
7338:
7332:
7325:
7319:
7316:
7310:
7303:
7297:
7294:
7288:
7285:
7279:
7272:
7266:
7259:
7253:
7246:
7240:
7237:
7231:
7224:
7218:
7211:
7205:
7202:
7196:
7189:
7183:
7176:
7170:
7167:
7161:
7158:
7152:
7149:
7143:
7136:
7130:
7123:
7117:
7110:
7104:
7097:
7091:
7088:
7082:
7079:
7073:
7070:
7064:
7061:
7055:
7052:
7046:
7039:
7033:
7026:
7020:
7013:
7007:
7000:
6994:
6991:
6985:
6982:
6976:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6958:
6951:
6945:
6942:
6936:
6933:
6927:
6920:
6914:
6907:
6901:
6898:
6892:
6889:
6883:
6882:Veiga, p.223–224
6880:
6874:
6871:
6865:
6858:
6852:
6849:
6843:
6840:
6834:
6831:
6825:
6818:
6812:
6809:
6800:
6797:
6782:
6779:
6773:
6770:
6764:
6757:
6751:
6748:
6742:
6739:
6733:
6726:
6720:
6717:
6711:
6704:
6698:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6668:
6661:
6655:
6652:
6646:
6643:
6637:
6634:
6628:
6621:
6615:
6608:
6602:
6599:
6593:
6586:
6580:
6573:
6567:
6560:
6554:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6518:
6512:
6505:
6499:
6476:
6470:
6467:
6461:
6454:
6448:
6445:
6439:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6295:
6280:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6244:
6238:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6164:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6128:
6122:
6115:
6109:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6082:
6076:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6041:on 26 April 2008
6037:. Archived from
6031:
6025:
6012:
6006:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5968:
5923:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5908:
5894:
5893:
5886:
5885:
5878:
5872:
5856:
5855:
5848:
5847:
5840:
5826:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5811:
5805:
5784:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5769:
5755:
5754:
5747:
5746:
5739:
5725:
5724:
5717:
5716:
5709:
5695:
5694:
5687:
5686:
5679:
5665:
5664:
5657:
5656:
5649:
5643:
5627:
5626:
5619:
5618:
5611:
5605:
5573:Did not compete
5557:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5527:
5513:
5512:
5505:
5504:
5497:
5482:
5464:
5463:
5456:
5455:
5448:
5433:
5420:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5405:
5390:
5372:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5357:
5342:
5329:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5314:
5299:
5255:
5254:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5025:
5024:
4863:
4862:
4859:Party congresses
4840:Gheorghe Apostol
4668:Corneliu Mănescu
4656:Gheorghe Apostol
4640:Brașov Rebellion
4568:rotația cadrelor
4538:ethnic Romanians
4467:George Homoștean
4446:Maramureș County
4345:Auslandsdeutsche
4280:and a series of
4246:Romanian Academy
4209:Corneliu Mănescu
4121:handing him the
4079:Alexander Dubček
4056:Patriotic Guards
4037:personality cult
3958:Gheorghe Apostol
3922:Ceaușescu's rise
3808:remaining troops
3698:political crimes
3608:personality cult
3568:De-Stalinization
3473:Gheorghe Apostol
3402:Secretariat wing
3348:collectivization
3308:public ownership
3123:
3100:
3088:
3018:
2946:Gheorghe Apostol
2863:collectivization
2816:National Liberal
2804:Lothar Rădăceanu
2757:Florica Bagdasar
2712:Andrey Vyshinsky
2362:Bessarabian Jews
2300:National Liberal
2292:Social Democrats
2204:Southern Dobruja
2115:Ecaterina Arbore
2027:Social-Democrats
1863:Leonte Filipescu
1811:
1804:
1797:
1781:
1780:
1769:
1768:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1629:De-Stalinization
1601:The Other Russia
1516:De-Stalinization
1434:Collectivisation
1349:Gennady Zyuganov
1304:Valko Chervenkov
1289:Lazar Kaganovich
1161:Marxism–Leninism
1136:Collectivization
1131:Anti-revisionism
1113:
1090:
1089:
1064:
1057:
1050:
884:
864:
863:
835:ethnic Romanians
731:
721:
558:de-Stalinization
534:Marxism–Leninism
410:
364:
335:
329:
242:
222:Marxism–Leninism
204:
202:
191:Patriotic Guards
187:
117:Preceded by
112:
110:
105:
94:
92:
87:
58:
39:
38:
21:
12893:
12892:
12888:
12887:
12886:
12884:
12883:
12882:
12758:
12757:
12756:
12751:
12720:
12716:Romanianization
12694:
12632:
12614:
12531:Popular culture
12526:
12491:
12380:
12297:
12252:
12246:Greater Romania
12209:
12169:
12160:
12139:Neo-Legionarism
12107:
12102:
12072:
12063:
12054:
12050:Milan Pančevski
12030:Vidoje Žarković
11995:Josip Broz Tito
11981:
11962:Leonid Brezhnev
11952:Georgy Malenkov
11928:
11900:
11886:Stanisław Kania
11866:Bolesław Bierut
11856:
11842:
11803:
11795:
11781:Walter Ulbricht
11757:
11733:Antonín Novotný
11714:
11695:Georgi Dimitrov
11681:
11645:
11635:
11605:
11600:
11554:
11545:
11531:
11517:
11508:
11494:
11480:
11461:
11443:
11428:
11422:
11411:
11397:
11379:
11355:
11338:
11323:
11308:
11290:
11289:
11265:
11259:
11248:
11234:
11211:
11197:
11183:
11159:
11142:
11124:
11118:
11103:
11098:
11087:
11064:
11050:
11036:
11022:
11005:
10991:
10968:
10965:
10935:
10930:
10916:Portal:Politics
10903:
10804:Alliance PSD+PC
10787:
10731:
10667:Hungarian Union
10610:Ethnic minority
10605:
10596:Romanian Action
10539:
10510:Peasants' Party
10455:Agrarian League
10443:
10424:Socialist Party
10317:
10251:
10200:
10159:
10156:
10146:
10107:Ecologist Party
10060:
9904:
9897:
9888:
9858:
9853:
9843:
9834:
9750:
9745:
9708:Francisco Veiga
9672:Magazin Istoric
9634:Victor Frunză,
9595:Dennis Deletant
9588:Magazin Istoric
9583:Wayback Machine
9571:
9529:
9461:
9456:
9455:
9446:
9442:
9432:
9430:
9421:
9420:
9416:
9406:
9404:
9396:
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9391:
9382:
9378:
9373:
9369:
9364:
9360:
9355:
9351:
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9329:
9322:
9317:
9313:
9306:
9284:
9277:
9272:
9268:
9259:
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9250:
9246:
9241:
9237:
9228:
9224:
9215:
9211:
9202:
9198:
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9158:
9149:
9145:
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9131:
9127:
9118:
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9105:
9101:
9092:
9088:
9079:
9075:
9066:
9062:
9053:
9049:
9040:
9036:
9027:
9023:
9018:
9014:
9005:
9001:
8992:
8988:
8979:
8975:
8966:
8962:
8953:
8949:
8940:
8936:
8927:
8923:
8918:
8914:
8907:
8903:
8898:
8894:
8889:
8885:
8876:
8872:
8863:
8859:
8850:
8846:
8841:
8837:
8832:
8828:
8823:
8819:
8814:
8810:
8805:
8801:
8796:
8792:
8783:
8779:
8770:
8766:
8757:
8753:
8744:
8740:
8731:
8727:
8718:
8714:
8709:
8705:
8696:
8692:
8683:
8679:
8670:
8666:
8661:
8657:
8648:
8641:
8632:
8619:
8610:
8606:
8601:
8597:
8592:
8588:
8583:
8579:
8574:
8570:
8561:
8557:
8548:
8544:
8535:
8531:
8522:
8518:
8509:
8505:
8496:
8492:
8483:
8479:
8470:
8466:
8461:
8457:
8447:
8443:
8434:
8430:
8421:
8417:
8408:
8404:
8399:
8395:
8386:
8382:
8373:
8369:
8360:
8356:
8351:
8347:
8342:
8338:
8329:
8325:
8316:
8312:
8307:
8303:
8294:
8290:
8281:
8277:
8268:
8264:
8255:
8251:
8242:
8233:
8228:
8224:
8215:
8211:
8202:
8198:
8189:
8185:
8180:
8176:
8171:
8167:
8158:
8154:
8149:
8145:
8136:
8132:
8123:
8119:
8110:
8106:
8097:
8093:
8084:
8080:
8071:
8067:
8058:
8054:
8045:
8041:
8032:
8028:
8019:
8015:
8006:
8002:
7993:
7989:
7980:
7976:
7967:
7963:
7954:
7950:
7941:
7937:
7932:
7928:
7923:
7919:
7914:
7910:
7901:
7897:
7888:
7884:
7875:
7871:
7859:
7855:
7846:
7842:
7837:
7812:
7807:
7803:
7796:
7772:
7768:
7759:
7755:
7746:
7742:
7733:
7729:
7720:
7716:
7707:
7703:
7694:
7690:
7671:
7667:
7658:
7654:
7649:
7645:
7640:
7636:
7627:
7623:
7608:
7604:
7595:
7591:
7582:
7578:
7572:
7568:
7559:
7555:
7550:
7546:
7541:
7537:
7528:
7524:
7519:
7515:
7510:
7506:
7501:
7497:
7488:
7484:
7475:
7471:
7462:
7458:
7449:
7445:
7440:
7436:
7427:
7423:
7418:
7414:
7410:, p.63, 159–160
7405:
7401:
7392:
7388:
7379:
7375:
7366:
7362:
7357:
7353:
7348:
7344:
7339:
7335:
7326:
7322:
7317:
7313:
7304:
7300:
7295:
7291:
7286:
7282:
7273:
7269:
7260:
7256:
7247:
7243:
7238:
7234:
7225:
7221:
7212:
7208:
7203:
7199:
7190:
7186:
7177:
7173:
7168:
7164:
7159:
7155:
7150:
7146:
7137:
7133:
7124:
7120:
7111:
7107:
7098:
7094:
7089:
7085:
7080:
7076:
7071:
7067:
7062:
7058:
7053:
7049:
7040:
7036:
7027:
7023:
7014:
7010:
7001:
6997:
6992:
6988:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6970:
6965:
6961:
6952:
6948:
6943:
6939:
6934:
6930:
6921:
6917:
6908:
6904:
6899:
6895:
6890:
6886:
6881:
6877:
6872:
6868:
6864:, p.43, 170–171
6859:
6855:
6850:
6846:
6841:
6837:
6832:
6828:
6819:
6815:
6810:
6803:
6798:
6785:
6780:
6776:
6772:Frunză, p.53–62
6771:
6767:
6758:
6754:
6750:Frunză, p.58–62
6749:
6745:
6740:
6736:
6727:
6723:
6719:Frunză, p.49–50
6718:
6714:
6705:
6701:
6697:Frunză, p.32–33
6696:
6692:
6688:Frunză, p.38–39
6687:
6683:
6678:
6671:
6662:
6658:
6653:
6649:
6644:
6640:
6635:
6631:
6622:
6618:
6609:
6605:
6600:
6596:
6587:
6583:
6574:
6570:
6561:
6557:
6548:
6544:
6537:
6519:
6515:
6506:
6502:
6477:
6473:
6468:
6464:
6455:
6451:
6447:Frunză, p.25-28
6446:
6442:
6433:
6429:
6422:
6408:
6404:
6397:
6383:
6379:
6364:
6344:
6340:
6331:
6323:
6321:
6320:. 15 April 2009
6310:
6309:
6305:
6293:
6278:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6256:
6255:on 5 March 2014
6245:
6241:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6190:
6186:
6176:
6174:
6162:
6156:
6152:
6145:
6129:
6125:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6073:Wayback Machine
6058:
6054:
6044:
6042:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6013:
6009:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5933:
5909:
5906:
5879:
5876:
5867:
5841:
5838:
5812:
5809:
5800:
5770:
5767:
5740:
5737:
5710:
5707:
5680:
5677:
5650:
5647:
5638:
5612:
5609:
5600:
5543:
5540:
5515:
5498:
5495:
5449:
5446:
5406:
5403:
5358:
5355:
5315:
5312:
5253:
5233:
5222:
5218:
5196:
5192:
5170:
5166:
5144:
5140:
5113:
5109:
5082:
5078:
5034:Party candidate
5023:
5018:
4954:9th (July 1965)
4944:8th (June 1960)
4904:4th (July 1928)
4861:
4773:
4682:systematization
4664:Grigore Răceanu
4650:Inaugurated by
4626:
4620:
4418:
4325:1977 earthquake
4298:quality of life
4296:and decline in
4286:1973 oil crisis
4274:
4220:Gheorghe Cioară
4107:
4068:Leonid Brezhnev
4064:Josip Broz Tito
3924:
3919:
3887:Leonid Brezhnev
3812:Josip Broz Tito
3773:Anastas Mikoyan
3757:
3751:
3679:Boris Pasternak
3576:Gheorghe Stoica
3548:Băneasa Airport
3533:
3527:
3492:Josip Broz Tito
3386:
3384:Internal purges
3342:, conceived by
3336:planned economy
3332:nationalization
3320:monetary reform
3230:
3225:
3194:electoral fraud
3152:Gheorghe Radnev
3117:
3094:
3082:
3080:Elena Tudorache
3069:Leontin Silaghi
3043:Andrei Pătrașcu
3012:
3005:Gheorghe Maurer
2901:
2895:
2790:), Propaganda (
2729:
2696:Nicolae Rădescu
2677:Peasants' Party
2669:Nicolae L. Lupu
2580:'s ANEF Stadium
2570:
2430:
2424:
2358:ethnic Romanian
2354:Jewish Romanian
2269:Nicolae Cristea
2239:Georgi Dimitrov
2169:
2163:
2153:. It was to be
2131:Ion Dic Dicescu
2123:Elena Filipescu
2055:, the Romanian
1953:Grivița Strikes
1815:
1775:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1739:Totalitarianism
1619:
1611:
1610:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1526:Khrushchev Thaw
1471:Greek Civil War
1407:
1399:
1398:
1378:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1354:Aleksandr Dugin
1309:Georgy Malenkov
1284:Walter Ulbricht
1274:Bolesław Bierut
1244:Georgi Dimitrov
1219:
1211:
1210:
1146:Five-year plans
1121:
1088:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1039:
1038:
1015:
1007:
1006:
969:
961:
960:
922:
914:
913:
892:
816:Peasants' Party
757:Greater Romania
751:among Romanian
652:Nicolae Tonitza
644:
638:
633:
511:communist party
441:interwar period
417:communist party
387:
333:
327:
315:
286:
259:
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103:
90:
88:
85:
84:8 May 1921
72:
49:
48:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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12726:
12725:Related topics
12722:
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12708:
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12700:
12696:
12695:
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12663:Mihai Eminescu
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12462:Romanian Front
12459:
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12376:S.O.S. Romania
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11991:
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11942:Vladimir Lenin
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11786:Erich Honecker
11783:
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11776:Otto Grotewohl
11773:
11767:
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11755:
11750:
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11710:Petar Mladenov
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11189:Czechoslovakia
11185:
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10639:
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10611:
10607:
10606:
10604:
10603:
10601:Romanian Front
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10547:
10545:
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10280:
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10244:
10239:
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10224:
10219:
10214:
10208:
10206:
10202:
10201:
10199:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10181:National Party
10178:
10173:
10167:
10165:
10161:
10160:
10148:
10147:
10145:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
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10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10068:
10066:
10062:
10061:
10059:
10058:
10053:
10051:Union of Serbs
10048:
10046:Union of Poles
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10021:S.O.S. Romania
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9981:Hellenic Union
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
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9854:
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9812:
9793:
9788:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9755:
9752:
9751:
9744:
9743:
9736:
9729:
9721:
9715:
9714:
9703:
9691:
9675:
9663:
9643:
9632:
9617:Mihail Ionescu
9613:
9592:
9569:
9568:
9567:
9548:
9521:
9520:
9519:
9513:
9490:Editura Nemira
9477:
9460:
9457:
9454:
9453:
9440:
9414:
9389:
9376:
9367:
9358:
9349:
9336:
9320:
9311:
9304:
9296:Pantheon Books
9275:
9266:
9253:
9244:
9235:
9222:
9209:
9196:
9183:
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7794:
7766:
7753:
7740:
7727:
7714:
7701:
7688:
7679:, pp1604–1610
7665:
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6712:
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6690:
6681:
6669:
6656:
6654:Troncotă, p.19
6647:
6638:
6629:
6616:
6603:
6594:
6581:
6568:
6555:
6542:
6535:
6529:. p. 46.
6513:
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5704:
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5674:
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5667:
5659:
5651:
5646:
5644:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5621:
5613:
5608:
5606:
5598:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5569:Boris Stefanov
5566:
5560:
5559:
5551:
5544:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5507:
5499:
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5473:
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5466:
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5414:
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5283:
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5275:
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5269:
5264:
5259:
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5249:
5232:
5229:
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5225:
5212:
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5173:
5160:
5157:
5154:
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5147:
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5116:
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5100:
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5085:
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5049:
5046:
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5022:
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5014:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4985:
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4965:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4951:
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4935:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4874:1st (May 1921)
4871:
4870:
4867:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4801:Boris Stefanov
4798:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4772:
4769:
4759:and the small
4645:kangaroo trial
4622:Main article:
4619:
4616:
4612:Erich Honecker
4546:Covasna County
4442:Radu Filipescu
4424:Ceaușescu and
4417:
4414:
4354:Banat Swabians
4273:
4270:
4106:
4103:
3990:rehabilitation
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3911:liberalization
3775:are among them
3753:Main article:
3750:
3747:
3714:Greek-Catholic
3671:Ilya Ehrenburg
3649:, after which
3612:self-criticism
3529:Main article:
3526:
3523:
3457:Czechoslovakia
3443:—notably, the
3390:Muscovite wing
3385:
3382:
3340:five-year plan
3293:popular fronts
3277:1948 elections
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3205:Tămădău Affair
3160:
3159:
3157:Mihail Roșianu
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2897:Main article:
2894:
2891:
2843:Emil Hațieganu
2827:Western Allied
2784:Communications
2728:
2725:
2655:(MADOSZ), and
2569:
2566:
2543:prime minister
2481:prison faction
2426:Main article:
2423:
2420:
2408:Western Allies
2336:Pompiliu Ștefu
2328:Francisc Panet
2320:Petre Gheorghe
2260:Francs-tireurs
2186:camp in 1943 (
2165:Main article:
2162:
2159:
2087:prison faction
2073:Czechoslovakia
2048:Doftana Prison
2023:historiography
1999:1937 elections
1889:Muscovite wing
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1649:Stalin Society
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:Related topics
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:Nina Andreyeva
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1299:Andrei Zhdanov
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:Ernst Thälmann
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1176:Self-criticism
1173:
1168:
1166:New Soviet man
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
998:
997:
991:
990:
984:
983:
977:
976:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
953:
947:
946:
944:Boris Stefanov
941:
935:
934:
929:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
906:
900:
899:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
877:
876:
869:
868:
703:Leon Ghelerter
640:Main article:
637:
634:
632:
629:
624:România Liberă
570:liberalization
523:Party Congress
519:Vladimir Lenin
507:National Front
467:government of
389:
388:
386:
385:
380:
375:
369:
366:
365:
357:
356:
352:
351:
344:
340:
339:
325:
321:
320:
309:
305:
304:
298:
292:
291:
280:
276:
275:
270:
264:
263:
215:
209:
208:
205:
194:
193:
188:
182:
181:
176:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
150:
146:
145:
139:
135:
134:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
100:
96:
95:
82:
78:
77:
66:
60:
59:
51:
50:
46:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12890:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12779:
12776:
12774:
12771:
12769:
12766:
12765:
12763:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12729:
12727:
12723:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12703:
12701:
12697:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12675:Nicolae Iorga
12673:
12669:
12666:
12665:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12648:Ion Antonescu
12646:
12645:
12643:
12639:
12628:
12624:
12623:
12621:
12617:
12610:
12606:
12603:
12599:
12596:
12592:
12589:
12585:
12582:
12578:
12575:
12571:
12568:
12564:
12561:
12557:
12554:
12550:
12547:
12543:
12542:
12540:
12536:
12533:
12529:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12504:
12502:
12500:Organizations
12498:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12389:
12387:
12383:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12313:
12311:
12307:
12304:
12300:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12265:
12263:
12259:
12247:
12244:
12243:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12218:
12216:
12212:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12182:
12179:
12176:
12172:
12167:
12157:
12156:Protochronism
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12140:
12137:
12136:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12116:
12114:
12110:
12106:
12099:
12094:
12092:
12087:
12085:
12080:
12079:
12076:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12015:Mitja Ribičič
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11988:
11984:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11967:Yuri Andropov
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11947:Joseph Stalin
11945:
11943:
11940:
11939:
11937:
11935:
11931:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11911:
11909:
11907:
11903:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11881:Edward Gierek
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11863:
11861:
11859:
11855:
11851:
11848:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11813:Mátyás Rákosi
11811:
11810:
11808:
11806:
11802:
11798:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11771:Wilhelm Pieck
11769:
11768:
11766:
11764:
11760:
11754:
11753:Karel Urbánek
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11725:
11723:
11721:
11717:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11705:Todor Zhivkov
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11692:
11690:
11688:
11684:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11669:
11667:
11665:
11661:
11658:
11657:
11652:
11648:
11644:
11640:
11632:
11627:
11625:
11620:
11618:
11613:
11612:
11609:
11596:
11593:
11592:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11560:
11557:
11544:
11540:
11538:
11534:
11530:
11529:
11524:
11522:
11521:
11515:
11514:North Vietnam
11511:
11507:
11503:
11501:
11497:
11493:
11489:
11487:
11483:
11478:
11474:
11470:
11468:
11464:
11460:
11456:
11452:
11450:
11446:
11441:
11437:
11435:
11431:
11425:
11420:
11418:
11414:
11410:
11406:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11386:
11382:
11378:
11377:
11372:
11370:
11369:
11364:
11361:
11353:
11352:
11347:
11345:
11341:
11336:
11332:
11330:
11326:
11321:
11317:
11315:
11311:
11307:
11306:
11301:
11299:
11298:
11293:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11268:
11262:
11257:
11255:
11254:Guinea-Bissau
11251:
11247:
11243:
11241:
11237:
11232:
11228:
11224:
11220:
11218:
11214:
11210:
11206:
11204:
11200:
11196:
11192:
11190:
11186:
11182:
11181:
11176:
11174:
11173:
11168:
11165:
11157:
11156:
11151:
11149:
11145:
11141:
11140:
11135:
11133:
11132:
11127:
11121:
11116:
11114:
11110:
11101:
11096:
11094:
11090:
11086:
11082:
11080:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11067:
11063:
11059:
11057:
11053:
11049:
11045:
11043:
11039:
11035:
11031:
11029:
11025:
11020:
11019:
11014:
11012:
11008:
11004:
11000:
10998:
10994:
10990:
10986:
10984:
10980:
10977:
10976:
10971:
10962:
10957:
10955:
10950:
10948:
10943:
10942:
10939:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10913:
10910:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10796:
10794:
10790:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10740:
10738:
10734:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10712:Swabian Group
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10614:
10612:
10608:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10548:
10546:
10542:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10452:
10450:
10446:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10326:
10324:
10320:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10254:
10248:
10247:Radical Party
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10209:
10207:
10203:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10168:
10166:
10162:
10153:
10149:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10069:
10067:
10063:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9909:Parliamentary
9907:
9901:
9896:
9892:
9885:
9880:
9878:
9873:
9871:
9866:
9865:
9862:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9825:Gheorghiu-Dej
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9815:Gheorghiu-Dej
9813:
9811:
9810:
9805:
9804:
9799:
9798:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9786:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9756:
9753:
9749:
9742:
9737:
9735:
9730:
9728:
9723:
9722:
9719:
9711:
9709:
9704:
9701:
9696:
9692:
9689:
9685:
9684:
9679:
9676:
9673:
9668:
9664:
9661:
9657:
9653:
9652:
9647:
9644:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9612:
9611:1-4039-9341-6
9608:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9593:
9590:
9589:
9584:
9580:
9577:
9572:(in Romanian)
9570:
9566:
9565:973-669-175-6
9562:
9558:
9553:
9549:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9537:
9530:(in Romanian)
9528:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9517:
9516:Eugen Negrici
9514:
9510:
9505:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9498:973-569-209-0
9495:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9478:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9462:
9450:
9444:
9428:
9424:
9418:
9403:
9399:
9393:
9386:
9380:
9374:Iordachi, III
9371:
9362:
9353:
9346:
9340:
9333:
9327:
9325:
9315:
9307:
9301:
9297:
9292:
9291:
9282:
9280:
9270:
9263:
9257:
9248:
9242:Frunză, p.523
9239:
9232:
9226:
9219:
9213:
9206:
9200:
9193:
9187:
9178:
9172:Frunză, p.482
9169:
9160:
9153:
9147:
9138:
9129:
9122:
9116:
9109:
9103:
9096:
9090:
9083:
9077:
9070:
9064:
9057:
9051:
9044:
9038:
9031:
9025:
9016:
9009:
9003:
8996:
8990:
8983:
8977:
8970:
8964:
8957:
8951:
8944:
8938:
8931:
8925:
8916:
8910:
8905:
8896:
8887:
8880:
8874:
8867:
8861:
8854:
8848:
8839:
8830:
8821:
8812:
8803:
8797:Frunză, p.476
8794:
8787:
8781:
8774:
8768:
8761:
8755:
8748:
8742:
8735:
8729:
8722:
8716:
8707:
8700:
8694:
8687:
8681:
8674:
8668:
8659:
8652:
8646:
8644:
8636:
8630:
8628:
8626:
8624:
8622:
8614:
8608:
8599:
8590:
8584:Frunză, p.474
8581:
8572:
8565:
8559:
8552:
8546:
8539:
8533:
8526:
8520:
8513:
8507:
8500:
8494:
8487:
8481:
8474:
8468:
8459:
8452:
8451:
8445:
8438:
8432:
8425:
8419:
8412:
8406:
8397:
8390:
8384:
8377:
8371:
8364:
8358:
8349:
8340:
8333:
8327:
8320:
8314:
8308:Frunză, p.442
8305:
8298:
8292:
8285:
8279:
8272:
8266:
8259:
8253:
8246:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8226:
8219:
8213:
8206:
8200:
8193:
8187:
8181:Frunză, p.429
8178:
8169:
8162:
8156:
8147:
8140:
8134:
8127:
8121:
8114:
8108:
8101:
8095:
8088:
8082:
8075:
8069:
8062:
8056:
8049:
8043:
8036:
8030:
8023:
8017:
8010:
8004:
7997:
7991:
7984:
7978:
7971:
7965:
7958:
7952:
7945:
7939:
7930:
7921:
7912:
7905:
7899:
7892:
7886:
7879:
7873:
7866:
7862:
7857:
7850:
7844:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7823:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7805:
7797:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7778:
7770:
7763:
7757:
7750:
7744:
7737:
7731:
7724:
7718:
7711:
7705:
7698:
7692:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7673:Dieter Nohlen
7669:
7662:
7656:
7647:
7638:
7631:
7625:
7618:
7617:
7612:
7606:
7599:
7593:
7586:
7580:
7574:p. 35–36
7570:
7563:
7557:
7548:
7542:Frunză, p.234
7539:
7532:
7526:
7520:Frunză, p.233
7517:
7511:Frunză, p.220
7508:
7499:
7492:
7486:
7479:
7473:
7466:
7460:
7453:
7447:
7438:
7431:
7425:
7416:
7409:
7403:
7396:
7390:
7383:
7377:
7370:
7364:
7355:
7346:
7337:
7330:
7324:
7315:
7308:
7302:
7293:
7284:
7277:
7271:
7264:
7258:
7251:
7245:
7239:Frunză, p.176
7236:
7230:, p.45, 59–61
7229:
7223:
7216:
7210:
7201:
7194:
7188:
7181:
7175:
7166:
7157:
7148:
7141:
7135:
7128:
7122:
7115:
7109:
7102:
7096:
7087:
7081:Frunză, p.125
7078:
7069:
7063:Frunză, p.123
7060:
7051:
7044:
7038:
7031:
7025:
7018:
7012:
7005:
6999:
6990:
6981:
6972:
6963:
6956:
6950:
6941:
6932:
6925:
6919:
6912:
6906:
6897:
6888:
6879:
6870:
6863:
6857:
6848:
6839:
6830:
6823:
6817:
6808:
6806:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6778:
6769:
6762:
6756:
6747:
6738:
6731:
6725:
6716:
6709:
6703:
6694:
6685:
6676:
6674:
6666:
6660:
6651:
6642:
6633:
6626:
6620:
6613:
6607:
6598:
6591:
6585:
6578:
6572:
6565:
6559:
6552:
6546:
6538:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6504:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6480:Iosif Rangheț
6475:
6466:
6459:
6453:
6444:
6437:
6431:
6423:
6417:
6413:
6406:
6398:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6342:
6335:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6299:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6254:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6235:3-05-002590-5
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6215:
6207:
6205:1-84113-267-5
6201:
6197:
6196:
6188:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6146:
6144:9780739105924
6140:
6136:
6135:
6127:
6120:
6114:
6108:
6103:
6087:
6081:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6011:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5986:(in Romanian)
5982:
5976:
5974:
5967:
5963:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5889:
5881:
5874:
5871:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5851:
5843:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5804:
5797:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5750:
5742:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5720:
5712:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5690:
5682:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5660:
5652:
5645:
5642:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5622:
5614:
5607:
5604:
5597:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5530:Labour League
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5508:
5500:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5479:
5477:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5459:
5451:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5387:
5385:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5296:
5294:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4824:Iosif Rangheț
4821:
4820:Emil Bodnăraș
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4722:December 1989
4719:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4652:Silviu Brucan
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4608:Todor Zhivkov
4606:, Bulgaria's
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4572:Virgil Trofin
4569:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4547:
4543:
4542:Károly Király
4539:
4534:
4532:
4531:Neo-Stalinist
4528:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4422:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:external debt
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4267:
4266:Country Study
4263:
4262:neo-Stalinism
4259:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4213:Manea Mănescu
4210:
4206:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4147:
4146:authoritarian
4143:
4140:developed by
4139:
4135:
4132:and his wife
4131:
4124:
4120:
4119:Ștefan Voitec
4116:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:Richard Nixon
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4075:Prague Spring
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3978:Virgil Trofin
3975:
3971:
3970:Emil Bodnăraș
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:intellectuals
3902:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3861:Andrei Oţetea
3858:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3804:Emil Bodnăraş
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:Râmnicu Sărat
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3717:included the
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3690:class enemies
3687:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3634:(June 1958).
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3453:Prague Trials
3450:
3449:Joseph Stalin
3446:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3328:Marshall Plan
3325:
3324:stabilization
3321:
3318:, a surprise
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Iosif Rangheț
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Dumitru Coliu
2975:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:Emil Bodnăraș
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:Iosif Rangheț
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:Ștefan Voitec
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2774:(Georgescu),
2773:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:Victor Frunză
2600:
2599:Ion Mihalache
2596:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2574:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2512:Ion Antonescu
2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:Iosif Rangheț
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2466:Emil Bodnăraș
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2416:Barbu Știrbey
2413:
2412:Dinu Brătianu
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2396:Eastern Front
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:forced labour
2343:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2332:Ștefan Plavăț
2329:
2325:
2324:Filimon Sârbu
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:Ion Antonescu
2276:
2274:
2273:Joseph Boczov
2270:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2253:—it included
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2206:to Bulgaria (
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:Ion Antonescu
2177:
2173:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:Timotei Marin
2144:
2140:
2139:Marcel Pauker
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:Dumitru Grofu
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:Remus Koffler
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:secret police
2054:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:authoritarian
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:against King
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1992:intellectuals
1989:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1961:Popular Front
1956:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1914:Joseph Stalin
1910:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:Max Goldstein
1812:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Neo-Stalinism
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:Doctors' plot
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:Moscow trials
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:Mátyás Rákosi
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1269:Harry Pollitt
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:Joseph Stalin
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1171:Popular front
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:Korenizatsiia
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
992:
989:
986:
985:
982:
979:
978:
975:
972:
971:
965:
964:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
918:
917:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
898:
895:
894:
891:Organizations
888:
887:
883:
879:
878:
875:
871:
870:
866:
865:
862:
860:
859:revolutionary
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:Ion Mihalache
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:intellectuals
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
699:Iosif Jumanca
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
657:
653:
648:
643:
636:Establishment
628:
626:
625:
620:
619:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:Joseph Stalin
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
478:
474:
470:
469:Ion Antonescu
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
404:
400:
396:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
367:
363:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
338:
332:
326:
322:
318:
313:
310:
306:
302:
299:
297:
293:
289:
284:
281:
277:
274:
271:
269:
265:
262:
258:
257:Neo-Stalinism
254:
250:
248:
241:
237:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:
214:
210:
206:
195:
192:
189:
183:
180:
177:
175:
171:
168:
165:
163:
159:
156:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
101:
97:
83:
79:
75:
70:
67:
65:
61:
57:
52:
40:
37:
33:
19:
12641:Nationalists
12426:
12326:Noua Dreaptă
12214:Unifications
12040:Boško Krunić
12005:Lazar Mojsov
11905:
11871:Edward Ochab
11833:Károly Grósz
11743:Gustáv Husák
11643:Eastern Bloc
11583:Eastern Bloc
11526:
11518:
11486:Soviet Union
11408:
11374:
11366:
11349:
11303:
11295:
11203:East Germany
11178:
11170:
11153:
11137:
11129:
11056:Burkina Faso
11016:
10692:Magyar Party
10687:Jewish Party
10637:German Party
10551:Citizen Bloc
10373:
10256:Conservative
10142:Volt Romania
10122:Noua Dreaptă
9849:
9807:
9801:
9795:
9783:
9747:
9702:, 4(44)/2000
9699:
9687:
9682:
9674:, March 1997
9671:
9649:
9635:
9624:
9598:
9586:
9542:
9504:Daniel Barbu
9473:
9443:
9431:. Retrieved
9427:the original
9417:
9405:. Retrieved
9401:
9392:
9385:Pe umerii...
9384:
9379:
9370:
9361:
9352:
9345:Pe umerii...
9344:
9339:
9332:Pe umerii...
9331:
9314:
9289:
9269:
9262:Pe umerii...
9261:
9256:
9247:
9238:
9231:Pe umerii...
9230:
9225:
9218:Pe umerii...
9217:
9212:
9205:Pe umerii...
9204:
9199:
9192:Pe umerii...
9191:
9186:
9177:
9168:
9159:
9152:Pe umerii...
9151:
9146:
9137:
9128:
9121:Pe umerii...
9120:
9115:
9108:Pe umerii...
9107:
9102:
9095:Pe umerii...
9094:
9089:
9082:Pe umerii...
9081:
9076:
9069:Pe umerii...
9068:
9063:
9056:Pe umerii...
9055:
9050:
9043:Pe umerii...
9042:
9037:
9030:Pe umerii...
9029:
9024:
9015:
9008:Pe umerii...
9007:
9002:
8995:Pe umerii...
8994:
8989:
8982:Pe umerii...
8981:
8976:
8969:Pe umerii...
8968:
8963:
8956:Pe umerii...
8955:
8950:
8943:Pe umerii...
8942:
8937:
8930:Pe umerii...
8929:
8924:
8915:
8904:
8895:
8886:
8879:Pe umerii...
8878:
8873:
8866:Pe umerii...
8865:
8860:
8853:Pe umerii...
8852:
8847:
8838:
8829:
8820:
8811:
8802:
8793:
8786:Pe umerii...
8785:
8780:
8773:Pe umerii...
8772:
8767:
8760:Pe umerii...
8759:
8754:
8747:Pe umerii...
8746:
8741:
8734:Pe umerii...
8733:
8728:
8721:Pe umerii...
8720:
8715:
8706:
8699:Pe umerii...
8698:
8693:
8686:Pe umerii...
8685:
8680:
8673:Pe umerii...
8672:
8667:
8658:
8651:Pe umerii...
8650:
8635:Pe umerii...
8634:
8613:Pe umerii...
8612:
8607:
8598:
8589:
8580:
8571:
8564:Pe umerii...
8563:
8558:
8551:Pe umerii...
8550:
8545:
8538:Pe umerii...
8537:
8532:
8525:Pe umerii...
8524:
8519:
8512:Pe umerii...
8511:
8506:
8499:Pe umerii...
8498:
8493:
8486:Pe umerii...
8485:
8480:
8473:Pe umerii...
8472:
8467:
8458:
8448:
8444:
8437:Pe umerii...
8436:
8431:
8424:Pe umerii...
8423:
8418:
8411:Pe umerii...
8410:
8405:
8396:
8389:Pe umerii...
8388:
8383:
8376:Pe umerii...
8375:
8370:
8363:Pe umerii...
8362:
8357:
8348:
8339:
8332:Pe umerii...
8331:
8326:
8319:Pe umerii...
8318:
8313:
8304:
8297:Pe umerii...
8296:
8291:
8284:Pe umerii...
8283:
8278:
8271:Pe umerii...
8270:
8265:
8258:Pe umerii...
8257:
8252:
8245:Pe umerii...
8244:
8229:Barbu, p.192
8225:
8218:Pe umerii...
8217:
8212:
8205:Pe umerii...
8204:
8199:
8192:Pe umerii...
8191:
8186:
8177:
8168:
8161:Pe umerii...
8160:
8155:
8146:
8139:Pe umerii...
8138:
8133:
8126:Pe umerii...
8125:
8120:
8113:Pe umerii...
8112:
8107:
8100:Pe umerii...
8099:
8094:
8087:Pe umerii...
8086:
8081:
8074:Pe umerii...
8073:
8068:
8061:Pe umerii...
8060:
8055:
8048:Pe umerii...
8047:
8042:
8035:Pe umerii...
8034:
8029:
8022:Pe umerii...
8021:
8016:
8009:Pe umerii...
8008:
8003:
7996:Pe umerii...
7995:
7990:
7983:Pe umerii...
7982:
7977:
7970:Pe umerii...
7969:
7964:
7957:Pe umerii...
7956:
7951:
7944:Pe umerii...
7943:
7938:
7929:
7920:
7911:
7904:Pe umerii...
7903:
7898:
7891:Pe umerii...
7890:
7885:
7878:Pe umerii...
7877:
7872:
7865:Pe umerii...
7864:
7856:
7849:Pe umerii...
7848:
7843:
7804:
7776:
7769:
7762:Pe umerii...
7761:
7756:
7749:Pe umerii...
7748:
7743:
7736:Pe umerii...
7735:
7730:
7723:Pe umerii...
7722:
7717:
7710:Pe umerii...
7709:
7704:
7697:Pe umerii...
7696:
7691:
7676:
7668:
7661:Pe umerii...
7660:
7655:
7646:
7637:
7630:Pe umerii...
7629:
7624:
7614:
7605:
7598:Pe umerii...
7597:
7592:
7585:Pe umerii...
7584:
7579:
7569:
7562:Pe umerii...
7561:
7556:
7547:
7538:
7531:Pe umerii...
7530:
7525:
7516:
7507:
7498:
7491:Pe umerii...
7490:
7485:
7478:Pe umerii...
7477:
7472:
7465:Pe umerii...
7464:
7459:
7452:Pe umerii...
7451:
7446:
7437:
7430:Pe umerii...
7429:
7424:
7415:
7408:Pe umerii...
7407:
7402:
7395:Pe umerii...
7394:
7389:
7382:Pe umerii...
7381:
7376:
7369:Pe umerii...
7368:
7363:
7354:
7345:
7336:
7329:Pe umerii...
7328:
7323:
7314:
7307:Pe umerii...
7306:
7301:
7292:
7283:
7276:Pe umerii...
7275:
7270:
7263:Pe umerii...
7262:
7257:
7250:Pe umerii...
7249:
7244:
7235:
7228:Pe umerii...
7227:
7222:
7215:Pe umerii...
7214:
7209:
7204:Barbu, p.190
7200:
7193:Pe umerii...
7192:
7187:
7174:
7165:
7156:
7147:
7140:Pe umerii...
7139:
7134:
7127:Pe umerii...
7126:
7121:
7114:Pe umerii...
7113:
7108:
7101:Pe umerii...
7100:
7095:
7086:
7077:
7068:
7059:
7050:
7043:Pe umerii...
7042:
7037:
7029:
7024:
7017:Pe umerii...
7016:
7011:
7004:Pe umerii...
7003:
6998:
6989:
6980:
6971:
6962:
6955:Pe umerii...
6954:
6949:
6940:
6931:
6923:
6918:
6911:Pe umerii...
6910:
6905:
6896:
6887:
6878:
6869:
6861:
6856:
6851:Frunză, p.84
6847:
6842:Veiga, p.235
6838:
6829:
6822:Pe umerii...
6821:
6816:
6811:Veiga, p.223
6781:Frunză, p.85
6777:
6768:
6761:Pe umerii...
6760:
6755:
6746:
6737:
6730:Pe umerii...
6729:
6724:
6715:
6708:Pe umerii...
6707:
6702:
6693:
6684:
6665:Pe umerii...
6664:
6659:
6650:
6641:
6632:
6625:Pe umerii...
6624:
6619:
6612:Pe umerii...
6611:
6606:
6597:
6590:Pe umerii...
6589:
6584:
6577:Pe umerii...
6576:
6571:
6564:Pe umerii...
6563:
6558:
6551:Pe umerii...
6550:
6545:
6522:
6516:
6508:
6503:
6496:Pe umerii...
6495:
6474:
6465:
6458:Pe umerii...
6457:
6452:
6443:
6436:Pe umerii...
6435:
6430:
6411:
6405:
6386:
6380:
6348:
6341:
6329:
6322:. Retrieved
6315:
6306:
6286:
6282:
6269:
6257:. Retrieved
6253:the original
6242:
6237:, S. 87–102.
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6194:
6187:
6175:. Retrieved
6170:
6166:
6153:
6133:
6126:
6118:
6113:
6102:
6090:. Retrieved
6080:
6064:
6055:
6043:. Retrieved
6039:the original
6029:
6019:
6010:
6000:
5994:
5990:
5981:
5972:
5966:
5584:Bela Breiner
5526:
5481:
5432:
5389:
5341:
5298:
5280:
5266:
5262:Party leader
5261:
5234:
5214:
5188:
5162:
5136:
5105:
5095:Chivu Stoica
5074:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
4866:Name/Period
4813:Ștefan Foriș
4807:Bela Breiner
4764:
4750:
4715:
4694:
4671:
4649:
4637:
4627:
4604:Gustáv Husák
4596:perestroika.
4595:
4591:
4585:
4567:
4565:
4549:
4535:
4520:
4514:
4504:
4487:Eastern Bloc
4483:
4475:Doina Cornea
4457:
4431:
4386:
4372:
4358:
4343:
4340:West Germany
4328:
4310:
4275:
4254:
4249:
4235:
4217:
4202:
4167:
4160:
4149:
4127:
4083:West Germany
4072:
4049:
4045:Daniel Barbu
4024:
4014:
3994:Ștefan Foriș
3946:Chivu Stoica
3939:
3903:
3899:Eastern Bloc
3880:
3854:
3852:
3832:Maoist China
3820:
3778:
3683:
3636:
3616:
3580:Ghizela Vass
3553:
3511:
3484:Eastern Bloc
3477:
3441:Eastern bloc
3434:
3432:affiliates.
3401:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3367:
3363:
3312:Romanian leu
3301:
3297:leading role
3268:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3198:
3187:
3179:Royal Palace
3176:
3167:
3164:Eastern Bloc
3161:
3109:
3092:Vasile Vaida
3074:Chivu Stoica
3027:Andrei Neagu
3010:Vasile Mârza
2940:
2902:
2867:
2851:
2835:greva regală
2834:
2820:
2765:
2708:Royal Palace
2689:
2672:
2638:
2629:
2615:
2583:
2558:
2536:
2515:
2505:
2480:
2477:Ștefan Foriș
2447:
2399:
2393:
2373:
2370:Transnistria
2368:in occupied
2339:
2277:
2258:
2227:Nazi Germany
2207:
2197:
2161:World War II
2135:Eugen Rozvan
2111:David Fabian
2095:Ștefan Foriș
2086:
2084:
2077:
2067:side in the
2045:
2031:
1996:
1985:
1959:
1957:
1936:
1930:
1911:
1903:
1893:Mârzescu Law
1892:
1888:
1881:Soviet Union
1878:
1851:Take Ionescu
1820:
1585:
1481:Eastern Bloc
1461:World War II
1412:Soviet Union
1319:Edward Ochab
1196:Stakhanovite
951:Ștefan Foriș
896:
832:
797:
793:Transnistria
761:Transylvania
742:
733:
723:
713:
711:
695:Ioan Flueraș
660:
655:
622:
616:
602:
586:Eastern Bloc
560:. The PCR's
556:brethren in
531:
498:
494:
490:
488:
449:Soviet Union
427:wing of the
412:
394:
392:
244:
174:Pioneer wing
152:
138:Headquarters
36:
12742:Moldovenism
12609:Trei culori
12581:Hora Unirii
12241:Great Union
12134:Legionarism
12129:Irredentism
12045:Stipe Šuvar
12025:Ali Šukrija
11838:Rezső Nyers
11828:János Kádár
11748:Miloš Jakeš
11672:Enver Hoxha
11588:Warsaw Pact
11467:South Yemen
11368:North Korea
10983:Afghanistan
10349:Labor Party
10263:Civic Force
10164:Nationalist
10102:PRO Romania
10087:Green Party
9574:Radu Colt,
9480:Lucian Boia
9468:" from the
9383:Cioroianu,
9343:Cioroianu,
9330:Cioroianu,
9260:Cioroianu,
9229:Cioroianu,
9190:Cioroianu,
9150:Cioroianu,
9119:Cioroianu,
9106:Cioroianu,
9093:Cioroianu,
9080:Cioroianu,
9067:Cioroianu,
9054:Cioroianu,
9041:Cioroianu,
9028:Cioroianu,
9006:Cioroianu,
8993:Cioroianu,
8980:Cioroianu,
8967:Cioroianu,
8954:Cioroianu,
8941:Cioroianu,
8928:Cioroianu,
8877:Cioroianu,
8864:Cioroianu,
8851:Cioroianu,
8784:Cioroianu,
8771:Cioroianu,
8758:Cioroianu,
8745:Cioroianu,
8732:Cioroianu,
8719:Cioroianu,
8697:Cioroianu,
8688:, p.405-406
8684:Cioroianu,
8671:Cioroianu,
8649:Cioroianu,
8611:Cioroianu,
8562:Cioroianu,
8549:Cioroianu,
8536:Cioroianu,
8523:Cioroianu,
8514:, p.392-394
8510:Cioroianu,
8497:Cioroianu,
8488:, p.320-325
8484:Cioroianu,
8471:Cioroianu,
8435:Cioroianu,
8422:Cioroianu,
8409:Cioroianu,
8387:Cioroianu,
8374:Cioroianu,
8361:Cioroianu,
8330:Cioroianu,
8317:Cioroianu,
8295:Cioroianu,
8282:Cioroianu,
8269:Cioroianu,
8256:Cioroianu,
8243:Cioroianu,
8216:Cioroianu,
8203:Cioroianu,
8190:Cioroianu,
8159:Cioroianu,
8137:Cioroianu,
8124:Cioroianu,
8111:Cioroianu,
8098:Cioroianu,
8085:Cioroianu,
8072:Cioroianu,
8059:Cioroianu,
8050:, p.210-211
8046:Cioroianu,
8033:Cioroianu,
8020:Cioroianu,
8007:Cioroianu,
7998:, p.197-198
7994:Cioroianu,
7981:Cioroianu,
7968:Cioroianu,
7959:, p.103-104
7942:Cioroianu,
7902:Cioroianu,
7889:Cioroianu,
7876:Cioroianu,
7847:Cioroianu,
7760:Cioroianu,
7747:Cioroianu,
7734:Cioroianu,
7721:Cioroianu,
7708:Cioroianu,
7695:Cioroianu,
7659:Cioroianu,
7628:Cioroianu,
7596:Cioroianu,
7583:Cioroianu,
7560:Cioroianu,
7529:Cioroianu,
7489:Cioroianu,
7476:Cioroianu,
7463:Cioroianu,
7450:Cioroianu,
7428:Cioroianu,
7406:Cioroianu,
7393:Cioroianu,
7380:Cioroianu,
7367:Cioroianu,
7331:, p.156-157
7327:Cioroianu,
7305:Cioroianu,
7261:Cioroianu,
7252:, p.106-148
7248:Cioroianu,
7226:Cioroianu,
7213:Cioroianu,
7191:Cioroianu,
7138:Cioroianu,
7125:Cioroianu,
7112:Cioroianu,
7099:Cioroianu,
7041:Cioroianu,
7015:Cioroianu,
7002:Cioroianu,
6953:Cioroianu,
6924:Pe umerii..
6922:Cioroianu,
6909:Cioroianu,
6862:Pe umerii..
6860:Cioroianu,
6824:, p.110–118
6820:Cioroianu,
6759:Cioroianu,
6728:Cioroianu,
6706:Cioroianu,
6663:Cioroianu,
6623:Cioroianu,
6610:Cioroianu,
6588:Cioroianu,
6575:Cioroianu,
6562:Cioroianu,
6549:Cioroianu,
6456:Cioroianu,
6434:Cioroianu,
6289:: 126–143.
6092:31 December
5868:as part of
5801:as part of
5639:as part of
5601:as part of
5528:as part of
5483:as part of
5434:as part of
5391:as part of
5343:as part of
5300:as part of
5293:Elek Köblös
4854:(1965–1989)
4848:(1955–1965)
4842:(1954–1955)
4836:(1944–1954)
4815:(1940–1944)
4809:(1938–1940)
4803:(1936–1938)
4797:(1931–1936)
4791:(1927–1931)
4785:(1924–1927)
4783:Elek Köblös
4779:(1921–1924)
4707:Berlin Wall
4576:Ion Iliescu
4516:Perestroika
4479:Mihai Botez
4471:typewriters
4462:documents,
4454:Cluj-Napoca
4383:Ilie Verdeţ
4162:July Theses
4142:Kim Il Sung
4099:Gerald Ford
4087:Six-Day War
4029:sovereignty
4010:Great Purge
4006:Vasile Luca
3974:Ilie Verdeț
3869:Russophobic
3780:Nationalism
3639:Warsaw Pact
3418:Vasile Luca
3394:prison wing
3378:proletarian
3352:arable land
3316:devaluation
3142:Mihai Mujic
3127:Ilie Drăgan
3118: [
3095: [
3083: [
3013: [
2999:Vasile Luca
2936:Vasile Luca
2854:land reform
2800:Vasile Luca
2737:Vasile Luca
2716:Petru Groza
2663:formed the
2645:Mihai Ralea
2595:Iuliu Maniu
2456:during the
2404:Iuliu Maniu
2350:antisemitic
2282:and, as an
2265:Olga Bancic
2151:Elek Köblös
2119:Imre Aladar
2103:Great Purge
2003:Iuliu Maniu
1997:During the
1987:Amicii URSS
1714:Red fascism
1679:Great Purge
1444:Great Purge
1429:Great Break
1329:Kim Il Sung
1324:Enver Hoxha
1206:Vanguardism
1151:Great Break
932:Elek Köblös
904:Amicii URSS
598:Warsaw Pact
574:July Theses
562:nationalist
554:Warsaw Pact
319:(1947–1956)
314:(1921–1943)
303:(1921–1939)
290:(1968–1989)
285:(1944–1968)
247:6 July 1971
197:Membership
12762:Categories
12685:Horia Sima
12595:Pui de lei
12442:Iron Guard
12151:Poporanism
11791:Egon Krenz
11677:Ramiz Alia
11537:Yugoslavia
11434:Seychelles
11344:Mozambique
11314:Madagascar
11113:Cape Verde
10561:Iron Guard
9803:Pîrvulescu
9769:Holostenco
9544:Revista 22
9459:References
7600:, p.97-101
6667:, p.37, 44
6592:, p.18, 44
6536:0275928403
6492:Ana Pauker
6363:159253192X
4738:Târgoviște
4698:Solidarity
4489:after the
4410:dissidence
4400:relied on
4398:Securitate
4379:Jiu Valley
4374:Charter 77
4237:Conducător
4186:Hungarians
4182:minorities
4152:Conducător
3895:Securitate
3875:historian
3856:Valev Plan
3844:Bessarabia
3818:venture).
3816:Iron Gates
3769:Zhou Enlai
3686:Securitate
3518:Informbiro
3510:displays (
3500:Yugoslavia
3430:Iron Guard
3414:Ana Pauker
3362:for being
3209:show trial
3048:Ana Pauker
2928:Ana Pauker
2878:war crimes
2861:1948–1962
2749:Ana Pauker
2618:Iron Guard
2487:formed by
2454:Prut River
2436:People in
2308:Caransebeș
2298:' and the
2247:Resistance
2243:Trotskyism
2155:Ana Pauker
2065:Republican
2042:Ana Pauker
2019:Iron Guard
1976:, and the
1859:conspiracy
1709:Patriotism
1644:Stalin era
1576:CARC Party
1501:Korean War
1084:See also:
968:Repression
855:Bulgarians
851:Hungarians
800:Poporanism
769:Bessarabia
673:party—the
667:maximalist
665:-inspired
355:Party flag
230:until 1965
162:Youth wing
109:1989-12-22
91:1921-05-08
12119:Dacianism
11823:Imre Nagy
11818:Ernő Gerő
11578:Comintern
11573:Cominform
10792:Alliances
10544:Far-right
10322:Left-wing
9830:Ceaușescu
9774:Stefanski
9759:Cristescu
9658:, at the
9640:Humanitas
7751:, p.75-76
7738:, p.74-75
7712:, p.73-74
7699:, p.72-73
6926:, p.42–43
6763:, p.41–43
6710:, p.38–39
6627:, p.27–30
6579:, p.47-48
6484:Bucharest
5907:369 / 369
5877:369 / 369
5839:349 / 349
5810:465 / 465
5768:465 / 465
5738:465 / 465
5708:437 / 437
5678:428 / 428
5648:190 / 405
5258:Election
5008:Bucharest
4998:Bucharest
4988:Bucharest
4978:Bucharest
4968:Bucharest
4958:Bucharest
4948:Bucharest
4938:Bucharest
4928:Bucharest
4878:Bucharest
4869:Location
4726:Timișoara
4369:Paul Goma
4321:Bucharest
3865:Karl Marx
3655:Timișoara
3651:Imre Nagy
3620:Politburo
3488:Cominform
3437:Stalinist
3410:bourgeois
3147:Ion Petre
3059:Ilie Popa
3054:Emil Popa
2909:Bucharest
2578:Bucharest
2555:Bucharest
2531:Moldavian
2527:ceasefire
2438:Bucharest
2422:1944 Coup
2381:Vapniarka
2341:Siguranţa
2316:Târgu Jiu
2184:Târgu Jiu
1944:Stalinist
1870:Ferdinand
1486:Cominform
1417:1927–1953
1103:Stalinism
785:Moldavian
687:Comintern
663:Bolshevik
538:Karl Marx
480:Michael I
445:Comintern
425:Bolshevik
383:Elections
317:Cominform
312:Comintern
226:Stalinism
218:Communism
149:Newspaper
144:, Romania
142:Bucharest
133:(faction)
99:Dissolved
12699:Policies
12574:Drum bun
12124:Dacology
12112:Ideology
11329:Mongolia
11217:Ethiopia
11070:Cambodia
11042:Bulgaria
10899:USR PLUS
10448:Agrarian
9797:Bodnăraș
9779:Stefanov
9579:Archived
9433:30 March
9407:30 March
9402:adevarul
8450:Scînteia
6372:60393965
6291:Archived
6177:25 March
6069:Archived
6045:25 April
5995:Scânteia
5991:Scânteia
5975:, p. 175
5931:See also
5610:68 / 414
5281:Position
5029:Election
4888:Ploiești
4618:Downfall
4592:glasnost
4522:Glasnost
4459:samizdat
4331:Ceaușima
4317:communes
4306:interest
4294:services
4282:autarkic
4138:parallel
4060:Yugoslav
3882:Scînteia
3508:agitprop
3480:Cold War
3404:"led by
3396:"led by
3392:", the "
3364:chiaburi
3360:deported
3283:and the
3228:Creation
3213:abdicate
3183:name day
2882:agitprop
2858:Leninist
2825:, where
2772:Interior
2450:Red Army
2442:Red Army
2310:or in a
2304:interned
2257:and the
2061:pacifism
2013:and the
2011:Carol II
2005:and the
1684:Hoxhaism
1476:Cold War
1120:Concepts
1095:a series
1093:Part of
909:Scînteia
843:Interwar
828:Leninism
804:Narodnik
773:Bukovina
618:Scînteia
611:(future
463:the pro-
415:) was a
399:Romanian
273:Far-left
213:Ideology
154:Scînteia
12619:Phrases
12522:Junimea
12309:Current
12261:Figures
11641:of the
11568:Comecon
11520:Vietnam
11449:Somalia
11403:Romania
11351:FRELIMO
11271:Hungary
11240:Grenada
10997:Albania
10205:Liberal
10157:Defunct
9895:Romania
9850:Italics
9820:Apostol
9809:Rangheț
9785:Breiner
9500:. See:
9482:, ed.,
9207:, p.416
9010:, p.470
8984:, p.471
8762:, p.436
8653:, p.409
8637:, p.414
8286:, p.208
8247:, p.313
8037:, p.201
7985:, p.204
7893:, p.180
7867:, p.299
7265:, p.154
6527:Praeger
6259:3 April
5541:0 / 387
5496:0 / 387
5447:5 / 387
5431:73,716
5404:0 / 387
5388:38,851
5356:0 / 387
5340:31,505
5313:0 / 387
5297:39,203
5235:In the
5215:Elected
5189:Elected
5163:Elected
5137:Elected
5106:Elected
5075:Elected
5048:Result
4908:Kharkiv
4428:in 1985
4232:sceptre
4190:Germans
4123:sceptre
4062:leader
3792:SovRoms
3788:Comecon
3735:Pitești
3694:amnesty
3643:Hungary
3562:of the
3465:Premier
2887:SovRoms
2796:Finance
2776:Justice
2702:to the
2692:Michael
2679:), and
2473:Michael
2385:Rîbnița
2366:ghettos
2178:of the
1885:Kharkiv
1874:amnesty
1845:in the
1540:Parties
1406:History
1014:Strikes
921:Leaders
765:Dobruja
749:Marxism
631:History
421:Romania
324:Colours
283:FND/BPD
107: (
89: (
81:Founded
71:(first)
12385:Former
12174:Events
11385:Poland
11011:Angola
9764:Köblös
9623:", in
9609:
9563:
9496:
9302:
7792:
7725:, p.74
7683:
7371:, p.57
7309:, p.56
7180:cadres
6614:, p.18
6533:
6418:
6393:
6370:
6360:
6332:
6324:22 May
6312:"Left"
6233:
6202:
6141:
5525:3,515
5480:9,441
5274:Seats
4918:Moscow
4898:Vienna
4826:, and
4634:Brașov
4600:führer
4495:county
4438:cadres
4222:, the
4019:but a
3980:, and
3956:, and
3873:Polish
3840:Maoist
3800:Galați
3737:, and
3727:Gherla
3723:Sighet
3659:Oradea
3602:, and
3504:Danube
3369:kulaks
3334:and a
2934:, and
2924:troika
2831:Sinaia
2794:) and
2589:, the
2495:, and
2485:troika
2348:. The
2149:, and
1972:, the
1853:, and
1841:, the
1694:Maoism
1218:People
705:, and
343:Anthem
334:
328:
245:After
199:(1989
76:(last)
12668:Doina
12538:Songs
12507:ASTRA
11227:COPWE
11148:Congo
11131:China
11028:Benin
10736:Other
9791:Foriș
9686:, in
9585:, in
9541:, in
7613:, in
6294:(PDF)
6279:(PDF)
6163:(PDF)
5999:, in
5958:Notes
5558:15th
5536:0.1%
5491:0.3%
5465:10th
5442:2.6%
5399:1.4%
5351:1.3%
5308:1.5%
5267:Votes
5211:100%
5185:100%
5159:100%
5133:100%
5102:100%
5071:100%
5039:Votes
4450:Turda
4416:1980s
4394:SLOMR
4134:Elena
3279:(the
3122:]
3099:]
3087:]
3017:]
2845:) as
2601:. In
2545:of a
2314:near
1689:Juche
613:SNSPA
11500:Tuva
11297:Laos
11223:Derg
11172:Cuba
9607:ISBN
9561:ISBN
9494:ISBN
9435:2013
9409:2013
9300:ISBN
7790:ISBN
7681:ISBN
6531:ISBN
6416:ISBN
6391:ISBN
6368:OCLC
6358:ISBN
6326:2022
6261:2014
6231:ISBN
6221:In:
6200:ISBN
6179:2017
6171:XXII
6139:ISBN
6094:2021
6047:2008
5924:1st
5901:1985
5895:1st
5870:FDUS
5863:1980
5857:1st
5849:116
5833:1975
5827:1st
5791:1969
5785:1st
5762:1965
5756:1st
5732:1961
5726:1st
5702:1957
5696:1st
5672:1952
5666:1st
5658:122
5634:1948
5628:4th
5591:1946
5579:1939
5564:1937
5521:1933
5514:17th
5471:1932
5427:1931
5421:6th
5379:1928
5373:6th
5336:1927
5330:6th
5288:1926
5277:+/–
5245:1967
5241:1965
5237:1961
5231:Note
5208:369
5204:1985
5182:369
5178:1980
5156:465
5152:1974
5130:465
5121:1967
5099:465
5090:1965
5068:465
5059:1961
4666:and
4638:see
4630:Iași
4578:and
4550:see
4519:and
4477:and
4452:and
4387:see
4352:and
4329:see
4188:and
4150:see
4097:and
4031:and
3968:and
3834:and
3782:and
3771:and
3731:Aiud
3712:and
3673:and
3667:Iași
3665:and
3663:Cluj
3626:and
3516:and
3512:see
3207:and
2806:and
2759:and
2597:and
2559:see
2516:see
2470:King
2464:and
2374:see
2284:Axis
2271:and
2208:see
2097:and
2046:see
1937:see
1904:see
1867:King
853:and
847:Jews
771:and
734:PCdR
564:and
477:King
465:Nazi
393:The
337:Gold
288:FDUS
201:est.
11093:PRK
9893:in
9619:, "
9506:, "
7782:doi
6330:...
6283:IPG
6225:(=
5887:20
5803:FUS
5748:28
5688:23
5641:FDP
5620:68
5603:BPD
5485:BMȚ
5436:BMȚ
5393:BMȚ
5345:BMȚ
5302:BMȚ
4744:or
4720:of
4594:or
4555:).
4404:to
4342:as
3891:KGB
3867:'s
3614:).
3521:).
3498:in
3494:'s
3475:).
3455:in
3314:'s
2907:in
2782:),
2687:).
2671:'s
2659:'s
2647:'s
2564:).
2541:as
2330:or
2306:at
2249:to
2229:'s
2089:" (
2051:).
2040:of
1909:).
830:.)
814:'s
810:by
732:or
627:).
419:in
413:PCR
331:Red
12764::
11475:,
11457:,
11393:,
11229:,
11079:DK
9680:,
9654:,
9648:,
9601:,
9597:,
9526:,
9472:'
9400:.
9323:^
9298:.
9278:^
8642:^
8620:^
8234:^
7813:^
7788:.
6804:^
6786:^
6672:^
6525:.
6366:.
6356:.
6354:86
6328:.
6314:.
6285:.
6281:.
6169:.
6165:.
6062::
6021:22
5718:9
5506:5
5457:5
5271:%
5243:,
5239:,
4822:,
4767:.
4692:.
4662:,
4658:,
4574:,
4502:.
4481:.
4412:.
4356:.
4215:.
4117::
4004:,
4000:,
3996:,
3976:,
3913:.
3850:.
3745:.
3733:,
3729:,
3725:,
3721:,
3681:.
3661:,
3657:,
3598:,
3594:,
3590:,
3586:,
3582:,
3578:,
3574:,
3420:,
3174:.
3120:ro
3097:ro
3085:ro
3015:ro
2930:,
2865:.
2755:,
2751:,
2747:,
2743:,
2739:,
2643:,
2636:.
2613:.
2503:.
2491:,
2326:,
2322:,
2275:.
2267:,
2212:,
2145:,
2141:,
2137:,
2133:,
2129:,
2125:,
2121:,
2117:,
2113:,
2109:,
2075:.
1955:.
1928:.
1849:,
1837:.
1097:on
849:,
767:,
763:,
701:,
697:,
654:.
529:.
411:,
405:,
401::
12629:"
12625:"
12611:"
12607:"
12604:"
12600:"
12597:"
12593:"
12590:"
12586:"
12583:"
12579:"
12576:"
12572:"
12569:"
12565:"
12562:"
12558:"
12555:"
12551:"
12548:"
12544:"
12097:e
12090:t
12083:v
11630:e
11623:t
11616:v
11516:,
11479:*
11442:*
11427:*
11354:*
11337:*
11322:*
11264:*
11233:)
11225:(
11158:*
11123:*
11021:*
10960:e
10953:t
10946:v
9883:e
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