632:
179:
112:
4746:
1064:, signed by the Russian Empire and Safavid Persia on 21 January 1732, gave Persia a portion of territories ceded in 1723 in the Treaty of St Petersburg. Russia ceded the Astarabad, Gilan and Mazandaran provinces to Persia. Under the terms of the treaty it was also specified that in the case that Ottomans relinquished Caucasian territories back to Russia, Russia would also cede Derbent and Baku. The treaty also ensured free trade for Russian merchants in Persia, and that the Russian ambassador was permitted to reside in Persia.
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1414:— continuing to place pressure with advances in the largely nomadic Turkestan, a crucial frontier territory of the Qajars — this Russian domination of Persia continued for nearly a century. The Persian monarchy became more of a symbolic concept in which Russian diplomats were themselves powerbrokers in Iran and the monarchy was dependent on Russian and British loans for funds. The Russian Empire backed Persian
3516:, Stephanie Cronin (ed.) London: Routledge, 2003, p. 81: "The context of this regime capitulations, of course, is that by the end of the reign of Fath Ali Shah (1798–1834), Iran could no longer defend its independence against the west. ... For Iran this was a time of weakness, humiliation and soul-searching as Iranians sought to assert their dignity against overwhelming pressure from the expansionist west."
1280:
1143:. At Shusha, the siege lasted from 8 July to 9 August 1795. The governor of Shusha eventually surrendered, however denied the army entry to Shusha. Agha Mohammed Khan negotiated with the governor to gain access to the road to Tiflis through Shusha. Agha Mohammed Khan subsequently moved from Shusha to occupy Ganja. 40,000 men marched from Ganja to Tiflis on 10 September 1795 and took the city.
631:
1325:. Persia invaded the Karabakh and Talesh provinces, which had been ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Gulistan. Citizens in these provinces surrendered the cities of Lankaran, Quba and Baku to Persia. A Russian attack subsequently defeated the Persians at the Shamkhor River and Ganja in September 1826 and they retreated to Tauris.
643:, however, the official exports decreased and were replaced by private merchant trade. In 1634, no trade was recorded, and no wares transported. Two years later, trade was once more brought to a halt, by plague, but trade resumed and grew significantly. In 1676, 41,000 kg of silk was exported from Persia to Russia.
917:
that the
Ottoman Empire did not take advantage of the situation and invade. The envoy was also instructed to inform Shah Husayn that this aid would only be given provided Persia ceded certain provinces to Russia. The envoy, however, did not pass on the message concerning the cessation of these provinces.
1366:
was signed on 21 February 1828 between the
Russian Empire and Persia. Under the treaty, Persia ceded the Erivan, Talesh and Nakhichevan khanates. The Aras River was established as the new border between the countries. Persia was also required to pay 20 million rubles in silver in indemnification. The
1211:, and many of the khanates surrounding Georgia. Ganja was occupied and sacked, and 3,000 citizens were killed. Persia considered the khanates surrounding Georgia to be its vassal states, and Fath Ali Shah took the Russian progression into these territories as justification for the declaration of war.
943:
In
September 1722, many Russian ships were lost in a storm, and an epidemic killed a significant portion of the horses in the Russian cavalry. Russian troops withdrew to Astrakhan, with a few garrisons remaining in the Shamkhalate of Tarki, Baku and Derbent. The Georgian and Armenian troops were left
749:
had committed a series of robberies. He threatened to confiscate the goods of
Russian merchants in Shamakhi, the capital of the Shirvan province, and to pursue military action against the Cossacks. Russian authorities protested this action, and requested the shah punish Khosrow Khan. The shah took no
1437:
by
Russian officers gave the Russian Empire influence over the modernization of the Qajar army. This influence was especially pronounced because the Persian monarchy's legitimacy was predicated on an image of military prowess. By the 1890s, Russian tutors, doctors and officers were prominent at the
877:
chieftain of the Lezgin tribe, had been detained in
Derbent for inciting rebellion, but was released in August 1721 following the initial attack by the Afghans in the hope that he would raise an army to support the shah. Daud Khan and his Lezgin followers sacked the city of Shamakhi in August 1721,
1398:
in 1832. Following the death of Fath Ali Shah in 1834, there were increased concerns over the possibility of civil war. Rival claimants to the throne stirred up further discontent in the early reign of
Mohammed Shah. In 1839 and 1840, Isfahan experienced serious unrest after high-ranking officials
1214:
On 23 May 1804, Fath Ali Shah demanded
Russian troops be withdrawn from Persian territory in the Caucasus. This request was refused, precipitating a declaration of war from Persia. The Russian troops proceeded to march to the Erivan province and besieged the capital, Erivan on 1 July. The siege of
1000:
was signed between the
Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire on 24 June 1724, in order to mitigate the political crisis caused between the two empires following the signature of the Treaty of St Petersburg. The Ottoman Empire was ceded Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia under the terms of the treaty,
981:
was signed between the
Russian Empire and the Persian Empire on 23 September 1723 to conclude the Second Russo-Persian War. Under the terms of the treaty, the tsar would accord the shah friendship, and aid in fighting against rebels. In return, Persia would cede Derbent, Baku, and the provinces of
916:
Tsar Peter and the Russian troops arrived in Astrakhan on 29 June 1722. An envoy was sent to inform Shah Husayn that the Russian forces were there to aid in subduing the rebels, rather than to declare war. Peter proposed to render aid in subduing the Afghans and the Lezgin rebellion, and to ensure
950:
On 3 November 1722, 14 ships sailed from Astrakhan to Anzali, a port near Resht. Russian forces entered Resht under the pretext of helping the city. In 1723, the governor of Resht requested Russian troops leave as aid was not required. The troops did not leave, however, and were besieged in their
1429:
By 1860, fifty thousand Persians had settled in the Caucasian region. Trade continued between Russia and Persia, consisting of sugar and petroleum exported to Persia, and cotton, rice, wool, dried fruit exported to Russia. In 1897, exports into Russia totalled 18,649,669 rubles, and imports into
1425:
Russia became concerned with silk production in the Caucasus. Merchants in Elisavetpol (formerly Ganja) expressed interest in assuming control of the Caucasian silk industry. Russian authorities also attempted to reallocate the lands of Azerbaijani nobles among Russian landlords, an action which
1313:
The death of Tsar Alexander in 1825 led to the false belief in Persia that civil war had broken out in Russia and that the Caucasian kingdoms and tribes had rebelled. In May 1826, Russia occupied Mirak, in the Erivan province of Persia. This action stood in opposition to the Treaty of Gulistan.
805:
was sent as an envoy to Isfahan to conclude a commercial treaty that would give Russia a monopoly on the Persian silk trade. This mission also gathered intelligence about Persian resources, geography, infrastructure, military and other strengths. He was further instructed to highlight Russia as
712:
with the Ottoman Empire to end the Ottoman-Persian wars. This treaty stipulated Persian neutrality on Russian-Ottoman relations. Trading in Shamakhi decreased sharply following the signature of this treaty, as the Safavid victory over Ottomans in 1618 negated the need for Russian assistance.
1082:
was signed in March 1735 between the Russian Empire and Persia. The treaty gave Persia the remainder of territories ceded in 1723: Derbent, Baku and the surrounding Shirvan province, and Tarki. Furthermore, it marked the Terek River as the boundary between Russia and Persia.
1134:
Agha Mohammed Khan viewed the Treaty of Georgievsk as defiance on the part of Erekle II and Khartli-Kakheti and moved toward Tiflis in 1795 in an attempt to restore Persian dominion. Agha Mohammed Khan raised an army of 60,000 men, intending also to retake Karabakh,
920:
Vakhtang VI supplied 30,000 men to the army, and the Armenians sent 10,000 more. From Astrakhan, the troops then proceeded to attack Persian fortresses on the western coast of the Caspian Sea, and occupied the fortress at Derbent. The Russians then seized Baku and
784:
That same year, an envoy led by Prince Ivan Lobanov-Rostovsky of Russia travelled to Persia to request that the governor of Shamakhi not meddle in Dagestani affairs, that compensation be given for the losses suffered, and that all Russian merchants be released.
780:
and parts of Azerbaijan to send troops to the aid of Khosrow Khan. Further troops were contributed by the governor of Derbent, the Shamkhalate of Tarki and the ruler of the Kara Qaytaq. These troops drove the Russians from the fortress and set fire to it.
1146:
By the end of 1795, Agha Mohammed Khan had captured Tiflis and dominated northern Persia. In the invasion, thousands of Georgians were massacred, and 15,000 citizens taken into captivity and sent as slaves to Persia. Erekle II fled from Tiflis.
623:
In 1616, a diplomatic mission to Moscow assured promises of protection over Persian merchants trading in Russia. Persian merchants in Russia often accompanied diplomatic envoys. However, Russian merchants were regularly harassed in Gilan and
611:
Throughout the sixteenth century, Persian diplomatic relations were often accompanied by commercial envoys, sending silk and metal wares to Russia. In return, Russia sent furs, falcons and wild animals. In fact, velvet, taffeta and silk from
1256:
On 12 August 1812, 20,000 Persian men captured the fortress of Lankaran in the Talesh province and proceeded to the Aras River, attacking Russian troops positioned there in October. The Russians defeated the Persians in October 1812 at
750:
action and in 1649, Khosrow Khan sent another letter restating his warning. The tension between the countries escalated when, in 1650, Cossacks robbed a caravan carrying wares from Shirvan and Dagestan, and several people were killed.
663:
sent an envoy to Shamakhi seeking an anti-Ottoman coalition. This interest in an anti-Ottoman alliance continued into the sixteenth century, and during the reign of Shah Abbas I, Persia maintained a strong anti-Ottoman foreign policy.
890:, ruler of the Persian vassal state and East Georgian kingdom of Khartli-Kakheti, contacted Peter to give his support for Russian advances into the Caucasian territories. Daud Khan then sought the protection of the Ottoman sultan.
604:, in northern Persia. Julfa was an important link in the Russo-Persian trade route originating in Gilan. In 1604, Shah Abbas I resettled a significant population of Armenians from Julfa to his newly established capital,
1233:
Following these losses, the Persian troops were defeated in many significant locations in the ensuing years. In 1806, Russian forces captured Karakapet, and then Karababa in 1808. They also occupied Ganja in 1809, and
4347:
595:
In 1562, the province of Shirvan sent an envoy to Russia to establish official trade relations. Shamakhi subsequently did the same in 1653. The first Persians to engage in commercial trade with Russia were
742:, who were considered Persian subjects. These tensions were centred primarily along the Georgian-Dagestani border. A Russian-supported candidate gained leadership of Dagestan over a Persian candidate.
4981:
1004:
It was specified that should Persia refuse to acknowledge the treaty, both Russia and the Ottoman Empire would take action to enforce the treaty by installing a puppet ruler on the throne of Persia.
510:
982:
Mazandaran, Gilan, Shirvan and Astarabad. Ismail Beg, Tahmasp's ambassador in Russia, signed the treaty but the shah refused to ratify it when the text of the treaty was sent to him in April 1724.
580:. Shamakhi in particular was the site of much merchant trade from Russia: silks, leather, metal wares, furs, wax and tallow. Persian merchants traded in Russia, additionally, reaching as far as
1127:
The governor of the Gilan province, Hedayatollah, sought Russian support against Agha Mohammed Khan, and Russia stipulated the vassalage of Anzali in return for this support. Russia supported
1158:
in April 1796 to Derbent, which was seized on 10 May 1796. Russian troops occupied Talesh, Salyan, Derbent, Baku, Shamakhi and Ganja by June 1796. Following the death of Catherine II, Tsar
1124:
on 24 July 1783. Persia still considered Khartli-Kakheti to be its vassal state. Following the signature of the Treaty of Georgievsk, the Vladikavkaz fortress was built on the Terek River.
1098:
1299:, Derbent, Baku, Shaki, Quba, Talesh, Shirvan, Karabakh and Ganja. The treaty additionally permitted Russia exclusive military rights to the Caspian Sea and trade rights within Persia.
469:. Ottoman interest in these territories further complicated the wars, with both sides forming alliances with the Ottoman Empire at different points throughout the wars. Following the
947:
On 23 October 1722, Shah Husayn surrendered Isfahan to the Afghans, and abdicated in favour of Mahmud Hotak. Peter offered to aid Tahmasp in gaining back his throne from Mahmud.
4701:
1321:
ordered an attack on Russian territories in the Caucasus, besieging Shusha and Ganja (renamed Elisavetpol by Russia), and proceeding toward Tiflis. A second force also attacked
788:
This conflict over Georgia and Dagestan affected trade relations between the countries. In 1651, 138 bales of Persian silk were in storage in Astrakhan due to a lack of demand.
1131:, the brother and rival of Agha Mohammed Khan, on the proviso that following his ascension to the throne he would cede Anzali, Gilan, Mazandaran and Astarabad to the Russians.
639:
Exports of silk remained high in the early seventeenth century. In 1623, over 2,000 kg of silk was shipped from Astrakhan to cities across the Russian empire. Under Shah
1402:
Over the course of the 19th century, Qajar Persia largely fell into the sphere of influence of Russia, who jostled control over Iran and Afghanistan with Britain during the
951:
barracks. On 28 March 1723, a company of Russian troops escaped the siege and the Persians besieging the barracks were attacked from both sides, with over 1,000 men killed.
1599:
1443:
5011:
4342:
1426:
proved unsuccessful. T.B. Armstrong, a traveller in the region, noted that the new Russian domination of the Caucasus was resented in Zanjan and parts of Azerbaijan.
465:, there was an interbellum period in which a number of treaties were drawn up between the Russian and the Persian Empires, as well as between both parties and the
333:
457:
prior to the Russo-Persian Wars. Over the course of the five Russo-Persian Wars, the governance of these regions transferred between the two empires. Between the
3704:
1154:
of Russia began a campaign in 1796 to overthrow Agha Mohammed Khan in favour of Morteza Qoli Khan. Russian forces, consisting of 20,000 men, began to march from
958:’s envoy, arrived in St Petersburg on 30 July 1723 to inform Peter of Tahmasp's ascension to the throne, and to request aid against the rebels and the Afghans.
4396:
1438:
Shah's court, influencing policy personally. In 1907 the Russian Empire, alongside the British Empire, partitioned Iran into spheres of influence with the
698:, which ruled northern Dagestan and was a nominal vassal of Persia. Russian forces occupied Derbent, Dagestan and Baku, and built fortresses south of the
576:
and Derbent, as the origins of the maritime and overland trade routes between Russia and Persia respectively, and the commercial centres of Astrakhan and
5003:
4694:
4445:
1422:, as part of the Great Game. For Persia, the expansion into Afghanistan was an attempt to compensate for the lost territories to Russia in the Caucasus.
866:. They were unable to hold the city and were similarly unable to capture the nearby city of Yazd. Mahmud subsequently moved to camp outside the city of
940:
The Ottoman sultan sent an emissary to Peter warning that further incursion on Persian territory would constitute grounds for declaring war on Russia.
1340:, and Ardabil in 1827. The Russians defeated the Persians in 1827 when they captured Erivan and Tauris and the Persians were forced to sue for peace.
913:, followed by Afghan forces. The governor of Resht contacted Tsar Peter requesting aid, as did Tahmasp, who sent an envoy, Ismail Beg, to Astrakhan.
1367:
treaty continued to allow Russia an exclusive right to a naval presence on the Caspian Sea and exempted Russian subjects from Persian jurisdiction.
4411:
3741:
3490:
4530:
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4687:
4608:
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1612:
Russia fulfilled its peacemaking goal as a great power and defended the foreign embassies in Tabriz by defeating the army of constitutionalists
2210:
Matthee, Rudi (2012). "Facing a Rude and Barbarous Neighbor: Iranian Perceptions of Russia and the Russians from the Safavids to the Qajars".
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5279:
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326:
3017:
Mamedov, Mikail (2014). "From Civilising Mission to Defensive Frontier: The Russian Empire's Changing Views of the Caucasus (1801-1864)".
1858:
Matthee, Rudi (1994). "Anti-Ottoman Politics and Transit Rights: The Seventeenth-Century Trade in Silk between Safavid Iran and Muscovy".
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formally announced the decision to annex Khartli-Kakheti after Persia attempted to reassert suzerainty. In 1804, following civil unrest,
5383:
4253:
3653:
608:, giving them commercial rights. Shah Abbas extended credit, lowered taxes, and granted religious freedom to this Armenian population.
3174:"The Lost Mosque(s) in the Citadel of Qajar Yerevan: Architecture and Identity, Iranian andLocal Traditions in the Early 19th Century"
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of Khartli-Kakheti agreed to become a vassal state of the Russian Empire in return for Russian protection. This was formalised in the
745:
In 1647, Khosrow Khan, the governor of the Shirvan province, complained to the governor of Astrakhan that Cossacks from Astrakhan and
1387:, a Russian envoy, was murdered in Tehran in 1829. In 1830, Fath Ali Shah sent a diplomatic mission to Russia to apologise formally.
702:. The Persians, however, were cautious about challenging these territorial claims in fear of jeopardising an anti-Ottoman coalition.
705:
Between 1598 and 1618, the Russians sent many envoys to Persia in response to requests for military aid against the Ottoman Empire.
517:
In 1514, the Ottoman Empire instated a commercial blockade against Persia. In order to reduce this pressure from the Ottomans, Shah
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111:
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319:
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Chenciner, Robert; Magomedkhanov, Magomedkhan (1992). "Persian Exports to Russia from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century".
1902:
Ferrier, Ronald (1973). "The Armenians and the East India Company in Persia in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries".
820:
Volynsky reported to the tsar that Persia was on the verge of collapse. He furthermore recommended that the provinces of Gilan,
4485:
4416:
3709:
3643:
5202:
1139:, Shirvan and Khartli-Kakheti. He divided his force into three, simultaneously attacking Shirvan, Erivan, and the fortress at
757:, and constructed several more on the Terek River, including one garrison in support of the deposed ruler of Khartli-Kakheti,
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1940:
Khodarkovsky, Michael (1999). "Of Christianity, Enlightenment, and Colonialism: Russia in the North Caucasus, 1550–1800".
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On 18 January 1801, it was agreed that Khartli-Kakheti would become a protectorate of Russia. On 12 September 1801, Tsar
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in 1639, which resulted in diplomatic caution from the Persians, out of a desire to not antagonise the Ottoman Empire.
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Erivan, however, failed as the Russian forces ran out of provisions. Subsequently, the Persians suffered defeats at
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and killing several wealthy Russian merchants. Artemy Volynsky, who was now the governor of Astrakhan, urged Tsar
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The Small Players of the Great Game: The Settlement of Iran's Eastern Borderlands and the Creation of Afghanistan
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1261:, in the Ardabil province, when the Persian artillery was destroyed and Persian forces were forced to retreat to
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675:’s accession to the Russian throne in 1613 weakened Russia such that Persia turned its foreign policy focus to
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and the Persians. However, Agha Mohammed Khan arrested and deported all parties involved in the expedition.
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3556:Царствование Императора Николая 2/ Сергей Ольденбург.-М.:Центрполиграф, 2022.-654 с. ISBN 978-5-227-09905-1
1762:
Matthee, Rudi (2013). "Rudeness and Revilement: Russian-Iranian Relations in the Mid-Seventeenth Century".
1656:
1607:
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In the 1630s there were renewed hostilities between Persia and the Ottoman Empire until the signing of the
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Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia 2 volumes: A Historical Encyclopedia
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and Talesh. In 1806, Russian forces defeated a Persian attack in Karabakh, and captured Derbent and Baku.
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1226:, Shirvan and Karabakh formally recognised Russian authority. Russian forces also attacked Baku, Resht,
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Persian territorial losses following the Treaty of Gulistan (1814) and the Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828)
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In October 1826, Russian forces besieged Erivan. Following this, they successively seized Nakhichevan,
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attempted to establish alternate overland trade routes through Russia. An Ottoman attempt to capture
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Tolan, John; Veinstein, Gilles; Laurens, Henry (2013). "The Eighteenth Century as a Turning Point".
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Following the signature of the Treaty of Turkmenchay, Persia experienced considerable instability.
1110:
601:
425:. Russia and Persia fought these wars over disputed governance of territories and countries in the
3223:""All Rulers are Brothers": Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century"
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Ledonne, John (2008). "Russia's Eastern Theater, 1650-1850 Springboard or Strategic Backyard?".
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Crisis, Collapse, Militarism and Civil War: The History and Historiography of 18th Century Iran
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628:, and Yusuf Khan, the governor of Shamakhi, refused to grant protection to Russian merchants.
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The earliest records of official relations between Russia and Persia show that in 1521, Shah
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Ferrier, Ronald (1986). "Trade From the Mid-14th Century to the End of the Safavid Period".
1109:, led a flotilla intended to wrest the islands and port city of the Astarabad province from
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was signed on 24 October 1813 between the Russian Empire and Persia as a conclusion to the
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2235:
Herzig, Edmund M. (1992). "The Volume of Iranian Raw Silk Exports in the Safavid Period".
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In 1831, there was unrest in Yazd and Kerman, and in 1832, several chieftains rebelled in
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made up over seventy percent of the goods transported to Russia in the sixteenth century.
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in the Gilan province, which were significant provinces in the silk production industry.
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2687:. Montreal, Kingston, London, Chicago: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 16–42.
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but failed to capture the city. Their retreat was hindered by the Russian occupation of
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Hambly, Gavin (1991). "Agha Muhammed Khan and the Establishment of the Qajar Dynasty".
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Resettling the Borderlands: State Relocations and Ethnic Conflict in the South Caucasus
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Spuler, B. (1977). "Central Asia from the sixteenth century to the Russian conquests".
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1295:. Persia ceded all territories north of the Aras River, including Dagestan, Mingrelia,
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Map showing Safavid Persian territory prior to the Second Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
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3345:"The Russian Military Mission and the Birth of the Persian Cossack Brigade: 1879–1894"
2905:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. Nadir Shah and the Afsharid Legacy.
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2484:
2426:
2388:
2383:
Kazemzadeh, F. (1991). "Iranian Relations with Russia and the Soviet Union to 1921".
2278:
2215:
2151:
2091:
1969:
1783:
1551:
1514:
1223:
1193:
1136:
1019:
1013:
777:
680:
565:
542:
438:
115:
94:
5296:
5243:
4550:
4495:
4401:
4142:
3913:
3883:
3849:
3694:
3356:
3317:
3234:
3188:
3026:
2937:
Hambly, Gavin (1991). "Iran During the Reigns of Fath Ali Shah and Muhammed Shah".
2244:
2120:
1949:
1911:
1867:
1771:
1419:
1407:
1159:
672:
668:
561:
398:
249:
162:
2643:
Rashtiani, Goodarz (2018). "Iranian-Russian Relations in the Eighteenth Century".
1476:
Persian victory. Safavids destroy the Russian fortress on the Persian side of the
545:, which was key to an important trade route and a Russian commercial centre. Shah
4570:
4317:
4169:
4137:
3811:
3791:
3277:
3238:
2423:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
1775:
1415:
1106:
1079:
1073:
1061:
1055:
934:
883:
862:. The Afghans, with an army of 25,000 men, invaded Persia and attempted to seize
802:
717:
585:
581:
518:
509:
173:
809:
The Persians became hostile to the envoy party when a Russian expedition led by
4957:
4905:
4653:
4480:
4243:
4233:
3610:
1646:
1199:
From 1802 to 1804, Russian forces captured and subdued the Georgian kingdom of
676:
651:
640:
589:
573:
466:
422:
188:
106:
70:
3360:
3030:
2795:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia (Vol. 2)
2248:
1961:
824:
and Astarabad be annexed by Russia due to their capacity for silk production.
761:. This expansion into Persian territory and support for Teimuraz angered Shah
5327:
4945:
4613:
4450:
4088:
3368:
3246:
2609:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquests to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
1626:
1411:
1354:
1023:
930:
902:
851:
754:
699:
450:
300:
291:
282:
135:
2481:
A Diplomatic History of the Caspian Sea: Treaties, Diaries and Other Stories
1517:, but returns all territories to Persia in the Treaties of Resht and Ganja.
557:
to Russia following the liberation of these cities from the Ottoman Empire.
4369:
3893:
3859:
3614:
3528:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya and Beyond
3467:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya and Beyond
1250:
1043:
1027:
855:
477:, Persia ceded much of its Transcaucasian territory to the Russian Empire.
454:
130:
4130:
1871:
1097:
5233:
4475:
4204:
4125:
4058:
3888:
1477:
1318:
1235:
874:
569:
304:
3376:
3344:
3254:
3222:
3200:
3038:
2069:
1879:
1265:. The Persians were later defeated also at Lankaran on 13 January 1813.
4852:
4799:
4510:
4460:
4379:
4248:
3329:
2256:
2132:
1923:
1588:
1563:
1510:
1403:
1031:
955:
898:
879:
434:
430:
277:
139:
3514:
The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society Under Riza Shah 1921–1941
2146:
Lockhart, Laurence (1986). "European Contacts With Persia 1350-1736".
1241:
In 1810, the Persians, allied with the Ottomans, attacked Tiflis from
4098:
1258:
1204:
867:
838:
597:
526:
502:. Commercial relations, however, were infrequent, and often involved
311:
3512:
Zirisnky, M. "Reza Shah's abrogation of capitulation, 1927-1928" in
3321:
2124:
1915:
1001:
and Russia was permitted to retain Mazandaran, Gilan and Astarabad.
564:
and Astrakhan khanates in 1552 and 1556 respectively, to extend the
4881:
4828:
4816:
4751:
4711:
4663:
4525:
2212:
Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective
1953:
1555:
1296:
926:
859:
847:
773:
735:
577:
491:
446:
426:
2683:
Shafiyev, Farid (2018). "Russian Conquest of the South Caucasus".
1375:
1176:
694:
In the late sixteenth century Russia began a campaign against the
679:
for an anti-Ottoman coalition. Shah Abbas I kept contact with the
4787:
1559:
1502:
1494:
1200:
1155:
769:
739:
688:
684:
625:
605:
550:
538:
522:
442:
592:
was created for the sole purpose of overland trade with Persia.
5024:
4775:
4763:
3602:
1391:
1333:
1322:
1262:
1246:
1216:
1140:
1039:
906:
863:
613:
530:
503:
417:) were a series of conflicts between 1651 and 1828, concerning
253:
210:
199:
168:
157:
89:
66:
1279:
5101:
3399:
1506:
1399:
questioned and inhibited the central government's authority.
1337:
1208:
1035:
910:
897:
on 8 March 1722, Mahmud Hotak and his army besieged Isfahan.
814:
533:
in 1552. In 1580, the Ottomans occupied Shirvan and parts of
1444:
Russian involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution
584:
and Kazan, which developed into trade centres. In 1555, the
5014:
3126:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 495–524.
3056:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 259–276.
2875:
The History of Central Asia: The Age of Decline and Revival
2515:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–238.
2387:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 314–349.
2277:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–494.
2150:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 373–410.
2090:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 412–490.
1498:
1410:
shifted to a policy of 'informal support' for the weakened
1227:
858:, began a campaign against the Persians over the ruling of
617:
554:
418:
1192:
had new silver and gold coins minted in Erivan, Ganja and
4709:
3426:
Russian Imperialism from Ivan the Great to the Revolution
3308:
Rabino, Joseph (1901). "An Economist's Notes on Persia".
3428:(2 ed.). University Press of America. p. 250.
3400:"RUSSIA v. RUSSIANS AT THE COURT OF MOḤAMMAD-ʿALI SHAH"
1283:
Map of Persia in 1814, following the Treaty of Gulistan
1165:
827:
494:
of the Safavid dynasty sent a diplomatic envoy to Tsar
2110:
1302:
893:
Following the Afghan victory over the Persians at the
723:
4397:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
3051:
1022:
was signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Afghan
806:
Persia's ally and the Ottoman Empire as their enemy.
412:
1442:. Russian forces would also enter Persia during the
768:
In 1653, the shah ordered the governors of Ardabil,
1026:dynasty in October 1727. The Hotaks agreed to cede
1196:to show proof of suzerainty over these provinces.
1180:The kingdom of Khartli-Kakheti in the 18th century
909:. From Qazvin, Tahmasp then was forced to flee to
813:landed on the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea at
2511:Quinn, Sholeh (2010). "Iran under Safavid Rule".
2214:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 99–124.
1086:
572:. Significant points along this trade route were
5325:
4412:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
3742:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
38:1651–1653, 1722–1723, 1796, 1804–1813, 1826–1828
4531:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
4446:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
2877:. London, New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
870:, ten miles from the Persian capital, Isfahan.
3342:
3275:
2847:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
886:to send troops to intervene in the rebellion.
734:In 1645, there was unrest between the Russian
4997:
4695:
4385:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
3586:
2478:
327:
5280:Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war
2797:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
2611:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
2425:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
1939:
1694:
1493:Russian victory. Russia gains possession of
765:, as Teimuraz had been deposed by the shah.
4338:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
4333:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
3423:
3220:
2792:
1688:
1583:– Persia cedes all of what is now Armenia,
1219:and Erivan, and they retreated to regroup.
985:
905:, escaped Isfahan with 600 men and fled to
5004:
4990:
4702:
4688:
3654:Military history of the Russian Federation
3593:
3579:
3149:The Silk Roads: A New History of the World
2382:
1203:, an Ottoman vassal state, in addition to
966:
334:
320:
5270:Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict
3904:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
3424:Hunczak, Taras; Kohn, Hans, eds. (2000).
3146:
3086:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2985:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2941:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2822:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2818:Roemer, H. (1986). "The Safavid Period".
2642:
16:Series of conflicts between 1651 and 1828
5292:Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
3310:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
3122:Vyvyan, J. (1965). "Russia, 1798-1825".
3106:
2682:
2145:
1374:
1353:
1343:
1278:
1175:
1096:
837:
753:The Russians expanded a garrison on the
650:
630:
508:
3865:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
3735:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
3276:Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (31 July 2004).
3216:
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2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2085:
2055:
1901:
1857:
1761:
1358:First page of the Treaty of Turkmenchay
1162:recalled all troops from the Caucasus.
961:
687:in hope of an anti-Ottoman alliance in
5326:
4486:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
4417:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
4276:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
4254:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
3968:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
3644:Military history of the Russian Empire
3343:Rabi, Uzi; Ter-Oganov, Nugzar (2009).
3307:
3303:
3301:
3299:
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2272:
2234:
2185:
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2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
1562:and most of what now comprises modern
646:
341:
5349:Military history of Georgia (country)
4985:
4683:
4636:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
4014:Russian colonization of North America
3574:
3453:Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1891
3151:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
2900:
2842:
2510:
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2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
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1823:
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1817:
1815:
1813:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1370:
1268:
635:Map showing the location of Astrakhan
485:
429:. The main territories disputed were
315:
5379:Wars involving the Tsardom of Russia
5056:Consulate General of Russia, Isfahan
3649:Military history of the Soviet Union
3397:
3269:
3207:
3109:The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus
3082:Ansari, Ali (2010). "Iran to 1919".
2081:
2079:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1935:
1933:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1449:
1166:Fourth Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
1007:
828:Second Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
480:
4390:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
3336:
3296:
3140:
3070:
2999:
2955:
2919:
2891:
2861:
2701:
2661:
2625:
2529:
2497:
2439:
2401:
2164:
1303:Fifth Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
724:First Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
506:acting as merchant intermediaries.
402:
13:
5107:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
4729:
4436:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
3802:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
3531:pp 729-730 ABC-CLIO, 2 Dec. 2014.
3470:pp 728-729 ABC-CLIO, 2 Dec. 2014.
3084:The New Cambridge History of Islam
2513:The New Cambridge History of Islam
2331:
2291:
2263:
1433:In 1879, the establishment of the
1067:
1049:
1046:being declared as Shah of Persia.
14:
5400:
5384:Wars involving the Russian Empire
5165:Persian Constitutional Revolution
5082:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)
4301:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
2076:
1976:
1930:
1886:
1790:
1714:
1667:Persian Socialist Soviet Republic
1632:History of the Russo-Turkish wars
973:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)
791:
708:In 1612, Shah Abbas I signed the
541:. Ottoman forces also threatened
5309:
5308:
5285:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
5160:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
5023:
5013:
4950:
4938:
4926:
4915:
4898:
4886:
4874:
4862:
4845:
4833:
4821:
4809:
4792:
4780:
4768:
4756:
4744:
4355:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
4148:Russian conquest of Central Asia
4084:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
3880:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
3822:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
3193:10.1163/157338410X12625876281109
3124:The New Cambridge Modern History
2483:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
1637:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
1042:to the Ottomans in exchange for
667:The breakdown of Muscovy in the
299:
290:
281:
271:
258:
243:
232:
221:
209:
198:
187:
177:
167:
156:
134:
124:
110:
99:
88:
4641:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
4286:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
4227:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
3559:
3550:
3541:
3519:
3506:
3480:
3458:
3442:
3417:
3391:
3165:
3115:
3100:
3045:
2836:
2811:
2793:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011).
2323:Brydges, Harford Jones (1833).
2228:
1430:Persia were 16,036,032 rubles.
1385:Alexander Sergeyevich Griboedov
992:Treaty of Constantinople (1724)
5369:Khanates of the South Caucasus
5364:Khanates of the North Caucasus
5359:Military history of Azerbaijan
5314:Category:Iran–Russia relations
5213:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
5203:1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots
4323:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
3973:War of the Austrian Succession
2275:The Cambridge History of Islam
2139:
2104:
1105:In 1781, a Russian commander,
1087:Third Russo-Persian War (1796)
529:to send a diplomatic envoy to
1:
5180:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
5051:Ambassadors of Russia to Iran
4710:Countries and regions of the
4546:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
4424:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
4175:Russian invasion of Manchuria
4165:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
4111:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
4106:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
4049:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
4039:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
4004:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
3999:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
3989:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
3979:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
3957:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
3952:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
3929:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
3924:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
3899:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
3875:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
3870:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
3855:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
3730:List of wars involving Russia
3725:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2983:The Cambridge History of Iran
2939:The Cambridge History of Iran
2903:The Cambridge History of Iran
2820:The Cambridge History of Iran
2479:Mirfendereski, Guive (2001).
2385:The Cambridge History of Iran
2148:The Cambridge History of Iran
2088:The Cambridge History of Iran
1942:The Journal of Modern History
1682:
1672:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
1309:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
1172:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
834:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
730:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
453:– and considered part of the
5218:Russian occupation of Tabriz
4501:Eritrean War of Independence
4471:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
4466:East German uprising of 1953
4407:Eastern Front (World War II)
4296:Red Army invasion of Georgia
4291:Red Army invasion of Armenia
4259:Estonian War of Independence
4200:Russian occupation of Tabriz
4121:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
4079:War of the Seventh Coalition
3962:War of the Polish Succession
3909:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
3239:10.1080/00210862.2012.759334
3221:Deutschmann, Moritz (2013).
3054:Europe and the Islamic World
2607:Dowling, Timothy C. (2015).
1776:10.1080/00210862.2012.758500
1657:Russian occupation of Tabriz
1505:and the modern provinces of
1416:sieges of Herat in 1837–1838
1101:Agha Mohammed Khan of Persia
798:Russo-Iranian treaty of 1717
7:
5354:Military history of Armenia
5208:Siege of Tabriz (1908–1909)
5185:Iranian famine of 1942–1943
4974:Partially-recognized states
4541:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
4491:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4360:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
4328:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
4264:Latvian War of Independence
4153:Russian conquest of Bukhara
4044:War of the Fourth Coalition
4029:War of the Second Coalition
3111:. Longman, Greens & Co.
2647:. Oxford University Press.
2421:Tucker, Spencer C. (2010).
1904:The Economic History Review
1620:
1600:Russian intervention (1909)
1550:– Persia cedes what is now
449:– generally referred to as
413:
10:
5405:
4536:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
4074:War of the Sixth Coalition
4064:War of the Fifth Coalition
4034:War of the Third Coalition
3639:Military history of Russia
3601:Armed conflicts involving
3107:Baddeley, John F. (1908).
2873:Baumer, Christoph (2018).
2845:Russia and Iran, 1780-1828
1347:
1306:
1272:
1169:
1093:Persian expedition of 1796
1090:
1071:
1053:
1011:
989:
970:
831:
811:Prince Bekovich-Cherkassky
795:
727:
5305:
5262:
5226:
5195:
5120:
5064:
5046:Embassy of Russia, Tehran
5033:
4972:
4718:
4649:
4584:
4375:Soviet invasion of Poland
4185:
4069:French invasion of Russia
3937:
3835:
3754:
3680:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
3672:
3629:
3622:
3361:10.1080/00210860902907396
3147:Frankopan, Peter (2015).
3031:10.1163/18763316-04102003
2249:10.1080/00210869208701769
1222:In 1805, the khanates of
925:in the Shirvan province,
803:Artemy Petrovich Volynsky
414:Janghâye Irân va Russī-ye
353:
149:
81:
30:
23:
5092:Anglo-Russian Convention
4516:South African Border War
4441:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
4343:Chechen uprising of 1932
4024:Russo-Persian War (1796)
3455:, (Routledge, 1992), 67.
1542:Fourth Russo-Persian War
1489:Second Russo-Persian War
1480:and expel its garrison.
1440:Anglo-Russian Convention
1293:Fourth Russo-Persian War
998:Treaty of Constantinople
986:Treaty of Constantinople
659:From 1464 to 1465, Tsar
568:to the Caucasus and the
513:Shah Tahmasp I of Persia
463:Third Russo-Persian Wars
433:(modern day Republic of
5041:Embassy of Iran, Moscow
4158:Khivan campaign of 1873
4009:Russo-Polish War (1792)
3495:ABC-CLIO, 22 Jul. 2011
3181:Iran & the Caucasus
3172:Ritter, Markus (2009).
1642:History of the Caucasus
1575:Fifth Russo-Persian War
1526:Third Russo-Persian War
1472:First Russo-Persian War
979:Treaty of St Petersburg
967:Treaty of St Petersburg
475:Fifth Russo-Persian War
5254:Amir Kazim Mirza Qajar
4934:North Ossetia – Alania
4735:
4631:Western Libya campaign
4306:East Karelian uprising
3827:Wagner Group rebellion
3762:Uprising of Bolotnikov
3487:Mikaberidze, Alexander
2843:Atkin, Muriel (1980).
2058:Cahiers du Monde russe
1860:Cahiers du Monde russe
1531:Status quo ante bellum
1380:
1359:
1284:
1181:
1102:
944:to subdue the rebels.
843:
656:
655:Shah Abbas I of Persia
636:
514:
473:, which concluded the
150:Commanders and leaders
5339:Iran–Russia relations
5239:Mohammad Taqi Pessian
5175:Battle of Robat Karim
5087:Treaty of Turkmenchay
5020:Iran–Russia relations
4733:
4626:Intervention in Syria
4561:Tajikistani Civil War
4269:Lithuanian–Soviet War
4210:Battle of Robat Karim
3659:Post-Soviet conflicts
2901:Avery, Peter (1991).
2325:Dynasty of the Kajars
1872:10.3406/cmr.1994.2405
1652:Iran–Russia relations
1581:Treaty of Turkmenchay
1378:
1364:Treaty of Turkmenchay
1357:
1350:Treaty of Turkmenchay
1344:Treaty of Turkmenchay
1282:
1179:
1100:
878:killing thousands of
841:
710:Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
654:
634:
512:
471:Treaty of Turkmenchay
445:, as well as much of
403:جنگهای ایران و روسیه
268:) of the Kara Qaytaq
5344:Geopolitical rivalry
5249:Ali Qulu Mirza Qajar
5112:Marine Security Belt
4609:Annexation of Crimea
4313:Central Asian Revolt
4222:Ukrainian–Soviet War
4094:Russo-Circassian War
3777:Pugachev's Rebellion
3720:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
3664:Russian Armed Forces
3634:Early modern warfare
3404:Encyclopædia Iranica
1701:Encyclopædia Iranica
1608:occupation of Tabriz
1558:, parts of northern
1122:Treaty of Georgievsk
962:Interbellum treaties
846:In January 1721 the
696:Shamkhalate of Tarki
144:Shamkhalate of Tarki
5389:Wars involving Iran
5077:Treaty of Kurakchay
4894:Karachay-Cherkessia
4669:Sphere of influence
4599:Russo-Ukrainian War
4456:First Indochina War
4429:Soviet–Japanese War
4365:Xinjiang War (1937)
4234:Kazakhstan Campaign
4019:Kościuszko Uprising
3919:Second Northern War
3797:Coup attempt (1991)
3690:Soviet-Finnish wars
3565:Afary 1996, p. 398.
3547:Afary 1996, p. 398.
3525:Timothy C. Dowling
3464:Timothy C. Dowling
1697:"Caucasus and Iran"
1677:Iran crisis of 1946
647:Political relations
560:Russia annexed the
547:Mohammed Khodabanda
296:Fath Ali Shah Qajar
194:Catherine the Great
73:territory to Russia
5374:Circassian history
5334:Russo-Persian Wars
5275:Axis of Resistance
5128:Russo-Persian Wars
5072:Treaty of Gulistan
4870:Kabardino-Balkaria
4736:
4724:
4659:Russian Revolution
4594:Russo-Georgian War
4576:Second Chechen War
4556:Georgian Civil War
4195:Russo-Japanese War
3947:Great Northern War
3845:Russo-Crimean Wars
3817:Second Chechen War
3715:Russo-Turkish wars
3710:Russo-Swedish wars
3700:Russo-Persian Wars
3685:Russo-Crimean Wars
3449:Treaty of Gulistan
2327:. London: J. Bohn.
1695:Multiple Authors.
1548:Treaty of Gulistan
1381:
1371:Post-war relations
1360:
1289:Treaty of Gulistan
1285:
1275:Treaty of Gulistan
1269:Treaty of Gulistan
1182:
1111:Agha Mohammed Khan
1103:
901:, the son of Shah
895:Battle of Gulnabad
844:
657:
637:
515:
486:Economic relations
395:Russo-Iranian Wars
391:Russo-Persian Wars
345:Russo-Persian Wars
287:Agha Mohammad Khan
25:Russo-Persian Wars
5321:
5320:
5097:Tehran Conference
4979:
4978:
4967:
4966:
4677:
4676:
4566:First Chechen War
4521:Soviet–Afghan War
4506:Angolan Civil War
4281:Polish–Soviet War
4239:Finnish Civil War
4217:Russian Civil War
4116:November Uprising
4054:Anglo-Russian War
3994:Bar Confederation
3807:First Chechen War
3787:Russian Civil War
3782:Decembrist revolt
3772:Bulavin Rebellion
3767:Razin's Rebellion
3750:
3749:
3705:Russo-Polish Wars
3673:Lists by opponent
3398:Andreeva, Elena.
3289:978-1-134-38378-8
1618:
1617:
1579:Russian victory.
1546:Russian victory.
1450:List of conflicts
1129:Morteza Qoli Khan
1020:Treaty of Hamedan
1014:Treaty of Hamedan
1008:Treaty of Hamedan
854:and subsequently
566:Volga trade route
549:promised to cede
481:Pre-war relations
411:
386:
385:
310:
309:
120:
116:Kingdom of Kartli
95:Tsardom of Russia
77:
76:
5396:
5312:
5311:
5297:Axis of Upheaval
5244:Shafi Khan Qajar
5170:Persian Campaign
5034:Diplomatic posts
5028:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4983:
4982:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4721:
4720:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4551:Transnistria War
4496:War of Attrition
4402:Continuation War
4351:
4143:January Uprising
3984:Seven Years' War
3884:Time of Troubles
3850:Russo-Kazan Wars
3695:Russo-Kazan Wars
3627:
3626:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3539:
3523:
3517:
3510:
3504:
3484:
3478:
3462:
3456:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3305:
3294:
3293:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3218:
3205:
3204:
3178:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3079:
3068:
3067:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3014:
2997:
2996:
2978:
2953:
2952:
2934:
2917:
2916:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2870:
2859:
2858:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2790:
2699:
2698:
2680:
2659:
2658:
2640:
2623:
2622:
2604:
2527:
2526:
2508:
2495:
2494:
2476:
2437:
2436:
2418:
2399:
2398:
2380:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2289:
2288:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2207:
2162:
2161:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2053:
1974:
1973:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1899:
1884:
1883:
1855:
1788:
1787:
1759:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1692:
1662:Persian Campaign
1604:Russian victory
1454:
1453:
1396:Turbat-i Haidari
669:Time of Troubles
416:
406:
404:
348:
346:
336:
329:
322:
313:
312:
303:
294:
285:
276:
275:
274:
263:
262:
261:
248:
247:
246:
237:
236:
235:
226:
225:
224:
214:
213:
203:
202:
192:
191:
181:
172:
171:
163:Alexis of Russia
161:
160:
138:
129:
128:
127:
118:
114:
105:
103:
102:
93:
92:
32:
31:
21:
20:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5301:
5258:
5222:
5191:
5116:
5060:
5029:
5022:
5012:
5010:
4980:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4960:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4916:
4914:
4909:
4908:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4810:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4745:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4734:Soviet Caucasia
4714:
4708:
4678:
4673:
4645:
4586:
4580:
4571:War of Dagestan
4345:
4318:August Uprising
4187:
4181:
4170:Boxer Rebellion
4138:Amur Annexation
3939:
3933:
3837:
3831:
3812:War of Dagestan
3792:August Uprising
3746:
3668:
3618:
3599:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3524:
3520:
3511:
3507:
3485:
3481:
3463:
3459:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3396:
3392:
3349:Iranian Studies
3341:
3337:
3322:10.2307/2979943
3306:
3297:
3290:
3274:
3270:
3227:Iranian Studies
3219:
3208:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3120:
3116:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3080:
3071:
3064:
3050:
3046:
3019:Russian History
3015:
3000:
2993:
2979:
2956:
2949:
2935:
2920:
2913:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2871:
2862:
2855:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2791:
2702:
2695:
2681:
2662:
2655:
2641:
2626:
2619:
2605:
2530:
2523:
2509:
2498:
2491:
2477:
2440:
2433:
2419:
2402:
2395:
2381:
2332:
2321:
2292:
2285:
2271:
2264:
2237:Iranian Studies
2233:
2229:
2222:
2208:
2165:
2158:
2144:
2140:
2125:10.2307/4299875
2109:
2105:
2098:
2084:
2077:
2054:
1977:
1938:
1931:
1916:10.2307/2594758
1900:
1887:
1856:
1791:
1764:Iranian Studies
1760:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1623:
1452:
1435:Cossack Brigade
1373:
1352:
1346:
1311:
1305:
1277:
1271:
1174:
1168:
1107:Count Voinovich
1095:
1089:
1080:Treaty of Ganja
1076:
1074:Treaty of Ganja
1070:
1068:Treaty of Ganja
1062:Treaty of Resht
1058:
1056:Treaty of Resht
1052:
1050:Treaty of Resht
1016:
1010:
994:
988:
975:
969:
964:
873:Daud Khan, the
848:Pashtun Afghans
836:
830:
800:
794:
732:
726:
649:
582:Nizhny Novgorod
535:Khartli-Kakheti
488:
483:
387:
382:
349:
344:
342:
340:
298:
289:
280:
272:
270:
269:
259:
257:
256:
244:
242:
241:
233:
231:
230:
222:
220:
208:
207:
197:
196:
186:
185:
176:
174:Peter the Great
166:
165:
155:
142:
133:
125:
123:
109:
100:
98:
97:
87:
62:
56:Russian victory
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5402:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5319:
5318:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5009:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:Stavropol Krai
4913:
4912:
4910:
4906:Krasnodar Krai
4860:
4859:
4857:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4707:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4654:Russian Winter
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4481:Vlora incident
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4377:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4251:
4246:
4244:Sochi conflict
4241:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3568:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3537:978-1598849486
3518:
3505:
3501:978-1598843378
3479:
3476:978-1598849486
3457:
3441:
3435:978-0761817086
3434:
3416:
3390:
3355:(3): 445–463.
3335:
3316:(2): 265–291.
3295:
3288:
3268:
3233:(3): 401–413.
3206:
3187:(2): 239–279.
3164:
3157:
3139:
3132:
3114:
3099:
3092:
3069:
3062:
3044:
3025:(2): 142–162.
2998:
2991:
2954:
2947:
2918:
2911:
2890:
2883:
2860:
2853:
2835:
2828:
2810:
2803:
2700:
2693:
2660:
2653:
2624:
2617:
2528:
2521:
2496:
2489:
2438:
2431:
2400:
2393:
2330:
2290:
2283:
2262:
2243:(1/2): 61–79.
2227:
2220:
2163:
2156:
2138:
2103:
2096:
2075:
1975:
1962:10.1086/235251
1954:10.1086/235251
1948:(2): 394–430.
1929:
1885:
1866:(4): 739–761.
1789:
1770:(3): 333–357.
1713:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1647:North Caucasus
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1372:
1369:
1345:
1342:
1317:In July 1826,
1304:
1301:
1270:
1267:
1167:
1164:
1088:
1085:
1069:
1066:
1051:
1048:
1009:
1006:
987:
984:
968:
965:
963:
960:
933:province, and
829:
826:
793:
792:Treaty of 1717
790:
725:
722:
718:Peace of Zuhab
677:Western Europe
673:Romanov family
671:preceding the
648:
645:
616:, Isfahan and
590:Russia Company
487:
484:
482:
479:
467:Ottoman Empire
423:Russian Empire
384:
383:
381:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
354:
351:
350:
339:
338:
331:
324:
316:
308:
307:
218:
152:
151:
147:
146:
121:
107:Russian Empire
84:
83:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:Transcaucasian
64:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5401:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5316:
5315:
5304:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4995:
4993:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4971:
4963:
4959:
4947:
4946:South Ossetia
4935:
4923:
4911:
4907:
4895:
4883:
4871:
4858:
4854:
4842:
4830:
4818:
4805:
4801:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4740:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4619:2022 invasion
4617:
4615:
4614:War in Donbas
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:Ili Rebellion
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4184:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4089:Caucasian War
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3591:
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3562:
3553:
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3538:
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3522:
3515:
3509:
3502:
3498:
3494:
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3488:
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3477:
3473:
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3454:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3285:
3282:. Routledge.
3281:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3158:9781408839980
3154:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3133:9781139055857
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3093:9781139056137
3089:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3065:
3063:9781400844753
3059:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2992:9781139054997
2988:
2984:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2950:
2948:9781105394997
2944:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2912:9781139054997
2908:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2884:9781788310499
2880:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2854:9780816609246
2850:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2829:9780521200943
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2804:9781598843378
2800:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2696:
2694:9780773553729
2690:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2654:9780190250324
2650:
2646:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2620:
2618:9781598849486
2614:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
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2575:
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2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
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2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2522:9781139056137
2518:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2490:9780230107571
2486:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2434:
2432:9781851096725
2428:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2394:9781139054997
2390:
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2326:
2319:
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2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2284:9781139055024
2280:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2221:9780230102538
2217:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2157:9780521200943
2153:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2097:9780521200943
2093:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
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1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
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1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Caucasian War
1625:
1624:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:Qajar dynasty
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1356:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:Fath Ali Shah
1187:
1178:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1094:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1005:
1002:
999:
993:
983:
980:
974:
959:
957:
952:
948:
945:
941:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
918:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:Mirza Tahmasp
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:Mirwais Hotak
849:
840:
835:
825:
823:
818:
816:
812:
807:
804:
799:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
751:
748:
743:
741:
737:
731:
721:
719:
714:
711:
706:
703:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
662:
653:
644:
642:
633:
629:
627:
621:
619:
615:
609:
607:
603:
599:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
511:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:Transcaucasia
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
409:
400:
396:
392:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
352:
347:
337:
332:
330:
325:
323:
318:
317:
314:
306:
302:
297:
293:
288:
284:
279:
267:
255:
251:
240:
229:
219:
217:
212:
206:
201:
195:
190:
184:
180:
175:
170:
164:
159:
154:
153:
148:
145:
141:
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3894:Smolensk War
3860:Livonian War
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1941:
1910:(1): 38–62.
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239:Khosrow Khan
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82:Belligerents
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5234:Abbas Mirza
5227:Individuals
4476:Vietnam War
4346: [
4205:World War I
4126:Crimean War
4059:Finnish War
3975:(1740–1748)
3964:(1733–1738)
3889:Ingrian War
3605:(including
2119:: 123–130.
1706:3 September
1591:to Russia.
1585:Nakhichevan
1566:to Russia.
1478:Terek River
1319:Abbas Mirza
1243:Nakhichevan
1236:Akhalkalaki
888:Vakhtang VI
755:Sulak River
700:Terek River
570:Caspian Sea
305:Abbas Mirza
205:Alexander I
183:Vakhtang VI
119:(1722–1723)
61:Territorial
5328:Categories
4922:Nakhchivan
4853:Ingushetia
4800:Azerbaijan
4511:Ogaden War
4461:Korean War
4380:Winter War
4249:Heimosodat
3836:Tsardom of
1683:References
1589:Azerbaijan
1564:Azerbaijan
1511:Mazandaran
1404:Great Game
1348:See also:
1307:See also:
1273:See also:
1251:Aras River
1170:See also:
1091:See also:
1072:See also:
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1032:Sultaniyah
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796:See also:
728:See also:
496:Vasili III
435:Azerbaijan
278:Tahmasp II
216:Nicholas I
140:Qajar Iran
5196:Incidents
5153:Abbasabad
5148:1826–1828
5143:1804–1813
5138:1722–1723
5133:1651–1653
5121:Conflicts
5065:Diplomacy
4131:Åland War
4099:Murid War
3938:18th–19th
3385:143812599
3369:0021-0862
3263:143785614
3247:0021-0862
1970:155059616
1784:145596080
1515:Astarabad
1330:Abbasabad
1238:in 1810.
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1205:Mingrelia
1186:Alexander
1118:Erekle II
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4752:Abkhazia
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4664:Cold War
4526:Gulf War
3882:and the
3755:Internal
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1560:Armenia
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1463:Result
1249:on the
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1156:Kizlyar
1040:Teheran
929:in the
884:Peter I
740:Lezgins
689:Hungary
685:Austria
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3381:S2CID
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3259:S2CID
3251:JSTOR
3197:JSTOR
3177:(PDF)
3035:JSTOR
2253:JSTOR
2129:JSTOR
2066:JSTOR
1966:S2CID
1958:JSTOR
1920:JSTOR
1876:JSTOR
1780:S2CID
1507:Gilan
1460:Name
1334:Meren
1247:Megri
1224:Shaki
1209:Guria
1194:Nukha
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911:Resht
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600:from
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3365:ISSN
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