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172:—lay their eggs directly onto the narrow rocky ledges they use as breeding sites. The eggs of these species are dramatically pointed at one end, so that they roll in a circle when disturbed. This is critical for the survival of the developing eggs, as there are no nests to keep them from rolling off the side of the cliff. Presumably because of the vulnerability of their unprotected eggs, parent birds of these auk species rarely leave them unattended. Nest location and architecture is strongly influenced by local topography and other abiotic factors.
1021:
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549:, which lives in more open forest than do other megapodes, uses the sun to help warm its nest as well—opening the mound at midday during the cool spring and autumn months to expose the plentiful sand incorporated into the nest to the sun's warming rays, then using that warm sand to insulate the eggs during the cold nights. During hot summer months, the malleefowl opens its nest mound only in the cool early morning hours, allowing excess heat to escape before recovering the mound completely. One recent study showed that the sex ratio of
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814:, some ducks and some flycatchers—use natural cavities, or those abandoned by species able to excavate them; they also sometimes usurp cavity nests from their excavating owners. Those species that excavate their own cavities are known as "primary cavity nesters", while those that use natural cavities or those excavated by other species are called "secondary cavity nesters". Both primary and secondary cavity nesters can be enticed to use
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580:-shaped pile which can measure as much as 4 m (43 sq ft) at the bottom and 1 m (11 sq ft) at the top, and 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in height. The total combined weight of the mound's stones may approach 1.5 tons (1,400 kg). Once the mound has been completed, a sizable platform of aquatic vegetation is constructed on top. The entire structure is typically reused for many years.
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831:
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86:—that is too restrictive a definition. For some species, a nest is simply a shallow depression made in sand; for others, it is the knot-hole left by a broken branch, a burrow dug into the ground, a chamber drilled into a tree, an enormous rotting pile of vegetation and earth, a shelf made of dried saliva or a mud dome with an entrance tunnel. The smallest bird nests are those of some
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1448:, are an important conservation tool for many species, however nest box programs rarely compare their effectiveness with individuals not using nest boxes. Red-footed falcons using nest boxes in heavily managed landscapes produced fewer fledglings than those nesting in natural nests, but also than pairs nesting in nest boxes in more natural habitats.
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344:
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1382:, long considered a delicacy in China. Collection of the swiftlet nests is big business: in one year, more than 3.5 million nests were exported from Borneo to China, and the industry was estimated at $ 1 billion US per year (and increasing) in 2008. While the collection is regulated in some areas (at the
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wall up part of their entrance holes with mud, decreasing the size and sometimes extending the tunnel part of the chamber. Most female hornbills seal themselves into their cavity nests, using a combination of mud (in some species brought by their mates), food remains and their own droppings to reduce
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layer rises to mere centimeters below the nest. Studies have shown that an egg within a scrape nest loses heat 9% more slowly than an egg placed on the ground beside the nest; in such a nest lined with natural vegetation, heat loss is reduced by an additional 25%. The insulating factor of nest lining
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winter, and their mobility allows them to form huge huddled masses which help them to withstand the extremely high winds and low temperatures of the season. Without the ability to share body heat (temperatures in the centre of tight groups can be as much as 10C above the ambient air temperature), the
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starts by dabbing two globs of saliva onto the wall of a chimney or tree trunk. In flight, it breaks a small twig from a tree and presses it into the saliva, angling the twig downwards so that the central part of the nest is the lowest. It continues adding globs of saliva and twigs until it has made
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believe that megapodes may use sensitive areas in their mouths to assess mound temperatures; each day during the breeding season, the male digs a pit into his mound and sticks his head in. If the mound's core temperature is a bit low, he adds fresh moist material to the mound, and stirs it in; if it
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relationship. Nest walls are constructed with an adequate quantity of nesting material so that the nest will be capable of supporting the contents of the nest. Nest thickness, nest mass and nest dimensions therefore correlate with the mass of the adult bird. The flow-on consequence of this is that
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sites are taller on average than those on dry or sandy sites. The height of the nest and the circular, often water-filled trench which surrounds it (the result of the removal of material for the nest) help to protect the egg from fluctuating water levels and excessive heat at ground level. In East
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is an exception; it takes far longer—up to two years—to excavate its nest cavity, and may reuse it for more than two decades. The typical woodpecker nest has a short horizontal tunnel which leads to a vertical chamber within the trunk. The size and shape of the chamber depends on species, and the
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Woodpeckers use their chisel-like bills to excavate their cavity nests, a process which takes, on average, about two weeks. Cavities are normally excavated on the downward-facing side of a branch, presumably to make it more difficult for predators to access the nest, and to reduce the chance that
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Not all burrow-nesting species incubate their young directly. Some megapode species bury their eggs in sandy pits dug where sunlight, subterranean volcanic activity, or decaying tree roots will warm the eggs. The crab plover also uses a burrow nest, the warmth of which allows it to leave the eggs
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Birds use a combination of their beaks and feet to excavate burrow nests. The tunnel is started with the beak; the bird either probes at the ground to create a depression, or flies toward its chosen nest site on a cliff wall and hits it with its bill. The latter method is not without its dangers;
182:
also do not build nests; instead, they tuck their eggs and chicks between their feet and folds of skin on their lower bellies. They are thus able to move about while incubating, though in practice only the emperor penguin regularly does so. Emperor penguins breed during the harshest months of the
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Some birds have been shown to choose aromatic green plant material for constructing nests that may have insecticidal properties, while others may use materials such as carnivore scat to repel smaller predators. Some urban birds, house sparrows and house finches in Mexico, have adopted the use of
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Cavity-dwelling species have to contend with the danger of predators accessing their nest, catching them and their young inside and unable to get out. They have a variety of methods for decreasing the likelihood of this happening. Red-cockaded woodpeckers peel bark around the entrance, and drill
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Species which use natural cavities or old woodpecker nests sometimes line the cavity with soft material such as grass, moss, lichen, feathers or fur. Though a number of studies have attempted to determine whether secondary cavity nesters preferentially choose cavities with entrance holes facing
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or bell-shaped pile. This process can take five to seven hours a day for more than a month. While mounds are typically reused for multiple breeding seasons, new material must be added each year to generate the appropriate amount of heat. A female will begin to lay eggs in the nest only when the
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than those in more sheltered nests; they are on the ground and typically in the open, with little to hide them. The eggs of most ground-nesting birds (including those that use scrape nests) are cryptically coloured to help camouflage them when the adult is not covering them; the actual colour
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in the construction of their nests. The lightweight material is strong and extremely flexible, allowing the nest to mold to the adult during incubation (reducing heat loss), then to stretch to accommodate the growing nestlings; as it is sticky, it also helps to bind the nest to the branch or
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1112:), these are often used for many years, with new material added each breeding season. In some cases, the nests grow large enough to cause structural damage to the tree itself, particularly during bad storms where the weight of the nest can cause additional stress on wind-tossed branches.
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is too high, he opens the top of the mound to allow some of the excess heat to escape. This regular monitoring also keeps the mound's material from becoming compacted, which would inhibit oxygen diffusion to the eggs and make it more difficult for the chicks to emerge after hatching. The
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there are reports of kingfishers being fatally injured in such attempts. Some birds remove tunnel material with their bills, while others use their bodies or shovel the dirt out with one or both feet. Female paradise-kingfishers are known to use their long tails to clear the loose soil.
407:, heat rather than cold can kill the developing embryos. In such places, scrapes are shallower and tend to be lined with non-vegetative material (including shells, feathers, sticks and soil), which allows convective cooling to occur as air moves over the eggs. Some species, such as the
415:, help reduce the nest's temperature by placing it in partial or full shade. Others, including some shorebirds, cast shade with their bodies as they stand over their eggs. Some shorebirds also soak their breast feathers with water and then sit on the eggs, providing moisture to enable
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nest is a roundish structure; it is completely enclosed, except for a small opening which allows access. Most spherical nests are woven out of plant material. Spider webs are also frequently used, upon which other material such as lichens may be stuck for camouflage. The
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build their scrapes with their feet, kicking sand backwards while resting on their bellies and turning slowly in circles. The ostrich also scratches out its scrape with its feet, though it stands while doing so. Many tinamous lay their eggs on a shallow mat of dead
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Both the temperature and the moisture content of the mound are critical to the survival and development of the eggs, so both are carefully regulated for the entire length of the breeding season (which may last for as long as eight months), principally by the male.
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certain directions, the results remain inconclusive. While some species appear to preferentially choose holes with certain orientations, studies (to date) have not shown consistent differences in fledging rates between nests oriented in different directions.
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to pull material towards them, they fashion a cone-shaped pile of mud between 15–46 cm (6–18 in) tall, with a small depression in the top to house their single egg. The height of the nest varies with the substrate upon which it is built; those on
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lay theirs in the nests of other birds, letting unwitting "foster parents" do the work of rearing the young. Although nests are primarily used for breeding, they may also be reused in the non-breeding season for roosting and some species build special
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population during a single breeding season in 1977. There is some evidence that increased vulnerability may lead some burrow-nesting species to form colonies, or to nest closer to rival pairs in areas of high predation than they might otherwise do.
843:—construct more open niches. In most trogon species, both sexes help with nest construction. The process may take several months, and a single pair may start several excavations before finding a tree or stump with wood of the right consistency.
280:. These materials may help to camouflage the eggs or may provide some level of insulation; they may also help to keep the eggs in place, and prevent them from sinking into muddy or sandy soil if the nest is accidentally flooded. Ostriches, most
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entrance hole is typically only as large as is needed to allow access for the adult birds. While wood chips are removed during the excavation process, most species line the floor of the cavity with a fresh bed of them before laying their eggs.
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nest; here, the eggs and young—and in most cases the incubating parent bird—are sheltered under the earth. Most burrow-nesting birds excavate their own burrows, but some use those excavated by other species and are known as secondary nesters;
511:. The size of some of these mounds can be truly staggering; several of the largest—which contain more than 100 cubic metres (130 cu yd) of material, and probably weigh more than 50 tons (45,000 kg)—were initially thought to be
1308:—gather together in sizeable colonies. Birds that nest colonially may benefit from increased protection against predation. They may also be able to better use food supplies, by following more successful foragers to their foraging sites.
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digs a vertical tunnel shaft more than a meter (39 in) deep, with its nest chamber excavated off to the side at some height above the shaft's bottom; this arrangement helps to keep the nest from being flooded during heavy rain.
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Most burrow nesting species dig a horizontal tunnel into a vertical (or nearly vertical) dirt cliff, with a chamber at the tunnel's end to house the eggs. The length of the tunnel varies depending on the substrate and the species;
518:
In most mound-building species, males do most or all of the nest construction and maintenance. Using his strong legs and feet, the male scrapes together material from the area around his chosen nest site, gradually building a
576:'s enormous nest is a mound built of stones, gathered one at a time by the pair, using their beaks. These stones, which may weigh as much as 450 g (about a pound) each, are dropped into the shallow water of a lake, making a
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or at high elevations), the depth of a scrape nest can be critical to both the survival of developing eggs and the fitness of the parent bird incubating them. The scrape must be deep enough that eggs are protected from the
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rain floods the nest. There is also some evidence that fungal rot may make the wood on the underside of leaning trunks and branches easier to excavate. Most woodpeckers use a cavity for only a single year. The endangered
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Many species of bird conceal their nests to protect them from predators. Some species may choose nest sites that are inaccessible or build the nest so as to deter predators. Bird nests can also act as habitats for other
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are able to identify their own burrows within dense colonies by smell. Sand martins learn the location of their nest within a colony, and will accept any chick put into that nest until right before the young fledge.
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stomp a grassy area flat with their feet, then lay their eggs, while other grass-nesting waders bend vegetation over their nests so as to avoid detection from above. Many female ducks, particularly in the northern
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Trogons excavate their nests by chewing cavities into very soft dead wood; some species make completely enclosed chambers (accessed by upward-slanting entrance tunnels), while others—like the extravagantly plumed
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are among the species that weave pendent nests. In weaver birds, this is pendant, suspended from a single point hanging from branch while many other birds incorporate more than one branch to support the nest.
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nest is a large structure, often many times the size of the (typically large) bird which has built it. Depending on the species, these nests can be on the ground or elevated. In the case of raptor nests, or
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dig their nests into the compacted mud of active termite mounds, either on the ground or in trees. Specific soil types may favour certain species and it is speculated that several species of bee-eater favor
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generally corresponds to the substrate on which they are laid. Brooding adults also tend to be well camouflaged, and may be difficult to flush from the nest. Most ground-nesting species have well-developed
1386:, for example, where nests can be collected only from February to April or July to September), it is not in others, and the swiftlets are declining in areas where the harvest reaches unsustainable levels.
268:, which is merely a shallow depression in soil or vegetation. This nest type, which typically has a rim deep enough to keep the eggs from rolling away, is sometimes lined with bits of vegetation, small
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of young at a distance or consume them. This is believed to help prevent ground predators from detecting nests. Young birds of prey however usually void their excreta beyond the rims of their nests.
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Cup-shaped nest insulation has been found to be related to nest mass, nest wall thickness, nest depth, nest weave density/porosity, surface area, height above ground and elevation above sea level.
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In the majority of nest-building species the female does most or all of the nest construction, in others both partners contribute; sometimes the male builds the nest and the hen lines it. In some
137:. The ability to choose and maintain good nest sites and build high quality nests may be selected for by females in these species. In some species the young from previous broods may also act as
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incorporates false entrances, the parent bird carefully making sure to close the actual entrance when leaving the nest. The entrances are lined with spider webs which help seal the openings.
211:
lay their single egg directly atop a broken stump, or into a shallow depression on a branch—typically where an upward-pointing branch died and fell off, leaving a small scar or knot-hole.
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Bonadonna, Francesco; Cunningham, Gregory B.; Jouventin, Pierre; Hesters, Florence; Nevitt, Gabrielle A. (2003), "Evidence for nest-odour recognition in two species of diving petrel",
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Nests can become home to many other organisms including parasites and pathogens. The excreta of the fledglings also pose a problem. In most passerines, the adults actively dispose the
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occasionally nest in rabbit burrows. Burrow nests are particularly common among seabirds at high latitudes, as they provide protection against both cold temperatures and predators.
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The technique used to construct a scrape nest varies slightly depending on the species. Beach-nesting terns, for instance, fashion their nests by rocking their bodies on the
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cooling caused by cold winds, but shallow enough that they and the parent bird are not too exposed to the cooling influences of ground temperatures, particularly where the
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nest is smoothly hemispherical inside, with a deep depression to house the eggs. Most are made of pliable materials—including grasses—though a small number are made of
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by providing a sheltered microclimate and concentrated food sources for invertebrates. A global checklist lists eighteen invertebrate orders that occur in bird nests.
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A human-made nest platform in Poland built as a conservation measure and to prevent storks disrupting electricity supplies through nesting on pylons. Three young
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nests made of soil, branches, sticks, twigs and leaves, and lay their eggs within the rotting mass. The heat generated by these mounds, which are in effect giant
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species which may not affect the bird directly. Birds have also evolved nest sanitation measures to reduce the effects of parasites and pathogens on nestlings.
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Reid, J. M.; Cresswell, W.; Holt, S.; Mellanby, R. J.; Whitby, D. P.; Ruxton, G. D (2002), "Nest scrape design and clutch heat loss in the
Pectoral Sandpiper (
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are very careful when approaching and leaving the nest so as not to reveal the location. Some species will use leaves to cover up the nest prior to leaving.
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90:, tiny cups which can be a mere 2 cm (0.8 in) across and 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) high. At the other extreme, some nest mounds built by the
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wells above and below the hole; since they nest in live trees, the resulting flow of resin forms a barrier that prevents snakes from reaching the nests.
380:, will restore experimentally altered levels of insulation to their pre-adjustment levels (adding or subtracting material as necessary) within 24 hours.
818:(also known as bird houses); these mimic natural cavities, and can be critical to the survival of species in areas where natural cavities are lacking.
4626:
Short, Lester L.; Horne, Jennifer F. M. (2002b), "Family
Indicatoridae (Honeyguides)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),
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2532:
De Marchi, G.; Chiozzi, G.; Fasola, M. (2008), "Solar incubation cuts down parental care in a burrow nesting tropical shorebird, the crab plover
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Africa, for example, temperatures at the top of the nest mound average some 20 °C (36 °F) cooler than those of the surrounding ground.
420:
4606:
Short, Lester L.; Horne, Jennifer F. M. (2002a), "Family
Capitonidae (Barbets)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),
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Small bird species in more than 20 passerine families, and a few non-passerines—including most hummingbirds, kinglets and crests in the genus
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Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Collar, Nigel J. (2002), "Family
Bucconidae (Puffbirds)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),
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which are often used to encourage cavity nesting birds (see below), other species have been specially encouraged : for example nesting
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3740:
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Some birds use pieces of snake slough in their nests. It has been suggested that these may deter some nest predators such as squirrels.
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measure more than 11 m (36 ft) in diameter and stand nearly 5 m (16 ft) tall. The study of birds' nests is known as
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207:, lay their eggs in the relative shelter of a crevice in the rocks or a gap between boulders, but provide no additional nest material.
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A few birds are known to use the nests of insects within which they create a cavity in which they lay their eggs. These include the
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species, however, the male does most or all of the nest building. The nest may also form a part of the courtship display such as in
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2999:
Heenan, Caragh; Seymour, R. (2011), "Structural support, not insulation, is the primary driver for avian cup-shaped nest design",
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Szentirmai, István; Székely, Tamás (2002), "Do
Kentish plovers regulate the amount of their nest material? An Experimental Test",
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Clark, L.; Mason, J. Russell (1985), "Use of nest material as insecticidal and anti-pathogenic agents by the
European Starling",
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Howell, Thomas R.; Bartholomew, George A (1962), "Temperature
Regulation in the Red-tailed Tropicbird and the Red-footed Booby",
681:, prefer flat or gently sloping land, digging their entrance tunnels into the ground at an angle. In a more extreme example, the
782:. In tropical areas, cavities are sometimes excavated in arboreal insect nests. A relatively small number of species, including
332:, which are used to draw (or drive) potential predators from the area around the nest. Most species with this type of nest have
3374:"Incorporation of cigarette butts into nests reduces nest ectoparasite load in urban birds: New ingredients for an old recipe?"
1404:, has been nicknamed "The Bird Nest" because of its architectural design, which its designers likened to a bird's woven nest.
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Kern, M. D.; Van Riper, C. (1984), "Altitudinal variations in nests of the
Hawaiian honeycreeper Hemignathus virens virens",
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del Hoyo, Josep (1992), "Family
Phoenicopteridae (Flamingos)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),
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Woodall, Peter F. (2001), "Family
Alcedinidae (Kingfishers)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),
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Jaramillo, Alvaro (2001), "Blackbirds, Orioles and Allies", in Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David (eds.),
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118:) that are used only for roosting. Most birds build a new nest each year, though some refurbish their old nests. The large
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Ward, P.; Zahavi, A. (1973), "The importance of certain assemblages of birds as "information centers" for food finding",
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hatchlings correlated strongly with mound temperatures; females hatched from eggs incubated at higher mean temperatures.
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Elliott, Andrew (1994), "Family Megapodiidae (Megapodes)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),
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while they are incubating, frequently exchanging incubation duties, and standing in water when they are not incubating.
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Only a relatively small number of species, including the woodpeckers, are capable of excavating their own cavity nests.
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More recently, nest insulation has been found to be related to the mass of the incubating parent. This is known as an
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4006:
Cohn-Haft, Mario (1999), "Family Nyctibiidae (Potoos)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),
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Bragin, E. A.; Bragin, A. E.; Katzner, T. E. (2017). "Demographic consequences of nestbox use for Red-footed Falcons
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Kemp, A. C. (2001), "Family Bucerotidae (Hornbills)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),
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Reed, J. Michael (2001), "Woodpeckers and Allies", in Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David (eds.),
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Collar, N. J. (2001), "Family Trogonidae (Trogons)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),
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nest is an elongated sac woven of pliable materials such as grasses and plant fibers and suspended from a branch.
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in and around their nesting sites, which is a valuable fertilizer from the Andean Pacific coast and other areas.
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plucked from their own breasts, as well as with small amounts of vegetation. Among scrape-nesting birds, the
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Behrstock, Robert A. (2001), "Typical Owls", in Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David (eds.),
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cigarette butts which contain nicotine and other toxic substances that repel ticks and other ectoparasites.
101:
Not all bird species build nests. Some species lay their eggs directly on the ground or rocky ledges, while
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nest, though superficially similar to a cup nest, has at most only a shallow depression to house the eggs.
507:, warms and incubates the eggs. The nest heat results from the respiration of thermophilic fungi and other
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make relatively short tunnels ranging from 50–90 cm (20–35 in), for example, while those of the
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67:
17:
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Boersma, P. Dee; Wheelwright, Nathaniel T.; Nerini, Mary K.; Wheelwright, Eugenia Stevens (April 1980),
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Whittow, F.N.; Berger, A.J. (1977), "Heat loss from the nest of the Hawaiian honeycreeper, 'Amakihi'",
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Whittow, F.N.; Berger, A.J. (1977), "Heat loss from the nest of the Hawaiian honeycreeper, 'Amakihi'",
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have specialized to become obligate nest parasites with the maggots feeding on the blood of nestlings.
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can extend for more than three meters (nearly 10 ft). Some species, including the ground-nesting
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penguins would expend far more energy trying to stay warm, and breeding attempts would probably fail.
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Seng, William J. (2001), "Flamingos", in Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David (eds.),
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Some species of birds are considered nuisances when they nest in the proximity of human habitations.
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can peck hard enough to draw blood. In Australia, a bird attacking a person near its nest is said to
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3335:"An experimental demonstration that house finches add cigarette butts in response to ectoparasites"
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4433:"Fecal Sac Removal: Do the Pattern and Distance of Dispersal Affect the Chance of Nest Predation?"
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Heneberg, P. (2009). "Soil penetrability as a key factor affecting nesting of burrowing birds".
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Goodenough, Judith; McGuire, Betty; Wallace, Robert A.; Jacob, Elizabeth (22 September 2009),
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Skowron, C; Kern, M. (1980), "The insulation in nests of selected North-American songbirds",
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Skowron, C; Kern, M. (1980), "The insulation in nests of selected North-American songbirds",
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smithsonianscience.org 2015-04-20 Bird nests: Variety is Key for the world's avian Architects
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Many swifts and some hummingbirds use thick, quick-drying saliva to anchor their nests. The
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126:) of some eagles are platform nests that have been used and refurbished for several years.
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Bird nests are also built by humans to help in the conservation of certain birds (such as
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scrape, may provide some level of insulation for the eggs, or may help to camouflage them.
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2138:
702:
Increased vulnerability to predators may have led some burrow-nesting species, like the
472:
are unique in their habit of partially burying their eggs in the sand of their scrapes.
358:. Both sexes contribute to the creation of a bare, shallow depression in soil or gravel.
6050:
5114:
5074:
5039:
4679:
4455:
4294:
4100:
4070:
3995:
3634:
3599:
3552:
3493:
3445:
3398:
3373:
3113:
3023:
2969:
2857:
2667:
2453:
2298:
2121:
Göth, Anne (2007), "Incubation temperatures and sex ratios in Australian brush-turkey (
1913:
1854:
1512:
1325:
1170:
703:
674:
404:
200:
165:
75:
48:
3695:
They Eat That?: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Weird and Exotic Food from Around the World
6403:
6176:
6123:
6073:
5216:
5206:
5149:
4949:
4944:
4884:
4733:
4633:
4613:
4593:
4491:
4471:
4418:
4391:
4371:
4353:
4318:
4300:
4273:
4255:
4225:
4201:
4195:
4181:
4161:
4155:
4138:
4118:
4033:
4013:
3987:
3949:
3885:
3730:
3699:
3673:
3591:
3544:
3403:
3354:
3251:
3187:
3135:
3028:
2790:
2549:
2513:
2490:
2375:
Smalley, Ian; O'Hara-Dhand, Ken; McLaren, Sue; Svircev, Zorica; Nugent, Hugh (2013).
2288:
2193:
2146:
1823:
1787:
1561:
1305:
1228:
950:
946:
868:
860:
630:
192:
4769:
Point Reyes Bird Observatory Teacher Resource Packet—Activity 4: Building Bird Nests
3999:
3556:
3497:
2671:
2457:
770:
nest is a chamber, typically in living or dead wood, but sometimes in the trunks of
319:
Eggs and young in scrape nests, and the adults that brood them, are more exposed to
6042:
5184:
4856:
4774:
4715:
4675:
4655:
4570:
4447:
4247:
4090:
4081:
Conner, Richard N. (1975), "Orientation of entrances to woodpecker nest cavities",
4062:
3979:
3931:
3857:
3626:
3583:
3534:
3483:
3437:
3393:
3385:
3346:
3179:
3105:
3057:
3018:
3010:
2961:
2853:
2659:
2545:
2480:
2445:
2408:
2400:
2280:
2142:
1905:
1846:
1819:
1508:
1361:
1144:
933:
626:
532:
408:
383:
351:
196:
59:
4753:
3183:
1415:
is now illegal in many jurisdictions worldwide; the study of bird nests is called
527:
6274:
6102:
5572:
5094:
5079:
5017:
4916:
4844:
4768:
4526:"Red-cockaded woodpeckers vs. Rat Snakes: The effectiveness of the resin barrier"
4339:, Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment, archived from
4151:
3832:
3814:
2404:
1532:
1383:
1244:
1031:
614:
577:
520:
488:
acts like a compost heap, warming and incubating the eggs as it rots around them.
469:
355:
179:
102:
91:
4550:) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in North America with notes on the Palearctic species
3825:
6384:
6314:
6266:
6200:
6139:
6094:
6081:
5955:
5918:
5769:
5543:
5380:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5104:
5089:
4984:
4959:
4954:
4936:
4817:
4251:
4238:
Haag-Wackernagel, D; Moch, H. (2004), "Health hazards posed by feral pigeons",
3792:
1850:
1441:). Swallow nests are generally built with plaster, wood, terracotta or stucco.
1411:
often collected bird's eggs and their nests. The practice of egg-collecting or
1360:
have been protected and held in reverence in many cultures, and the nesting of
1140:
941:
452:
431:
377:
269:
212:
83:
71:
2449:
588:
6436:
6322:
6306:
6229:
6221:
6055:
5853:
5703:
5590:
5548:
5348:
5340:
5262:
5226:
5144:
5068:
4896:
3595:
3548:
3358:
3191:
1390:
1239:
1083:, use the same huge platform nest for years, adding new material each season.
1007:
889:
873:
606:
541:
508:
451:
lay theirs on a pile of dead leaves against a log, tree trunk or vegetation.
4763:
4719:
4575:
2754:"Cavity Entry Orientation and Nest-site Use by Secondary Hole-nesting Birds"
1336:
1120:
6408:
6152:
5997:
5813:
5651:
5599:
5471:
5432:
5201:
5189:
5179:
5169:
4866:
4778:
4659:
4259:
3991:
3407:
3389:
3061:
3032:
3014:
2494:
795:
722:
670:
504:
461:
260:
scrape, may help to prevent the eggs from sinking into muddy or sandy soil.
175:
161:
4177:
Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl
698:
6213:
6060:
5866:
5845:
5834:
5799:
5666:
5656:
5614:
5505:
5372:
5174:
4999:
4994:
4926:
4911:
4879:
4794:
4559:"Common waxbills use carnivore scat to reduce the risk of nest predation"
2952:
Kern, M (1984), "Racial differences in nests of white-crowned sparrows",
1690:
1357:
1341:
1275:
1220:
954:
922:
898:
715:
654:
610:
593:
573:
493:
231:
87:
3843:
3572:"Checklist and Bibliography on the Occurrence of Insects in Birds Nests"
1087:
928:
6330:
6192:
6131:
6110:
5942:
5926:
5861:
5806:
5778:
5710:
5675:
5553:
5401:
5236:
5211:
4969:
4459:
4104:
4074:
3983:
3638:
3603:
3449:
3371:
3253:
Checklist and bibliography on the occurrence of insects in birds' nests
3117:
2973:
1917:
1858:
1408:
1136:
1039:
798:, can excavate their own cavities. Far more species—including parrots,
783:
650:
638:
546:
485:
376:
is apparently so critical to egg survival that some species, including
372:
368:
313:
253:
247:
223:
66:
and raises its young. Although the term popularly refers to a specific
4809:
4701:"The use of green plant material in bird nests to avoid ectoparasites"
3861:
3539:
3522:
3350:
2485:
2413:
1364:
on tall modern or historical buildings has captured popular interest.
1207:
Many species attack predators or apparent predators near their nests.
998:
733:
Predation levels on some burrow-nesting species can be quite high; on
6290:
6245:
6034:
5827:
5744:
5728:
5717:
5627:
5563:
5522:
5221:
5022:
5009:
4889:
3936:
3571:
1417:
1297:
1235:
1183:
1148:
918:
779:
771:
662:
333:
305:
285:
227:
216:
184:
169:
134:
4451:
4095:
4066:
3630:
3587:
3523:"Ecology of Lepidoptera associated with bird nests in mid-Wales, UK"
3441:
3109:
2965:
2785:
Perrins, Christopher M; Attenborough, David; Arlott, Norman (1987),
2302:
1909:
1393:
are often unwelcome and sometimes also considered as a health risk.
1263:
6258:
5988:
5963:
5909:
5820:
5792:
5682:
5646:
5638:
5620:
5515:
5500:
5484:
5231:
5194:
5027:
4009:
Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds
3471:
2561:
2470:
1445:
1353:
1216:
1208:
815:
811:
807:
803:
791:
678:
658:
622:
556:
496:
480:
457:
320:
297:
273:
63:
1691:"On the standardization of nest descriptions of neotropical birds"
6168:
6021:
5900:
5785:
5751:
5689:
5510:
5364:
5356:
5049:
4921:
4906:
4729:
Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills
4629:
Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers
4609:
Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers
4487:
Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers
4414:
Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills
4048:"On the origin and evolution of nest building by passerine birds"
4029:
Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills
2284:
1438:
1281:
1152:
799:
492:
Burying eggs as a form of incubation reaches its zenith with the
324:
309:
281:
277:
219:
4131:
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi, eds. (1996),
3768:. Beijing Municipal Commission of Urban Planning. Archived from
3672:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 85–86,
3472:"An experimental test of snake skin use to deter nest predation"
3372:
Suarez-Rodriguez, M.; Lopez-Rull, I.; MacIas Garcia, C. (2012).
3333:
Suárez-Rodríguez, Monserrat; Garcia, Constantino Macías (2017).
2844:
Moreau, R. E. (1936). "XXVI.-Bird-Insect Nesting Associations".
1316:
6298:
6237:
6013:
6005:
5934:
5874:
5758:
5696:
5579:
5246:
5241:
5119:
4387:
Australian Magpie: Biology and Behaviour of an Unusual Songbird
4215:
1412:
1352:
Many birds may nest close to human habitations. In addition to
1301:
1080:
914:
787:
775:
734:
718:
642:
634:
618:
436:
400:
388:
363:
293:
257:
234:
4544:
Sabrosky, Curtis W.; Bennett, G. F.; Whitworth, T. L. (1989),
3617:
Kushlan, James A. (1997), "The Conservation of Wading Birds",
3423:"On the use, by birds, of snakes' sloughs as nesting material"
6184:
5971:
5534:
4197:
Animal Architects: Building and the Evolution of Intelligence
3729:, New Delhi, India: Discovery Publishing House, p. 129,
3198:
2902:
Erickson, Laura (Spring 2008), "The Wonders of Spider Silk",
2507:
1368:
1285:
1190:
1092:
830:
692:
440:
301:
208:
4431:
Petit, Kenneth E.; Petit, Lisa J.; Petit, Daniel R. (1989),
3766:"Competition entries for design of Beijing National Stadium"
1784:
The Nature Handbook: A Guide to Observing the Great Outdoors
1280:
Though most birds nest individually, some species—including
6160:
5527:
5490:
5460:
4874:
4840:
4220:, Ornithological Monographs, vol. 30, Washington, DC:
4154:; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl; Pimm, Stuart L. (1994),
2664:
10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0529:UOATBN]2.0.CO;2
1293:
1289:
1046:
959:
762:, use natural cavities or holes excavated by other species.
646:
565:
560:
535:, help to protect their eggs from fluctuating water levels.
448:
444:
427:
289:
70:
made by the bird itself—such as the grassy cup nest of the
31:
4504:
Rosenfeld, R.N.; Rosenfeld, A. J.; Gratson, M. W. (1982),
4114:
Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks
3489:
10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[963:AETOSS]2.0.CO;2
1211:
attack other birds that come too close. In North America,
855:
smear sap around the entrance holes to their nests, while
741:
munched their way through some 23 percent of the island's
6282:
5139:
4901:
4503:
3277:
2926:
2914:
2784:
1805:
910:
157:
4543:
3288:
430:
in the place they have chosen to site their nest, while
149:
4130:
3043:
3041:
2787:
New Generation Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe
2645:"Use of Arboreal Termitaria by Nesting Peruvian Amazon"
2564:"The Breeding Biology of the Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel (
2038:
2014:
2002:
1966:
1954:
1499:
Skutch, Alexander F (1960), "The nest as a dormitory",
251:
Some nest linings, such as the shell fragments in this
237:, lay their eggs in the active nests of other species.
4390:, Melbourne, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing, p. 121,
4150:
3332:
2886:
2789:, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, p. 230,
2598:
2531:
2326:
2314:
1745:
1733:
1640:
1628:
1580:
4237:
3753:
3521:
Boyes, Douglas H.; Lewis, Owen T. (27 August 2018).
3091:
3089:
3038:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2063:
5431:
4685:
3918:
Cade, T.J.; Bird, D.M. (1990), "Peregrine Falcons (
2752:Rendell, Wallace B.; Robertson, Raleigh J. (1994),
1936:
1924:
1877:
1865:
596:
dig a horizontal tunnel into a vertical dirt cliff.
419:. Parent birds keep from overheating themselves by
336:young, which quickly leave the nest upon hatching.
156:Not every bird species builds or uses a nest. Some
992:cup nest, made with lichens, hair, and spiderwebs.
524:mound's temperature has reached an optimal level.
4523:
3204:
3086:
2938:
2808:
2512:, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, p. 430,
1895:
1836:
1176:
559:make a different type of mound nest. Using their
6434:
4524:Rudolph, D. C.; Kyle, H.; Conner, R. N. (1990),
4506:"Unusual Nest Sanitation by a Broad-Winged Hawk"
3900:"Nest defense behavior of Lesser Golden-Plovers"
3691:
2751:
1598:
1043:nest insulation is also related to parent mass.
4552:, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press
4483:
4430:
3944:Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth, eds. (1985),
3470:Medlin, Elizabeth C.; Risch, Thomas S. (2006),
3266:
2350:
2187:
316:are among the species that build scrape nests.
78:, or the elaborately woven hanging nest of the
4759:Department of natural resources Illinois state
3922:) nesting in an urban environment: a review",
3692:Deutsch, Jonathan; Murakhver, Natalya (2012),
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
1231:is particularly well known for this behavior.
665:are among the species which use burrow nests.
499:. Several megapode species construct enormous
4825:
4590:The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behaviour
4468:The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behaviour
4350:The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behaviour
3882:The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behaviour
3095:
3073:
2998:
2159:
2157:
2155:
1470:
1468:
1466:
5339:
4368:Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World
3943:
3570:Berner, Lewis; Hicks, Ellis A. (June 1959).
1786:, Oxford University Press, US, p. 115,
1769:
1757:
1721:
1543:
1486:
1474:
629:use the holes of ground-nesting rodents and
609:, for example, sometimes use the burrows of
4645:
4625:
4605:
4365:
4312:
4194:Gould, James L; Gould, Carol Grant (2007),
3722:
3698:, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, p. 17,
3663:
3661:
3659:
3569:
3469:
3047:
2979:
2897:
2895:
2642:
2362:
2338:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2080:
2078:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
1676:
1204:displays to distract predators from nests.
4832:
4818:
4665:
4335:, in Emily Monosson; C. Cleveland (eds.),
4193:
3961:
3520:
3509:
3310:
3134:, Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt, p. 474,
2932:
2920:
2747:
2745:
2690:
2688:
2609:
2607:
2152:
1463:
925:and some swifts, build this type of nest.
4773:
4698:
4574:
4347:
4094:
4005:
3935:
3897:
3879:
3797:, New York: Frederick A Stokes, p. v
3538:
3487:
3397:
3299:
3216:
3022:
2732:
2730:
2484:
2412:
2254:
2211:
1688:
1664:
1652:
921:and a few non-passerines, including some
859:rub foul-smelling insects around theirs.
531:The mound nests of flamingos, like these
4110:
3917:
3656:
3651:
3420:
2901:
2892:
2706:
2427:
2229:
2163:
2075:
2044:
2026:
1990:
1978:
1781:
1616:
1592:
1428:
1424:
1335:
1315:
1311:
1262:
1119:
1086:
1074:
1045:
1016:
997:
927:
888:
829:
753:
697:
587:
526:
479:
382:
338:
246:
191:Some crevice-nesting species, including
148:
42:
4839:
4725:
4556:
4292:
4173:
4045:
3667:
3616:
3321:
3278:Rosenfeld, Rosenfeld & Gratson 1982
2870:
2742:
2709:"Nest Boxes: More than Just Birdhouses"
2685:
2604:
2248:
2242:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2069:
2057:
1574:
460:, line their shallow scrape nests with
14:
6435:
4383:
4134:Handbook of Birds of the World, vol. 3
4080:
4025:
3948:, Carlton, England: T and A D Poyser,
3289:Sabrosky, Bennett & Whitworth 1989
3238:
2843:
2736:
2727:
2694:
2613:
2188:Taylor, Barry; van Perlo, Ber (1998),
1498:
1407:In the 19th and early 20th centuries,
758:"Secondary cavity nesters", like this
362:In cool climates (such as in the high
264:The simplest nest construction is the
5324:
4813:
4330:
4296:Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour
4217:Avian Incubation in a Hot Environment
4213:
3790:
3459:from the original on 24 December 2013
3249:
3153:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2039:del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1996
2015:del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1996
2003:del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1996
1967:del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1996
1955:del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1996
1942:
1930:
1883:
1871:
1604:
1555:
1492:
1348:are perching on the side of the nest.
1196:Ground birds such as plovers may use
871:which nests in the arboreal nests of
439:they have collected and placed under
354:nest-scraping on artificial ledge on
58:is the spot in which a bird lays and
6391:
4587:
4465:
4410:
4313:Harrap, Simon; Quinn, David (1996),
4265:
3723:Khanna, D. R.; Yadav, P. R. (2005),
3227:
3129:
2951:
2831:
2819:
2681:from the original on 28 January 2016
2630:
2175:
2120:
1799:
1324:In constructing nests, birds act as
864:the entrance hole to a narrow slit.
730:unattended for as long as 58 hours.
6415:
4315:Tits, Nuthatches & Treecreepers
4160:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
3156:"A study of the Cape penduline tit
2588:from the original on 21 August 2014
2473:The Journal of Experimental Biology
2192:, Sussex: Pica Press, p. 557,
1344:are on the top of the nest and two
1331:
1258:
695:soils which are easy to penetrate.
600:Soil plays a different role in the
24:
4680:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1973.tb01990.x
4366:Juniper, Tony; Parr, Mike (2003),
3670:Top 100 Birding Sites of the World
3132:Zoology: An Inside View of Animals
3002:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2858:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1936.tb03399.x
2619:
1513:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02420.x
1054:
688:Buff-breasted paradise-kingfishers
592:Like most burrow-nesting species,
27:Place where a bird broods its eggs
25:
6459:
6443:Shelters built or used by animals
5293:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
4747:
2774:from the original on 4 March 2016
2723:from the original on 19 July 2007
1782:Williams, Ernest Herbert (2005),
1711:from the original on 20 July 2008
1698:Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia
1034:in the process of building a nest
30:For animal nests in general, see
6414:
6402:
6390:
6379:
6378:
6269:(New World vultures and condors)
3837:
3819:
3801:
3784:
3758:
3754:Haag-Wackernagel & Moch 2004
3747:
3743:from the original on 3 June 2013
3716:
3712:from the original on 4 June 2013
3685:
3645:
3610:
3563:
3514:
3503:
3463:
3414:
3256:, Iowa State College Press, Ames
2550:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04523.x
2257:"Animal Life at Low Temperature"
2147:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01709.x
1824:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00632.x
1095:, build floating platform nests.
978:
969:
737:'s Wooded Islands, for example,
3365:
3326:
3315:
3304:
3293:
3282:
3271:
3260:
3243:
3232:
3221:
3210:
3205:Rudolph, Kyle & Conner 1990
3147:
3123:
3067:
2880:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2809:Rudolph, Kyle & Conner 1990
2802:
2778:
2700:
2643:Brightsmith, Donald J. (2000),
2636:
2592:
2555:
2525:
2510:Perspectives on Animal Behavior
2501:
2464:
2421:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2217:
2205:
2181:
2169:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1889:
1830:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1091:Some waterbirds, including the
5325:
4802:New International Encyclopedia
4299:, Cambridge University Press,
4222:American Ornithologists' Union
3872:
2707:Phillips, Tina (Winter 2005),
1586:
1549:
1537:
1519:
1480:
1177:Nest protection and sanitation
706:, to become colonial breeders.
13:
1:
4754:Lecture notes on bird nesting
4200:, New York, NY: Basic Books,
4046:Collias, Nicholas E. (1997),
3267:Petit, Petit & Petit 1989
3184:10.1080/00306525.1959.9633335
1560:. Octopus books. p. 17.
1451:
1189:Some aquatic species such as
953:—use considerable amounts of
897:uses considerable amounts of
387:Other nest linings, like the
4764:Earthlife site on bird nests
4732:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions,
4632:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions,
4612:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions,
4592:, London: Christopher Helm,
4490:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions,
4470:, London: Christopher Helm,
4417:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions,
4370:, London: Christopher Helm,
4352:, London: Christopher Helm,
4317:, London: Christopher Helm,
4180:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions,
4137:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions,
4117:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions,
4032:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions,
4012:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions,
3884:, London: Christopher Helm,
2761:Journal of Field Ornithology
2405:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.09.005
1284:, penguins, flamingos, many
7:
6333:(woodpeckers and relatives)
4557:Schuetz, Justin G. (2005),
3158:Anthoscopus minutus minutus
2351:Rasmussen & Collar 2002
1689:JE, Simon; Pacheco (2005),
1070:
893:Like many small birds, the
484:The huge mound nest of the
10:
6464:
6195:(cormorants and relatives)
5288:Extinct species since 1500
4331:Hogan, C. Michael (2010),
4272:, Macmillan, p. 383,
4252:10.1016/j.jinf.2003.11.001
4157:The Birdwatcher's Handbook
3898:Byrktedal, Ingvar (1989),
2381:L.1758) in loess deposits"
1851:10.1163/156853902320262844
1444:Artificial nests, such as
1367:Colonial breeders produce
1273:
1115:
881:which uses termite nests.
399:In warm climates, such as
29:
6374:
6325:(kingfishers and rollers)
6257:
6212:
6179:(albatrosses and petrels)
6151:
6122:
6093:
6072:
6063:(swifts and hummingbirds)
6045:(nightjars and relatives)
6033:
5996:
5987:
5954:
5917:
5908:
5899:
5895:
5869:(pheasants and relatives)
5844:
5768:
5727:
5665:
5637:
5613:
5589:
5562:
5483:
5470:
5427:
5400:
5396:
5335:
5331:
5320:
5316:
5255:
5158:
5058:
5008:
4935:
4865:
4852:
4699:Wimberger, P. H. (1984),
3668:Couzens, Dominic (2008),
3421:Strecker, John K (1926),
2450:10.1007/s11284-008-0520-2
2261:Journal of Animal Ecology
1400:, principal venue of the
1159:
962:to which it is attached.
857:white-breasted nuthatches
810:, some kingfishers, some
749:
583:
447:buttresses of trees, and
242:
160:, for instance—including
6224:(seriemas and relatives)
6203:(pelicans and relatives)
3808:Artificial swallow nests
3576:The Florida Entomologist
3339:Journal of Avian Biology
3250:Hicks, Ellis A. (1959),
2538:Journal of Avian Biology
2385:Quaternary International
2255:Davenport, John (1992),
1770:Campbell & Lack 1985
1758:Campbell & Lack 1985
1722:Campbell & Lack 1985
1544:Campbell & Lack 1985
1487:Campbell & Lack 1985
1475:Campbell & Lack 1985
1456:
1398:Beijing National Stadium
743:fork-tailed storm-petrel
475:
6317:(hornbills and hoopoes)
6232:(falcons and relatives)
4780:"Birds, Nests of"
4384:Kaplan, Gisela (2004),
4266:Gill, Frank B. (1995),
4214:Grant, Gilbert (1982),
3791:Dixon, Charles (1902),
2363:Short & Horne 2002a
2339:Juniper & Parr 2003
2224:Harrap & Quinn 1996
1677:Short & Horne 2002b
1374:The saliva nest of the
1079:Many raptors, like the
1011:a crescent-shaped cup.
853:Red-breasted nuthatches
824:red-cockaded woodpecker
760:cobalt-rumped parrotlet
144:
6301:(trogons and quetzals)
6113:(cranes and relatives)
5383:(emus and cassowaries)
5273:Glossary of bird terms
5085:Confuciusornithiformes
4786:Encyclopedia Americana
4293:Hansell, Mike (2000),
3510:Ward & Zahavi 1973
3390:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0931
3311:Clark & Mason 1985
3130:Hyde, Kenneth (2004),
3015:10.1098/rspb.2010.2798
2933:Gould & Gould 2007
2921:Gould & Gould 2007
1558:Garden and Field Birds
1531:3 January 2017 at the
1434:
1349:
1346:Eurasian tree sparrows
1321:
1320:Two expired bird nest.
1271:
1128:
1127:building pendent nest.
1096:
1084:
1051:
1035:
1003:
936:
902:
884:
835:
763:
707:
597:
551:Australian brushturkey
536:
489:
396:
393:American golden-plover
359:
261:
153:
51:
34:. For other uses, see
6142:(kagu and sunbittern)
6105:(gulls and relatives)
5110:Songlingornithiformes
5075:Omnivoropterygiformes
4720:10.1093/auk/101.3.615
4576:10.1093/beheco/arh139
4337:Encyclopedia of Earth
3946:A Dictionary of Birds
3831:17 March 2014 at the
3813:17 March 2014 at the
3527:Ecological Entomology
3154:Skead, C. J. (1959).
1432:
1425:Artificial bird nests
1339:
1319:
1312:Ecological importance
1269:Montezuma oropendolas
1266:
1213:northern mockingbirds
1123:
1090:
1078:
1049:
1029:
1001:
990:blue-grey gnatcatcher
988:Museum specimen of a
931:
892:
833:
757:
701:
591:
530:
483:
413:red-tailed tropicbird
386:
349:
250:
152:
47:Deep cup nest of the
46:
5964:Phoenicopteriformes
4796:"Nidification"
4660:10.1093/auk/97.4.816
3652:Cade & Bird 1990
3160:(Shaw & Nodder)"
3062:10.1093/auk/97.4.816
2479:(Pt 20): 3719–3722,
1556:Felix, Jiri (1973).
1433:Artificial duck nest
1402:2008 Summer Olympics
1376:edible-nest swiftlet
1125:Taveta golden weaver
1002:A bed nest on a tree
895:purple-crowned fairy
466:three-banded courser
330:distraction displays
80:Montezuma oropendola
5935:Mesitornithiformes
5929:(doves and pigeons)
5263:Families and orders
5125:Ichthyornithiformes
5100:Patagopterygiformes
4513:The Wilson Bulletin
3976:1985Oecol..67..169C
3772:on 20 February 2008
3619:Colonial Waterbirds
3176:1959Ostri..30S.274S
3009:(1720): 2924–2929,
2887:Ehrlich et al. 1994
2599:Ehrlich et al. 1994
2442:2009EcoR...24..453H
2430:Ecological Research
2397:2013QuInt.296..220S
2327:Ehrlich et al. 1994
2315:Ehrlich et al. 1994
2277:1992JAnEc..61..798B
2139:2007AusEc..32..378G
1746:Ehrlich et al. 1994
1734:Ehrlich et al. 1994
1641:Ehrlich et al. 1994
1629:Ehrlich et al. 1994
1581:Ehrlich et al. 1994
1326:ecosystem engineers
879:collared kingfisher
861:Eurasian nuthatches
841:resplendent quetzal
417:evaporative cooling
284:, many ducks, most
6277:(eagles and hawks)
6177:Procellariiformes
6082:Opisthocomiformes
6051:Steatornithiformes
5278:List by population
5115:Hongshanornithidae
5040:Evolution of birds
4583:on 13 January 2013
4563:Behavioral Ecology
3984:10.1007/BF00384280
3848:in Central Asia".
2566:Oceandroma furcata
1812:Functional Ecology
1808:Calidris melanotos
1583:, pp. 228–232
1435:
1350:
1322:
1272:
1267:Nesting colony of
1171:cape penduline tit
1129:
1097:
1085:
1052:
1036:
1004:
951:New World warblers
947:tyrant flycatchers
937:
903:
836:
764:
708:
704:European bee-eater
675:burrowing parakeet
641:, some megapodes,
631:common kingfishers
625:, China's endemic
598:
537:
490:
397:
360:
262:
226:, and many of the
201:Eurasian eagle-owl
166:thick-billed murre
154:
76:Eurasian blackbird
52:
49:great reed-warbler
6430:
6429:
6370:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6163:(loons or divers)
6132:Phaethontiformes
6124:Phaethontimorphae
6074:Opisthocomiformes
6043:Caprimulgiformes
5983:
5982:
5972:Podicipediformes
5891:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5609:
5608:
5392:
5391:
5349:Struthioniformes
5217:Waterfowl hunting
5150:Gastornithiformes
5145:Aepyornithiformes
5135:Lithornithiformes
4775:Ingersoll, Ernest
4739:978-84-87334-30-6
4639:978-84-87334-37-5
4619:978-84-87334-37-5
4599:978-0-7136-6250-4
4546:Bird blow-flies (
4497:978-84-87334-37-5
4477:978-0-7136-6250-4
4424:978-84-87334-30-6
4397:978-0-643-09068-2
4377:978-0-7136-6933-6
4359:978-0-7136-6250-4
4324:978-0-7136-3964-3
4306:978-0-521-01764-0
4279:978-0-7167-2415-5
4231:978-0-943610-30-6
4207:978-0-465-02782-8
4187:978-84-87334-15-3
4167:978-0-19-858407-0
4144:978-84-87334-20-7
4124:978-84-87334-10-8
4039:978-84-87334-30-6
4019:978-84-87334-25-2
3955:978-0-85661-039-4
3891:978-0-7136-6250-4
3862:10.1111/ibi.12503
3846:Falco vespertinus
3736:978-81-7141-933-3
3705:978-0-313-38058-7
3679:978-0-520-25932-4
3540:10.1111/een.12669
3351:10.1111/jav.01324
3345:(10): 1316–1321.
3170:(sup1): 274–288.
3141:978-0-7575-0997-1
2796:978-0-292-75532-1
2519:978-0-470-04517-6
2486:10.1242/jeb.00610
2294:978-0-412-40350-7
2199:978-1-873403-59-4
1793:978-0-19-517194-5
1362:peregrine falcons
1229:Australian magpie
1050:Hanging bird nest
1027:
869:rufous woodpecker
683:D'Arnaud's barbet
627:white-browed tits
533:Chilean flamingos
347:
193:ashy storm-petrel
16:(Redirected from
6455:
6418:
6417:
6406:
6394:
6393:
6382:
6381:
6334:
6326:
6318:
6310:
6307:Leptosomiformes
6302:
6294:
6286:
6278:
6275:Accipitriformes
6270:
6249:
6248:(perching birds)
6241:
6233:
6225:
6204:
6196:
6188:
6180:
6172:
6169:Sphenisciformes
6164:
6143:
6135:
6114:
6106:
6103:Charadriiformes
6085:
6064:
6046:
6025:
6017:
6014:Musophagiformes
6009:
5994:
5993:
5975:
5967:
5946:
5938:
5930:
5915:
5914:
5906:
5905:
5897:
5896:
5870:
5857:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5624:
5537:
5530:
5494:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5398:
5397:
5384:
5376:
5368:
5360:
5352:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5185:Bird collections
5140:Dinornithiformes
5045:Darwin's finches
5035:Origin of flight
4975:Seabird breeding
4965:Sexual selection
4834:
4827:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4742:
4722:
4705:
4695:
4682:
4662:
4642:
4622:
4602:
4584:
4579:, archived from
4578:
4553:
4540:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4500:
4480:
4462:
4437:
4427:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4380:
4362:
4344:
4333:"Abiotic factor"
4327:
4309:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4262:
4234:
4210:
4190:
4170:
4152:Ehrlich, Paul R.
4147:
4127:
4107:
4098:
4077:
4052:
4042:
4022:
4002:
3958:
3940:
3939:
3937:10.5962/p.356349
3920:Falco peregrinus
3914:
3904:
3894:
3866:
3865:
3841:
3835:
3826:Terracotta nests
3823:
3817:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3762:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3726:Biology of Birds
3720:
3714:
3713:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3665:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3542:
3518:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3491:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3427:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3330:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3026:
2996:
2977:
2976:
2949:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2649:
2640:
2634:
2633:, pp. 380–1
2628:
2617:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2150:
2149:
2123:Alectura lathami
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1695:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1380:bird's nest soup
1378:is used to make
1332:In human culture
1259:Colonial nesting
1227:the person. The
1032:long-tailed tits
1028:
982:
973:
934:common blackbird
901:in its cup nest.
615:ground squirrels
572:The base of the
409:lesser nighthawk
352:peregrine falcon
348:
205:Hume's tawny owl
197:pigeon guillemot
180:emperor penguins
141:for the adults.
21:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6338:
6332:
6324:
6316:
6315:Bucerotiformes
6309:(cuckoo-roller)
6308:
6300:
6292:
6284:
6276:
6268:
6267:Cathartiformes
6253:
6247:
6239:
6238:Psittaciformes
6231:
6223:
6208:
6202:
6201:Pelecaniformes
6194:
6186:
6178:
6170:
6162:
6147:
6141:
6140:Eurypygiformes
6133:
6118:
6112:
6104:
6089:
6083:
6068:
6062:
6044:
6029:
6023:
6015:
6007:
5979:
5973:
5965:
5950:
5944:
5943:Pterocliformes
5936:
5928:
5879:
5868:
5855:
5840:
5764:
5723:
5661:
5626:
5625:
5618:
5617:
5605:
5585:
5558:
5535:
5528:
5488:
5487:
5475:
5474:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5388:
5382:
5381:Casuariiformes
5374:
5373:Apterygiformes
5366:
5358:
5350:
5327:
5312:
5283:Lists by region
5251:
5161:
5154:
5095:Chaoyangiformes
5080:Jeholornithidae
5054:
5018:Origin of birds
5004:
4985:Brood parasites
4931:
4861:
4848:
4838:
4793:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4703:
4688:Wilson Bulletin
4640:
4620:
4600:
4548:Protocalliphora
4528:
4508:
4498:
4478:
4452:10.2307/1368331
4435:
4425:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4378:
4360:
4325:
4307:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4232:
4208:
4188:
4168:
4145:
4125:
4096:10.2307/4084566
4067:10.2307/1369932
4050:
4040:
4020:
3956:
3924:Can. Field-Nat.
3902:
3892:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3842:
3838:
3833:Wayback Machine
3824:
3820:
3815:Wayback Machine
3806:
3802:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3748:
3737:
3721:
3717:
3706:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3666:
3657:
3650:
3646:
3631:10.2307/1521775
3615:
3611:
3588:10.2307/3492142
3568:
3564:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3504:
3468:
3464:
3456:
3442:10.2307/4075138
3425:
3419:
3415:
3384:(1): 20120931.
3378:Biology Letters
3370:
3366:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3261:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3128:
3124:
3110:10.2307/1366825
3094:
3087:
3076:Wilson Bulletin
3072:
3068:
3046:
3039:
2997:
2980:
2966:10.2307/1366826
2950:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2869:
2865:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2620:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2570:
2560:
2556:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2506:
2502:
2469:
2465:
2426:
2422:
2379:Merops apiaster
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2317:, p. xxiii
2313:
2309:
2295:
2267:(3), Springer:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2153:
2127:Austral Ecology
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1910:10.2307/1365438
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1835:
1831:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1533:Wayback Machine
1524:
1520:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1427:
1384:Gomantong Caves
1334:
1314:
1278:
1261:
1245:Protocalliphora
1179:
1162:
1118:
1073:
1057:
1055:Saucer or plate
1017:
996:
995:
994:
993:
985:
984:
983:
975:
974:
887:
752:
586:
478:
470:Egyptian plover
453:Marbled godwits
443:or between the
378:Kentish plovers
356:Derby Cathedral
339:
245:
213:Brood parasites
147:
108:dormitory nests
103:brood parasites
92:dusky scrubfowl
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6461:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6412:
6400:
6388:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6328:
6323:Coraciiformes
6320:
6312:
6304:
6299:Trogoniformes
6296:
6288:
6280:
6272:
6263:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:Passeriformes
6243:
6235:
6230:Falconiformes
6227:
6222:Cariamiformes
6218:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6198:
6190:
6185:Ciconiiformes
6182:
6174:
6166:
6157:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6137:
6128:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6108:
6099:
6097:
6095:Cursorimorphae
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6078:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6039:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6019:
6011:
6002:
6000:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5969:
5960:
5958:
5956:Mirandornithes
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5940:
5932:
5927:Columbiformes
5923:
5921:
5919:Columbimorphae
5912:
5903:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5864:
5859:
5854:Meleagridinae
5850:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5774:
5772:
5770:Odontophoridae
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5671:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5632:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5595:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5576:
5568:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5549:Stictonettinae
5546:
5544:Dendrocygninae
5541:
5540:
5539:
5532:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5497:
5495:
5478:
5465:
5422:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5354:
5345:
5343:
5329:
5328:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5297:Notable birds
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5247:Egg collecting
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5166:
5164:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5130:Hesperornithes
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5105:Ambiortiformes
5102:
5097:
5092:
5090:Enantiornithes
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5014:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4837:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4791:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4749:
4748:External links
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4723:
4714:(3): 615–616,
4696:
4683:
4674:(4): 517–534,
4663:
4654:(4): 816–824,
4643:
4638:
4623:
4618:
4603:
4598:
4585:
4569:(1): 133–137,
4554:
4541:
4521:
4501:
4496:
4481:
4476:
4463:
4446:(2): 479–482,
4428:
4423:
4408:
4396:
4381:
4376:
4363:
4358:
4345:
4343:on 8 June 2013
4328:
4323:
4310:
4305:
4290:
4278:
4263:
4246:(4): 307–313,
4235:
4230:
4211:
4206:
4191:
4186:
4171:
4166:
4148:
4143:
4128:
4123:
4108:
4089:(2): 371–374,
4078:
4061:(2): 253–270,
4043:
4038:
4023:
4018:
4003:
3970:(2): 169–176,
3959:
3954:
3941:
3930:(2): 209–218,
3915:
3895:
3890:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3856:(4): 841–853.
3836:
3818:
3800:
3783:
3757:
3746:
3735:
3715:
3704:
3684:
3678:
3655:
3644:
3625:(1): 129–137,
3609:
3562:
3513:
3502:
3482:(4): 963–965,
3462:
3436:(4): 501–507,
3413:
3364:
3325:
3314:
3303:
3300:Wimberger 1984
3292:
3281:
3270:
3259:
3242:
3231:
3220:
3217:Byrktedal 1989
3209:
3197:
3146:
3140:
3122:
3104:(4): 443–454,
3085:
3066:
3056:(4): 816–824,
3037:
2978:
2960:(4): 455–466,
2937:
2935:, p. 196.
2925:
2923:, p. 200.
2913:
2891:
2879:
2863:
2852:(3): 460–471.
2836:
2824:
2812:
2801:
2795:
2777:
2741:
2726:
2699:
2684:
2658:(3): 529–538,
2635:
2618:
2603:
2591:
2581:(2): 268–282,
2554:
2544:(5): 484–486,
2534:Dromas ardeola
2524:
2518:
2500:
2463:
2436:(2): 453–459.
2420:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2293:
2247:
2228:
2216:
2212:Behrstock 2001
2204:
2198:
2180:
2168:
2151:
2133:(4): 278–285,
2113:
2101:
2089:
2074:
2062:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1845:(6): 847–859,
1829:
1818:(3): 305–316,
1798:
1792:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1736:, p. xxii
1726:
1714:
1704:(2): 143–154,
1681:
1669:
1665:Jaramillo 2001
1657:
1653:Cohn-Haft 1999
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1566:
1548:
1536:
1518:
1491:
1479:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1426:
1423:
1333:
1330:
1313:
1310:
1274:Main article:
1260:
1257:
1178:
1175:
1161:
1158:
1117:
1114:
1108:(also spelled
1072:
1069:
1056:
1053:
987:
986:
977:
976:
968:
967:
966:
965:
964:
932:Cup nest of a
886:
883:
751:
748:
607:burrowing owls
585:
582:
542:Ornithologists
509:microorganisms
477:
474:
244:
241:
215:, such as the
146:
143:
84:village weaver
72:American robin
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6460:
6449:
6448:Bird breeding
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6423:
6422:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6377:
6376:
6373:
6335:
6329:
6327:
6321:
6319:
6313:
6311:
6305:
6303:
6297:
6295:
6289:
6287:
6283:Strigiformes
6281:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6236:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6197:
6191:
6189:
6183:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6167:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6138:
6136:
6134:(tropicbirds)
6130:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6056:Podargiformes
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6012:
6010:
6006:Cuculiformes
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5976:
5970:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5933:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5704:Macrocephalon
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5591:Anseranatidae
5588:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5371:
5369:
5365:Tinamiformes
5363:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5341:Palaeognathae
5338:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:Pigeon racing
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5069:Archaeopteryx
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4804:
4803:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4641:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4522:
4519:(3): 2365–366
4518:
4514:
4507:
4502:
4499:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4409:
4399:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4361:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4308:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4281:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3688:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3150:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2896:
2889:, p. 445
2888:
2883:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2834:, p. 469
2833:
2828:
2822:, p. 437
2821:
2816:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2739:, p. 373
2738:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2595:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2365:, p. 162
2364:
2359:
2353:, p. 119
2352:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2329:, p. 345
2328:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2245:, p. 169
2244:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2214:, p. 344
2213:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2178:, p. 188
2177:
2172:
2166:, p. 516
2165:
2164:del Hoyo 1992
2160:
2158:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2111:, p. 289
2110:
2105:
2099:, p. 280
2098:
2093:
2087:, p. 288
2086:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2066:
2060:, p. 287
2059:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2041:, p. 371
2040:
2035:
2029:, p. 558
2028:
2027:del Hoyo 1992
2023:
2017:, p. 473
2016:
2011:
2005:, p. 222
2004:
1999:
1993:, p. 119
1992:
1991:del Hoyo 1992
1987:
1980:
1979:del Hoyo 1992
1975:
1969:, p. 673
1968:
1963:
1957:, p. 637
1956:
1951:
1945:, p. 62.
1944:
1939:
1933:, p. 61.
1932:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1886:, p. 60.
1885:
1880:
1874:, p. 11.
1873:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1772:, p. 145
1771:
1766:
1760:, p. 174
1759:
1754:
1748:, p. 441
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1724:, p. 390
1723:
1718:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1679:, p. 282
1678:
1673:
1667:, p. 548
1666:
1661:
1655:, p. 295
1654:
1649:
1643:, p. 260
1642:
1637:
1631:, p. 252
1630:
1625:
1619:, p. 148
1618:
1617:del Hoyo 1992
1613:
1606:
1601:
1595:, p. 692
1594:
1593:del Hoyo 1992
1589:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1567:0-7064-0236-7
1563:
1559:
1552:
1546:, p. 387
1545:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1489:, p. 345
1488:
1483:
1477:, p. 386
1476:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1391:Feral pigeons
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1242:of the genus
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1033:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:chimney swift
1000:
991:
981:
972:
963:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:
935:
930:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
900:
896:
891:
882:
880:
877:ants and the
876:
875:
874:Crematogaster
870:
865:
862:
858:
854:
848:
844:
842:
832:
828:
825:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
761:
756:
747:
744:
740:
736:
731:
727:
724:
720:
717:
712:
705:
700:
696:
694:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
595:
590:
581:
579:
575:
570:
567:
562:
558:
554:
552:
548:
543:
534:
529:
525:
522:
516:
514:
510:
506:
505:compost heaps
502:
498:
495:
487:
482:
473:
471:
467:
463:
462:down feathers
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
429:
424:
422:
421:gular panting
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
394:
390:
385:
381:
379:
374:
370:
365:
357:
353:
337:
335:
331:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:fragments or
275:
271:
267:
259:
256:
255:
249:
240:
238:
236:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
186:
181:
177:
176:King penguins
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
151:
142:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6419:
6407:
6395:
6383:
6293:(mousebirds)
6291:Coliiformes
6161:Gaviiformes
6153:Aequornithes
6061:Apodiformes
6022:Otidiformes
5998:Otidimorphae
5945:(sandgrouse)
5867:Phasianinae
5833:
5826:
5819:
5814:Odontophorus
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5757:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5652:Oreophasinae
5598:
5578:
5571:
5476:(waterfowls)
5472:Anseriformes
5222:Cockfighting
5207:Conservation
5202:Bird feeding
5190:Birdwatching
5180:Ornithomancy
5120:Gansuiformes
5067:
5060:Fossil birds
4989:
4950:Intelligence
4800:
4784:
4728:
4711:
4707:
4691:
4687:
4671:
4667:
4651:
4647:
4628:
4608:
4589:
4581:the original
4566:
4562:
4549:
4545:
4536:
4533:Wilson Bull.
4532:
4516:
4512:
4486:
4467:
4443:
4439:
4413:
4401:, retrieved
4386:
4367:
4349:
4341:the original
4336:
4314:
4295:
4283:, retrieved
4268:
4243:
4239:
4216:
4196:
4176:
4156:
4133:
4113:
4086:
4082:
4058:
4054:
4028:
4008:
3967:
3963:
3945:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3913:(4): 579–590
3910:
3907:Wilson Bull.
3906:
3881:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3821:
3803:
3794:Birds' nests
3793:
3786:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:the original
3760:
3749:
3725:
3718:
3694:
3687:
3669:
3647:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3505:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3433:
3429:
3416:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3322:Schuetz 2005
3317:
3306:
3295:
3284:
3273:
3262:
3252:
3245:
3234:
3223:
3212:
3200:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3149:
3131:
3125:
3101:
3097:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3053:
3049:
3006:
3000:
2957:
2953:
2928:
2916:
2907:
2903:
2882:
2871:Hansell 2000
2866:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2804:
2786:
2780:
2767:(1): 27–35,
2764:
2760:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2697:, p. 96
2655:
2651:
2638:
2616:, p. 94
2601:, p. 17
2594:
2578:
2574:
2565:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2509:
2503:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2341:, p. 24
2334:
2322:
2310:
2285:10.2307/5635
2264:
2260:
2250:
2243:Woodall 2001
2226:, p. 21
2219:
2207:
2189:
2183:
2171:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2109:Elliott 1994
2104:
2097:Elliott 1994
2092:
2085:Elliott 1994
2072:, p. 9.
2070:Hansell 2000
2065:
2058:Elliott 1994
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1981:, p. 80
1974:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1783:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1701:
1697:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1557:
1551:
1539:
1521:
1507:(1): 50–70,
1504:
1500:
1494:
1482:
1443:
1436:
1416:
1406:
1395:
1388:
1373:
1366:
1358:white storks
1351:
1342:white storks
1323:
1279:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1233:
1224:
1221:Arctic terns
1206:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1165:
1163:
1132:
1130:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1037:
1013:
1005:
949:and several
940:
938:
923:hummingbirds
906:
904:
872:
866:
849:
845:
837:
820:
778:, including
767:
765:
739:river otters
732:
728:
713:
709:
671:sand martins
667:
611:prairie dogs
601:
599:
594:sand martins
571:
555:
538:
517:
500:
494:Australasian
491:
425:
398:
361:
318:
265:
263:
252:
239:
232:Australasian
190:
174:
162:common murre
155:
135:weaver birds
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
100:
95:
88:hummingbirds
55:
53:
40:
6421:WikiProject
6331:Piciformes
6214:Australaves
6193:Suliformes
6111:Gruiformes
5966:(flamingos)
5875:Tetraoninae
5846:Phasianidae
5835:Rhynchortyx
5800:Dactylortyx
5667:Megapodidae
5657:Penelopinae
5615:Galliformes
5357:Rheiformes
5351:(ostriches)
5301:individuals
5175:Ornithology
5162:interaction
4917:Preen gland
4403:16 December
4285:16 December
4269:Ornithology
3873:Cited texts
3776:25 February
3533:(1): 1–10.
3239:Kaplan 2004
2737:Conner 1975
2695:Collar 2001
2614:Collar 2001
2391:: 220–226.
2125:) mounds",
1904:(1): 6–18,
1409:naturalists
1276:Bird colony
1198:broken wing
1137:Oropendolas
955:spider silk
899:spider silk
784:woodpeckers
716:crepuscular
663:leaftossers
655:crab plover
651:kingfishers
639:shearwaters
574:horned coot
224:honeyguides
116:winter-nest
112:roost nests
36:Bird's nest
18:Scrape nest
6437:Categories
6171:(penguins)
6024:(bustards)
5862:Perdicinae
5807:Dendrortyx
5779:Callipepla
5711:Megapodius
5676:Aepypodius
5554:Tadorninae
5536:true geese
5367:(tinamous)
5326:Neornithes
5237:Pheasantry
5212:Aviculture
4980:Incubation
4970:Lek mating
4539:(l): 14–22
4440:The Condor
4240:J. Infect.
3476:The Condor
2873:, p.
2414:2381/31362
1943:Grant 1982
1931:Grant 1982
1898:The Condor
1884:Grant 1982
1872:Grant 1982
1605:Hogan 2010
1452:References
1446:nest boxes
1354:nest boxes
1236:fecal sacs
1202:rodent run
1040:allometric
1030:A pair of
919:passerines
816:nest boxes
792:nuthatches
772:tree ferns
547:malleefowl
513:Aboriginal
486:malleefowl
405:salt flats
373:permafrost
369:convective
314:sandgrouse
306:partridges
286:shorebirds
254:Charadrius
131:polygynous
6240:(parrots)
6084:(hoatzin)
6035:Strisores
6016:(turacos)
6008:(cuckoos)
5937:(mesites)
5856:(turkeys)
5828:Philortyx
5745:Agelastes
5738:Acryllium
5729:Numididae
5718:Talegalla
5628:gamebirds
5621:landfowls
5600:Anseranas
5564:Anhimidae
5523:Anserinae
5306:fictional
5028:dinosaurs
5023:Theropoda
5010:Evolution
4955:Migration
4937:Behaviour
4694:: 480–483
3964:Oecologia
3596:0015-4040
3582:(2): 92.
3549:0307-6946
3359:0908-8857
3228:Gill 1995
3192:0030-6525
3082:: 480–483
2904:BirdScope
2832:Kemp 2001
2820:Reed 2001
2713:BirdScope
2631:Reed 2001
2176:Seng 2001
1839:Behaviour
1418:caliology
1304:and some
1240:Blowflies
1217:blue jays
1209:Kingbirds
1184:inquiline
808:hornbills
804:bluebirds
794:and many
774:or large
679:puffbirds
623:tortoises
557:Flamingos
515:middens.
497:megapodes
458:latitudes
334:precocial
321:predators
298:pheasants
228:Old World
217:New World
185:Antarctic
170:razorbill
96:caliology
68:structure
60:incubates
56:bird nest
6385:Category
6259:Afroaves
6187:(storks)
5989:Passerea
5974:(grebes)
5910:Columbea
5821:Oreortyx
5793:Cyrtonyx
5683:Alectura
5647:Cracinae
5639:Cracidae
5516:Oxyurini
5506:Aythyini
5501:Anatinae
5485:Anatidae
5232:Falconry
5195:big year
5050:Seabirds
4960:Foraging
4907:Feathers
4777:(1920).
4260:15066331
4000:32307579
3992:28311305
3829:Archived
3811:Archived
3741:archived
3710:archived
3557:91557693
3498:86039366
3454:archived
3408:23221874
3033:21325330
2769:archived
2721:archived
2676:archived
2672:52541280
2583:archived
2495:12966063
2458:22934726
1706:archived
1529:Archived
1439:swallows
1306:sparrows
1282:seabirds
1153:sunbirds
1141:caciques
1101:platform
1071:Platform
432:skimmers
411:and the
391:in this
325:elements
323:and the
310:bustards
282:tinamous
278:feathers
220:cowbirds
6397:Commons
5901:Neoaves
5786:Colinus
5752:Guttera
5690:Eulipoa
5511:Mergini
5375:(kiwis)
5359:(rheas)
5170:Ringing
4995:Hybrids
4990:Nesting
4945:Singing
4922:Plumage
4897:Dactyly
4867:Anatomy
4857:Outline
4847:: Aves)
4805:. 1905.
4460:1368331
4105:4084566
4075:1369932
3972:Bibcode
3639:1521775
3604:3492142
3450:4075138
3399:3565511
3172:Bibcode
3164:Ostrich
3118:1366825
3024:3151712
2974:1366826
2438:Bibcode
2393:Bibcode
2273:Bibcode
2135:Bibcode
1918:1365438
1859:4535956
1302:corvids
1300:, some
1149:weavers
1145:orioles
1133:pendent
1116:Pendent
945:, some
942:Regulus
917:. Many
806:, most
796:barbets
790:, some
788:trogons
780:saguaro
719:petrels
649:, most
643:motmots
635:Puffins
619:badgers
521:conical
401:deserts
350:Female
294:falcons
292:, some
288:, most
235:cuckoos
139:helpers
82:or the
6409:Portal
6285:(owls)
5759:Numida
5697:Leipoa
5580:Chauna
5573:Anhima
5268:Genera
5242:Imping
5160:Human
5000:Colony
4927:Vision
4912:Flight
4736:
4636:
4616:
4596:
4494:
4474:
4458:
4421:
4394:
4374:
4356:
4321:
4303:
4276:
4258:
4228:
4204:
4184:
4164:
4141:
4121:
4103:
4073:
4055:Condor
4036:
4016:
3998:
3990:
3952:
3888:
3733:
3702:
3676:
3637:
3602:
3594:
3555:
3547:
3496:
3448:
3406:
3396:
3357:
3190:
3138:
3116:
3098:Condor
3031:
3021:
2972:
2954:Condor
2910:(2): 7
2793:
2670:
2652:Condor
2516:
2493:
2456:
2301:
2291:
2196:
1916:
1857:
1790:
1564:
1413:oology
1298:weaver
1286:herons
1219:, and
1191:grebes
1166:sphere
1160:Sphere
1106:eyries
1093:grebes
1081:osprey
1061:saucer
915:saliva
768:cavity
750:Cavity
735:Alaska
723:prions
659:miners
653:, the
647:todies
602:burrow
584:Burrow
441:bushes
437:leaves
389:lichen
364:Arctic
270:stones
266:scrape
258:plover
243:Scrape
222:, the
209:Potoos
124:aeries
120:eyries
5529:swans
5491:ducks
5461:fowls
5256:Lists
4880:Brain
4845:class
4841:Birds
4704:(PDF)
4529:(PDF)
4509:(PDF)
4456:JSTOR
4436:(PDF)
4101:JSTOR
4071:JSTOR
4051:(PDF)
3996:S2CID
3903:(PDF)
3635:JSTOR
3600:JSTOR
3553:S2CID
3494:S2CID
3457:(PDF)
3446:JSTOR
3426:(PDF)
3114:JSTOR
2970:JSTOR
2772:(PDF)
2757:(PDF)
2719:(1),
2679:(PDF)
2668:S2CID
2648:(PDF)
2586:(PDF)
2571:(PDF)
2454:S2CID
2299:JSTOR
2269:81–82
2190:Rails
1914:JSTOR
1855:JSTOR
1709:(PDF)
1694:(PDF)
1457:Notes
1369:guano
1294:terns
1290:gulls
1225:swoop
1110:aerie
1065:plate
776:cacti
714:Some
693:loess
561:beaks
501:mound
476:Mound
449:kagus
302:quail
290:terns
274:shell
4902:Eggs
4890:milk
4885:Crop
4875:Beak
4734:ISBN
4668:Ibis
4634:ISBN
4614:ISBN
4594:ISBN
4492:ISBN
4472:ISBN
4419:ISBN
4405:2009
4392:ISBN
4372:ISBN
4354:ISBN
4319:ISBN
4301:ISBN
4287:2009
4274:ISBN
4256:PMID
4226:ISBN
4202:ISBN
4182:ISBN
4162:ISBN
4139:ISBN
4119:ISBN
4034:ISBN
4014:ISBN
3988:PMID
3950:ISBN
3886:ISBN
3850:Ibis
3778:2008
3731:ISBN
3700:ISBN
3674:ISBN
3592:ISSN
3545:ISSN
3404:PMID
3355:ISSN
3188:ISSN
3136:ISBN
3029:PMID
2846:Ibis
2791:ISBN
2514:ISBN
2491:PMID
2303:5635
2289:ISBN
2194:ISBN
1810:)",
1788:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1501:Ibis
1396:The
1164:The
1151:and
1131:The
1099:The
1059:The
960:leaf
905:The
812:owls
800:tits
766:The
721:and
661:and
578:cone
566:clay
468:and
445:root
428:sand
403:and
312:and
230:and
203:and
178:and
168:and
158:auks
145:Type
122:(or
114:(or
64:eggs
62:its
32:Nest
4716:doi
4712:101
4708:Auk
4676:doi
4672:115
4656:doi
4648:Auk
4571:doi
4537:102
4448:doi
4248:doi
4091:doi
4083:Auk
4063:doi
3980:doi
3932:doi
3928:104
3911:101
3858:doi
3854:159
3627:doi
3584:doi
3535:doi
3484:doi
3480:108
3438:doi
3430:Auk
3394:PMC
3386:doi
3347:doi
3180:doi
3106:doi
3058:doi
3050:Auk
3019:PMC
3011:doi
3007:278
2962:doi
2875:280
2854:doi
2660:doi
2656:102
2575:Auk
2546:doi
2536:",
2481:doi
2477:206
2446:doi
2409:hdl
2401:doi
2389:296
2281:doi
2143:doi
1906:doi
1847:doi
1843:139
1820:doi
1509:doi
1505:103
1200:or
1063:or
913:or
911:mud
907:cup
885:Cup
621:or
110:or
74:or
6439::
4799:.
4783:.
4710:,
4706:,
4692:89
4690:,
4670:,
4652:97
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4567:16
4565:,
4561:,
4535:,
4531:,
4517:94
4515:,
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4444:91
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4244:48
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2765:65
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