43:
700:
561:
1354:
765:
1336:
569:
3349:
3359:
1416:
1369:
3530:
543:
The New
Zealand government began to take some interest in the territory in 1955. As reliance on the United Kingdom waned, New Zealand's exercise of authority began to rely on the United States, which maintained a much larger presence in the territory, despite the United States not recognising the New
447:
From and after the publication of this Order in the
Government Gazette of the Dominion of New Zealand that part of His Majesty's Dominions in the Antarctic Seas, which comprises all the islands and territories between the 160th degree of East Longitude and the 150th degree of West Longitude which are
535:
in 1931 (which was adopted in full by New
Zealand in 1947), the Government of the United Kingdom relinquished all control over the government of New Zealand. This however had no bearing on the obligations of the governor-general of New Zealand in their capacity as governor of the Ross Dependency on
519:
It has been said that the Order in
Council contained no suggestion of a transfer to New Zealand of the United Kingdom's claim, but the fact remains that the territory is administered by the Government of New Zealand. Technically, the claim is that of the monarch and they can exercise it through any
505:
in respect of the
Dominion itself. It might be assumed that in the administration of the Ross Dependency that he would invite advice from his New Zealand ministers and it was certain that details would be entrusted to the New Zealand Government. But his excellency was required in all matters of
514:
would give such instructions without prior consultation with the
Government of the Dominion, but the part which the New Zealand Government had agreed to take in enabling His Majesty to exercise jurisdiction in and over the Ross Territory must be taken on behalf of the Empire as a whole and not
679:
About 1.12 million square kilometres of the Ross Sea region have been declared a Marine
Protected Area (MPA). In this regard, the Navy is tasked with conducing Southern Ocean patrols during the fishing season to enforce international rules and fight against illegal, unregulated and unreported
584:. It is the second-smallest of the claims which were made before the implementation of the Antarctic Treaty System and the suspension of all territorial claims to Antarctica proper. Officers of the Government of the Ross Dependency are annually appointed to run the Dependency. The
384:. Article IV states: "No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights of sovereignty in Antarctica".
500:
The boundaries of New
Zealand are not extended to include the Ross sea and adjacent lands. His Majesty's delegation to the Governor-General of New Zealand did not confer upon the government or parliament of New Zealand the same powers as were vested by the
733:
In 2006, the New
Zealand police reported that jurisdictional issues prevented them from issuing warrants for potential American witnesses who were reluctant to testify during the Christchurch Coroner's investigation into the poisoning death of
690:
from 1987 to 1992, which was on Ross Island. As this base was a non-governmental entity, the official policy of the signatory nations of the
Antarctic Treaty was not to give any support or assistance to it.
730:
helicopters rescued the crew, who were taken to McMurdo Station. The British expedition was criticised by scientists in the Antarctic because the rescue and return of the crew disrupted their work.
676:, which is a Polar-class Level 6 vessel (Summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice) capable of berthing at McMurdo Station (ten minutes by jeep from Scott Base) for resupply purposes.
954:
3336:
1304:
3147:
751:
3395:
1552:
1297:
2006:
611:(US) is partially within the territory and dependent on logistics operations based in New Zealand. China is establishing a year-round research station at
3665:
1216:
1106:
783:
2720:
1290:
962:
803:"Ross Dependency Boundaries and Government Order in Council 1923 (SR 1923/974) (as at 17 August 1923), Imperial Contents β New Zealand Legislation"
3314:
Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
580:
The actual amount of land mass claimed is not large; most of the area defined as being in the Ross Dependency is either in the Ross Sea or the
98:
3670:
2879:
1516:
1208:
3307:
3290:
3168:
2759:
1313:
985:
3675:
3388:
2449:
2443:
1545:
470:
on 16 August 1923, and on 14 November 1923, the governor-general issued regulations extending New Zealand law to the Ross Dependency.
2505:
3621:
1245:
42:
2353:
1449:
564:
Mosaic of Landsat images, showing McMurdo Sound (right) and the Dry Valleys (left). Part of Ross Island is visible upper right.
1260:
3381:
2714:
1538:
1157:
873:
665:
aircraft. New Zealand military personnel also fulfill communications, logistics and other duties at Scott Base. In 2020, the
658:
608:
489:
235:
3052:
2662:
1888:
474:
1408:
2992:
1774:
1659:
715:
killing all 257 people on board. It was the most deadly air crash in the history of both Antarctica and New Zealand (see
2710:
1028:
2872:
2065:
1272:
1055:"HMNZS Aotearoa: How the Royal New Zealand Navy's Largest Ship Uses ISR Mission Software to Power Global Sustainment"
938:
906:
502:
802:
3404:
2745:
2732:
1511:
1404:
778:
507:
436:
373:
309:
1255:
1132:
2961:
2692:
1530:
493:
453:
175:
1231:
552:, and Americans in the territory are exempt from taxation, customs, and criminal jurisdiction in minor matters.
3607:
3431:
3255:
2783:
2397:
2291:
2108:
1792:
485:
3065:
2829:
2580:
2021:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
1918:
1850:
1454:
1205:
478:
443:
under the British Settlements Act 1887, which defined the current borders of the Ross Dependency as follows:
316:
2865:
2315:
2239:
2215:
2209:
1566:
1490:
585:
531:
would be appointed by the king on the advice of the Dominion in question. And following the passing of the
416:
431:
in 1841, James Clark Ross took possession of this territory, along with the surrounding sea, on behalf of
3495:
3483:
3282:
2948:
1798:
654:
532:
1277:
3020:
2797:
2771:
2668:
2437:
1434:
1282:
3311:; Ascension Island (1922β) and Tristan da Cunha (1938β) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
2954:
2910:
2632:
2343:
2018:
1988:
1746:
727:
650:
380:, of which all territorial claimants are signatories, including New Zealand, all claims are held in
3660:
3135:
2843:
2790:
2698:
2656:
2620:
2574:
2189:
1838:
1780:
1504:
1458:
1441:
653:
is tasked with providing support for New Zealand programmes in Antarctica. This is provided by the
524:
372:, a claim mutually accepted only by Australia, the UK, France and Norway, countries that also have
3451:
3352:
3184:
3059:
3027:
3008:
2674:
2626:
2568:
2277:
2221:
1597:
1471:
537:
377:
160:
147:
3456:
2823:
2804:
2680:
2644:
2416:
2404:
2303:
2183:
2171:
2059:
2014:
2002:
1633:
1382:
1081:
666:
840:
3362:
2968:
2123:
1900:
1882:
1691:
1622:
716:
560:
1182:
3596:
3591:
3488:
3426:
3273:
3091:
3004:
2938:
2916:
2817:
2777:
2686:
2650:
2588:
2513:
2201:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1317:
860:
699:
620:
612:
287:
33:
1240:
8:
3446:
2752:
2555:
2462:
2410:
2297:
2285:
2265:
2253:
2165:
1956:
1868:
1467:
1268:
643:
466:
365:
361:
357:
298:
277:
143:
2998:
2980:
2920:
2811:
2537:
2499:
2475:
2456:
2347:
1894:
1820:
1786:
1685:
1665:
1591:
881:
770:
506:
legislation and regulation for the Ross Territory to comply with instructions from the
457:
448:
situated south of the 60th degree of South Latitude shall be named the Ross Dependency.
256:
1003:
607:(South Korea) are the only permanently occupied human habitations in the area, though
540:
was signed by twelve nations, which included both the United Kingdom and New Zealand.
3358:
2944:
2562:
2527:
2259:
2147:
2095:
2089:
2073:
1912:
1906:
1856:
1826:
1756:
934:
836:
604:
600:
528:
242:
536:
the appointment of the Government of the United Kingdom. Then in the year 1959, the
3373:
3315:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3160:
3071:
3039:
2926:
2726:
2638:
2423:
1949:
1942:
1844:
1729:
1674:
1498:
1494:
1400:
1225:β Crown entity charged with administering, developing, and managing Ross Dependency
628:
544:
Zealand claim and reserving the right to make a claim of its own. The New Zealand
440:
388:
133:
1560:
1250:
1054:
3573:
3552:
3508:
3461:
3045:
2974:
2765:
2704:
2543:
2227:
2129:
1832:
1463:
1393:
1235:
1212:
708:
687:
635:. This guarantees accessibility by wheeled and ski-equipped aircraft year-round.
596:
549:
511:
408:
349:
228:
50:
928:
3500:
3153:
3141:
2986:
2602:
2531:
2520:
2309:
2271:
2177:
2141:
2135:
2101:
1639:
1562:
670:
624:
616:
581:
481:
432:
400:
3418:
3654:
3636:
3623:
3565:
3471:
3194:
3014:
2195:
2079:
1107:"Successful resupply mission to Antarctica proves capability of NZ Navy ship"
639:
464:
as the governor of the territory. This Order in Council was published in the
428:
396:
113:
100:
722:
In the summer of 1985, when the British non-governmental exploratory vessel
3436:
3224:
2932:
2493:
2487:
2468:
2233:
1968:
1875:
1814:
1808:
1359:
735:
712:
573:
412:
902:
3466:
3341:
2837:
2738:
2549:
2153:
2053:
1768:
1762:
1341:
986:"What does China's fifth research station mean for Antarctic governance?"
461:
404:
369:
166:
55:
1312:
827:
Richardson, Ivor L. M. (1957). "New Zealand's Claims in the Antarctic".
568:
3544:
3529:
3476:
2614:
2595:
2338:
2117:
1736:
1653:
1484:
These combine the regional and the territorial authority levels in one
739:
683:
662:
632:
592:
545:
353:
345:
294:
273:
221:
181:
92:
863:, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 137 (word for word quote as at 2 May 2015)
3441:
3260:
2113:
1862:
1646:
1228:
268:
1278:
Quartermain, L. B. (1971) New Zealand and the Antarctic. Wellington.
1222:
3188:
3103:
2382:
2334:
2083:
2010:
1996:
1992:
1962:
1750:
392:
381:
260:
619:
of the Ross Sea that opened in 2024. The Dependency has access to
3097:
2430:
2390:
1983:
1740:
1699:
1421:
638:
From 1969 to 1995 New Zealand operated a summer-only base called
852:
850:
3107:
2482:
2247:
2025:
1627:
1264:
Photos of Antarctica: enter, go to Categories:Places;Antarctica
686:
maintained its Antarctic station in the Ross Dependency called
2608:
2330:
1802:
847:
2159:
1374:
329:
324:
752:
Postage stamps and postal history of the Ross Dependency
631:, and β depending on conditions and time of year β the
3213:
2346:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
3403:
760:
527:, it was agreed that the governors-general of the
703:Unofficial flag of the Ross Dependency since 1995
452:The Order in Council then went on to appoint the
3652:
784:Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
588:has named many features within the Dependency.
711:sightseeing flight crashed into the slopes of
3389:
2873:
1546:
1493:outside any regional authority (the outlying
1298:
16:New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica
3308:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
3291:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3169:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1481:Seven districts lie in more than one region
1029:"Our history: Decades of flying to the ice"
669:commissioned a new logistics support ship,
555:
473:After the Order in Council was read in the
3666:States and territories established in 1923
3396:
3382:
2880:
2866:
1553:
1539:
1305:
1291:
826:
515:specially in the interests of New Zealand.
510:. There was no reason to believe that the
1256:Scientific Research by NIWA in Antarctica
202:450,000 km (170,000 sq mi)
2352:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
1217:NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
698:
567:
559:
1241:History β From University of Canterbury
1162:New Zealand - Foreign Affairs and Trade
927:Sahurie, Emilio J. (27 November 2023).
926:
3653:
3337:Historical flags of the British Empire
3321:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
1079:
548:was established close to the American
3377:
3212:
3124:
2861:
2370:
2042:
1717:
1610:
1534:
1286:
1251:Map of Ross Dependency (central part)
3671:Dependent territories of New Zealand
1273:NZ Ministry for Culture and Heritage
955:"Southern Ocean and Ross Dependency"
475:New Zealand House of Representatives
3148:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
1991:. British Cameroons is now part of
983:
959:Land Information New Zealand (LINZ)
930:The International Law of Antarctica
422:
387:The Dependency takes its name from
13:
2007:unilaterally declared independence
1702:1708β1757, 1763β1782 and 1798β1802
484:, a clarification was made by the
419:also form part of the Dependency.
14:
3687:
3676:1923 establishments in Antarctica
3214:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
3193:Occupied by Argentina during the
3125:
2371:
1409:ManawatΔwhi / Three Kings Islands
1206:Antarctica and the Southern Ocean
1199:
1082:"Where U.S., Kiwis Are Neighbors"
907:United States Department of State
745:
609:AmundsenβScott South Pole Station
374:territorial claims in Antarctica.
3528:
3405:Territorial claims in Antarctica
3357:
3348:
3347:
2760:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1414:
1367:
1352:
1334:
1183:"Robert Swan Expedition 1984-85"
779:Territorial claims in Antarctica
763:
70:Claim transferred to New Zealand
41:
1175:
1150:
1125:
1099:
1080:Griggs, Kim (6 December 2001).
1073:
1047:
1021:
694:
3432:Australian Antarctic Territory
3256:Australian Antarctic Territory
2112:since 1965 (before as part of
2109:British Indian Ocean Territory
1995:, while Tanganyika is part of
1626:since 1960 (before as part of
1487:Special territorial authority
996:
977:
947:
920:
895:
866:
819:
795:
364:, and terminating at latitude
1:
1219:. Outline of NZ's involvement
857:Commonwealth and Colonial Law
479:Prime Minister of New Zealand
62:Claimed by the United Kingdom
1567:British Overseas Territories
1505:Non-self-governing territory
1491:New Zealand outlying islands
984:Liu, Nengye (28 June 2018).
623:-maintained snow runways at
586:New Zealand Geographic Board
7:
3496:Chilean Antarctic Territory
3484:British Antarctic Territory
3283:British Antarctic Territory
2993:Western Pacific Territories
2887:
756:
655:Royal New Zealand Air Force
525:Imperial Conference in 1930
427:Following his discovery of
356:, passing along longitudes
10:
3692:
3021:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
2438:British Arctic Territories
1718:
1611:
1517:States in free association
1269:Antarctica and New Zealand
749:
726:sank in the Ross Sea, the
3582:
3564:
3537:
3526:
3411:
3332:
3301:
3261:Commonwealth of Australia
3219:
3208:
3179:
3131:
3120:
3086:
2893:
2857:
2663:Newfoundland and Labrador
2377:
2366:
2344:League of Nations mandate
2325:
2049:
2038:
2019:Lancaster House Agreement
1989:League of Nations mandate
1978:
1724:
1713:
1617:
1606:
1573:
1515:
1489:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1364:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1332:
1324:
1246:Stamps of Ross Dependency
1185:. Glasgow Digital Library
1137:New Zealand Defence Force
1111:New Zealand Defence Force
1033:New Zealand Defence Force
933:. Brill. pp. 17β19.
728:United States Coast Guard
651:New Zealand Defence Force
315:
305:
284:
267:
252:
211:
206:
196:
191:
187:
172:
157:
153:
139:
129:
88:and administrative centre
85:
77:
69:
61:
49:
40:
31:
24:
19:Dependency in New Zealand
2791:Turks and Caicos Islands
2098:(protectorate) 1907β1949
2043:
1670:(integrated into the UK)
1314:Administrative divisions
861:Sir Kenneth Roberts-Wray
789:
646:area of the Dependency.
591:The scientific bases of
556:Geography and habitation
213:β’ Seasonal estimate
114:77.849132Β°S 166.768196Β°E
3074:1919β1942 and 1945β1968
2899:18th and 19th centuries
2715:Queen Charlotte Islands
2675:North-Western Territory
2647:1665β1674 and 1702β1776
2250:1781β1784 and 1795β1819
1915:1923β1965 and 1979β1980
1598:Commonwealth of Nations
1450:Territorial authorities
1405:NZ Subantarctic Islands
1387:11 non-unitary regions
829:New Zealand Law Journal
807:www.legislation.govt.nz
435:. On 30 July 1923, the
148:constitutional monarchy
2824:West Indies Federation
2013:) and continued as an
1596:Current member of the
1229:50 years of Scott Base
1223:Antarctica New Zealand
874:"Imperial Conferences"
704:
667:Royal New Zealand Navy
577:
565:
533:Statute of Westminster
520:of their governments.
517:
450:
119:-77.849132; 166.768196
2746:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2017:state until the 1979
1623:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
750:Further information:
717:Mount Erebus disaster
702:
571:
563:
498:
445:
395:and includes part of
391:, who discovered the
286: β’ Summer (
3597:Uruguayan Antarctica
3592:Brazilian Antarctica
3489:Queen Elizabeth Land
3427:Argentine Antarctica
3274:Realm of New Zealand
3272:(transferred to the
3259:(transferred to the
3092:Realm of New Zealand
2693:Prince Edward Island
2571:1671β1816, 1833β1960
1512:Antarctic dependency
1318:Realm of New Zealand
621:US Antarctic Program
613:Inexpressible Island
389:Sir James Clark Ross
3633: /
3601:American Antarctica
3305:Since 2009 part of
3197:of AprilβJune 1982.
2784:Trinidad and Tobago
2398:Antigua and Barbuda
2298:Straits Settlements
1497:form a part of the
1464:1 metropolitan area
494:legislative council
467:New Zealand Gazette
368:. It is claimed by
352:originating at the
110: /
81:160Β°E – 150Β°W
3637:75.000Β°S 175.000Β°W
3608:Spanish Antarctica
3604:Russian Antarctica
3452:Princess Elizabeth
2457:Cape Breton Island
2348:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
2190:Unfederated States
2005:Southern Rhodesia
1592:Commonwealth realm
1390:5 unitary regions
1234:2014-03-09 at the
1211:2011-08-07 at the
1113:. 16 February 2022
903:"Antarctic Treaty"
771:New Zealand portal
705:
578:
566:
508:colonial secretary
458:commander-in-chief
437:British Government
399:, and most of the
257:New Zealand dollar
236:South Pole Station
130:Official languages
3642:-75.000; -175.000
3616:
3615:
3583:Unrecognized and
3557:
3549:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3457:Kaiser Wilhelm II
3423:
3371:
3370:
3328:
3327:
3204:
3203:
3136:Providence Island
3116:
3115:
3081:
3080:
2949:Western Australia
2917:Van Diemen's Land
2853:
2852:
2830:Associated States
2528:Columbia District
2362:
2361:
2216:Manila and Cavite
2034:
2033:
1913:Southern Rhodesia
1907:South-West Africa
1857:Northern Rhodesia
1769:Cape of Good Hope
1709:
1708:
1586:Current territory
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:with New Zealand
1158:"Antarctic Haven"
1035:. 27 January 2023
878:www.statusquo.org
605:Jang Bogo Station
601:Zucchelli Station
417:Roosevelt Islands
338:
337:
243:Zucchelli Station
227:200–1,000 (
3683:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3555:
3547:
3532:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3421:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3361:
3351:
3350:
3316:Antarctic Treaty
3277:
3264:
3249:Falkland Islands
3241:Tristan da Cunha
3233:Ascension Island
3210:
3209:
3161:Falkland Islands
3122:
3121:
3090:Now part of the
2962:Pitcairn Islands
2927:Auckland Islands
2896:
2895:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2844:Windward Islands
2798:Vancouver Island
2575:MassachusettsBay
2444:British Columbia
2368:
2367:
2184:Federated States
2040:
2039:
1950:Tristan da Cunha
1919:Southern Nigeria
1851:Northern Nigeria
1730:Ascension Island
1715:
1714:
1671:
1608:
1607:
1582:Former territory
1579:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1499:Southland Region
1495:Solander Islands
1444:
1437:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1401:Kermadec Islands
1377:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1133:"HMNZS Aotearoa"
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1000:
994:
993:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
961:. Archived from
951:
945:
944:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
899:
893:
892:
890:
889:
880:. Archived from
870:
864:
854:
845:
844:
823:
817:
816:
814:
813:
799:
773:
768:
767:
766:
629:Phoenix Airfield
572:Aerial photo of
538:Antarctic Treaty
503:Constitution Act
486:Attorney-General
454:governor-general
441:Order in Council
423:History of claim
378:Antarctic Treaty
125:
124:
122:
121:
120:
115:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
45:
22:
21:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3661:Ross Dependency
3651:
3650:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3585:Proposed claims
3584:
3578:
3574:Marie Byrd Land
3560:
3553:Yamato Yukihara
3533:
3524:
3517:Ross Dependency
3509:Queen Maud Land
3407:
3402:
3372:
3367:
3324:
3297:
3271:
3269:Ross Dependency
3258:
3215:
3200:
3175:
3127:
3112:
3082:
3077:
3033:
3028:Solomon Islands
2975:North Australia
2955:South Australia
2911:New South Wales
2889:
2886:
2849:
2569:Leeward Islands
2373:
2358:
2321:
2228:Muscat and Oman
2045:
2030:
1974:
1720:
1705:
1669:
1613:
1602:
1577:
1569:
1559:
1529:
1524:
1507:of New Zealand
1440:
1433:
1428:Ross Dependency
1415:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1394:Chatham Islands
1368:
1366:
1365:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1335:
1333:
1320:
1311:
1236:Wayback Machine
1213:Wayback Machine
1202:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1004:"Vanda Station"
1002:
1001:
997:
982:
978:
968:
966:
953:
952:
948:
941:
925:
921:
911:
909:
901:
900:
896:
887:
885:
872:
871:
867:
855:
848:
824:
820:
811:
809:
801:
800:
796:
792:
769:
764:
762:
759:
754:
748:
709:Air New Zealand
697:
688:World Park Base
597:McMurdo Station
595:(New Zealand),
582:Antarctic Ocean
558:
550:McMurdo Station
512:Colonial Office
496:. Bell stated:
425:
376:Under the 1961
344:is a region of
342:Ross Dependency
334:
291:
248:
229:McMurdo Station
214:
199:
182:Dame Cindy Kiro
178:
163:
118:
116:
112:
109:
104:
101:
99:
97:
96:
95:
89:
51:Sovereign state
36:
27:
26:Ross Dependency
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3550:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3501:Peter I Island
3498:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3447:Mac. Robertson
3444:
3439:
3429:
3424:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3312:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3266:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3142:Willoughbyland
3139:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2958:
2952:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2805:Virgin Islands
2801:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2772:South Carolina
2769:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2669:North Carolina
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2603:Mosquito Coast
2600:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2532:Oregon Country
2525:
2521:Cayman Islands
2517:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2441:
2435:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2341:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2310:Trucial States
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2003:Self-governing
2000:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1775:Central Africa
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1663:
1660:Ionian Islands
1657:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1563:British Empire
1558:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1510:New Zealand's
1508:
1502:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1411:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1363:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1226:
1220:
1201:
1200:External links
1198:
1196:
1195:
1174:
1149:
1124:
1098:
1072:
1046:
1020:
995:
976:
946:
939:
919:
894:
865:
846:
818:
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
781:
775:
774:
758:
755:
747:
746:Postage stamps
744:
724:Southern Quest
696:
693:
625:Williams Field
617:Terra Nova Bay
576:on Ross Island
557:
554:
482:William Massey
424:
421:
401:Ross Ice Shelf
336:
335:
333:
332:
327:
321:
319:
313:
312:
307:
303:
302:
292:
285:
282:
281:
271:
265:
264:
254:
250:
249:
247:
246:
239:
234:85–200 (
232:
225:
217:
215:
212:
209:
208:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
189:
188:
185:
184:
179:
173:
170:
169:
164:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
53:
47:
46:
38:
37:
32:
29:
28:
25:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3688:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3649:
3646:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:Former claims
3536:
3531:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
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3434:
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3430:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3211:
3207:
3196:
3195:Falklands War
3192:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3126:South America
3123:
3119:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3015:Union Islands
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:Rupert's Land
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2687:Paulet affair
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:New Hampshire
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2621:New Brunswick
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
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2486:
2485:
2484:
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2477:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
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2458:
2455:
2451:
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2436:
2433:
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2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2372:North America
2369:
2365:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:South Vietnam
2290:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
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1858:
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1816:
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1810:
1807:
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1800:
1797:
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1500:
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1410:
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1402:
1395:
1389:
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1376:
1361:
1343:
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1323:
1319:
1315:
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1301:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1279:
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1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1262:Dominion Post
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
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1203:
1184:
1178:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1061:. 7 June 2023
1060:
1056:
1050:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1009:
1008:Antarctica NZ
1005:
999:
991:
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397:Victoria Land
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348:defined by a
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3239:
3231:
3225:Saint Helena
3223:
3167:
3159:
3009:Cook Islands
2960:
2933:New Hebrides
2902:20th century
2818:West Florida
2803:
2789:
2721:Rhode Island
2699:Pennsylvania
2657:Newfoundland
2594:
2519:
2469:East Florida
2440:16th c.β1880
2429:
2381:
2278:Crown Colony
2266:Pulo Condore
2240:Crown Colony
2234:North Borneo
2107:
2066:Protectorate
2015:unrecognised
2009:in 1965 (as
1948:
1901:South Africa
1889:Sierra Leone
1876:Saint Helena
1874:
1869:Orange River
1747:Bechuanaland
1728:
1686:Protectorate
1645:
1621:
1585:
1565:and Current
1459:50 districts
1427:
1426:
1360:Cook Islands
1261:
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1177:
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1161:
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1136:
1127:
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989:
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963:the original
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797:
736:Rodney Marks
732:
723:
721:
713:Mount Erebus
707:In 1979, an
706:
695:Other events
682:
678:
672:
648:
637:
603:(Italy) and
590:
579:
574:Mount Erebus
542:
522:
518:
499:
490:Francis Bell
472:
465:
451:
446:
426:
386:
341:
339:
317:Internet TLD
306:Calling code
241:0–90 (
198:β’ Total
78:Sector claim
3640: /
3419:AdΓ©lie Land
3342:Anglosphere
3060:New Zealand
2969:New Zealand
2838:West Jersey
2753:Saint Lucia
2739:Saint Kitts
2733:Saint Croix
2713:1763β1791*
2681:Nova Scotia
2627:New England
2583:, 1691β1776
2550:East Jersey
2538:Connecticut
2417:Bay Islands
2304:Transjordan
2222:Mesopotamia
2060:Afghanistan
2054:Aden Colony
1839:Niger Coast
1805:) 1874β1957
1781:East Africa
1763:Cape Colony
1753:) 1884β1966
1743:) 1868β1966
1472:3 districts
1442:14 villages
1342:New Zealand
671:HMNZS
462:New Zealand
370:New Zealand
167:Charles III
117: /
105:166Β°46β²06β³E
56:New Zealand
3655:Categories
3545:New Swabia
3462:Queen Mary
3294:since 1908
3286:since 1908
3252:since 1833
3244:since 1816
3236:since 1815
3228:since 1658
3185:department
3172:since 1908
3164:since 1833
2965:since 1838
2945:Swan River
2939:Queensland
2826:1958β1962
2808:since 1666
2794:since 1799
2645:New Jersey
2615:New Albion
2599:since 1632
2596:Montserrat
2577:1629β1691
2524:since 1670
2446:1858β1866
2434:since 1619
2386:since 1650
2339:Bangladesh
2274:1841β1946
2236:1882β1963
2202:Federation
2180:1819β1826
2118:Seychelles
2062:1839β1842
1953:since 1816
1937:Tanganyika
1895:Somaliland
1883:Seychelles
1879:since 1658
1799:Gold Coast
1793:The Gambia
1737:Basutoland
1733:since 1815
1675:Free State
1668:1542β1800
1654:Heligoland
1650:since 1713
1435:15 islands
1330:Countries
1189:2007-03-25
888:2019-02-10
812:2022-11-27
740:South Pole
684:Greenpeace
663:Boeing 757
644:Dry Valley
633:Ice Runway
593:Scott Base
546:Scott Base
439:passed an
354:South Pole
346:Antarctica
222:Scott Base
207:Population
144:Dependency
140:Government
102:77Β°50β²57β³S
93:Scott Base
34:Dependency
3566:Unclaimed
3278:1841β1947
3265:1841β1933
3156:1831β1966
3150:1670β1688
3144:1651β1667
3138:1631β1641
3068:1914β1962
3062:1907β1947
3055:1901β1942
3053:Australia
3048:1900β1974
3042:1900β1970
3030:1893β1978
3023:1892β1979
3017:1889β1948
3011:1888β1901
3005:Rarotonga
3001:1884β1902
2995:1877β1976
2989:1874β1970
2983:1851β1901
2977:1846β1847
2971:1841β1907
2957:1836β1901
2951:1829β1901
2941:1824β1901
2935:1824β1980
2929:1807β1863
2923:1803β1901
2913:1788β1901
2846:1833β1960
2840:1674β1702
2832:1967β1983
2820:1763β1783
2814:1607β1776
2800:1849β1866
2786:1889β1962
2780:1862β1863
2774:1712β1776
2768:1635β1644
2762:1627β1979
2755:1605β1979
2748:1882β1983
2741:1623β1983
2735:1625β1650
2729:1670β1870
2723:1636β1776
2717:1853β1863
2707:1620β1691
2701:1681β1776
2695:1763β1873
2683:1713β1867
2677:1859β1870
2671:1712β1776
2665:1583β1907
2659:1907β1949
2653:1664β1776
2641:1637β1662
2639:New Haven
2635:1680β1776
2629:1686β1689
2623:1784β1867
2611:1628β1983
2605:1655β1860
2591:1632β1776
2565:1655β1962
2558:1733β1776
2552:1674β1702
2546:1701β1776
2540:1636β1776
2534:1818β1846
2516:1663β1712
2508:1867β1931
2502:1841β1867
2496:1791β1841
2490:1791β1841
2478:1762β1974
2471:1763β1783
2465:1763β1978
2459:1754β1820
2450:1866β1871
2426:1871β1981
2419:1643β1860
2413:1624β1966
2407:1670β1973
2400:1860β1981
2393:1632β1860
2318:1898β1930
2312:1892β1971
2306:1921β1946
2300:1826β1946
2294:1945β1946
2288:1946β1963
2286:Singapore
2280:1946β1963
2268:1702β1705
2262:1786β1946
2256:1923β1948
2254:Palestine
2242:1946β1963
2230:1891β1971
2224:1920β1932
2218:1762β1764
2212:1796β1965
2204:1948β1957
2198:1946β1948
2192:1885β1946
2186:1895β1946
2174:1848β1946
2168:1918β1961
2162:1811β1816
2156:1858β1947
2150:1841β1997
2148:Hong Kong
2144:1878β1960
2138:1795β1948
2132:1888β1984
2126:1824β1948
2114:Mauritius
2104:1874β1963
2092:1757β1947
2086:1812β1824
2076:1685β1824
2074:Bencoolen
2068:1879β1919
2056:1839β1967
1971:1887β1897
1965:1890β1963
1959:1890β1962
1945:1900β1910
1943:Transvaal
1939:1922β1961
1933:1899β1956
1927:1893β1968
1925:Swaziland
1921:1900β1914
1909:1915β1931
1903:1910β1931
1897:1884β1960
1891:1792β1961
1885:1903β1976
1871:1900β1910
1865:1891β1964
1863:Nyasaland
1859:1924β1964
1853:1900β1914
1847:1914β1960
1841:1884β1900
1835:1856β1910
1829:1810β1968
1827:Mauritius
1823:1807β1808
1817:1862β1906
1811:1920β1963
1795:1816β1965
1789:1882β1922
1783:1895β1920
1777:1891β1907
1771:1806β1910
1765:1795β1803
1759:1919β1961
1757:Cameroons
1694:1813β1964
1688:1800β1813
1677:1921β1931
1662:1809β1864
1656:1807β1890
1647:Gibraltar
1642:1878β1960
1636:1794β1796
1590:*Current
1455:11 cities
1167:23 August
1142:23 August
1117:23 August
1091:23 August
1065:23 August
1039:23 August
680:fishing.
529:Dominions
366:60Β° south
362:150Β° west
358:160Β° east
295:UTC+13:00
274:UTC+12:00
269:Time zone
86:Main base
3628:175Β°00β²W
3472:George V
3353:Category
3189:Colombia
3104:Kiribati
2981:Victoria
2921:Tasmania
2812:Virginia
2778:Stickeen
2766:Saybrook
2705:Plymouth
2651:New York
2589:Maryland
2581:Province
2544:Delaware
2514:Carolina
2506:Dominion
2500:Province
2463:Dominica
2411:Barbados
2383:Anguilla
2354:disputed
2335:Pakistan
2210:Maldives
2084:Billiton
2011:Rhodesia
1997:Tanzania
1993:Cameroon
1969:Zululand
1963:Zanzibar
1751:Botswana
1232:Archived
1209:Archived
1059:CarteNav
757:See also
673:Aotearoa
393:Ross Sea
382:abeyance
310:+64 2409
259:(NZ$ ) (
253:Currency
176:Governor
146:under a
3625:75Β°00β²S
3437:Enderby
3344:culture
3098:Vanuatu
2888:Oceania
2563:Jamaica
2556:Georgia
2476:Grenada
2431:Bermuda
2405:Bahamas
2391:Antigua
2272:Sarawak
1984:Namibia
1845:Nigeria
1821:Madeira
1741:Lesotho
1700:Minorca
1666:Ireland
1634:Corsica
1561:Former
1422:Tokelau
1383:Regions
1316:of the
841:2257655
738:at the
642:in the
492:in the
477:by the
433:Britain
409:Balleny
174:β’
161:Monarch
159:β’
134:English
3556:(Jap.)
3548:(Ger.)
3520:(N.Z.)
3512:(Nor.)
3504:(Nor.)
3467:Wilkes
3412:Claims
3363:Portal
3183:Now a
3154:Guiana
3108:Tuvalu
2711:Quebec
2483:Canada
2424:Belize
2316:Weihai
2260:Penang
2248:Padang
2178:Malaya
2172:Labuan
2166:Kuwait
2142:Cyprus
2136:Ceylon
2130:Brunei
2102:Borneo
2096:Bhutan
2090:Bengal
2026:Zambia
1957:Uganda
1719:Africa
1692:Colony
1682:Malta
1640:Cyprus
1628:Cyprus
1612:Europe
1578:Legend
1478:Notes
1470:, and
1468:1 city
1419:
1372:
1357:
1339:
937:
839:
742:base.
659:C-130J
599:(US),
523:At an
350:sector
3477:Oates
3422:(Fr.)
3106:and *
3072:Nauru
3066:Samoa
3040:Tonga
2999:Papua
2609:Nevis
2494:Upper
2488:Lower
2331:India
2196:Union
2154:India
2124:Burma
2080:Banka
1931:Sudan
1833:Natal
1815:Lagos
1809:Kenya
1803:Ghana
1787:Egypt
1086:Wired
1013:2 May
969:2 May
912:2 May
790:Notes
413:Scott
3442:Kemp
3102:Now
3096:Now
3046:Niue
2987:Fiji
2689:1843
2617:1579
2337:and
2329:Now
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2116:and
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2044:Asia
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1982:Now
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1067:2023
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971:2020
935:ISBN
914:2020
837:SSRN
825:See
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488:Sir
456:and
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