875:
into
Anatolia, both armies were separately defeated by the Seljuk Turks. The main Western Christian source, Odo of Deuil, and Syriac Christian sources claim that the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos secretly hindered the crusaders' progress, particularly in Anatolia, where he is alleged to have deliberately ordered Turks to attack them. However, this alleged sabotage of the Crusade by the Byzantines was likely fabricated by Odo, who saw the Empire as an obstacle, and moreover Emperor Manuel had no political reason to do so. Louis and Conrad and the remnants of their armies reached Jerusalem and participated in 1148 in an ill-advised attack on Damascus, which ended in their retreat. In the end, the crusade in the east was a failure for the crusaders and a victory for the Muslims. It would ultimately have a key influence on the fall of Jerusalem and give rise to the Third Crusade at the end of the 12th century.
6788:
11300:, p. 211 "Inner Anatolia was now set to become Muslim gradually, and this process occurred under the leadership of the Turks. In Anatolia, as elsewhere, the Seljuq rulers drank in Persian cultural ways in their cities. This tendency to copy Iran in administration, religion and culture reached its height in the thirteenth century with the fuller development of the Seljuq state in Anatolia and the influx of Persian refugees to Anatolian cities. Thus ‘a second Iran’ was created in Anatolia. It is food for thought that, while it was the Turks who conquered and settled the land of Anatolia in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, it was the Persians who were instrumental in bringing to these territories a developed Islamic religious and secular culture. (...)
945:
6733:. The bureaucrats and religious elite of their realm were generally Persian. In the 13th century, most Muslim inhabitants in major Anatolian urban hubs reportedly spoke Persian as their main language. It was in this century that the proneness of imitating Iran in terms of administration, religion and culture reached its zenith, encouraged by the major influx of Persian refugees fleeing Mongol invasions, who brought Persian culture with them and were instrumental in creating a "second Iran" in Anatolia. Iranian cultural, political, and literary traditions deeply influenced Anatolia in the early 13th century. The notable historian
7124:
85:
99:
8245:
6803:, took his name from the name of the state. Moreover, Byzantine influence in the Sultanate was also significant, since Byzantine Greek aristocracy remained part of the Seljuk nobility, and the native Byzantine (Rûm) peasants remained numerous in the region. Based on their genealogy, it appears that the Seljuk sultans favored Christian ladies, just like the early Ottoman sultans. Within the Seljuk harem, Greek women were the most dominant. Cultural Turkification in Anatolia first started during the 14th-century, particularly during the gradual rise of the
1142:
116:
6680:
7087:
15936:
8189:
6834:
937:
6784:, an anonymous history of the Sultanate of Rum, was written in Persian. The sultans of Rum were largely not educated in Arabic. This clearly limited the Arab influence, or at least the direct influence, to a relatively small degree. In contrast, Persian literature and Iranian influence expanded because most sultans and even a significant portion of the townspeople knew the language.
6876:), used as stops, trading posts and defense for caravans, and of which about a hundred structures were built during the Anatolian Seljuk period, are particularly remarkable. Along with Persian influences, which had an indisputable effect, Seljuk architecture was inspired by local Byzantine architects, for example in the
7051:
A significant portion of the
Islamic Near East may have experienced a "silver famine" owing to little, or very little, silver mintings from the eleventh and most of the twelfth centuries. However, at the start of the thirteenth century a "silver flood" occurred in Rum Seljuq territory when Anatolian
987:
and assailed the enemy's camp in 1203 or 1204. In a pitched battle, the
Seljukid forces managed to roll back several attacks of the Georgians but were eventually overwhelmed and defeated. Loss of the sultan's banner to the Georgians resulted in a panic within the Seljuk ranks. Süleymanshah himself
874:
was announced by Pope Eugene III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by
European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other European nobles. The armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe. After crossing Byzantine territory
7039:
The sun-lion and the equestrian are the two central motifs in the Rum Seljuq numismatic figural repertoire. The image of a horseman with two more arrows ready and his bow taut represents strength and control and is a representation of the ideal Seljuq king of the Great Age. The image initially
7060:; frequently, both were struck using the same dies. The Seljuq silver coinage's superior quality and prominence contributed to the dynasty's affluence throughout the early part of the thirteenth century and explains why it served as a kind of anchor for the local "currency community." The
7015:
The earliest documented Rum Seljuq copper coins were made in the first part of the twelfth century in Konya and the eastern
Anatolian emirates. Extensive numismatic evidence suggests that, starting in the middle of the thirteenth century and continuing until the end of the Seljuk dynasty,
1199:
Near the end of his reign, Kaykhusraw III could claim direct sovereignty only over lands around Konya. Some of the beyliks (including the early
Ottoman state) and Seljuk governors of Anatolia continued to recognize, albeit nominally, the supremacy of the sultan in Konya, delivering the
7019:
Most of Kilij Arslan II's coins were minted in Konya between 1177–78 and 1195, with a small amount also occurring in Sivas, which the Rum
Seljuks conquered from the Danishmendids. Sivas may have started minting coins in 1185–1186. The majority of Kılıj Arslan II's coins are silver
1099:), resulting in the Seljuk Turks being forced to swear allegiance to the Mongols and became their vassals. The sultan himself had fled to Antalya after the battle, where he died in 1246; his death started a period of tripartite, and then dual, rule that lasted until 1260.
6971:
and had founded a township comprising a castle, a madrasa, a habitation zone and a caravanserai, which were later abandoned apparently around the 16th century. All but the caravanserai, which remains undiscovered, was explored in the 1960s by the art historian
11304:
Les réfugiés iraniens qui entrèrent en grand nombre en
Anatolie à la suite des invasions mongoles de l’Iran – les fonctionnaires, les poètes, les Sufis et, avant tout, les cadres religieux – transformèrent de l’intérieur la culture urbaine de cette
1071:. After three years, when he had finally quelled the revolt, the Crimean foothold was lost and the state and the sultanate's army had weakened. It is in these conditions that he had to face a far more dangerous threat, that of the expanding
1220:
in 1328. The sultanate's monetary sphere of influence lasted slightly longer and coins of Seljuk mint, generally considered to be of reliable value, continued to be used throughout the 14th century, once again, including by the
Ottomans.
7032:(small copper coins) issues. Following his death the sultanate was divided among his sons. Muhyiddin Mesut, son of Kilij Arslan II, minted coins in the northwesterly cities of Ankara, Çankırı, Eskişehir, and Kaztamunu from 1186 to 1200.
11240:
Even when the land of Rum became politically independent, it remained a colonial extension of Turco-Persian culture which had its centers in Iran and
Central Asia ... The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in
1172:, temporarily replacing them as the administrator of the Seljuk realm. But since the native forces who had called him to Anatolia did not manifest themselves for the defense of the land, he had to return to his home base in
925:, but when Erzurum was taken from the Saltukids at the start of the thirteenth century, he was installed there. Tughril governed Erzurum from 1192 to 1221. During 1211–1212, he broke free from the Seljuk state. In 1230,
16857:
6748:
Despite their Turkic origins, the Seljuks used Persian for administrative purposes; even their histories, which replaced Arabic, were in Persian. Their usage of Turkish was hardly promoted at all. Even Sultan
1216:. He was murdered in 1308 and his son Mesud III soon afterwards. A distant relative to the Seljuk dynasty momentarily installed himself as emir of Konya, but he was defeated and his lands conquered by the
11333:
Meanwhile, amid the migratory swarm that Turkified Anatolia, the dispersion of learned men from the Persian-speaking east paradoxically made the Seljuk court at Konya a new center for Perso-Islamic court
6884:. Anatolian architecture represents some of the most distinctive and impressive constructions in the entire history of Islamic architecture. Later, this Anatolian architecture would be inherited by the
13823:
14377:
14636:
6753:, as a child, spoke to courtiers in Persian. Khanbaghi states the Anatolian Seljuks were even more Persianized than the Seljuks that ruled the Iranian plateau. Persian poetry was written by sultans
14618:
14553:
9209:
14648:
9238:
phonology and orthography. Some sultans had two names that they chose to use alternatively in reference to their legacy. While the two palaces built by Alaeddin Keykubad I carry the names
14642:
12075:
6999:), slave-soldiers taken as children from non-Muslim communities, mainly Greeks from former Byzantine territories. The practice of keeping ghilmān may have offered a model for the later
15311:
14630:
9829:
16148:
14098:
13799:
14501:
13597:
7981:
12971:
16193:
15379:
13451:
675:
formed during this period. The increased wealth allowed the sultanate to absorb other Turkish states that had been established following the conquest of Byzantine Anatolia:
14624:
13469:
9222:
As regards with the names of the sultans, there are variants in form and spelling depending on the preferences displayed by one source or the other, either for fidelity in
15385:
14092:
9202:
7991:
988:
was wounded and withdrew to Erzurum. Both the Rum Seljuk and Georgian armies suffered heavy casualties, but coordinated flanking attacks won the battle for the Georgians.
816:
in 1092, Kilij Arslan was released and established himself in his father's territories between 1092 and 1094, possibly with the approval of Malik Shah's son and successor
16868:
15893:
14779:
14371:
14128:
13585:
13518:
12880:
16848:
16844:
15905:
15510:
14365:
14309:
14122:
14080:
13805:
6907:
being between Kayseri and Sivas. Furthermore, apart from Sultanhanı, five other towns across Turkey owe their names to caravanserais built there. These are Alacahan in
15492:
15480:
15107:
13000:
11455:
Eat, Drink, and be Merry (Luke 12:19): Food and Wine in Byzantium: Papers of the 37th Annual Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, in Honour of Professor A.A.M. Bryer
524:
510:
485:
471:
457:
443:
429:
415:
14879:
14495:
17669:
15766:
15648:
15534:
15516:
15504:
14450:
13652:
13646:
12068:
14916:
13300:
12977:
16973:
15899:
15540:
15528:
15498:
15486:
14414:
13603:
13481:
15887:
13811:
15522:
14272:
13852:
12805:
9195:
3869:
1208:. When Kaykhusraw III was executed in 1284, the Seljuk dynasty suffered another blow from internal struggles which lasted until 1303 when the son of Kaykaus II,
16871:
15911:
15881:
15820:
15043:
14602:
12775:
6964:
6706:
names. The Seljuks of Rum had inherited the administrative method of Persian statecraft from the Seljuk Empire, which they would later pass on to the Ottomans.
16901:
16842:
16228:
16198:
14837:
13846:
13035:
12787:
16466:
15761:
15274:
13457:
11423:
Shukurov, Rustam (2011), "The Oriental Margins of the Byzantine World: a Prosopographical Perspective", in Herrin, Judith; Saint-Guillain, Guillaume (eds.),
910:, the sultanate was quick to recover and consolidate its power. During the last years of Kilij Arslan II's reign, the sultanate experienced a civil war with
14266:
9997:: "This state too bore the name of Rûm, if not officially, then at least in everyday usage, and its princes appear in the Eastern chronicles under the name
16759:
13196:
12793:
12061:
12769:
12677:
11897:
Kastritsis, Dimitris (2013). "The Historical Epic "Ahval-i Sultan Mehemmed" (The Tales of Sultan Mehmed) in the Context of Early Ottoman Historiography".
17674:
15268:
13029:
12781:
12994:
11960:
Shukurov, Rustam (2020). "Grasping the Magnitude: Saljuq Rum between Byzantium and Persia". In Canby, Sheila; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina (eds.).
1138:(1265–1284) became the nominal ruler of all of Anatolia, with the tangible power exercised either by the Mongols or the sultan's influential regents.
16218:
15772:
15654:
13463:
13294:
13233:
16233:
15000:
14002:
13166:
12799:
6973:
16867:
16238:
13006:
11738:
Selcuklu Kervansarayları, Korunmaları Ve Kullanlmaları üzerine bir öneri: A Proposal regarding the Seljuk Caravanserais, Their Protection and Use
7123:
16223:
16203:
16158:
15256:
15150:
15101:
13190:
13172:
12007:
15095:
15053:
8244:
16188:
15428:
14116:
14086:
98:
16823:
13445:
13398:
8059:
2352:
745:
Since the 1030s, migratory Turkish groups in search of pastureland had penetrated Byzantine borders into Anatolia. In the 1070s, after the
12029:
16862:
16780:
15546:
14994:
14539:
13023:
12349:
9616:
8217:
6819:, Turks, and Persians, the Seljuks were very successful between 1220 and 1250 and set the groundwork for later Islamization of Anatolia.
1126:(1249–1257), were set to rule the regions east of the river under Mongol administration. In October 1256, Bayju defeated Kaykaus II near
995:, whose reign was unpopular. Kaykhusraw I seized Konya in 1205 reestablishing his reign. Under his rule and those of his two successors,
651:. It reached the height of its power during the late 12th and early 13th century, when it succeeded in taking key Byzantine ports on the
16789:
11906:
Khanbaghi, Aptin (2016). "Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks?". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.).
16894:
16869:
16855:
16854:
16831:
16830:
8142:
8047:
7040:
appeared on Rum Seljuq copper coins in the late eleventh century. The first to add equestrian iconography to silver and gold coins was
2539:
809:
16863:
16826:
16798:
16785:
6787:
16804:
16459:
8037:
4255:
420:
16851:
16828:
16816:
16809:
16805:
16752:
15973:
6774:, the history of the Great Seljuk Empire and its breakup, written in Persian by Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi, was dedicated to Sultan
17649:
12366:
1204:
in the name of the sultans in Konya in recognition of their sovereignty, and the sultans continued to call themselves Fahreddin,
735:
90:
16866:
16865:
16861:
16810:
16796:
16791:
16783:
16782:
11862:
Inalcik, Halil (2008). "The Origins of Classical Ottoman Literature: Persian Tradition, Court Entertainments, and Court Poets".
11822:
Hillenbrand, Carole (2020). "What is Special about Seljuq History?". In Canby, Sheila; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina (eds.).
710:. Their power disintegrated during the second half of the 13th century. The last of the Seljuk vassal sultans of the Ilkhanate,
6976:, and the finds as well as several documents attest to the existence of a vivid settlement in the site, such as a 1463 Ottoman
1161:) that increasingly distanced themselves from both Mongol and Seljuk control. In 1277, responding to a call from Anatolia, the
785:, became increasingly independent after six to ten years. Nevertheless, it seems that Suleiman was tasked by Byzantine emperor
16849:
16843:
16838:
16887:
16864:
11597:
11462:
11434:
11326:
11165:
11129:
11093:
11057:
11021:
10985:
10916:
10875:
10839:
10799:
10763:
10711:
10670:
10634:
10598:
10529:
10493:
10447:
1790:
17644:
16813:
16452:
10806:
7961:
6868:, the Rum Seljuks translated the Iranian Seljuk architecture of bricks and plaster into the use of stone. Among these, the
6694:
The Seljuk dynasty of Rum, as successors to the Great Seljuks, based its political, religious and cultural heritage on the
16858:
16856:
16795:
16745:
8100:
7951:
7048:'s name from November 1261 to November 1262. Between 1211 and 1219, the bulk of his coins are minted at Konya and Sivas.
1003:, Seljuk power in Anatolia reached its apogee. Kaykhusraw's most important achievement was the capture of the harbour of
7033:
922:
17664:
16779:
11971:
11887:
11852:
11833:
16808:
16797:
17475:
16850:
12541:
11803:
11745:
11726:
8125:
8017:
3945:
17:
16784:
16253:
14489:
14424:
16475:
11157:
11121:
11085:
11049:
11013:
10977:
10867:
10831:
10791:
10662:
10626:
10521:
8152:
6620:
16835:
16296:
9902:, (University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), 29; "The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in Persian...".
9853:
281:
84:
17174:
17125:
17110:
16790:
16153:
9889:, (Rutgers University Press, 2002), 157; "...the Seljuk court at Konya adopted Persian as its official language."
8886:
8210:
4908:
16819:
16530:
1134:. In 1260 Kaykaus II fled from Konya to Crimea where he died in 1279. Kilij Arslan IV was executed in 1265, and
17446:
17331:
16845:
16829:
11549:
The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods from Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century
10290:"The Saliūq Campaign against the Crimea and the Expansionist Policy of the Early Reign of'Alā' al-Dīn Kayqubād"
7685:
6653:
699:
16814:
16803:
16786:
13959:
17390:
17306:
16818:
16788:
12450:
8955:
8948:
8179:
8130:
7931:
7077:
6828:
6481:
5294:
4913:
3259:
16841:
6780:
17395:
16859:
15966:
11815:
Turkish Language, Literature, and History: Travelers' Tales, Sultans, and Scholars Since the Eighth Century
8147:
7151:
17015:
16820:
16794:
10167:, Vol. 1A, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 244–245.
7166:
859:(not to be confused with the Seljuk sultan of the same name), captured Konya. In 1116 Kilij Arslan's son,
17583:
17226:
17115:
16839:
16836:
16696:
16208:
16113:
11879:
10342:
8027:
7815:
7178:
7065:
6927:
metropolitan area. The caravanserai of Hekimhan is unique in having, underneath the usual inscription in
5825:
3934:
3894:
3542:
1177:
1055:
1016:
16860:
16815:
16799:
16787:
16781:
13931:
17659:
17271:
17179:
16948:
16821:
16665:
12398:
12393:
11718:
8203:
8137:
7941:
7103:
723:
16853:
16846:
16827:
17639:
17539:
17534:
17505:
17485:
17480:
17341:
16978:
16812:
16811:
16807:
16802:
16793:
16074:
15755:
15691:
13965:
13947:
13889:
12382:
9736:
9611:
8162:
6456:
4853:
3909:
3530:
930:
921:
Following Kilij Arslan II's death, the sultanate was divided amongst his sons. Elbistan was given to
16822:
14761:
14755:
12018:
7016:
silver-producing mints and silver coinage flourished, particularly in central and eastern Anatolia.
5096:
2635:
17593:
17529:
17400:
17356:
17311:
17296:
17261:
17199:
17184:
17080:
16963:
16837:
16834:
16832:
16093:
16054:
12415:
11710:
10908:
10755:
10703:
10590:
10485:
10439:
10401:
9150:
8796:
8775:
2907:
2864:
1162:
16801:
16800:
16792:
12531:
6980:
which instructs the headmaster of the madrasa to lodge not in the school but in the caravanserai.
6557:
5203:
5171:
5142:
1115:
17588:
17573:
17515:
17371:
17351:
16825:
16174:
15959:
15330:
14831:
12551:
12420:
12409:
9655:
8804:
6968:
6695:
6386:
4589:
4288:
4262:
2941:
2355:
1088:
895:
703:
555:
365:
16833:
16444:
14813:
12536:
11866:(5). Translated by Sheridan, Michael D. Bilkent University Centure for Turkish Literature: 5–76.
639:
in 1077, just six years after the Byzantine provinces of central Anatolia were conquered at the
352:
17608:
17451:
17422:
17410:
17361:
17194:
17160:
17155:
17150:
17140:
17100:
17055:
17045:
17025:
17020:
17010:
16958:
16817:
16806:
16353:
16329:
16103:
16006:
14703:
14260:
12403:
12187:
12110:
12037:
11146:
11074:
11038:
11002:
10966:
10892:
10820:
10780:
10739:
10687:
10651:
10574:
10469:
10423:
10337:
9312:
9223:
9101:
8966:
8767:
8167:
7141:
6513:
6473:
6452:
4605:
3278:
2922:
1751:
944:
926:
750:
636:
300:
16879:
16824:
14825:
11589:
11110:
10856:
10615:
6952:
6837:
975:
quickly marshaled an army throughout her possessions and put it under command of her consort,
17598:
17568:
17500:
17376:
17301:
17281:
17189:
17105:
17070:
16852:
16840:
16721:
16083:
15373:
14952:
14855:
13160:
12556:
12486:
11773:
Crane, H. (1993). "Notes on Saldjūq Architectural Patronage in Thirteenth Century Anatolia".
11450:
11316:
9994:
9716:
8680:
7595:
6881:
5136:
4803:
3570:
238:
14962:
12925:
12703:
7068:
silver coins were modeled after the fineness and weight specifications of Rum Seljuq coins.
7041:
6877:
6754:
17613:
17563:
17465:
17346:
17291:
17276:
17035:
16995:
16726:
16324:
16319:
16276:
14867:
14849:
14843:
14797:
14785:
14074:
14012:
8454:
7761:
6904:
6714:
836:
and driven back into south-central Anatolia, where he set up his state with its capital in
781:). Around two years later, he established a principality that, while initially a Byzantine
592:
16605:
16383:
14767:
12223:
9423:
7036:'s reign in Erzurum, another son of Kilij Arslan II, minted silver dirhams in 1211–1212.
960:
949:
915:
680:
8:
17470:
17366:
17251:
17236:
17135:
17130:
17120:
16968:
16933:
16768:
16711:
16706:
16570:
12481:
11577:
9667:
8934:
8544:
8120:
8105:
7855:
7585:
7552:
7444:
7357:
7061:
6948:
6414:
6269:
6265:
5487:
4505:
2652:
1325:
1012:
829:
746:
640:
582:
339:
264:
16540:
16363:
14873:
12199:
9370:
6895:(built-in 1229) on the road between the cities of Konya and Aksaray, in the township of
3147:
867:. Upon Mesud's death in 1156, the sultanate controlled nearly all of central Anatolia.
856:
17654:
17256:
17005:
17000:
16847:
16585:
16555:
16525:
16309:
13872:
13817:
12863:
12476:
12426:
10319:
9051:
8922:
8115:
7971:
7775:
7560:
6718:
6684:
6448:
4839:
4149:
3205:
1228:
The comparative genealogy of the Sultanate of Rûm with their contemporary neighbors in
1169:
801:
793:
and the former travelled there on a secret route, presumably guided by the Byzantines.
786:
13658:
11757:
The Formation of Turkey. The Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century
11514:
Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan (2004), "West Asia: 1000–1500", in Onians, John (ed.),
9243:
7565:
3232:
17326:
17316:
17231:
17065:
16983:
16938:
16660:
16630:
16011:
15857:
15262:
14773:
12575:
12546:
12471:
11967:
11883:
11848:
11829:
11799:
11741:
11722:
11593:
11582:
11458:
11430:
11322:
11161:
11125:
11089:
11053:
11017:
10981:
10912:
10871:
10835:
10795:
10759:
10707:
10666:
10630:
10594:
10525:
10489:
10443:
9744:
8910:
8676:
8607:
8157:
8110:
7825:
7751:
7635:
7625:
7605:
7575:
7112:
6932:
6699:
6643:
6579:
6517:
6436:
6406:
6382:
6262:
5219:
5114:
4272:
4204:
3220:
2283:
1158:
903:
899:
715:
672:
608:
503:
15185:
14233:
13278:
11535:, Vol.1, Ed. James Hastings and John Alexander, (Charles Scribner's son, 1908), 753.
5503:
5493:
3247:
17558:
17546:
17510:
17336:
17286:
17246:
17221:
17216:
17145:
17095:
17090:
17075:
17040:
17030:
16953:
16701:
16691:
16620:
16520:
16388:
16243:
16129:
16069:
16001:
15294:
14861:
14807:
14791:
12229:
11871:
11782:
9681:
9646:
9436:
9239:
9235:
9227:
8898:
8721:
8624:
8535:
8526:
8517:
8490:
8445:
8436:
8419:
8083:
7835:
7767:
7267:
6899:, covering 3,900 m (42,000 sq ft). Two caravanserais carry the name
6808:
6628:
6422:
5216:
4472:
3177:
1477:
1176:, and the Mongol administration was re-assumed, officially and severely. Also, the
992:
984:
972:
849:
766:
714:, was murdered in 1308. The dissolution of the Seljuk state left behind many small
596:
578:
223:
59:
45:
14714:
14038:
5247:
2604:
1189:
17603:
17522:
17405:
17241:
17050:
16943:
16595:
16550:
16413:
16373:
14819:
13763:
13273:
13154:
13072:
12387:
12269:
12211:
11961:
11823:
11764:
Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Maryam; Peacock, A.C.S., eds. (2016).
11424:
9802:
9520:
9498:
9396:
9115:
9087:
8785:
8598:
8589:
8571:
8508:
8481:
8472:
7725:
7675:
7655:
7615:
7474:
7227:
6988:
6936:
6885:
6750:
6541:
6477:
6378:
6310:
5772:
5769:
5165:
3834:
3473:
1119:
967:
and marched against Georgia, with an army of 150,000–400,000 and encamped in the
879:
841:
719:
233:
15113:
15006:
13893:
13758:
13714:
13178:
10121:
The Islamic world in ascendancy: from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna
6960:
6721:. Unlike the Seljuk Empire, the Seljuk sultans of Rum had Persian names such as
4559:
3855:
3817:
2620:
17578:
17434:
17427:
17321:
17211:
17167:
17060:
16670:
16615:
16515:
16423:
16358:
16266:
16098:
15982:
15865:
15792:
15601:
15464:
13840:
13693:
13626:
13184:
12281:
12193:
10518:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Supplement 2 (Kâfûr, Ebü'l-Misk – Züreyk, Kostantin)
10513:
10388:
10071:
The Islamic world in ascendancy: from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna
9546:
9353:
9108:
8707:
8697:
8580:
8562:
8553:
8499:
8463:
8257:
8233:
7923:
7695:
7081:
7004:
6920:
6804:
6770:
6362:
4509:
3882:
3806:
2845:
1805:
1135:
1103:
1092:
871:
805:
574:
253:
15391:
13548:
10253:
The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rum: Eleventh to Fourteenth
6583:
1131:
804:, either fighting his enemies or by suicide. In the aftermath, Suleiman's son
17633:
17553:
17492:
17458:
17441:
17383:
17266:
17085:
16927:
16535:
16403:
16213:
16108:
16064:
16030:
15940:
15627:
15357:
15340:
14972:
13748:
12511:
12257:
11899:
Writing History at the Ottoman Court: Editing the Past, Fashioning the Future
9859:
9835:
9740:
9489:
9342:
9303:
9265:
9231:
9175:
9164:
9014:
8757:
8356:
8193:
8095:
7785:
7091:
6762:
6617:
6600:
6569:
6545:
6525:
6509:
6396:
6301:
6043:
5629:
5553:
5225:
4517:
4212:
3585:
3192:
2892:
1777:
1107:
1076:
1060:
1008:
907:
833:
758:
706:. For the remainder of the 13th century, the Seljuks acted as vassals of the
676:
656:
632:
620:
434:
163:
12915:
11786:
9774:
9621:
6896:
6738:
6624:
1141:
1064:
1027:
continued to acquire lands along the Mediterranean coast from 1221 to 1225.
17618:
16716:
16645:
16625:
16433:
16378:
16163:
16078:
16049:
15566:
15432:
15168:
14689:
14104:
13710:
12753:
12516:
12329:
12309:
12293:
12235:
12217:
11678:
11668:
11666:
11641:
11639:
11637:
11635:
11633:
11565:
Muqarnas: History and Ideology: Architectural Heritage of the "Lands of Rum
9929:
The official use of the Greek language by the Seljuk chancery is well known
9785:) and he acceded to the throne on May 1, 1257 again after the departure of
9606:
9573:
9449:
9409:
9338:
9255:
9138:
8850:
8817:
8746:
8311:
7895:
7865:
7715:
6857:
6775:
6521:
6493:
6410:
6221:
6147:
6100:
5798:
4834:
4820:
3602:
3548:
3523:
3512:
2591:
2373:
2042:
1739:
1229:
980:
976:
911:
813:
782:
668:
664:
616:
104:
15723:
15583:
14936:
14685:
13953:
12521:
12053:
11992:
The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228)
6730:
4563:
16655:
16635:
16565:
16545:
16418:
16138:
16118:
16016:
15674:
14692:
14397:
13985:
13896:
13718:
13673:
Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under
13312:
13216:
13055:
12869:
12866:
12822:
12733:
12660:
12275:
9986:
9786:
9533:
8789:
8275:
8088:
7795:
7743:
7317:
6722:
6710:
6703:
6604:
6505:
6217:
5198:
4184:
3922:
3802:
3615:
2027:
1123:
1084:
1067:, but in 1239 he had to face an uprising led by a popular preacher named
1039:
882:, is the first known Seljuk ruler who is known to have used the title of
864:
558:
462:
448:
268:
249:
15622:
15220:
15210:
14589:
14339:
14323:
13558:
12728:
11983:
Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti’s Ayas
11908:
The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran
11663:
11630:
11451:"A sultan in Constantinople: the feasts of Ghiyath al-Din Kay-Khusraw I"
10289:
7000:
1181:
115:
16590:
16495:
16408:
16398:
16143:
16088:
16044:
15411:
14988:
14926:
14668:
14465:
14460:
14254:
14165:
14110:
13475:
13362:
12526:
12263:
12251:
9778:
9770:
9757:
9720:
9507:
9476:
9299:
9234:
which the sultans used, or for a rendering corresponding to the modern
9126:
9075:
9002:
8862:
7905:
7875:
7277:
7198:
7133:
7086:
6940:
6892:
6758:
6688:
6679:
6537:
6258:
6225:
5483:
5263:
5131:
5110:
4794:
4527:
3625:
3558:
2879:
2317:
2066:
1537:
1217:
1111:
1068:
1024:
1007:(Antalya) on the Mediterranean coast in 1207. His son Kaykaus captured
1000:
754:
378:
16737:
15617:
14967:
14579:
14434:
14344:
13532:
13268:
13247:
12723:
11478:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
10178:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
10146:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
10084:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
10058:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
10015:
because it had been established on territory long considered 'Roman',
9957:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
9925:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
9733:
9260:
8874:
6912:
5185:
4858:
1019:
but in 1218 was forced to surrender the city of Aleppo, acquired from
16650:
16560:
16393:
16348:
16281:
16059:
16039:
15835:
14594:
14292:
14173:
13926:
13910:
13732:
13630:
13381:
13133:
12920:
12891:
12859:
12718:
12708:
12245:
12100:
11703:
Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim–Turkish Anatolia, Ca. 1040–1130
11199:, Vol.27, Ed. Jane Turner, (Macmillan Publishers Limited, 1996), 632.
11010:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 27 (Kütahya Mevlevîhânesi̇ – Mani̇sa)
10255:, transl. & ed. P.M. Holt, (Pearson Education Limited, 2001), 42.
9970:
Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040–1130
9463:
9290:
9269:
8990:
8838:
8662:
8638:
8410:
8320:
7885:
7705:
7045:
6812:
6742:
6726:
6596:
6469:
6418:
6233:
4843:
4541:
4491:
4171:
3954:
3859:
2012:
2000:
1329:
1146:
1031:
996:
817:
774:
707:
684:
562:
517:
476:
169:
15734:
15205:
11561:
Lost in Translation: Architecture, Taxonomy, and the "Eastern Turks"
10270:
6931:
with information relating to the tower, two further inscriptions in
5766:
5278:
4904:
16911:
16610:
16600:
16575:
16510:
16505:
16428:
16314:
16271:
16257:
15809:
15133:
15026:
14899:
14584:
14521:
14470:
14349:
14228:
14169:
14148:
14022:
13674:
13591:
13501:
13263:
13243:
12841:
12491:
12339:
12319:
12299:
12287:
12047:"Examples of caravanserais built by the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate"
11551:, Vol. I, Ed. Richard Hovannisian, (St. Martin's Press, 1999), 250.
10901:
10748:
10696:
10583:
10478:
10432:
10394:
9863:
9839:
9824:
9790:
9586:
9559:
9319:
9063:
8732:
8634:
8347:
8284:
7845:
7645:
7425:
7287:
7217:
6956:
6916:
6734:
6237:
6068:
5866:
5523:
4883:
4545:
4513:
2379:
1209:
1096:
1043:
1020:
762:
711:
695:
688:
660:
570:
490:
313:
15951:
15235:
15231:
15190:
15160:
14213:
13563:
13553:
12713:
12615:
12120:
11715:
The New Islamic Dynasties: a Chronological and Genealogical Manual
11426:
Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204
11082:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇)
10828:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇)
9328:
9324:
8652:
6709:
As an expression of Turco-Persian culture, Rum Seljuks patronized
4244:
2544:
778:
770:
644:
190:
16675:
16580:
16474:
16368:
15851:
15830:
15739:
15729:
15717:
15632:
15079:
15063:
14957:
14728:
14724:
14719:
14598:
14563:
14208:
14187:
14053:
14043:
13424:
13408:
13118:
13113:
12631:
12605:
12588:
12205:
12171:
12160:
12149:
12033:
12014:
10905:
10752:
10700:
10587:
10482:
10436:
10398:
9782:
9383:
9039:
8826:
8401:
8365:
8329:
8302:
8293:
8266:
7665:
7454:
7434:
7367:
7347:
7307:
7257:
7247:
7237:
6984:
6924:
6861:
6841:
6833:
6039:
5614:
5602:
5290:
4892:
4575:
4234:
3822:
3551:
3482:
3136:
2836:
2572:
1213:
1201:
1185:
1165:
1154:
1127:
1080:
1072:
1004:
968:
891:
860:
790:
652:
600:
273:
15225:
13773:
16915:
16909:
16500:
16300:
16286:
16183:
16026:
15701:
15587:
15315:
15239:
15195:
14238:
14223:
14048:
13778:
13753:
13429:
13138:
13128:
13108:
13087:
12950:
12940:
12935:
12930:
12899:
12895:
12743:
12738:
12636:
12166:
11375:
10931:
10348:
10325:
9251:
9247:
8392:
8383:
8374:
8009:
7514:
7484:
7407:
7337:
7297:
7053:
7021:
6983:
The Seljuk palaces, as well as their armies, were staffed with
6977:
6928:
6908:
6865:
6565:
6229:
6132:
5851:
5610:
5282:
5259:
5237:
4555:
3851:
3621:
3505:
2338:
1035:
936:
898:
in 1176, Kilij Arslan II also defeated a Byzantine army led by
883:
797:
722:, which eventually conquered the rest and reunited Anatolia to
542:
228:
186:
16778:
15200:
12748:
10217:
10215:
10213:
10211:
9334:
6849:
6737:
composed a six-volume Persian language poetic work called the
4153:
3151:
2287:
933:, allowing for Erzurum to be annexed by the Seljuk sultanate.
587:
566:
15996:
15459:
15443:
15215:
15164:
14734:
14455:
14218:
14203:
14183:
14058:
13768:
13642:
13568:
13528:
13123:
13103:
13082:
12687:
12641:
12154:
12144:
12124:
11942:
Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul, eds. (1995).
11118:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya – Âşik Mûsi̇ki̇si̇)
9362:
8978:
8666:
8648:
8338:
7534:
7524:
7504:
7494:
7464:
7397:
7387:
7377:
7327:
7057:
7025:
6967:, who had taken refuge in the region after the defeat in the
6845:
6816:
6792:
6117:
5606:
5286:
4230:
3811:
3635:
1263:
1193:
1173:
953:
887:
845:
837:
648:
623:
207:
199:
12046:
11944:
Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places
11339:
10039:
10037:
10009:
Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-muslims in Iran
9347:
Founder of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate with capital in İznik
1114:(1246–1260), assumed the rule in the area west of the river
16490:
12945:
12466:
11740:(in Turkish and English). Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları.
11406:
11404:
11402:
11257:
11255:
11253:
11251:
11249:
11174:
10208:
7207:
7029:
6951:. There are other particular cases, like the settlement in
6800:
4221:
1063:(1237–1246) began his reign by capturing the region around
964:
11963:
The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History
11825:
The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History
11763:
11684:
11672:
11645:
11495:
11483:
11138:
10126:
929:
who was allied to the Khwarazmshah Jalal al-Din, lost the
852:. He was the first Muslim commander against the crusades.
14739:
11267:
10788:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 40 (Tanzi̇mat – Teveccüh)
10198:
10196:
10194:
10192:
10190:
10188:
10186:
10034:
10011:
p. 215: "The Seljuqs called the lands of their sultanate
7052:
silver mines were discovered. The fineness of Rum Seljuq
6852:) subject in the periodic capital of the Sultanate of Rum
2059:
Yûsuf, Kara Arslan, Abu Bakr, Umar, Bori & Dawlatshah
940:
The Sultanate of Rûm and surrounding states, c. 1200
902:. Despite a temporary occupation of Konya in 1190 by the
12008:"The concepts that shape Anatolian Seljuq caravanserais"
11775:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
11399:
11246:
10864:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5 (Balaban – Beşi̇r Ağa)
10299:
9242:
and Keykubadiye Palace, he named his mosque in Konya as
1030:
In the 1220s, he sent an expeditionary force across the
11651:
11606:
11279:
11215:
11154:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî)
11046:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî)
10623:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 8 (Ci̇lve – Dârünnedve)
10161:
Anatolia in the period of the Seljuks and the "beyliks"
10101:
10089:
10022:
10568:
10566:
10564:
10562:
10560:
10558:
10556:
10554:
10183:
991:
Suleiman II died in 1204 and was succeeded by his son
812:, took power in Nicaea. Following the death of sultan
13625:
First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the
11941:
11363:
11351:
10276:
10258:
9660:
914:
fighting to retain control and losing to his brother
10511:
10386:
9887:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
9814:
Between 1249 and 1254 triple reign of three brothers
11618:
11453:, in Brubaker, Leslie; Linardou, Kallirroe (eds.),
11236:
Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire
11000:
10854:
10818:
10685:
10551:
9940:
9900:
Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire
9268:, was named Gıyasiye Medrese, and the one built by
2006:
Father of the founder of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate
27:
Turkish state in central Anatolia from 1077 to 1308
11581:
11387:
11102:
9985:(Oxford University Press, 1991), vol. 3, p. 1816.
9905:
848:but died the same year fighting Malik Shah's son,
765:. Between 1075 and 1081, he gained control of the
10974:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm)
10778:
10659:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm)
10417:
10415:
10413:
10411:
9993:, Royal Asiatic Society Books, Routledge (2013),
9497:After his death, sultanate split until 1260 when
8248:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
1153:The Seljuk state had started to split into small
1130:and all of Anatolia became officially subject to
718:(Turkish principalities), among them that of the
135: Conquered from the Danishmendids up to 1174
17670:Vassal and tributary states of the Mongol Empire
17631:
11966:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 144–162.
11933:Richards, Donald S.; Robinson, Chase F. (2003).
11932:
11381:
11160:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 342–344.
11124:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 404–406.
11088:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 349–351.
11052:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 341–342.
11016:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 371–372.
10870:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 514–516.
10665:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 365–371.
10629:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 183–186.
10524:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 324–325.
1168:raided Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the
13692:
11709:
10156:
10154:
1083:in 1242 and in 1243, the sultan was crushed by
840:. He defeated three Crusade contingents in the
12044:
12005:
11766:Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs
11735:
11429:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., pp. 181–191,
11030:
10994:
10960:
10958:
10956:
10954:
10952:
10950:
10948:
10946:
10944:
10834:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 54–57.
10408:
10227:
9739:ruled the country on behalf of Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
6923:, as well as the township of Akhan within the
6702:, even to the point of naming their sons with
1145:The declining Sultanate of Rûm, vassal of the
886:and captured the remaining territories around
828:Kilij Arslan, although victorious against the
141: Conquered from the Byzantines up to 1182
16895:
16753:
16460:
15967:
13984:
12069:
11828:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 6–16.
11812:
11345:
11066:
10733:
10731:
10729:
10727:
10725:
10723:
10047:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 79.
9203:
8211:
757:and a former contender for the throne of the
65:
51:
37:
15565:
14601:transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother
13834:Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty :
13311:Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of
11584:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
11545:Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods
11448:
11321:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 72.
11144:
11108:
11072:
11036:
10964:
10890:
10884:
10737:
10649:
10572:
10463:
10461:
10459:
10151:
10073:, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000), 63–64.
10002:
15673:
15293:
14667:
14396:
13215:
13054:
12659:
12083:
11842:
11821:
11755:Cahen, Claude; Holt, Peter Malcolm (2001).
11501:
11489:
11297:
11273:
10980:, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387.
10941:
10794:, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 510.
10772:
10643:
10467:
9719:ruled the country on behalf of ʿIzz ad-Dīn
9617:List of battles involving the Seljuk Empire
796:Suleiman tried, unsuccessfully, to conquer
659:coasts. In the east, the sultanate reached
91:Double-headed eagle used by the Rum Seljuks
17675:States and territories established in 1077
16902:
16888:
16760:
16746:
16467:
16453:
15974:
15960:
15410:
12076:
12062:
11896:
11513:
11212:, (University of Michigan Press, 2003), 3.
10925:
10720:
10613:
10421:
10331:
10311:
10305:
10247:
10245:
10243:
9210:
9196:
8218:
8204:
7044:(r. 1196–1204). Antalya minted coins with
15132:
14520:
14291:
13871:
13641:Second period of Beylik reconstituted by
13380:
12587:
11994:. Translated by Longbottom, Peter. Brill.
11905:
11870:
11796:The First Crusade: The call from the East
11793:
11754:
11700:
11612:
11576:
11410:
11261:
11221:
11147:"Ebû Tâlib TUĞRUL b. ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL"
10848:
10456:
10132:
10123:, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000), 65.
10107:
10095:
6939:, since it was constructed by the sultan
894:from the last of the Danishmends. At the
844:. In 1107, he ventured east and captured
832:of 1096, was defeated by soldiers of the
694:The Seljuk sultans bore the brunt of the
595:and its peoples, as it remains in modern
17547:End of the Crusader states in the Levant
14898:
14147:
13500:
11980:
11959:
11950:
11926:A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire
11657:
11457:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 96,
11422:
11285:
11180:
10812:
10507:
10505:
10367:
10237:, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 184.
10221:
10202:
10028:
7085:
6832:
6799:One of its most famous Persian writers,
6786:
6678:
1149:, and the emerging beyliks, c. 1300
1140:
943:
935:
671:. Especially strong trade ties with the
16767:
13353:Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
12367:Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
11917:The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty
11861:
11518:, Laurence King Publishing, p. 130
11369:
11357:
11314:
10679:
10354:
10240:
6745:, which focused on the Seljuk sultans.
6169:The list of important historical events
1015:his vassal in 1214. He also subjugated
736:Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
663:. Trade through Anatolia from Iran and
14:
17632:
15025:
12965:Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty:
12840:
11989:
10781:"TERKEN HATUN, the mother of MAHMÛD I"
10380:
10264:
6674:
1180:captured the Mediterranean coast from
631:The Sultanate of Rûm seceded from the
16883:
16741:
16448:
15955:
15790:
15672:
15564:
15409:
15292:
15131:
15024:
14897:
14666:
14519:
14395:
14290:
14146:
13983:
13870:
13691:
13499:
13379:
13214:
13053:
12839:
12658:
12586:
12574:
12573:
12057:
11923:
11914:
11772:
11624:
11393:
10607:
10502:
9911:
6791:Inlaid metal candle holder, probably
6582:were divided into two by a firman of
6146:
6144:
6131:
6129:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6002:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5865:
5863:
5850:
5843:
5841:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5795:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5741:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5628:
5626:
5600:
5594:
5589:
5574:
5572:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5520:
5518:
5501:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5412:
5390:
5388:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5356:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5300:
5276:
5270:
5255:
5253:
5233:
5231:
5215:
5213:
5195:
5161:
5159:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4990:
4984:
4972:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4924:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4879:
4868:
4866:
4851:
4833:
4816:
4811:
4802:
4800:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4707:
4679:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4619:
4617:
4603:
4587:
4585:
4571:
4569:
4551:
4549:
4540:
4523:
4504:
4502:
4487:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4408:
4406:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4300:
4286:
4284:
4270:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4203:
4180:
4166:
4164:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4070:
4068:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3951:
3944:
3942:
3921:
3908:
3906:
3881:
3879:
3868:
3866:
3847:
3845:
3830:
3828:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3601:
3584:
3582:
3557:
3555:
3529:
3527:
3511:
3509:
3495:
3493:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3354:
3342:
3324:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3246:
3219:
3204:
3202:
3191:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3145:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3069:
3067:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2955:
2953:
2940:
2934:
2921:
2919:
2906:
2891:
2889:
2878:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2843:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2782:
2780:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2634:
2632:
2619:
2617:
2603:
2601:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2568:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2178:
2176:
2084:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2026:
2024:
2011:
2009:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1875:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1804:
1802:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1655:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
863:, took the city with the help of the
808:was imprisoned and a general of his,
226:(official, court, literature, spoken)
105:Lion and Sun adopted by Kaykhusraw II
15791:
13824:Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second
13328:Mengücekli Davud Shah (1142- ?)
11876:Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition
11845:The Medieval Turks: Collected Essays
11813:Hickman, Bill; Leiser, Gary (2016).
11701:Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017).
11533:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics
11476:A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
10807:Terken Khatun (wife of Malik-Shah I)
10294:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
10176:A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
10144:A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
10082:A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
10056:A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
9968:Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017).
9955:A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
9923:Andrew Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
9773:was defeated on October 14, 1256 in
7094:, minted at Sivas, 1240–1241 AD
1238:
643:(1071). It had its capital first at
15981:
14637:Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey
10364:(Ateş Publications), vol. I, p. 85.
10277:Ring, Watson & Schellinger 1995
10045:The History of the Mongol Conquests
9943:Early Mystics in Turkish Literature
9650:
9254:". Similarly, the medrese built by
6992:
1212:, established himself as sultan in
52:
24:
11210:Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory
10324:(Muhammed Ramazânî Publications),
9983:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
9801:Between 1262 and 1266 Rukn ad-Dīn
9756:Between 1246 and 1249 ʿIzz ad-Dīn
9743:between 1266 and 2 August 1277 (1
8243:
6963:, founded by the Seljuk commander
6807:. With a population that included
1091:(a mountain between the cities of
1049:
561:state, established over conquered
25:
17686:
14846:(1398–1399, 1402–1420, 1421–1423)
14378:Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second
12988:Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty:
12542:Ikhtiyar al-Din Hasan ibn Ghafras
11999:
11233:
7766:(330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as
6947:), who is thought to have been a
6687:, built between 1221 and 1226 by
1042:and began to put pressure on the
160:Independent sultanate (1077–1243)
16476:States in late medieval Anatolia
15934:
15845:Important centers and extension:
15711:Important centers and extension:
15611:Important centers and extension:
15453:Important centers and extension:
15351:Important centers and extension:
15073:Important centers and extension:
14946:Important centers and extension:
14649:Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey
14573:Important centers and extension:
14444:Important centers and extension:
14333:Important centers and extension:
14197:Important centers and extension:
14032:Important centers and extension:
13920:Important centers and extension:
13742:Important centers and extension:
13542:Important centers and extension:
13418:Important centers and extension:
13257:Important centers and extension:
13097:Important centers and extension:
12909:Important centers and extension:
12697:Important centers and extension:
12625:Important centers and extension:
10235:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
9258:in Kayseri, within the complex (
8187:
7730:224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)
7122:
7024:; however, there are also a few
6891:The largest caravanserai is the
1196:, from the Seljuk in the 1240s.
740:
698:and eventually succumbed to the
522:
508:
483:
469:
455:
441:
427:
413:
147: Other conquests until 1243
114:
97:
83:
15178:Important centers and extension
14619:Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey
14554:Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey
12138:Important centers and extension
11935:Texts, documents, and Artefacts
11570:
11554:
11538:
11522:
11507:
11470:
11442:
11416:
11308:
11291:
11227:
11202:
11186:
10538:
10338:Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî
10282:
10170:
10138:
10113:
10076:
10063:
10050:
9845:
9817:
9808:
9795:
9763:
9750:
9726:
9709:
9333:1077–1086 recognised Sultan of
9272:in Sivas as Izzediye Medrese.
6822:
4572:Nurū'd-[Dīn Mahmud Sultān Shāh
855:Meanwhile, another Rum Seljuk,
599:. The name is derived from the
591:was a synonym for the medieval
353:Division from the Seljuk Empire
17650:1308 disestablishments in Asia
14643:Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey
14490:Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
14425:Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
11953:The Byzantine Turks, 1204–1461
11847:. Edinburgh University Press.
11449:Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2007),
10296:, Vol. 16 (2006), pp. 133–149.
10165:The Cambridge History of Islam
9975:
9962:
9949:
9934:
9917:
9892:
9879:
9635:
7586:Kingdom of Alexander the Great
7010:
5492:(Grand Vizier of ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
1038:. In the east he defeated the
769:cities of Nicaea (present-day
129: Sultanate of Rûm in 1100
13:
1:
14631:Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey
12451:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
11928:. Cambridge University Press.
11864:Journal of Turkish Literature
11768:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
10512:Osman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016).
10387:Osman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016).
10377:(Nevâî Publications), p. 426.
10019:Byzantine, by Muslim armies."
9972:. New York: Routledge. p. 15.
9927:, (I.B. Tauris, 2013), 132; "
9872:
9851:According to Yazıcıoğlu Ali,
8234:History of the Turkic peoples
7156:
7078:Anatolian Seljuks family tree
6829:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
6599:gained independence from the
5515:(24 April 1279 – 30 May 1279)
4873:Rukn ad-Dīn and two daughters
667:was developed by a system of
121:
11843:Hillenbrand, Carole (2021).
11382:Richards & Robinson 2003
11193:Saljuqs: Saljuqs of Anatolia
11001:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2003).
10855:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (1992).
10819:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2004).
10686:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2002).
10007:). A. Christian Van Gorder,
9941:Mehmed Fuad Koprulu (2006).
9703:
9547:Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw III
6603:in 1295 after the demise of
5508:(15 May 1277 – 20 June 1277)
5256:Nasirū'd-Dīn Barkyāruk Shāh
4812:Bardūlīya Khātun (Prodoulia)
120:Expansion of the Sultanate,
7:
17645:1077 establishments in Asia
16697:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
13960:Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan
13713:, commander descended from
11901:. Indiana University Press.
11880:University of Chicago Press
11480:, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 121.
11315:Findley, Carter V. (2005).
10347:(Ahmed Ateş Publications),
10003:
9959:, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 265.
9717:Sāhīp Shams ad-Dīn Īsfahānī
9672:'Seljuks of Rûm'),
9661:
9600:
9521:Rukn al-Din Kilij Arslan IV
9490:Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II
9397:'Izz al-Din Kilij Arslan II
9040:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
8887:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
8101:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
7816:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
7066:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
7034:Tughril ibn Kılıç Arslan II
4806:ad-Dīn Īsfahānī (1246–1249)
4542:Malīka Ādīla Ghāzīya Khātun
1223:
1188:, as well as the cities of
1178:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1056:Mongol conquest of Anatolia
983:made a sudden advance into
923:Tughril ibn Kılıç Arslan II
823:
761:, came to power in western
66:
10:
17691:
17206:Period post-Second Crusade
12399:Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)
12394:Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)
11990:Tricht, Filip Van (2011).
11719:Edinburgh University Press
11694:
11318:The Turks in World History
11158:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
11122:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
11086:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
11075:"MES'ÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR"
11050:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
11014:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
11003:"MAHMÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR"
10978:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10868:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10832:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10792:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10779:Bezer, Gülay Öğün (2011).
10663:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10627:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10522:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10360:Râvendî, Muhammed b. Ali,
10180:, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 29.
10148:, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 73.
10086:, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 72.
10060:, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 12.
9991:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
9643:Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate
9450:Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I
9410:Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I
9264:) dedicated to his sister
8647:Chief gods and goddesses:
7075:
7071:
6949:Christian convert to Islam
6826:
6639:Disestablishment period of
4880:Mugisū'd-Dīn Toghrul Shāh
1053:
733:
729:
624:
17665:History of Konya Province
17417:Period post-Third Crusade
16990:Period post-First Crusade
16924:
16775:
16684:
16483:
16338:
16295:
16252:
16172:
16127:
16025:
15989:
15929:
15874:
15844:
15800:
15786:
15748:
15710:
15682:
15668:
15641:
15610:
15574:
15560:
15473:
15452:
15419:
15405:
15366:
15350:
15302:
15288:
15249:
15177:
15141:
15127:
15088:
15072:
15034:
15020:
14981:
14945:
14907:
14893:
14748:
14676:
14662:
14611:
14572:
14529:
14515:
14482:
14443:
14405:
14391:
14358:
14332:
14300:
14286:
14247:
14196:
14156:
14142:
14099:Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey
14067:
14031:
13993:
13979:
13940:
13919:
13880:
13866:
13833:
13800:Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha
13792:
13741:
13701:
13687:
13613:
13578:
13541:
13509:
13495:
13438:
13417:
13389:
13375:
13346:
13322:Erzincan and Kemah Branch
13321:
13287:
13256:
13224:
13210:
13147:
13096:
13063:
13049:
13016:
12987:
12964:
12908:
12849:
12835:
12815:
12762:
12696:
12668:
12654:
12624:
12596:
12582:
12569:
12504:
12459:
12443:
12436:
12375:
12359:
12180:
12137:
12133:
12091:
12030:"List of Seljuk edifices"
11981:Sinclair, Thomas (2020).
11951:Shukurov, Rustam (2016).
11946:. Vol. 3. Routledge.
11794:Frankopan, Peter (2013).
11529:Architecture (Muhammadan)
11346:Hickman & Leiser 2016
9981:Alexander Kazhdan, "Rūm"
9068:11th century–13th century
7982:Decline and modernization
7932:Periods of Ottoman Empire
6955:contiguous to an ancient
6878:Celestial Mosque in Sivas
6856:In their construction of
6480:on August 1231 and ended
6024:
6022:
6020:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6000:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5980:
5978:
5968:
5966:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5922:
5920:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5848:
5839:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5721:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5703:
5687:
5685:
5643:
5598:
5596:
5499:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5458:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5366:
5362:
5354:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5324:
5322:
5193:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5010:
5008:
5000:
4996:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4940:
4877:
4875:
4849:
4831:
4814:
4809:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4727:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4653:
4649:
4631:
4601:
4583:
4581:
4538:
4521:
4485:
4483:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4362:
4358:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4328:
4268:
4218:
4216:
4201:
4178:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3968:
3949:
3940:
3919:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3747:
3745:
3731:
3729:
3717:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3400:
3398:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3300:
3298:
3244:
3217:
3189:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3162:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3091:
3083:
3077:
3065:
3061:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2963:
2938:
2936:
2904:
2876:
2874:
2841:
2814:
2806:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2746:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2490:
2488:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2448:
2446:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2039:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1925:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1764:
1755:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1421:
1419:
1365:
1363:
800:in 1086, and died in the
724:become the Ottoman Empire
565:territories and peoples (
538:
392:
388:
375:
362:
349:
336:
332:
324:
320:
307:
294:
290:
280:
260:
245:
219:
179:
153:
113:
79:
74:
32:
14542:, frontier rulers under
14502:Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah
14168:, brother-in-law of the
13721:in the imperial army of
12416:Battle of Iconium (1190)
11156:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
11120:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
11084:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
11048:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
11012:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10976:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10866:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10830:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10790:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10661:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10625:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10520:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
9686:Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti
9641:Modernly referred to as
9628:
9574:'Ala al-Din Kayqubad III
9501:remained the sole ruler
9151:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
8797:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
8776:Western Turkic Khaganate
8722:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
6656:disintegrated after 1336
6379:ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kilij Arslān
5234:Nizāmū'd-Dīn Argun Shāh
4889:Muizū'd-Dīn Kāysar Shāh
4176:Jalāl ad-Dīn Kay Farīdûn
1118:. His younger brothers,
1110:three sons. The eldest,
1106:realm was divided among
979:. Georgian troops under
256:(majority of population)
39:Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti
15767:Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey
15649:Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali
15592:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
15584:Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali
15392:Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi
15320:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
14544:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
14451:Kula (District), Manisa
14314:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
14172:governor for Anatolia,
13901:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
13723:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
13338:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
13336:Incorporation into the
12410:Battle of Myriokephalon
12085:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
11919:. Taylor & Francis.
11787:10.1163/156852093X00010
11736:Bektaş, Cengiz (1999).
11563:, Finbarr Barry Flood,
10317:Zahîrüddîn-i Nîsâbûrî,
10233:Alexander Mikaberidze,
9534:'Ala al-Din Kayqubad II
9508:'Izz al-Din Kayka'us II
9424:Rukn al-Din Suleiman II
8805:Second Turkic Khaganate
7003:during the time of the
6696:Turco-Persian tradition
6387:Battle of Myriokephalon
4552:Muhyi'd-Dīn Masud Shāh
3931:. 1177–1191, 1192–1194)
1745:Chief of Seljuk dynasty
896:Battle of Myriokephalon
749:, the Seljuk commander
15906:Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey
15529:Giyas al-Din Halil Bey
15380:Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey
15312:Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî
14704:Kerimeddin Karaman Bey
14366:Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey
14310:Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey
14261:Giyath al-Din Muhammad
14123:Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey
14081:Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey
13806:Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey
13711:Şemseddin Yaman Candar
13482:Melikshah bin Muhammed
12404:Battle of Mount Cadmus
12376:Wars and major battles
11924:Pamuk, Sevket (2000).
11915:Mecit, Songul (2013).
11195:, Robert Hillenbrand,
10351:1960, vol. II/5, p. 5.
10043:John Joseph Saunders,
9830:el-Evâmirü’l-ʿAlâʾiyye
9693:
9685:
9678:Anatolian Seljuk State
9587:Giyath al-Din Masud II
9560:Giyath al-Din Masud II
9477:'Ala al-Din Kayqubad I
9464:'Izz al-Din Kayka'us I
9313:Suleiman ibn Qutulmish
9302:for succession to the
8967:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
8768:First Turkic Khaganate
8249:
8153:Constitutional history
8038:Provisional government
7992:Defeat and dissolution
7142:Prehistory of Anatolia
7095:
7056:is similar to that of
6853:
6796:
6691:
6453:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
2569:Abu'l Ghazi Hasan Bey
1150:
957:
956:, 597 H (1200–1201 CE)
941:
927:Jahan Shah bin Tughril
753:, a distant cousin of
751:Suleiman ibn Qutulmish
637:Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
301:Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
38:
17594:Lord Edward's Crusade
16722:Philaretos Brachamios
15386:Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey
14880:Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey
14496:Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey
14273:Mehmed Bey the Second
14093:Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey
13853:Kemaleddin Ismail Bey
12806:Muhammed bin Begtimur
12557:Shams al-Din Isfahani
12532:Shams al-Din Altınapa
12487:Karim al-Din Aqsarayi
12383:Byzantine–Seljuk wars
11411:Cahen & Holt 2001
11197:The Dictionary of Art
11145:Sümer, Faruk (2012).
11111:"ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL"
11109:Sümer, Faruk (1991).
11073:Sümer, Faruk (2004).
11037:Sümer, Faruk (2012).
10965:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
10891:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
10738:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
10650:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
10573:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
9854:Tevârih-i Âl-i Selçuk
9737:Mu‘in al-Din Suleyman
9723:between 1246 and 1249
9612:Byzantine–Seljuk Wars
9323:rules Turkmen around
9246:and the port city of
9076:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
8708:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
8247:
7596:Kingdom of Cappadocia
7152:Palaeolithic Anatolia
7089:
6882:Armenian architecture
6836:
6790:
6781:Tārikh-i Āl-i Saldjūq
6682:
2908:Muhammad I Mālīk Shah
1144:
947:
939:
789:in 1085 to reconquer
734:Further information:
239:Old Anatolian Turkish
220:Common languages
15651:(1275–1288) and sons
14917:Melik Danişmend Gazi
14868:Sultanzâde Pîr Ahmed
14844:Sultanzâde Mehmet II
14838:Nasreddin Mehmed Bey
14792:Alâeddin Halil Mirza
14372:Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey
14129:Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey
14075:Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
14013:Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
13966:Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey
13948:Hüsamettin Çoban Bey
13890:Hüsamettin Çoban Bey
13847:Taceddin Ibrahim Bey
13659:İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey
13586:Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
13519:Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
13361:Beylik destroyed by
13301:Mengücekli Ishak Bey
12978:Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey
12972:Müinüddin Sökmen Bey
12881:Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
12552:Mu'in al-Din Parwana
12505:Other notable people
12460:Writers and scholars
12045:Katharine Branning.
12006:Yavuz, Ayşıl Tükel.
11588:. ABC-CLIO. p.
11578:Rodriguez, Junius P.
11547:, Robert Bedrosian,
10936:Düstûrnâme-i Enverî,
10911:. pp. 365–371.
10758:. pp. 377–379.
10593:. pp. 380–384.
10576:ANADOLU SELÇUKLULARI
10488:. pp. 480–481.
10468:Faruk Sümer (2002).
10442:. pp. 103–105.
9694:Türkiye Selçukluları
9674:Sultanate of Iconium
9250:he had captured as "
7762:Eastern Roman Empire
6848:, built by a Greek (
6741:, modeled after the
6607:on February 18, 1294
6457:Battle of Yassıçimen
4213:Gevher Nesibe Sultan
4205:Dawlat Raziya Khatun
2859:Kulan Arslan (Dāvûd)
1762:Ibrahim & Artash
1075:. The forces of the
931:Battle of Yassıçemen
593:Eastern Roman Empire
17584:Krak des Chevaliers
16769:History of Anatolia
16712:Knights Hospitaller
16707:Empire of Trebizond
15888:Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey
15762:Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
15108:Inançoğlu Ishak Bey
14798:Bedreddin Ibrahim I
14786:Bedreddin Ibrahim I
14625:Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey
13812:Candaroğlu Adil Bey
13598:Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey
13571:(between 1336–1344)
13470:Nâsırüddin Muhammed
13452:Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım
13001:Hüsameddin Timurtaş
12955:temporarily in 1117
12482:Siraj al-Din Urmavi
11798:. London: Vintage.
11208:Rudi Paul Lindner,
10967:"IRAK SELÇUKLULARI"
10909:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10756:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10704:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10614:Sevim, Ali (1993).
10591:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10548:(Behmenyâr), p. 71.
10486:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10440:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10422:Sevim, Ali (2010).
10404:. pp. 324–325.
10402:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10224:, pp. 137–138.
8956:Eastern Kara-Khanid
8949:Western Kara-Khanid
8935:Kara-Khanid Khanate
8106:History of Anatolia
8028:War of Independence
7856:Empire of Trebizond
7720:133 BC-27 BC–330 AD
7167:Mesolithic Anatolia
7062:Empire of Trebizond
6685:Red Tower of Alanya
6675:Culture and society
6415:Great Seljuk Empire
6270:Battle of Malazgirt
6266:Romanos IV Diogenes
5575:Mu‘in ad-Dīn Mehmed
4211:Malīka İsmetū'd-Dīn
3522:Last Sultan of The
2301:Alp Ilig and Dawlat
2054:Abu Ali Hasan Yabgu
1760:Toghrul I, Chaghri,
1271:Commander-in-chief
1013:Empire of Trebizond
963:rallied his vassal
773:) and briefly also
747:battle of Manzikert
641:Battle of Manzikert
583:Battle of Manzikert
579:entry into Anatolia
340:Battle of Manzikert
265:Hereditary monarchy
17452:3rd Constantinople
17447:2nd Constantinople
17352:2nd Belvoir Castle
17312:1st Belvoir Castle
17175:1st Constantinople
16586:Kadi Burhan al-Din
15912:Tekeoğlu Osman Bey
15894:Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey
15882:Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
15821:Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
15163:castle and nearby
15044:Germiyanlı Ali Bey
14850:Bengi Alâeddin Ali
14826:Seyfeddin Süleyman
14756:Kerîmeddin Karaman
14603:Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
14538:Hamid and his son
13818:Celaleddin Bayezid
13653:Aydınoğlu Umur Bey
13647:Aydınoğlu Musa Bey
13197:Nasreddin Muhammed
12890:Three branches in
12858:Eksük and his son
12794:Seyfeddin Begtimur
12776:Ibrahim bin Sökmen
12477:Fakhr al-Din Iraqi
12427:Battle of Elbistan
12421:Battle of Köse Dağ
11516:Atlas of World Art
11183:, p. 108–109.
10706:. pp. 73–74.
10393:. Vol. EK-2.
9052:Khwarazmian Empire
8923:Karluk Yabgu State
8661:Epics and heroes:
8250:
8148:Diplomatic history
8060:Multi-party period
8010:Republic of Turkey
7786:Great Seljuk State
7776:Rashidun Caliphate
7561:Classical Anatolia
7179:Neolithic Anatolia
7096:
7042:Suleiman II of Rûm
6969:Battle of Köse Dağ
6965:Hüsameddin Temurlu
6886:Sultanate of India
6854:
6797:
6692:
6449:Kayqubad the Great
6232:in 1042 and ended
4840:Bagrationi dynasty
4261:de facto ruler of
3848:Malīk Shāhīn Shāh
3614:de facto ruler of
2034:the Seljuk dynasty
1206:the Pride of Islam
1170:Battle of Elbistan
1151:
1089:Battle of Köse Dağ
958:
942:
802:Battle of Ain Salm
787:Alexios I Komnenos
704:Battle of Köse Dağ
379:Karamanid conquest
366:Battle of Köse Dağ
236:(chancery, spoken)
172:vassal (1256–1308)
166:vassal (1243–1256)
124: 1100–1240
17660:Former sultanates
17627:
17626:
16914:: battles in the
16877:
16876:
16735:
16734:
16442:
16441:
15949:
15948:
15941:Turkey portal
15925:
15924:
15921:
15920:
15900:Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey
15860:between 1361–1373
15858:Kingdom of Cyprus
15782:
15781:
15664:
15663:
15556:
15555:
15401:
15400:
15284:
15283:
15242:between 1300–1314
15123:
15122:
15016:
15015:
14889:
14888:
14658:
14657:
14511:
14510:
14473:between 1300–1368
14415:Kerimüddin Alişir
14387:
14386:
14282:
14281:
14138:
14137:
13975:
13974:
13892:, commander from
13862:
13861:
13683:
13682:
13604:Aydınoğlu Isa Bey
13491:
13490:
13371:
13370:
13206:
13205:
13045:
13044:
13036:Sökmen the Second
13030:Nureddin Muhammed
12831:
12830:
12788:Sökmen the Second
12782:Ahmed bin Ibrahim
12650:
12649:
12576:Anatolian beyliks
12565:
12564:
12547:Manuel Maurozomes
12537:Sa'd al-Din Köpek
12500:
12499:
12472:Haji Bektash Veli
11872:Itzkowitz, Norman
11687:, pp. 68–69.
11685:Canby et al. 2016
11673:Canby et al. 2016
11646:Canby et al. 2016
11599:978-0-87436-885-7
11464:978-0-7546-6119-1
11436:978-1-4094-1098-0
11328:978-0-19-517726-8
11167:978-975-389-713-6
11131:978-975-389-430-2
11095:978-975-389-415-9
11059:978-975-389-713-6
11023:978-975-389-408-1
10987:978-975-389-566-8
10918:978-9-7538-9566-8
10877:978-975-389-432-6
10841:978-975-389-415-9
10801:978-975-389-652-8
10765:978-9-7538-9566-8
10713:978-9-7538-9403-6
10672:978-975-389-566-8
10636:978-975-389-435-7
10600:978-9-7538-9566-8
10531:978-975-389-889-8
10495:978-9-7538-9406-7
10449:978-9-7538-9590-3
10135:, pp. 68–69.
9690:Seljuks of Turkey
9671:
9659:
9598:
9597:
9220:
9219:
9185:
9184:
9181:
9156:
9144:
9132:
9127:Qarlughid Kingdom
9093:
9081:
9069:
9057:
9045:
9020:
9008:
8996:
8991:Pecheneg Khanates
8984:
8972:
8940:
8928:
8916:
8911:Oghuz Yabgu State
8904:
8892:
8880:
8875:Türgesh Khaganate
8868:
8856:
8844:
8832:
8809:
8801:
8780:
8772:
8738:
8713:
8688:
8687:
8615:
8614:
8427:
8426:
8238:
8228:
8227:
8194:Turkey portal
8111:History of Thrace
8068:
8067:
8018:Periods of Turkey
8000:
7999:
7914:
7913:
7826:Anatolian beyliks
7752:Medieval Anatolia
7734:
7733:
7636:Kingdom of Pontus
7626:Ptolemaic Kingdom
7576:Achaemenid Empire
7543:
7542:
7416:
7415:
7189:
7188:
6700:Greco-Roman world
6672:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6658:
6644:Anatolian Seljuks
6633:
6609:
6588:
6580:Anatolian Seljuks
6574:
6560:
6550:
6529:
6518:Anatolian Seljuks
6514:Battle of Kösedağ
6497:
6485:
6461:
6440:
6437:Anatolian Seljuks
6427:
6407:Ala ad-Din Tekish
6390:
6383:Manuel I Komnenos
6314:
6305:
6274:
6263:Byzantine Emperor
6241:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6142:
6127:
6110:
6079:
6053:
5876:
5861:
5835:
5809:
5639:
5624:
5583:
5570:
5563:1266–1282) &
5540:
5533:1282–1284) &
5516:
5509:
5497:
5298:
5267:
5251:
5241:
5229:
5211:
5189:
5184:1257–1262) &
5157:
5140:
5118:
5106:
4922:
4896:
4887:
4864:
4798:
4615:
4599:
4579:
4567:
4298:
4282:
4266:
4248:
4238:
3964:
3932:
3904:
3892:
3863:
3826:
3815:
3645:
3619:
3595:
3580:
3568:
3540:
3288:
3269:
3257:
3242:
3230:
3215:
2951:
2932:
2917:
2902:
2662:
2645:
2630:
2615:
2576:
2554:
2388:
2349:
2076:
1815:
1800:
1752:Mikail ibn Seljuk
1543:
1339:
1273:of the Oghuz army
1232:
906:'s forces of the
904:Holy Roman Empire
900:Manuel I Komnenos
716:Anatolian beyliks
681:House of Mengüjek
585:(1071). The name
554:was a culturally
548:
547:
534:
533:
530:
529:
504:Anatolian beyliks
496:
495:
309:• 1303–1308
296:• 1077–1086
18:Seljuks of Turkey
16:(Redirected from
17682:
17640:Sultanate of Rum
16919:
16904:
16897:
16890:
16881:
16880:
16762:
16755:
16748:
16739:
16738:
16702:Empire of Nicaea
16692:Byzantine Empire
16685:Christian states
16641:Sultanate of Rum
16469:
16462:
16455:
16446:
16445:
16389:Kilij Arslan III
16244:Muhammad-Shah II
15976:
15969:
15962:
15953:
15952:
15939:
15938:
15937:
15788:
15787:
15670:
15669:
15562:
15561:
15407:
15406:
15374:Süleyman Pervâne
15331:Süleyman Pervâne
15290:
15289:
15129:
15128:
15104:(~1314 - ?)
15022:
15021:
14895:
14894:
14862:Sultanzâde Ishak
14820:Burhaneddin Musa
14774:Bedreddin Mahmut
14664:
14663:
14517:
14516:
14393:
14392:
14312:, regent to the
14288:
14287:
14267:Alâeddin Ali Bey
14144:
14143:
13981:
13980:
13868:
13867:
13689:
13688:
13497:
13496:
13377:
13376:
13212:
13211:
13161:Gazi Gümüshtigin
13051:
13050:
12995:Necmeddin Ilgazi
12837:
12836:
12816:Important works:
12656:
12655:
12584:
12583:
12571:
12570:
12441:
12440:
12230:Kilij Arslan III
12135:
12134:
12078:
12071:
12064:
12055:
12054:
12050:
12041:
12036:. Archived from
12025:
12023:
12017:. Archived from
12012:
11995:
11986:
11977:
11956:
11947:
11938:
11929:
11920:
11911:
11902:
11893:
11867:
11858:
11839:
11818:
11809:
11790:
11769:
11760:
11751:
11732:
11706:
11688:
11682:
11676:
11670:
11661:
11655:
11649:
11643:
11628:
11622:
11616:
11610:
11604:
11603:
11587:
11574:
11568:
11558:
11552:
11542:
11536:
11526:
11520:
11519:
11511:
11505:
11502:Hillenbrand 2021
11499:
11493:
11490:Hillenbrand 2021
11487:
11481:
11474:
11468:
11467:
11446:
11440:
11439:
11420:
11414:
11408:
11397:
11391:
11385:
11379:
11373:
11367:
11361:
11355:
11349:
11343:
11337:
11336:
11312:
11306:
11302:Quote in French:
11298:Hillenbrand 2021
11295:
11289:
11283:
11277:
11274:Hillenbrand 2020
11271:
11265:
11259:
11244:
11243:
11241:Persian ...
11234:Lewis, Bernard,
11231:
11225:
11219:
11213:
11206:
11200:
11190:
11184:
11178:
11172:
11171:
11151:
11142:
11136:
11135:
11115:
11106:
11100:
11099:
11079:
11070:
11064:
11063:
11043:
11034:
11028:
11027:
11007:
10998:
10992:
10991:
10971:
10962:
10939:
10938:pp. 78–80, 1464.
10929:
10923:
10922:
10900:. Vol. 36.
10899:
10888:
10882:
10881:
10861:
10852:
10846:
10845:
10825:
10816:
10810:
10805:
10785:
10776:
10770:
10769:
10747:. Vol. 36.
10746:
10735:
10718:
10717:
10695:. Vol. 25.
10694:
10683:
10677:
10676:
10656:
10647:
10641:
10640:
10620:
10611:
10605:
10604:
10582:. Vol. 36.
10581:
10570:
10549:
10542:
10536:
10535:
10509:
10500:
10499:
10477:. Vol. 26.
10476:
10465:
10454:
10453:
10431:. Vol. 38.
10430:
10419:
10406:
10405:
10384:
10378:
10371:
10365:
10358:
10352:
10343:Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ
10335:
10329:
10315:
10309:
10303:
10297:
10288:A.C.S. Peacock,
10286:
10280:
10274:
10268:
10262:
10256:
10249:
10238:
10231:
10225:
10219:
10206:
10200:
10181:
10174:
10168:
10158:
10149:
10142:
10136:
10130:
10124:
10119:Sicker, Martin,
10117:
10111:
10105:
10099:
10093:
10087:
10080:
10074:
10069:Sicker, Martin,
10067:
10061:
10054:
10048:
10041:
10032:
10026:
10020:
10006:
9979:
9973:
9966:
9960:
9953:
9947:
9946:
9938:
9932:
9921:
9915:
9909:
9903:
9896:
9890:
9885:Grousset, Rene,
9883:
9867:
9849:
9843:
9821:
9815:
9812:
9806:
9799:
9793:
9767:
9761:
9754:
9748:
9730:
9724:
9713:
9697:
9666:
9664:
9662:Saljûqiyân-i Rûm
9654:
9652:
9639:
9624:, Ottoman Empire
9437:Kilij Arslan III
9361:First sultan in
9275:
9274:
9240:Kubadabad Palace
9212:
9205:
9198:
9179:
9154:
9142:
9130:
9091:
9079:
9067:
9055:
9043:
9029:Sultanate of Rum
9018:
9006:
9003:Ghaznavid Empire
8994:
8982:
8970:
8938:
8926:
8914:
8902:
8899:Uyghur Khaganate
8890:
8878:
8866:
8854:
8842:
8830:
8827:Khazar Khaganate
8807:
8799:
8778:
8770:
8736:
8711:
8703:
8702:
8698:Pre-14th century
8675:Major concepts:
8630:
8629:
8625:Turkic Mythology
8442:
8441:
8437:Turkic Languages
8420:Crimean Karaites
8357:Cherniye Klobuki
8263:
8262:
8237:pre–14th century
8236:
8230:
8229:
8220:
8213:
8206:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8158:Cultural history
8143:Military history
8138:Economic history
8084:Turkic migration
8048:One-party period
8024:
8023:
7938:
7937:
7836:County of Edessa
7806:Sultanate of Rum
7768:Empire of Nicaea
7758:
7757:
7572:
7571:
7566:Classical Thrace
7431:
7430:
7268:Achaeans (Homer)
7204:
7203:
7171:c. 11,000–
7158:
7148:
7147:
7126:
7116:
7098:
7097:
6994:
6809:Byzantine Greeks
6651:
6615:
6594:
6577:
6563:
6553:
6535:
6503:
6491:
6467:
6446:
6433:
6404:
6376:
6308:
6298:
6256:
6215:
6151:
6136:
6121:
6104:
6073:
6047:
5870:
5855:
5829:
5803:
5633:
5601:
5577:
5558:
5527:
5514:
5507:
5491:
5277:
5257:
5245:
5235:
5222:
5220:Anatolian Beylik
5202:
5170:
5141:
5135:
5115:Anatolian Beylik
5108:
5100:
4907:established the
4903:
4890:
4881:
4856:
4792:
4609:
4593:
4573:
4553:
4473:Kilij Arslan III
4292:
4276:
4259:
4242:
4228:
4193:1192–1196) &
4150:Suleyman II Shah
3958:
3926:
3898:
3886:
3849:
3820:
3809:
3639:
3606:
3589:
3574:
3562:
3534:
3282:
3263:
3251:
3236:
3224:
3209:
3178:Muhammad I Tapar
2945:
2926:
2911:
2896:
2656:
2639:
2624:
2609:
2570:
2542:
2377:
2343:
2070:
1809:
1794:
1541:
1333:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1227:
1224:
1122:(1248–1265) and
1017:Cilician Armenia
993:Kilij Arslan III
973:Tamar of Georgia
948:Gold coinage of
830:People's Crusade
627:
626:
577:following their
552:Sultanate of Rûm
526:
525:
512:
511:
500:
499:
487:
486:
473:
472:
459:
458:
445:
444:
431:
430:
421:Byzantine Empire
417:
416:
410:
409:
394:
393:
208:Sebastia (Sivas)
146:
140:
134:
128:
123:
118:
101:
87:
69:
67:Saljūqiyān-i Rūm
63:
55:
54:
49:
41:
34:Sultanate of Rûm
30:
29:
21:
17690:
17689:
17685:
17684:
17683:
17681:
17680:
17679:
17630:
17629:
17628:
17623:
17523:Seventh Crusade
16920:
16910:
16908:
16878:
16873:
16872:
16870:
16771:
16766:
16736:
16731:
16727:Zaccaria family
16680:
16479:
16473:
16443:
16438:
16414:Kilij Arslan IV
16374:Kilij Arslan II
16334:
16291:
16248:
16219:Muhammad-Shah I
16168:
16123:
16021:
15990:Early Seljukids
15985:
15983:House of Seljuk
15980:
15950:
15945:
15935:
15933:
15917:
15908:(~1360 - ~1375)
15870:
15840:
15796:
15778:
15744:
15706:
15678:
15660:
15655:Nusreddin Ahmed
15637:
15606:
15570:
15552:
15469:
15448:
15415:
15397:
15362:
15346:
15343:
15298:
15280:
15277:(~1340 - ~1360)
15271:(~1320 - ~1340)
15265:(~1282 - ~1320)
15259:(~1261 - ~1282)
15245:
15173:
15137:
15119:
15098:(~1300 - ~1314)
15084:
15068:
15030:
15012:
14977:
14941:
14903:
14885:
14808:Fahreddin Ahmed
14744:
14672:
14654:
14607:
14568:
14525:
14507:
14478:
14471:Beylik of Lâdik
14439:
14401:
14383:
14354:
14328:
14296:
14278:
14243:
14192:
14152:
14134:
14063:
14027:
13989:
13971:
13950:(1309 - ?)
13936:
13915:
13876:
13858:
13829:
13788:
13737:
13697:
13679:
13633:the Thunderbolt
13609:
13574:
13537:
13505:
13487:
13464:Izzeddin Saltuk
13434:
13413:
13385:
13367:
13342:
13317:
13283:
13252:
13220:
13202:
13155:Danishmend Gazi
13143:
13092:
13073:Danishmend Gazi
13059:
13041:
13017:Harput Dynasty:
13012:
12983:
12960:
12904:
12845:
12827:
12811:
12770:Sökmen el Kutbi
12758:
12692:
12678:Sökmen el Kutbi
12664:
12646:
12620:
12592:
12578:
12561:
12496:
12455:
12432:
12388:Siege of Nicaea
12371:
12355:
12270:Kilij Arslan IV
12224:Süleymanshah II
12212:Kilij Arslan II
12176:
12129:
12087:
12082:
12049:. Turkish Hans.
12028:
12021:
12010:
12002:
11974:
11890:
11855:
11836:
11806:
11748:
11729:
11711:Bosworth, C. E.
11697:
11692:
11691:
11683:
11679:
11671:
11664:
11656:
11652:
11644:
11631:
11623:
11619:
11611:
11607:
11600:
11575:
11571:
11559:
11555:
11543:
11539:
11527:
11523:
11512:
11508:
11500:
11496:
11488:
11484:
11475:
11471:
11465:
11447:
11443:
11437:
11421:
11417:
11409:
11400:
11392:
11388:
11380:
11376:
11368:
11364:
11356:
11352:
11344:
11340:
11329:
11313:
11309:
11296:
11292:
11284:
11280:
11272:
11268:
11260:
11247:
11232:
11228:
11220:
11216:
11207:
11203:
11191:
11187:
11179:
11175:
11168:
11149:
11143:
11139:
11132:
11113:
11107:
11103:
11096:
11077:
11071:
11067:
11060:
11041:
11035:
11031:
11024:
11005:
10999:
10995:
10988:
10969:
10963:
10942:
10930:
10926:
10919:
10897:
10889:
10885:
10878:
10859:
10853:
10849:
10842:
10823:
10817:
10813:
10802:
10783:
10777:
10773:
10766:
10744:
10736:
10721:
10714:
10692:
10684:
10680:
10673:
10654:
10648:
10644:
10637:
10618:
10612:
10608:
10601:
10579:
10571:
10552:
10543:
10539:
10532:
10510:
10503:
10496:
10474:
10466:
10457:
10450:
10428:
10420:
10409:
10385:
10381:
10375:Târîḫ-i Güzîde,
10372:
10368:
10362:Râhatü’s-sudûr,
10359:
10355:
10336:
10332:
10316:
10312:
10306:Kastritsis 2013
10304:
10300:
10287:
10283:
10275:
10271:
10263:
10259:
10250:
10241:
10232:
10228:
10220:
10209:
10201:
10184:
10175:
10171:
10163:, Osman Turan,
10159:
10152:
10143:
10139:
10131:
10127:
10118:
10114:
10106:
10102:
10094:
10090:
10081:
10077:
10068:
10064:
10055:
10051:
10042:
10035:
10027:
10023:
10004:Salâjika ar-Rûm
9980:
9976:
9967:
9963:
9954:
9950:
9939:
9935:
9922:
9918:
9910:
9906:
9898:Bernard Lewis,
9897:
9893:
9884:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9850:
9846:
9822:
9818:
9813:
9809:
9803:Kilij Arslan IV
9800:
9796:
9768:
9764:
9755:
9751:
9741:Kay Khusraw III
9731:
9727:
9714:
9710:
9706:
9701:
9700:
9640:
9636:
9631:
9603:
9499:Kilij Arslan IV
9332:
9304:Imperial Seljuk
9298:Contended with
9244:Alâeddin Mosque
9228:Persian variant
9224:transliterating
9216:
9187:
9186:
9116:Tughlaq dynasty
9088:Delhi Sultanate
8786:Tokhara Yabghus
8747:Tiele (Gaoche)
8712:202 BCE–13th CE
8700:
8690:
8689:
8633:Belief system:
8627:
8617:
8616:
8572:Karachay-Balkar
8439:
8429:
8428:
8260:
8224:
8188:
8186:
8174:
8173:
8172:
8163:Genetic history
8078:
8070:
8069:
8053:
8022:
8012:
8002:
8001:
7936:
7926:
7916:
7915:
7756:
7746:
7736:
7735:
7726:Sasanian Empire
7686:Armenian Empire
7676:Parthian Empire
7656:Attalid kingdom
7616:Seleucid Empire
7570:
7555:
7545:
7544:
7428:
7418:
7417:
7228:Akkadian Empire
7201:
7191:
7190:
7184:
7183:c. 8,000–
7172:
7160:
7146:
7136:
7114:
7107:
7084:
7076:Main articles:
7074:
7028:and one or two
7013:
6831:
6825:
6751:Kilij Arslan II
6727:Kay Kawad/Qobad
6677:
6668:
6542:Kilij Arslan IV
6478:Battle of Indus
6311:Crusade of 1101
6150:
6135:
6120:
6103:
6072:
6067:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
6046:
5869:
5854:
5828:
5823:
5802:
5632:
5618:
5591:
5576:
5564:
5557:
5554:Kay Khusraw III
5552:
5534:
5528:
5522:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
5513:
5506:
5490:
5268:
5244:
5242:
5224:
5223:(established in
5217:Pervâneoğulları
5204:
5186:
5179:
5169:
5166:Kilij Arslan IV
5164:
5151:
5143:
5137:
5130:
5113:
5111:Karamanoğulları
5107:
5099:
4916:
4911:
4888:
4872:
4870:
4824:
4819:
4805:
4791:
4789:
4608:
4592:
4531:
4526:
4510:Māh Pari Khātun
4495:
4490:
4476:
4291:
4275:
4258:
4241:
4239:
4227:
4225:
4194:
4188:
4183:
4175:
4170:
4168:
4157:
3957:
3953:
3933:
3925:
3912:
3897:
3893:
3885:
3872:
3838:
3835:Kilij Arslan II
3833:
3638:
3620:
3612:
3605:
3588:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3521:
3515:
3503:
3497:
3486:
3281:
3277:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3208:
3195:
3180:
3155:
3131:
2944:
2925:
2910:
2895:
2882:
2867:
2849:
2830:
2655:
2638:
2623:
2608:
2594:
2548:
2382:
2376:
2350:
2342:
2320:
2307:
2291:
2284:Suleyman I Shah
2069:
2033:
2030:
2021:
2018:
2017:First sultan of
2015:
2004:
1808:
1793:
1761:
1759:
1743:
1540:
1484:
1483:The founder of
1481:
1332:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1120:Kilij Arslan IV
1058:
1052:
1050:Mongol conquest
880:Kilij Arslan II
842:Crusade of 1101
826:
743:
738:
732:
720:Ottoman dynasty
700:Mongol invasion
523:
509:
484:
470:
456:
442:
428:
414:
381:
368:
355:
342:
310:
297:
272:
267:
237:
234:Byzantine Greek
232:
227:
215:
200:Iconium (Konya)
175:
149:
148:
144:
142:
138:
136:
132:
130:
126:
109:
108:
107:
102:
94:
93:
88:
70:
64:
57:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17688:
17678:
17677:
17672:
17667:
17662:
17657:
17652:
17647:
17642:
17625:
17624:
17622:
17621:
17616:
17611:
17606:
17601:
17596:
17591:
17586:
17581:
17579:Eighth Crusade
17576:
17571:
17566:
17561:
17556:
17543:
17542:
17537:
17532:
17519:
17518:
17513:
17508:
17503:
17489:
17488:
17483:
17478:
17473:
17468:
17455:
17454:
17449:
17444:
17435:Fourth Crusade
17431:
17430:
17425:
17414:
17413:
17408:
17403:
17398:
17393:
17380:
17379:
17374:
17369:
17364:
17359:
17354:
17349:
17344:
17339:
17334:
17329:
17324:
17319:
17314:
17309:
17304:
17299:
17294:
17289:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17269:
17264:
17259:
17254:
17249:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17219:
17214:
17203:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17190:Meander Valley
17187:
17182:
17177:
17168:Second Crusade
17164:
17163:
17158:
17153:
17148:
17143:
17138:
17133:
17128:
17123:
17118:
17113:
17111:Marj al-Saffar
17108:
17103:
17098:
17093:
17091:Jaffa and Tyre
17088:
17083:
17081:Ager Sanguinis
17078:
17073:
17068:
17063:
17058:
17053:
17048:
17043:
17038:
17033:
17028:
17023:
17018:
17013:
17008:
17003:
16998:
16987:
16986:
16981:
16976:
16971:
16966:
16961:
16956:
16951:
16946:
16941:
16936:
16925:
16922:
16921:
16907:
16906:
16899:
16892:
16884:
16875:
16874:
16777:
16776:
16773:
16772:
16765:
16764:
16757:
16750:
16742:
16733:
16732:
16730:
16729:
16724:
16719:
16714:
16709:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16688:
16686:
16682:
16681:
16679:
16678:
16673:
16668:
16663:
16658:
16653:
16648:
16643:
16638:
16633:
16628:
16623:
16618:
16616:Ottoman Empire
16613:
16608:
16603:
16598:
16593:
16588:
16583:
16578:
16573:
16568:
16563:
16558:
16553:
16548:
16543:
16538:
16533:
16528:
16523:
16518:
16516:Candaroğulları
16513:
16508:
16503:
16498:
16493:
16487:
16485:
16481:
16480:
16472:
16471:
16464:
16457:
16449:
16440:
16439:
16437:
16436:
16431:
16426:
16424:Kaykhusraw III
16421:
16416:
16411:
16406:
16401:
16396:
16391:
16386:
16381:
16376:
16371:
16366:
16361:
16359:Kilij Arslan I
16356:
16351:
16345:
16343:
16340:Sultans of Rum
16336:
16335:
16333:
16332:
16327:
16322:
16317:
16312:
16306:
16304:
16293:
16292:
16290:
16289:
16284:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16263:
16261:
16250:
16249:
16247:
16246:
16241:
16236:
16234:Arslan-Shah II
16231:
16226:
16221:
16216:
16211:
16206:
16201:
16196:
16191:
16186:
16180:
16178:
16170:
16169:
16167:
16166:
16161:
16156:
16151:
16146:
16141:
16135:
16133:
16125:
16124:
16122:
16121:
16116:
16111:
16106:
16101:
16099:Malik-Shah III
16096:
16091:
16086:
16081:
16072:
16067:
16062:
16057:
16052:
16047:
16042:
16036:
16034:
16023:
16022:
16020:
16019:
16014:
16012:Arslan Isra'il
16009:
16004:
15999:
15993:
15991:
15987:
15986:
15979:
15978:
15971:
15964:
15956:
15947:
15946:
15944:
15943:
15930:
15927:
15926:
15923:
15922:
15919:
15918:
15916:
15915:
15909:
15903:
15897:
15891:
15885:
15878:
15876:
15872:
15871:
15869:
15868:
15866:Teke Peninsula
15863:
15848:
15846:
15842:
15841:
15839:
15838:
15833:
15828:
15826:
15823:
15818:
15816:
15813:
15807:
15805:
15801:
15798:
15797:
15784:
15783:
15780:
15779:
15777:
15776:
15770:
15764:
15759:
15752:
15750:
15746:
15745:
15743:
15742:
15737:
15732:
15727:
15720:
15714:
15712:
15708:
15707:
15705:
15704:
15699:
15697:
15694:
15689:
15687:
15683:
15680:
15679:
15666:
15665:
15662:
15661:
15659:
15658:
15652:
15645:
15643:
15639:
15638:
15636:
15635:
15630:
15625:
15620:
15614:
15612:
15608:
15607:
15605:
15604:
15602:Afyonkarahisar
15599:
15597:
15594:
15581:
15579:
15575:
15572:
15571:
15558:
15557:
15554:
15553:
15551:
15550:
15544:
15538:
15532:
15526:
15520:
15514:
15508:
15502:
15496:
15490:
15484:
15477:
15475:
15471:
15470:
15468:
15467:
15462:
15456:
15454:
15450:
15449:
15447:
15446:
15441:
15439:
15436:
15426:
15424:
15420:
15417:
15416:
15403:
15402:
15399:
15398:
15396:
15395:
15389:
15383:
15377:
15370:
15368:
15364:
15363:
15361:
15360:
15354:
15352:
15348:
15347:
15345:
15344:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15309:
15307:
15303:
15300:
15299:
15286:
15285:
15282:
15281:
15279:
15278:
15272:
15266:
15260:
15253:
15251:
15247:
15246:
15244:
15243:
15228:
15223:
15218:
15213:
15208:
15203:
15198:
15193:
15188:
15186:Muğla Province
15181:
15179:
15175:
15174:
15172:
15171:
15158:
15156:
15153:
15148:
15146:
15142:
15139:
15138:
15125:
15124:
15121:
15120:
15118:
15117:
15111:
15105:
15099:
15092:
15090:
15086:
15085:
15083:
15082:
15076:
15074:
15070:
15069:
15067:
15066:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15041:
15039:
15035:
15032:
15031:
15018:
15017:
15014:
15013:
15011:
15010:
15004:
14998:
14992:
14985:
14983:
14979:
14978:
14976:
14975:
14970:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14949:
14947:
14943:
14942:
14940:
14939:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14914:
14912:
14908:
14905:
14904:
14891:
14890:
14887:
14886:
14884:
14883:
14877:
14871:
14865:
14859:
14853:
14847:
14841:
14835:
14829:
14823:
14817:
14811:
14805:
14795:
14789:
14783:
14777:
14771:
14765:
14759:
14752:
14750:
14746:
14745:
14743:
14742:
14737:
14732:
14722:
14717:
14711:
14709:
14706:
14701:
14699:
14696:
14683:
14681:
14677:
14674:
14673:
14660:
14659:
14656:
14655:
14653:
14652:
14646:
14640:
14634:
14628:
14622:
14615:
14613:
14609:
14608:
14606:
14605:
14592:
14587:
14582:
14576:
14574:
14570:
14569:
14567:
14566:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14536:
14534:
14530:
14527:
14526:
14513:
14512:
14509:
14508:
14506:
14505:
14499:
14493:
14486:
14484:
14480:
14479:
14477:
14476:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14447:
14445:
14441:
14440:
14438:
14437:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14412:
14410:
14406:
14403:
14402:
14389:
14388:
14385:
14384:
14382:
14381:
14375:
14369:
14362:
14360:
14356:
14355:
14353:
14352:
14347:
14342:
14336:
14334:
14330:
14329:
14327:
14326:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14307:
14305:
14301:
14298:
14297:
14284:
14283:
14280:
14279:
14277:
14276:
14270:
14264:
14258:
14251:
14249:
14245:
14244:
14242:
14241:
14236:
14234:Şebinkarahisar
14231:
14226:
14221:
14216:
14211:
14206:
14200:
14198:
14194:
14193:
14191:
14190:
14181:
14179:
14176:
14163:
14161:
14157:
14154:
14153:
14140:
14139:
14136:
14135:
14133:
14132:
14126:
14120:
14114:
14108:
14102:
14096:
14090:
14084:
14078:
14071:
14069:
14065:
14064:
14062:
14061:
14056:
14051:
14046:
14041:
14035:
14033:
14029:
14028:
14026:
14025:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:Hasan Dulkadir
14000:
13998:
13994:
13991:
13990:
13977:
13976:
13973:
13972:
13970:
13969:
13963:
13957:
13951:
13944:
13942:
13938:
13937:
13935:
13934:
13929:
13923:
13921:
13917:
13916:
13914:
13913:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13887:
13885:
13881:
13878:
13877:
13864:
13863:
13860:
13859:
13857:
13856:
13850:
13844:
13841:Isfendiyar Bey
13837:
13835:
13831:
13830:
13828:
13827:
13821:
13815:
13809:
13803:
13802:(1309 - ~1340)
13796:
13794:
13790:
13789:
13787:
13786:
13776:
13771:
13766:
13761:
13756:
13751:
13745:
13743:
13739:
13738:
13736:
13735:
13730:
13728:
13725:
13708:
13706:
13702:
13699:
13698:
13694:Candaroğulları
13685:
13684:
13681:
13680:
13678:
13677:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13663:with intervals
13656:
13650:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13627:Ottoman Empire
13623:
13621:
13617:
13615:
13611:
13610:
13608:
13607:
13601:
13595:
13589:
13582:
13580:
13576:
13575:
13573:
13572:
13566:
13561:
13556:
13551:
13545:
13543:
13539:
13538:
13536:
13535:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13516:
13514:
13510:
13507:
13506:
13493:
13492:
13489:
13488:
13486:
13485:
13479:
13473:
13467:
13461:
13458:Ziyâüddin Gazi
13455:
13454:(1102 - ~1124)
13449:
13442:
13440:
13436:
13435:
13433:
13432:
13427:
13421:
13419:
13415:
13414:
13412:
13411:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13396:
13394:
13390:
13387:
13386:
13373:
13372:
13369:
13368:
13366:
13365:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13350:
13348:
13347:Divriği Branch
13344:
13343:
13341:
13340:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13325:
13323:
13319:
13318:
13316:
13315:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13298:
13291:
13289:
13285:
13284:
13282:
13281:
13279:Şebinkarahisar
13276:
13271:
13266:
13260:
13258:
13254:
13253:
13251:
13250:
13241:
13239:
13236:
13231:
13229:
13225:
13222:
13221:
13208:
13207:
13204:
13203:
13201:
13200:
13194:
13188:
13182:
13176:
13170:
13164:
13158:
13151:
13149:
13145:
13144:
13142:
13141:
13136:
13131:
13126:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13106:
13100:
13098:
13094:
13093:
13091:
13090:
13085:
13080:
13078:
13075:
13070:
13068:
13064:
13061:
13060:
13047:
13046:
13043:
13042:
13040:
13039:
13033:
13027:
13020:
13018:
13014:
13013:
13011:
13010:
13004:
12998:
12991:
12989:
12985:
12984:
12982:
12981:
12975:
12968:
12966:
12962:
12961:
12959:
12958:
12948:
12943:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12912:
12910:
12906:
12905:
12903:
12902:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12856:
12854:
12850:
12847:
12846:
12833:
12832:
12829:
12828:
12826:
12825:
12819:
12817:
12813:
12812:
12810:
12809:
12803:
12797:
12791:
12785:
12779:
12773:
12766:
12764:
12760:
12759:
12757:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12700:
12698:
12694:
12693:
12691:
12690:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12675:
12673:
12669:
12666:
12665:
12652:
12651:
12648:
12647:
12645:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12628:
12626:
12622:
12621:
12619:
12618:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12603:
12601:
12597:
12594:
12593:
12580:
12579:
12567:
12566:
12563:
12562:
12560:
12559:
12554:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12508:
12506:
12502:
12501:
12498:
12497:
12495:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12463:
12461:
12457:
12456:
12454:
12453:
12447:
12445:
12438:
12434:
12433:
12431:
12430:
12424:
12418:
12413:
12407:
12401:
12396:
12391:
12385:
12379:
12377:
12373:
12372:
12370:
12369:
12363:
12361:
12357:
12356:
12354:
12353:
12347:
12337:
12327:
12317:
12307:
12297:
12291:
12285:
12282:Kaykhusraw III
12279:
12273:
12267:
12261:
12255:
12249:
12243:
12233:
12227:
12221:
12215:
12209:
12203:
12197:
12194:Kilij Arslan I
12191:
12184:
12182:
12178:
12177:
12175:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12158:
12152:
12147:
12141:
12139:
12131:
12130:
12128:
12127:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12098:
12096:
12092:
12089:
12088:
12081:
12080:
12073:
12066:
12058:
12052:
12051:
12042:
12040:on 2007-04-05.
12026:
12024:on 2007-07-04.
12001:
12000:External links
11998:
11997:
11996:
11987:
11978:
11973:978-1474450348
11972:
11957:
11948:
11939:
11930:
11921:
11912:
11903:
11894:
11889:978-0226388069
11888:
11868:
11859:
11854:978-1474485944
11853:
11840:
11835:978-1474450348
11834:
11819:
11810:
11804:
11791:
11770:
11761:
11752:
11746:
11733:
11727:
11707:
11696:
11693:
11690:
11689:
11677:
11662:
11660:, p. 104.
11650:
11629:
11617:
11613:Beihammer 2017
11605:
11598:
11569:
11553:
11537:
11531:, H. Saladin,
11521:
11506:
11504:, p. 333.
11494:
11492:, p. 211.
11482:
11469:
11463:
11441:
11435:
11415:
11413:, p. 163.
11398:
11386:
11384:, p. 265.
11374:
11362:
11350:
11348:, p. 278.
11338:
11327:
11307:
11290:
11288:, p. 155.
11278:
11266:
11264:, p. 202.
11262:Khanbaghi 2016
11245:
11238:, p. 29,
11226:
11222:Itzkowitz 1980
11214:
11201:
11185:
11173:
11166:
11137:
11130:
11101:
11094:
11065:
11058:
11029:
11022:
10993:
10986:
10940:
10924:
10917:
10883:
10876:
10847:
10840:
10811:
10800:
10771:
10764:
10741:Kirman Selçuks
10719:
10712:
10678:
10671:
10642:
10635:
10606:
10599:
10550:
10537:
10530:
10501:
10494:
10455:
10448:
10425:SÜLEYMAN ŞAH I
10407:
10379:
10366:
10353:
10330:
10310:
10298:
10281:
10279:, p. 651.
10269:
10267:, p. 355.
10257:
10251:Claude Cahen,
10239:
10226:
10207:
10182:
10169:
10150:
10137:
10133:Frankopan 2013
10125:
10112:
10108:Frankopan 2013
10100:
10096:Frankopan 2013
10088:
10075:
10062:
10049:
10033:
10031:, p. 145.
10021:
9999:Seljuks of Rûm
9974:
9961:
9948:
9945:. p. 207.
9933:
9916:
9904:
9891:
9877:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9868:
9844:
9816:
9807:
9794:
9762:
9749:
9745:Rabi' al-awwal
9725:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9699:
9698:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9626:
9625:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9602:
9599:
9596:
9595:
9592:
9589:
9582:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9569:
9568:
9565:
9562:
9555:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9542:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9516:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9503:
9502:
9495:
9492:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9472:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9459:
9458:
9455:
9452:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9419:
9418:
9415:
9412:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9366:
9365:
9359:
9356:
9354:Kilij Arslan I
9349:
9348:
9345:
9315:
9308:
9307:
9296:
9293:
9286:
9285:
9282:
9279:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9214:
9207:
9200:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9183:
9182:
9171:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9158:
9157:
9146:
9145:
9134:
9133:
9122:
9121:
9120:
9119:
9112:
9109:Khalji dynasty
9105:
9102:Mamluk dynasty
9095:
9094:
9083:
9082:
9071:
9070:
9064:Kerait Khanate
9059:
9058:
9047:
9046:
9035:
9034:
9033:
9032:
9022:
9021:
9010:
9009:
8998:
8997:
8986:
8985:
8974:
8973:
8962:
8961:
8960:
8959:
8952:
8942:
8941:
8930:
8929:
8918:
8917:
8906:
8905:
8894:
8893:
8882:
8881:
8870:
8869:
8858:
8857:
8846:
8845:
8834:
8833:
8822:
8821:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8810:
8802:
8782:
8781:
8773:
8762:
8761:
8753:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8740:
8739:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8715:
8714:
8701:
8696:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8628:
8623:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8440:
8435:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8281:
8280:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8261:
8258:Turkic peoples
8256:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8240:
8239:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8215:
8208:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8183:
8182:
8176:
8175:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8134:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8092:
8091:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8066:
8065:
8064:(1945–present)
8062:
8056:
8055:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8040:
8034:
8033:
8030:
8021:
8020:
8014:
8013:
8008:
8007:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7984:
7978:
7977:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7964:
7962:Transformation
7958:
7957:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7944:
7935:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7922:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7898:
7892:
7891:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7852:
7851:
7848:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7832:
7831:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7778:
7772:
7771:
7764:
7755:
7754:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7732:
7731:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7708:
7702:
7701:
7698:
7696:Roman Republic
7692:
7691:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7672:
7671:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7658:
7652:
7651:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7632:
7631:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7618:
7612:
7611:
7608:
7602:
7601:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7578:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7540:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7527:
7521:
7520:
7519:859–595/585 BC
7517:
7511:
7510:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7429:
7424:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7413:
7412:859–595/585 BC
7410:
7404:
7403:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7310:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7294:
7293:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7280:
7274:
7273:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7260:
7254:
7253:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7210:
7202:
7197:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7159:500,000–
7154:
7145:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7119:
7118:
7109:
7108:
7101:
7082:Seljuk dynasty
7073:
7070:
7012:
7009:
7005:Ottoman Empire
6974:Oktay Aslanapa
6827:Main article:
6824:
6821:
6771:Rahat al-sudur
6676:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6649:
6646:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6613:
6610:
6592:
6589:
6575:
6561:
6551:
6533:
6530:
6510:Kay Khusraw II
6501:
6498:
6489:
6486:
6465:
6462:
6444:
6441:
6431:
6428:
6402:
6399:
6394:
6391:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6363:Second Crusade
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6306:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6145:
6143:
6130:
6128:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6052:. 1299–1323/4)
6037:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5864:
5862:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5627:
5625:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5573:
5571:
5551:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5519:
5517:
5500:
5498:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5254:
5252:
5232:
5230:
5214:
5212:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5160:
5158:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4867:
4865:
4850:
4848:
4832:
4830:
4821:Kay Khusraw II
4818:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4801:
4799:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4602:
4600:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4570:
4568:
4550:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4522:
4520:
4503:
4501:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4285:
4283:
4269:
4267:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4202:
4200:
4182:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
4179:
4177:
4167:The mothers of
4165:
4163:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3920:
3918:
3907:
3905:
3883:Malik-Shah III
3880:
3878:
3867:
3865:
3846:
3844:
3829:
3827:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3583:
3581:
3556:
3554:
3528:
3526:
3510:
3508:
3494:
3492:
3478:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3245:
3243:
3233:Arslan II Shah
3218:
3216:
3203:
3201:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3130:Toghrul Arslan
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2920:
2918:
2905:
2903:
2890:
2888:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2846:Kilij Arslan I
2842:
2840:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2633:
2631:
2618:
2616:
2602:
2600:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2025:
2023:
2022:(r. 1037–1063)
2010:
2008:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1806:Ismail Khandan
1803:
1801:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:Seljuk dynasty
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1136:Kaykhusraw III
1054:Main article:
1051:
1048:
872:Second Crusade
825:
822:
806:Kilij Arslan I
742:
739:
731:
728:
546:
545:
540:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
520:
514:
513:
506:
497:
494:
493:
488:
480:
479:
474:
466:
465:
460:
452:
451:
446:
438:
437:
432:
424:
423:
418:
406:
405:
400:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
376:
373:
372:
369:
363:
360:
359:
356:
350:
347:
346:
343:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
322:
321:
318:
317:
311:
308:
305:
304:
298:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
278:
277:
262:
258:
257:
254:Greek Orthodox
247:
243:
242:
221:
217:
216:
214:
213:
210:
205:
202:
197:
194:
183:
181:
177:
176:
174:
173:
167:
161:
157:
155:
151:
150:
143:
137:
131:
125:
119:
111:
110:
103:
96:
95:
89:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
72:
71:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17687:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
17666:
17663:
17661:
17658:
17656:
17653:
17651:
17648:
17646:
17643:
17641:
17638:
17637:
17635:
17620:
17617:
17615:
17612:
17610:
17607:
17605:
17602:
17600:
17597:
17595:
17592:
17590:
17587:
17585:
17582:
17580:
17577:
17575:
17572:
17570:
17567:
17565:
17562:
17560:
17557:
17555:
17552:
17551:
17550:
17549:
17548:
17541:
17538:
17536:
17533:
17531:
17528:
17527:
17526:
17525:
17524:
17517:
17514:
17512:
17509:
17507:
17506:3rd Jerusalem
17504:
17502:
17499:
17498:
17497:
17496:
17495:and aftermath
17494:
17493:Sixth Crusade
17487:
17484:
17482:
17479:
17477:
17474:
17472:
17469:
17467:
17464:
17463:
17462:
17461:
17460:
17459:Fifth Crusade
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17440:
17439:
17438:
17437:
17436:
17429:
17426:
17424:
17421:
17420:
17419:
17418:
17412:
17409:
17407:
17404:
17402:
17399:
17397:
17394:
17392:
17389:
17388:
17387:
17386:
17385:
17384:Third Crusade
17378:
17375:
17373:
17370:
17368:
17365:
17363:
17360:
17358:
17355:
17353:
17350:
17348:
17345:
17343:
17342:2nd Jerusalem
17340:
17338:
17335:
17333:
17330:
17328:
17325:
17323:
17320:
17318:
17315:
17313:
17310:
17308:
17305:
17303:
17300:
17298:
17295:
17293:
17290:
17288:
17285:
17283:
17280:
17278:
17275:
17273:
17270:
17268:
17265:
17263:
17260:
17258:
17255:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17218:
17215:
17213:
17210:
17209:
17208:
17207:
17201:
17198:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17188:
17186:
17183:
17181:
17180:2nd Dorylaeum
17178:
17176:
17173:
17172:
17171:
17170:
17169:
17162:
17159:
17157:
17154:
17152:
17149:
17147:
17144:
17142:
17139:
17137:
17134:
17132:
17129:
17127:
17124:
17122:
17119:
17117:
17114:
17112:
17109:
17107:
17104:
17102:
17099:
17097:
17094:
17092:
17089:
17087:
17084:
17082:
17079:
17077:
17074:
17072:
17069:
17067:
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17052:
17049:
17047:
17044:
17042:
17039:
17037:
17034:
17032:
17029:
17027:
17024:
17022:
17019:
17017:
17014:
17012:
17009:
17007:
17004:
17002:
16999:
16997:
16994:
16993:
16992:
16991:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16979:1st Jerusalem
16977:
16975:
16972:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16949:1st Dorylaeum
16947:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16937:
16935:
16932:
16931:
16930:
16929:
16928:First Crusade
16923:
16917:
16913:
16905:
16900:
16898:
16893:
16891:
16886:
16885:
16882:
16774:
16770:
16763:
16758:
16756:
16751:
16749:
16744:
16743:
16740:
16728:
16725:
16723:
16720:
16718:
16715:
16713:
16710:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16689:
16687:
16683:
16677:
16674:
16672:
16669:
16667:
16664:
16662:
16659:
16657:
16654:
16652:
16649:
16647:
16644:
16642:
16639:
16637:
16634:
16632:
16629:
16627:
16624:
16622:
16619:
16617:
16614:
16612:
16609:
16607:
16604:
16602:
16599:
16597:
16594:
16592:
16589:
16587:
16584:
16582:
16579:
16577:
16574:
16572:
16569:
16567:
16564:
16562:
16559:
16557:
16554:
16552:
16549:
16547:
16544:
16542:
16539:
16537:
16536:Danishmendids
16534:
16532:
16531:Çubukoğulları
16529:
16527:
16524:
16522:
16519:
16517:
16514:
16512:
16509:
16507:
16504:
16502:
16499:
16497:
16494:
16492:
16489:
16488:
16486:
16484:Muslim states
16482:
16477:
16470:
16465:
16463:
16458:
16456:
16451:
16450:
16447:
16435:
16432:
16430:
16427:
16425:
16422:
16420:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16404:Kaykhusraw II
16402:
16400:
16397:
16395:
16392:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16382:
16380:
16377:
16375:
16372:
16370:
16367:
16365:
16362:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16352:
16350:
16347:
16346:
16344:
16341:
16337:
16331:
16328:
16326:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16316:
16313:
16311:
16308:
16307:
16305:
16302:
16298:
16294:
16288:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16265:
16264:
16262:
16259:
16255:
16251:
16245:
16242:
16240:
16239:Turan-Shah II
16237:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16227:
16225:
16222:
16220:
16217:
16215:
16214:Arslan-Shah I
16212:
16210:
16207:
16205:
16202:
16200:
16197:
16195:
16192:
16190:
16187:
16185:
16182:
16181:
16179:
16176:
16173:Governors of
16171:
16165:
16162:
16160:
16157:
16155:
16152:
16150:
16147:
16145:
16142:
16140:
16137:
16136:
16134:
16131:
16128:Governors of
16126:
16120:
16117:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16109:Suleiman-Shah
16107:
16105:
16102:
16100:
16097:
16095:
16092:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16080:
16076:
16073:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16065:Malik-Shah II
16063:
16061:
16058:
16056:
16053:
16051:
16048:
16046:
16043:
16041:
16038:
16037:
16035:
16032:
16031:Seljuk Empire
16028:
16024:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15998:
15995:
15994:
15992:
15988:
15984:
15977:
15972:
15970:
15965:
15963:
15958:
15957:
15954:
15942:
15932:
15931:
15928:
15913:
15910:
15907:
15904:
15901:
15898:
15895:
15892:
15889:
15886:
15883:
15880:
15879:
15877:
15873:
15867:
15864:
15861:
15859:
15853:
15850:
15849:
15847:
15843:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15817:
15814:
15811:
15808:
15806:
15803:
15802:
15799:
15794:
15789:
15785:
15774:
15771:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15757:
15754:
15753:
15751:
15747:
15741:
15738:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15725:
15721:
15719:
15716:
15715:
15713:
15709:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15688:
15685:
15684:
15681:
15676:
15671:
15667:
15656:
15653:
15650:
15647:
15646:
15644:
15640:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15615:
15613:
15609:
15603:
15600:
15598:
15595:
15593:
15589:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15576:
15573:
15568:
15563:
15559:
15548:
15545:
15542:
15539:
15536:
15533:
15530:
15527:
15524:
15521:
15518:
15515:
15512:
15509:
15506:
15503:
15500:
15497:
15494:
15491:
15488:
15485:
15482:
15479:
15478:
15476:
15472:
15466:
15463:
15461:
15458:
15457:
15455:
15451:
15445:
15442:
15440:
15437:
15434:
15430:
15427:
15425:
15422:
15421:
15418:
15413:
15408:
15404:
15393:
15390:
15387:
15384:
15381:
15378:
15375:
15372:
15371:
15369:
15365:
15359:
15356:
15355:
15353:
15349:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15321:
15317:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15305:
15304:
15301:
15296:
15291:
15287:
15276:
15273:
15270:
15267:
15264:
15261:
15258:
15255:
15254:
15252:
15248:
15241:
15237:
15233:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15222:
15219:
15217:
15214:
15212:
15209:
15207:
15204:
15202:
15199:
15197:
15194:
15192:
15189:
15187:
15183:
15182:
15180:
15176:
15170:
15167:, later also
15166:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15143:
15140:
15135:
15130:
15126:
15115:
15112:
15109:
15106:
15103:
15100:
15097:
15094:
15093:
15091:
15087:
15081:
15078:
15077:
15075:
15071:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15036:
15033:
15028:
15023:
15019:
15008:
15005:
15002:
14999:
14996:
14993:
14990:
14987:
14986:
14984:
14980:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14966:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14950:
14948:
14944:
14938:
14935:
14933:
14930:
14928:
14925:
14923:
14920:
14918:
14915:
14913:
14910:
14909:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14892:
14881:
14878:
14875:
14872:
14869:
14866:
14863:
14860:
14857:
14854:
14851:
14848:
14845:
14842:
14839:
14836:
14833:
14830:
14827:
14824:
14821:
14818:
14815:
14812:
14809:
14806:
14803:
14799:
14796:
14793:
14790:
14787:
14784:
14781:
14778:
14775:
14772:
14769:
14766:
14763:
14760:
14757:
14754:
14753:
14751:
14747:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14730:
14726:
14723:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:successively
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14694:
14691:
14687:
14684:
14682:
14679:
14678:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14661:
14650:
14647:
14644:
14641:
14638:
14635:
14632:
14629:
14626:
14623:
14620:
14617:
14616:
14614:
14610:
14604:
14600:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14577:
14575:
14571:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14541:
14537:
14535:
14532:
14531:
14528:
14523:
14518:
14514:
14503:
14500:
14497:
14494:
14491:
14488:
14487:
14485:
14481:
14474:
14472:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14448:
14446:
14442:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14407:
14404:
14399:
14394:
14390:
14379:
14376:
14373:
14370:
14367:
14364:
14363:
14361:
14357:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14337:
14335:
14331:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14302:
14299:
14294:
14289:
14285:
14274:
14271:
14268:
14265:
14262:
14259:
14256:
14253:
14252:
14250:
14246:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14201:
14199:
14195:
14189:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14171:
14167:
14164:
14162:
14159:
14158:
14155:
14150:
14145:
14141:
14131:(1507- ~1525)
14130:
14127:
14124:
14121:
14118:
14115:
14112:
14109:
14106:
14103:
14100:
14097:
14094:
14091:
14088:
14085:
14082:
14079:
14076:
14073:
14072:
14070:
14066:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14036:
14034:
14030:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13995:
13992:
13988:(1348- ~1525)
13987:
13982:
13978:
13967:
13964:
13961:
13958:
13955:
13952:
13949:
13946:
13945:
13943:
13939:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13924:
13922:
13918:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13898:
13895:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13882:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13865:
13854:
13851:
13848:
13845:
13842:
13839:
13838:
13836:
13832:
13825:
13822:
13819:
13816:
13813:
13810:
13807:
13804:
13801:
13798:
13797:
13795:
13791:
13784:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13755:
13752:
13750:
13747:
13746:
13744:
13740:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13720:
13716:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13703:
13700:
13695:
13690:
13686:
13676:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13664:
13660:
13657:
13654:
13651:
13648:
13644:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13632:
13628:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13618:
13616:
13612:
13605:
13602:
13599:
13596:
13593:
13590:
13587:
13584:
13583:
13581:
13577:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13552:
13550:
13547:
13546:
13544:
13540:
13534:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13511:
13508:
13503:
13498:
13494:
13483:
13480:
13477:
13474:
13471:
13468:
13465:
13462:
13459:
13456:
13453:
13450:
13447:
13444:
13443:
13441:
13437:
13431:
13428:
13426:
13423:
13422:
13420:
13416:
13410:
13407:
13405:
13402:
13400:
13397:
13395:
13392:
13391:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13374:
13364:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13352:
13351:
13349:
13345:
13339:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13327:
13326:
13324:
13320:
13314:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13302:
13299:
13296:
13293:
13292:
13290:
13286:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13261:
13259:
13255:
13249:
13246:, later also
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13226:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13209:
13198:
13195:
13192:
13189:
13186:
13183:
13180:
13177:
13174:
13171:
13168:
13165:
13162:
13159:
13156:
13153:
13152:
13150:
13146:
13140:
13137:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13127:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13101:
13099:
13095:
13089:
13086:
13084:
13081:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13065:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13048:
13037:
13034:
13031:
13028:
13025:
13022:
13021:
13019:
13015:
13008:
13007:Necmeddin Alp
13005:
13002:
12999:
12996:
12993:
12992:
12990:
12986:
12979:
12976:
12973:
12970:
12969:
12967:
12963:
12956:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12913:
12911:
12907:
12901:
12897:
12893:
12889:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12871:
12868:
12865:
12861:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12851:
12848:
12843:
12838:
12834:
12824:
12821:
12820:
12818:
12814:
12807:
12804:
12801:
12798:
12795:
12792:
12789:
12786:
12783:
12780:
12777:
12774:
12771:
12768:
12767:
12765:
12761:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12701:
12699:
12695:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12670:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12653:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12629:
12627:
12623:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12607:
12604:
12602:
12599:
12598:
12595:
12591:(1081 - 1092)
12590:
12585:
12581:
12577:
12572:
12568:
12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12512:Gevher Nesibe
12510:
12509:
12507:
12503:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12464:
12462:
12458:
12452:
12449:
12448:
12446:
12442:
12439:
12435:
12428:
12425:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12414:
12411:
12408:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12380:
12378:
12374:
12368:
12365:
12364:
12362:
12358:
12351:
12348:
12346:) (1303–1307)
12345:
12341:
12338:
12336:) (1301–1303)
12335:
12331:
12328:
12326:) (1294–1301)
12325:
12321:
12318:
12316:) (1293–1294)
12315:
12311:
12308:
12306:) (1284–1293)
12305:
12301:
12298:
12295:
12292:
12289:
12286:
12283:
12280:
12277:
12274:
12271:
12268:
12265:
12262:
12259:
12258:Kaykhusraw II
12256:
12253:
12250:
12247:
12244:
12242:) (1205–1211)
12241:
12237:
12234:
12231:
12228:
12225:
12222:
12219:
12216:
12213:
12210:
12207:
12204:
12201:
12198:
12195:
12192:
12189:
12186:
12185:
12183:
12179:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12162:
12159:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12142:
12140:
12136:
12132:
12126:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12093:
12090:
12086:
12079:
12074:
12072:
12067:
12065:
12060:
12059:
12056:
12048:
12043:
12039:
12035:
12031:
12027:
12020:
12016:
12009:
12004:
12003:
11993:
11988:
11984:
11979:
11975:
11969:
11965:
11964:
11958:
11954:
11949:
11945:
11940:
11936:
11931:
11927:
11922:
11918:
11913:
11909:
11904:
11900:
11895:
11891:
11885:
11881:
11877:
11873:
11869:
11865:
11860:
11856:
11850:
11846:
11841:
11837:
11831:
11827:
11826:
11820:
11816:
11811:
11807:
11805:9780099555032
11801:
11797:
11792:
11788:
11784:
11780:
11776:
11771:
11767:
11762:
11758:
11753:
11749:
11747:975-7438-75-8
11743:
11739:
11734:
11730:
11728:0-7486-2137-7
11724:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11708:
11704:
11699:
11698:
11686:
11681:
11675:, p. 68.
11674:
11669:
11667:
11659:
11658:Shukurov 2016
11654:
11648:, p. 69.
11647:
11642:
11640:
11638:
11636:
11634:
11627:, p. 28.
11626:
11621:
11615:, p. 20.
11614:
11609:
11601:
11595:
11591:
11586:
11585:
11579:
11573:
11566:
11562:
11557:
11550:
11546:
11541:
11534:
11530:
11525:
11517:
11510:
11503:
11498:
11491:
11486:
11479:
11473:
11466:
11460:
11456:
11452:
11445:
11438:
11432:
11428:
11427:
11419:
11412:
11407:
11405:
11403:
11395:
11390:
11383:
11378:
11372:, p. 21.
11371:
11366:
11360:, p. 20.
11359:
11354:
11347:
11342:
11335:
11330:
11324:
11320:
11319:
11311:
11303:
11299:
11294:
11287:
11286:Shukurov 2020
11282:
11276:, p. 15.
11275:
11270:
11263:
11258:
11256:
11254:
11252:
11250:
11242:
11237:
11230:
11224:, p. 48.
11223:
11218:
11211:
11205:
11198:
11194:
11189:
11182:
11181:Shukurov 2016
11177:
11169:
11163:
11159:
11155:
11148:
11141:
11133:
11127:
11123:
11119:
11112:
11105:
11097:
11091:
11087:
11083:
11076:
11069:
11061:
11055:
11051:
11047:
11040:
11033:
11025:
11019:
11015:
11011:
11004:
10997:
10989:
10983:
10979:
10975:
10968:
10961:
10959:
10957:
10955:
10953:
10951:
10949:
10947:
10945:
10937:
10933:
10928:
10920:
10914:
10910:
10907:
10903:
10896:
10895:
10887:
10879:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10858:
10851:
10843:
10837:
10833:
10829:
10822:
10815:
10808:
10803:
10797:
10793:
10789:
10782:
10775:
10767:
10761:
10757:
10754:
10750:
10743:
10742:
10734:
10732:
10730:
10728:
10726:
10724:
10715:
10709:
10705:
10702:
10698:
10691:
10690:
10682:
10674:
10668:
10664:
10660:
10653:
10652:"SELÇUKLULAR"
10646:
10638:
10632:
10628:
10624:
10617:
10610:
10602:
10596:
10592:
10589:
10585:
10578:
10577:
10569:
10567:
10565:
10563:
10561:
10559:
10557:
10555:
10547:
10541:
10533:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10515:
10508:
10506:
10497:
10491:
10487:
10484:
10480:
10473:
10472:
10464:
10462:
10460:
10451:
10445:
10441:
10438:
10434:
10427:
10426:
10418:
10416:
10414:
10412:
10403:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10391:
10383:
10376:
10370:
10363:
10357:
10350:
10346:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10327:
10323:
10321:
10314:
10308:, p. 26.
10307:
10302:
10295:
10291:
10285:
10278:
10273:
10266:
10261:
10254:
10248:
10246:
10244:
10236:
10230:
10223:
10222:Sinclair 2020
10218:
10216:
10214:
10212:
10205:, p. 41.
10204:
10203:Sinclair 2020
10199:
10197:
10195:
10193:
10191:
10189:
10187:
10179:
10173:
10166:
10162:
10157:
10155:
10147:
10141:
10134:
10129:
10122:
10116:
10110:, p. 52.
10109:
10104:
10098:, p. 51.
10097:
10092:
10085:
10079:
10072:
10066:
10059:
10053:
10046:
10040:
10038:
10030:
10029:Shukurov 2020
10025:
10018:
10014:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9996:
9992:
9988:
9984:
9978:
9971:
9965:
9958:
9952:
9944:
9937:
9930:
9926:
9920:
9914:, p. 82.
9913:
9908:
9901:
9895:
9888:
9882:
9878:
9865:
9861:
9860:Dhu al-Hijjah
9857:
9855:
9848:
9841:
9837:
9836:Dhu al-Hijjah
9833:
9831:
9826:
9823:According to
9820:
9811:
9805:reigned alone
9804:
9798:
9792:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9766:
9760:reigned alone
9759:
9753:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9735:
9732:Grand Vizier
9729:
9722:
9718:
9715:Grand Vizier
9712:
9708:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9683:
9679:
9675:
9669:
9663:
9657:
9648:
9644:
9638:
9634:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9594:Second reign
9593:
9590:
9588:
9584:
9583:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9571:
9570:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9557:
9556:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9544:
9543:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9531:
9530:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9518:
9517:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9505:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9487:
9486:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9474:
9473:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9461:
9460:
9457:Second reign
9456:
9453:
9451:
9447:
9446:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9434:
9433:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9421:
9420:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9407:
9406:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9394:
9393:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9381:
9380:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9367:
9364:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9351:
9350:
9346:
9344:
9343:Great Seljuks
9340:
9336:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9321:
9316:
9314:
9310:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9288:
9287:
9283:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9267:
9266:Gevher Nesibe
9263:
9262:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9232:Arabic script
9229:
9225:
9213:
9208:
9206:
9201:
9199:
9194:
9193:
9191:
9190:
9178:
9177:
9176:Ottoman State
9173:
9172:
9167:
9166:
9165:Bahri dynasty
9162:
9161:
9160:
9159:
9153:
9152:
9148:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9136:
9135:
9129:
9128:
9124:
9123:
9118:
9117:
9113:
9111:
9110:
9106:
9104:
9103:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9096:
9090:
9089:
9085:
9084:
9078:
9077:
9073:
9072:
9066:
9065:
9061:
9060:
9054:
9053:
9049:
9048:
9042:
9041:
9037:
9036:
9031:
9030:
9026:
9025:
9024:
9023:
9017:
9016:
9015:Seljuk Empire
9012:
9011:
9005:
9004:
9000:
8999:
8993:
8992:
8988:
8987:
8981:
8980:
8976:
8975:
8969:
8968:
8964:
8963:
8958:
8957:
8953:
8951:
8950:
8946:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8937:
8936:
8932:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8920:
8919:
8913:
8912:
8908:
8907:
8901:
8900:
8896:
8895:
8889:
8888:
8884:
8883:
8877:
8876:
8872:
8871:
8865:
8864:
8860:
8859:
8853:
8852:
8848:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8836:
8835:
8829:
8828:
8824:
8823:
8820:
8819:
8818:Sabiri People
8815:
8814:
8806:
8803:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8787:
8777:
8774:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8764:
8763:
8760:
8759:
8755:
8754:
8749:
8748:
8744:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8735:
8734:
8730:
8729:
8724:
8723:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8705:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8693:
8684:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8664:
8660:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8620:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8432:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8253:
8246:
8242:
8241:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8221:
8216:
8214:
8209:
8207:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8195:
8185:
8184:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8096:Turkification
8094:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8085:
8082:
8081:
8074:
8073:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8035:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8011:
8006:
8005:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7955:
7953:
7952:Classical Age
7950:
7949:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7920:
7919:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7833:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7745:
7740:
7739:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7690:190 BC–428 AD
7689:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7680:247 BC–224 AD
7679:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7554:
7553:Classical Age
7549:
7548:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7528:
7526:
7525:Median Empire
7523:
7522:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7421:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7355:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7194:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7130:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7099:
7093:
7092:Kaykhusraw II
7088:
7083:
7079:
7069:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7049:
7047:
7043:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7017:
7008:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6990:
6986:
6981:
6979:
6975:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6905:the other one
6902:
6898:
6894:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6870:caravanserais
6867:
6863:
6859:
6858:caravanserais
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6830:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6794:
6789:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6777:
6773:
6772:
6766:
6764:
6763:Kaykhusraw II
6760:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6690:
6686:
6681:
6663:
6657:
6655:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6618:Ottoman State
6614:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6601:Mongol Empire
6598:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6567:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6546:Sultan of Rum
6543:
6539:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6526:Mongol Empire
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6482:Khwarazmshahs
6479:
6475:
6471:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6397:Third Crusade
6395:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6302:First Crusade
6297:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6252:
6250:Establishment
6249:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6226:Malik ibn Ali
6223:
6219:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6140:
6134:
6125:
6119:
6108:
6102:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6029:
6026:
6018:
6016:
6008:
6006:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5948:
5940:
5938:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5885:
5874:
5868:
5859:
5853:
5846:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5799:Kay Qubād III
5797:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
5774:
5771:
5768:
5756:
5753:
5745:
5744:
5737:
5729:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5637:
5631:
5630:Ahmad Tagüdar
5622:
5616:
5612:
5609:, the son of
5608:
5604:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5512:
5505:
5502:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
5495:
5489:
5486:Shams ad-Dīn
5485:
5473:
5470:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5444:
5442:
5436:
5428:
5426:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5394:
5392:
5384:
5376:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5352:
5344:
5342:
5334:
5332:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5296:
5295:Mongol Empire
5292:
5288:
5285:, the son of
5284:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5265:
5261:
5249:
5239:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5210:
5208:
5201:
5200:
5197:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
5191:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5168:
5167:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5116:
5112:
5104:
5098:
5095:Karîm ad-Dīn
5085:
5082:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5018:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4943:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4894:
4885:
4871:Kilij Arslan,
4862:
4861:
4855:
4852:Mu‘in ad-Dīn
4847:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4807:
4796:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4747:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4715:
4711:
4703:
4683:
4681:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4613:
4607:
4604:Jalāl ad-Dīn
4597:
4591:
4588:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
4577:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4543:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4518:Alanya Castle
4515:
4511:
4507:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4461:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4376:
4374:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4344:
4336:
4334:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4290:
4287:Jalāl ad-Dīn
4280:
4274:
4271:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
4265:
4264:
4257:
4256:Terken Khatun
4246:
4236:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4185:Kay Khusraw I
4173:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4137:
4134:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4094:
4092:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4032:
4000:
3998:
3990:
3988:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3947:
3946:Terken Khatun
3938:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3916:
3911:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3876:
3871:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3792:
3789:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3767:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3705:
3697:
3695:
3685:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3665:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3634:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
3627:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3586:Suleiman-Shah
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3525:
3519:
3514:
3507:
3501:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3475:
3463:
3460:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3378:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3303:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3248:Turan II Shah
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3193:Malik-Shah II
3187:
3184:
3179:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3041:
3033:
3031:
3015:
3007:
3005:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2943:
2930:
2924:
2915:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2893:Arslan Shah I
2886:
2881:
2871:
2866:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2838:
2834:
2829:Ayisha Khātun
2819:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2712:
2704:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2643:
2637:
2628:
2622:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2541:
2529:
2526:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2476:
2468:
2466:
2458:
2456:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2265:
2246:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2152:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2114:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1984:
1981:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1911:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1782:
1779:
1758:The mother of
1753:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1720:
1717:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1627:
1587:
1566:
1564:
1539:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1458:
1456:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:Mamluk Sultan
1160:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:Mongol Empire
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:Kaykhusraw II
1057:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:and made the
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
951:
946:
938:
934:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
908:Third Crusade
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
878:Mesud's son,
876:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:First Crusade
831:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:(present-day
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:Seljuk Empire
756:
752:
748:
741:Establishment
737:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:Danishmendids
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:Mediterranean
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:Seljuk Empire
629:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
556:Turco-Persian
553:
544:
541:
539:Today part of
537:
521:
519:
516:
515:
507:
505:
502:
501:
498:
492:
489:
482:
481:
478:
475:
468:
467:
464:
461:
454:
453:
450:
447:
440:
439:
436:
435:Seljuk Empire
433:
426:
425:
422:
419:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
391:
387:
383:
380:
374:
370:
367:
361:
357:
354:
348:
344:
341:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:
306:
302:
299:
293:
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:(numismatics)
230:
225:
222:
218:
211:
209:
206:
203:
201:
198:
195:
192:
188:
185:
184:
182:
178:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
156:
152:
117:
112:
106:
100:
92:
86:
78:
73:
68:
61:
47:
40:
31:
19:
17545:
17544:
17540:2nd Fariskur
17535:2nd Mansurah
17530:3rd Damietta
17521:
17520:
17491:
17490:
17486:1st Mansurah
17481:1st Fariskur
17476:2nd Damietta
17457:
17456:
17433:
17432:
17416:
17415:
17382:
17381:
17297:Jacob's Ford
17262:1st Damietta
17205:
17204:
17195:Mount Cadmus
17166:
17165:
17016:2nd Heraclea
17011:1st Heraclea
16989:
16988:
16926:
16717:Latin Empire
16646:Sahib Ataids
16640:
16626:Qara Qoyunlu
16478:(after 1071)
16434:Kayqubad III
16379:Kaykhusraw I
16339:
16224:Toghrul-Shah
16204:Turan-Shah I
16164:Ahmad Sanjar
16159:Arslan-Argun
16079:Ahmad Sanjar
16050:Malik-Shah I
15914:(~1375–1390)
15896:(? - ?)
15856:lost to the
15855:
15591:
15567:Sahib Ataids
15519:(? - ?)
15513:(? - ?)
15319:
15257:Menteshe Bey
15230:temporarily
15184:present-day
15151:Menteshe Bey
15136:(~1261–1424)
15114:Süleyman Bey
15102:Murad Arslan
15029:(~1300–1368)
15007:Süleyman Bey
14832:Alâeddin Ali
14801:
14671:(~1250–1487)
14645:(? - ?)
14639:(? - ?)
14633:(? - ?)
14621:(~1280–1324)
14543:
14524:(~1280–1374)
14469:
14313:
14105:Melik Arslan
13962:(? - ?)
13956:(? - ?)
13900:
13899:clan of the
13782:
13722:
13696:(~1300–1461)
13662:
13600:(? - ?)
13460:(~1124–1132)
13337:
13295:Mengücek Bey
13234:Mengücek Bey
13191:Melik Ismail
13179:Melik Zünnun
13173:Melik Mehmed
13038:(? - ?)
13032:(? - ?)
12954:
12784:(? - ?)
12778:(? - ?)
12517:Gurju Khatun
12343:
12333:
12330:Kayqubad III
12323:
12313:
12310:Kayqubad III
12303:
12294:Kayqubad III
12239:
12236:Kaykhusraw I
12218:Kaykhusraw I
12084:
12038:the original
12019:the original
11991:
11985:. Routledge.
11982:
11962:
11952:
11943:
11934:
11925:
11916:
11907:
11898:
11875:
11863:
11844:
11824:
11817:. Routledge.
11814:
11795:
11778:
11774:
11765:
11756:
11737:
11714:
11705:. Routledge.
11702:
11680:
11653:
11620:
11608:
11583:
11572:
11564:
11560:
11556:
11548:
11544:
11540:
11532:
11528:
11524:
11515:
11509:
11497:
11485:
11477:
11472:
11454:
11444:
11425:
11418:
11396:, p. 2.
11389:
11377:
11370:Inalcik 2008
11365:
11358:Inalcik 2008
11353:
11341:
11332:
11317:
11310:
11301:
11293:
11281:
11269:
11239:
11235:
11229:
11217:
11209:
11204:
11196:
11192:
11188:
11176:
11153:
11140:
11117:
11104:
11081:
11068:
11045:
11032:
11009:
10996:
10973:
10935:
10927:
10893:
10886:
10863:
10850:
10827:
10814:
10787:
10774:
10740:
10688:
10681:
10658:
10645:
10622:
10609:
10575:
10545:
10540:
10517:
10514:"MÛSÂ YABGU"
10470:
10424:
10389:
10382:
10374:
10369:
10361:
10356:
10341:
10333:
10328:1332, p. 10.
10318:
10313:
10301:
10293:
10284:
10272:
10260:
10252:
10234:
10229:
10177:
10172:
10164:
10160:
10145:
10140:
10128:
10120:
10115:
10103:
10091:
10083:
10078:
10070:
10065:
10057:
10052:
10044:
10024:
10016:
10012:
10008:
9998:
9990:
9982:
9977:
9969:
9964:
9956:
9951:
9942:
9936:
9928:
9924:
9919:
9907:
9899:
9894:
9886:
9881:
9852:
9847:
9834:p. 727. (10
9828:
9819:
9810:
9797:
9771:Kay Kāwus II
9769:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
9765:
9758:Kay Kāwus II
9752:
9728:
9721:Kay Kāwus II
9711:
9689:
9677:
9673:
9651:سلجوقیان روم
9642:
9637:
9607:Babai Revolt
9567:First reign
9417:First reign
9339:Malik-Shah I
9318:
9259:
9256:Kaykhusraw I
9221:
9174:
9163:
9149:
9139:Golden Horde
9137:
9125:
9114:
9107:
9100:
9086:
9074:
9062:
9050:
9038:
9028:
9027:
9013:
9001:
8989:
8977:
8965:
8954:
8947:
8933:
8921:
8909:
8897:
8885:
8873:
8861:
8851:Kangar Union
8849:
8837:
8825:
8816:
8783:
8756:
8745:
8731:
8720:
8706:
8168:LGBT history
8126:Christianity
7896:Kara Koyunlu
7866:Latin Empire
7805:
7744:Medieval Age
7716:Ancient Rome
7710:163 BC–72 AD
7445:Neo-Hittites
7358:Neo-Hittites
7342:1300–1250 BC
7322:1500–1290 BC
7312:1500–1300 BC
7302:1500–1320 BC
7292:1680–1220 BC
7282:1650–1450 BC
7272:1700–1300 BC
7262:1780–1680 BC
7252:1950–1750 BC
7242:2300–1400 BC
7232:2400–2150 BC
7222:2500–2000 BC
7050:
7038:
7018:
7014:
6996:
6995:), singular
6982:
6944:
6900:
6890:
6873:
6869:
6855:
6823:Architecture
6798:
6795:, 1250-1300.
6779:
6776:Kaykhusraw I
6769:
6767:
6747:
6715:architecture
6708:
6693:
6661:
6652:
6616:
6595:
6586:in 1258/1259
6578:
6564:
6555:Triple reign
6554:
6536:
6522:vassal state
6516:in 1243 and
6504:
6494:Babai Revolt
6492:
6468:
6447:
6434:
6411:Khwarazmshah
6405:
6377:
6309:
6299:
6257:
6216:
6168:
6153:
6138:
6123:
6109:. 1300–1322)
6106:
6101:Gazi Chelebi
6078:. 1303–1308)
6075:
6066:
6049:
5872:
5857:
5834:. 1297–1300)
5831:
5808:. 1298–1302)
5805:
5796:
5635:
5620:
5582:. 1277–1297)
5579:
5566:
5560:
5550:
5536:
5530:
5521:
5510:
5206:
5199:Kay Qubād II
5196:
5181:
5173:
5162:
5153:
5145:
5132:Kay Kāwus II
5128:
5105:. 1256–1263)
5102:
4921:. 1229–1241)
4918:
4859:
4837:
4835:Gurju Khatun
4826:
4817:
4788:Jalāl ad-Dīn
4614:. 1220–1231)
4611:
4598:. 1200–1220)
4595:
4533:
4525:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
4524:
4497:
4488:
4478:
4471:
4297:. 1172–1193)
4294:
4281:. 1172–1200)
4278:
4260:
4196:
4190:
4181:
4159:
4148:Rukn ad-Dīn
4147:
3963:. 1156–1172)
3960:
3928:
3917:. 1160–1177)
3914:
3903:. 1153–1159)
3900:
3891:. 1152–1153)
3888:
3877:. 1131–1132)
3874:
3843:. 1156–1192)
3840:
3831:
3644:. 1127–1156)
3641:
3613:
3608:
3603:Qizil Arslan
3594:. 1159–1160)
3591:
3579:. 1134–1152)
3576:
3567:. 1132–1134)
3564:
3543:First sultan
3539:. 1118–1131)
3536:
3524:Great Seljuk
3520:. 1118–1153)
3517:
3513:Ahmad Sanjar
3499:
3491:. 1116–1156)
3488:
3481:Rukn ad-Dīn
3480:
3287:. 1097–1127)
3284:
3268:. 1183–1187)
3265:
3256:. 1177–1183)
3253:
3241:. 1170–1177)
3238:
3229:. 1170–1175)
3226:
3214:. 1156–1170)
3211:
3206:Toghrul Shah
3200:. 1104–1105)
3197:
3185:. 1105–1118)
3182:
3157:
3146:
3133:
2947:
2931:. 1097–1101)
2928:
2916:. 1142–1156)
2913:
2901:. 1101–1142)
2898:
2887:. 1092–1104)
2884:
2872:. 1092–1094)
2869:
2851:
2844:
2832:
2661:. 1077–1097)
2658:
2644:. 1085–1097)
2641:
2636:Turan I Shah
2629:. 1074–1085)
2626:
2614:. 1073–1074)
2611:
2599:. 1072–1092)
2596:
2592:Malik-Shah I
2553:. 1086–1092)
2550:
2387:. 1042–1077)
2384:
2351:
2348:. 1048–1073)
2345:
2325:. 1063–1072)
2322:
2309:
2296:. 1077–1086)
2293:
2282:
2075:. 1041–1042)
2072:
2043:Ibrahim Inal
2031:
2016:
2005:
1999:
1814:. 1035–1041)
1811:
1799:. 1032–1035)
1796:
1780:
1744:
1740:Arslan Yabgu
1738:
1482:
1476:
1335:
1270:
1262:
1230:Central Asia
1205:
1198:
1152:
1108:Kaykhusraw's
1101:
1059:
1029:
990:
981:David Soslan
977:David Soslan
959:
920:
912:Kaykhusraw I
877:
869:
854:
850:Mehmed Tapar
827:
795:
783:vassal state
744:
702:at the 1243
693:
669:caravanserai
665:Central Asia
647:and then at
630:
617:ancient Rome
615:) names for
612:
604:
586:
575:Seljuk Turks
559:Sunni Muslim
551:
549:
403:Succeeded by
402:
397:
252:(official),
53:سلجوقیان روم
17609:3rd Tripoli
17589:2nd Tripoli
17574:2nd Antioch
17516:3rd Ascalon
17466:Mount Tabor
17396:Philomelion
17257:2nd Bilbeis
17247:1st Bilbeis
17222:2nd Ascalon
17156:Edessa 1146
17151:Edessa 1144
17146:2nd Shaizar
17071:Al-Sannabra
17066:1st Shaizar
17031:1st Tripoli
16984:1st Ascalon
16964:2nd Antioch
16954:1st Antioch
16918:(1096–1303)
16666:Tanrıbermiş
16661:Tacettinids
16656:Sarukhanids
16636:Shah-Armens
16621:Pervâneoğlu
16606:Mengüjekids
16566:Germiyanids
16546:Dulkadirids
16419:Kayqubad II
16384:Suleiman II
16342:(1092–1307)
16330:Sultan-Shah
16303:(1086–1117)
16260:(1076–1105)
16229:Bahram-Shah
16199:Sultan-Shah
16189:Kerman-Shah
16177:(1048–1188)
16154:Toghan-Shah
16149:Arslan-Shah
16132:(1040–1118)
16119:Toghrul III
16114:Arslan-Shah
16104:Muhammad II
16033:(1037–1194)
16017:Musa Yabghu
15795:(1301–1423)
15775:(1388–1390)
15758:(1302–1345)
15756:Saruhan Bey
15692:Saruhan Bey
15677:(1302–1410)
15675:Sarukhanids
15657:(1288–1341)
15569:(1275–1341)
15537:(1511–1516)
15531:(1490–1511)
15501:(1417–1427)
15495:(1416–1417)
15493:Ibrahim Bey
15481:Ibrahim Bey
15429:Ramazan Bey
15414:(1352–1516)
15394:(1300–1326)
15388:(1296–1300)
15382:(1277–1296)
15376:(1261–1277)
15297:(1261–1322)
15295:Pervâneoğlu
15116:(1345–1368)
15110:(? - ~1360)
15009:(1345–1360)
15003:(1328–1345)
14997:(1328–1345)
14991:(1307–1328)
14902:(1303–1360)
14882:(1483–1487)
14876:(1469–1483)
14870:(1464–1469)
14858:(1424–1464)
14852:(1418–1424)
14840:(1398–1399)
14834:(1357–1398)
14828:(1356–1357)
14822:(1351–1356)
14816:(1350–1351)
14810:(1349–1350)
14804:(1348–1349)
14794:(1333–1348)
14788:(1312–1333)
14782:(1308–1312)
14776:(1300–1308)
14770:(1283–1300)
14764:(1261–1283)
14758:(1256–1261)
14627:(1324–1330)
14504:(1361–1387)
14498:(1340–1361)
14492:(1300–1340)
14400:(1300–1429)
14398:Germiyanids
14380:(1320–1326)
14374:(1302–1320)
14368:(1288–1302)
14295:(1288–1326)
14275:(1380–1381)
14269:(1365–1380)
14263:(1352–1365)
14257:(1328–1352)
14151:(1328–1381)
14125:(1492–1507)
14101:(1443–1454)
14095:(1396–1443)
14089:(1386–1396)
14083:(1348–1386)
14077:(1348–1348)
13986:Dulkadirids
13875:(1227–1309)
13855:(1443–1461)
13849:(1440–1443)
13843:(1385–1440)
13826:(1384–1392)
13820:(1361–1385)
13814:(1340–1361)
13808:(1340–1345)
13783:temporarily
13719:Oghuz Turks
13661:(1405–1425
13655:(1403–1405)
13649:(1402–1403)
13594:(1334–1348)
13588:(1307–1334)
13569:Sakız/Chios
13504:(1307–1425)
13484:(1200–1202)
13478:(1191–1200)
13472:(1168–1191)
13466:(1132–1168)
13448:(1072–1102)
13384:(1072–1202)
13313:Danishmends
13303:(1118–1120)
13297:(1071–1118)
13219:(1071–1277)
13217:Mengujekids
13199:(1175-1178)
13193:(1164–1175)
13187:(1143–1164)
13181:(1142–1143)
13175:(1134–1142)
13169:(1104–1134)
13163:(1084–1104)
13157:(1071–1084)
13058:(1071–1178)
13056:Danishmends
13026:(1112–1124)
13009:(1154–1176)
13003:(1122–1154)
12997:(1106–1122)
12980:(1104–1131)
12974:(1102–1104)
12823:Ahlat Tombs
12808:(1185–1207)
12802:(1193–1197)
12796:(1185–1193)
12790:(1128–1185)
12772:(1100–1112)
12663:(1100–1207)
12661:Shah-Armens
12290:(1282–1284)
12284:(1265–1282)
12278:(1249–1257)
12276:Kayqubad II
12272:(1248–1265)
12266:(1246–1260)
12260:(1237–1246)
12254:(1220–1237)
12248:(1211–1220)
12232:(1204–1205)
12226:(1196–1204)
12220:(1192–1196)
12214:(1156–1192)
12208:(1116–1156)
12202:(1107–1116)
12196:(1092–1107)
12190:(1077–1086)
11781:(1): 1–57.
10894:SELÇUKLULAR
10857:"BERKYARUK"
10616:"ÇAĞRI BEY"
10265:Tricht 2011
9987:Paul Wittek
9858:p. 62. (10
9787:Baiju Noyan
8790:Turk Shahis
8737:71 BC–?? AD
8455:Azerbaijani
8276:Oghuz Turks
8089:Oghuz Turks
8054:(1930–1945)
8052:(1923–1930)
8042:(1920–1923)
8032:(1919–1922)
7996:(1908–1922)
7986:(1789–1908)
7976:(1703–1789)
7966:(1566–1703)
7956:(1453–1566)
7946:(1299–1453)
7924:Ottoman Era
7910:(1378–1501)
7900:(1375–1468)
7890:(1256–1335)
7880:(1250–1487)
7870:(1204–1261)
7860:(1204–1461)
7850:(1101–1409)
7840:(1098–1150)
7830:(1081–1423)
7820:(1078–1375)
7810:(1077–1307)
7800:(1071–1178)
7796:Danishmends
7790:(1037–1194)
7509:1000–545 BC
7499:1000–700 BC
7489:1000–560 BC
7479:1100–560 BC
7469:1150–547 BC
7459:1200–700 BC
7449:1200–800 BC
7439:1200–800 BC
7402:1000–545 BC
7392:1000–700 BC
7382:1150–547 BC
7372:1200–700 BC
7362:1200–800 BC
7352:1200–800 BC
7332:1450–350 BC
7318:Hayasa-Azzi
7212:3000–700 BC
7113:History of
7011:Numismatics
6943:'s doctor (
6840:(Celestial
6838:Gök Medrese
6778:. Even the
6755:Suleiman II
6723:Kay Khosrow
6711:Persian art
6704:New Persian
6605:Kublai Khan
6584:Möngke Khan
6558:(1249–1254)
6540:designated
6506:Baiju Noyan
6218:Chaghri Beg
5775:established
5484:Karamanoğlu
5243:Sanjar Shāh
5187:(1262–1266)
5163:Rukn ad-Dīn
5138:(1246–1249)
5129:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
5123:Unknown son
5097:Karaman Bey
4909:Mongol rule
4869:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
4804:Sāhīp Shams
4790:Kay Farīdûn
4528:Kay Qubād I
4492:Kay Kāwus I
4489:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
4289:Sultān Shāh
4240:Arslan Shāh
4226:Malīk Shāh
4172:Kay Kāwus I
4169:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
3935:Last sultan
3923:Toghrul III
3910:Arslan-Shah
3895:Muhammad II
3832:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
3803:Danismendli
3616:Toghrul III
3502:1116–1127)
3276:Qutbū'd-Dīn
3260:Muhammad II
3221:Bahrām Shah
2653:Anūsh Tekīn
2621:Sultan Shah
2540:Abu'l-Qasim
2374:Seljuk rule
2049:Artash Inal
2032:Co-ruler of
2028:Chaghri Beg
2019:the Seljuks
2013:Toghrul Beg
1994:Rasūl Tagīn
1542:(1017–1032)
1338:. 995–1117)
1264:Tuqaq Temur
1132:Möngke Khan
1124:Kayqubad II
1040:Mengujekids
961:Suleiman II
950:Suleiman II
916:Suleiman II
865:Danishmends
810:Abu'l-Qasim
628:(Romaioi).
463:Mengujekids
449:Danishmends
398:Preceded by
276:(1257–1262)
271:(1249–1254)
250:Sunni Islam
212:(1211–1220)
204:(1097–1308)
196:(1077–1097)
17634:Categories
17367:Al-Shughur
17292:Marj Ayyun
17277:Montgisard
17272:Alexandria
17227:Lake Huleh
17141:2nd Aleppo
17116:al-Atharib
17101:1st Aleppo
16934:Xerigordos
16631:Ramadanids
16591:Karamanids
16541:Dilmachids
16496:Aq Qoyunlu
16409:Kaykaus II
16399:Kayqubad I
16364:Malik-Shah
16354:Suleiman I
16325:Alp Arslan
16144:Alp Arslan
16089:Tughril II
16070:Muhammad I
16045:Alp Arslan
15773:Hızır Shah
15535:Hahmud Bey
15517:Dündar Bey
15505:Mehmed Bey
15435:Oghuz clan
15412:Ramadanids
15236:Güzelhisar
14989:Karesi Bey
14927:Karesi Bey
14856:Ibrahim II
14669:Karamanids
14651:(? - 1391)
14466:Yenicekent
14461:Yenicekent
14255:Eretna Bey
14166:Eretna Bey
14111:Shah Budak
13968:(? - 1309)
13717:branch of
13476:Mama Hatun
13446:Saltuk Bey
13399:Saltuk Bey
12916:Diyarbakır
12527:Baba Ishak
12360:Chronology
12264:Kaykaus II
12252:Kayqubad I
12188:Suleyman I
12111:Suleyman I
11759:. Longman.
11625:Pamuk 2000
11394:Crane 1993
11039:"TUĞRUL I"
10821:"MELİKŞAH"
10689:KAVURD BEY
10390:MÛSÂ YABGU
10373:Müstevfî,
10320:Selcûḳnâme
9912:Mecit 2013
9873:References
9779:Sultan Han
9775:Sultanhanı
9692:(Turkish:
9622:Rûm Eyalet
9591:1303–1308
9578:1298–1302
9564:1282–1296
9551:1266–1284
9538:1249–1254
9525:1249–1266
9512:1246–1262
9494:1237–1246
9481:1220–1237
9468:1211–1220
9454:1205–1211
9441:1204–1205
9428:1196–1204
9414:1192–1196
9401:1156–1192
9388:1116–1156
9375:1107–1116
9371:Malik Shah
9358:1092–1107
9317:1075–1077
9300:Alp Arslan
9295:1060–1064
8863:Turk Shahi
8545:Karakalpak
7972:Old Regime
7906:Ak Koyunlu
7876:Karamanids
7660:282–129 BC
7610:306–168 BC
7606:Antigonids
7600:322–130 BC
7590:334–301 BC
7580:559–331 BC
7539:685–547 BC
7529:678–549 BC
7278:Kizzuwatna
7199:Bronze Age
7134:Prehistory
7090:Dirham of
6959:site near
6941:Kayqubad I
6901:Sultan Han
6897:Sultanhanı
6893:Sultan Han
6759:Kayqubad I
6739:Selçukname
6719:literature
6689:Kayqubad I
6474:Mangubartī
6435:Zenith of
6413:ended The
6259:Alp Arslan
6156:1304–1316)
6141:1295–1304)
5875:1291–1295)
5860:1284–1291)
5638:1282–1284)
5623:1265–1282)
5592:ūd-Dīn Ali
5569:1282–1284)
5539:1284–1296)
5488:Mehmed Bey
5281:appointed
5264:Koyulhisar
5209:1249–1254)
5176:1249–1254)
5156:1254–1262)
5148:1249–1254)
4914:Khwarezmia
4829:1237–1246)
4795:Koyulhisar
4606:Mangubardī
4536:1220–1237)
4500:1211–1220)
4481:1204–1205)
4199:1205–1211)
4162:1196–1204)
3952:Tāj ad-Dīn
3626:Eldiguzids
3559:Toghrul II
3496:Malīk Arab
3474:Gündüz Alp
3160:1110–1116)
3148:Malīk Shah
2880:Barkiyaruq
2854:1092–1107)
2318:Alp Arslan
2067:Shah Malik
1767:Yûsuf Inal
1538:Altun Tash
1478:Seljuk Beg
1328:rulers in
1218:Karamanids
1116:Kızılırmak
1112:Kaykaus II
1069:Baba Ishak
1065:Diyarbakır
1001:Kayqubad I
857:Malik Shah
814:Malik Shah
755:Alp Arslan
619:, via the
581:after the
261:Government
17655:Diarchies
17554:2nd Arsuf
17471:Machghara
17423:2nd Jaffa
17411:1st Jaffa
17406:1st Arsuf
17332:2nd Kerak
17322:1st Kerak
17252:al-Babein
17237:al-Buqaia
17131:Qinnasrin
17121:Rafaniyya
17046:3rd Ramla
17026:2nd Ramla
17021:1st Ramla
16651:Saltukids
16561:Eshrefids
16526:Chobanids
16394:Kaykaus I
16349:Qutalmish
16310:Aq Sunqur
16297:Governors
16282:Tutush II
16254:Governors
16209:Iran-Shah
16075:Mahmud II
16060:Berkyaruq
16040:Tughril I
15836:Korkuteli
15810:Hamidoğlu
15804:Ancestors
15724:Kemalpaşa
15547:Kubad Bey
15541:Selim Bey
15511:Eyluk Bey
15499:Hamza Bey
15487:Ahmed Bey
15096:Inanç Bey
15054:Inanç Bey
15001:Yahşı Han
14995:Demir Han
14937:Balıkesir
14814:Şemseddin
14802:2nd reign
14780:Yahşı Han
14686:Nure Sûfi
14595:Korkuteli
14540:Ilyas Bey
14533:Ancestors
14293:Eshrefids
14174:Timurtash
13954:Alp Yürek
13927:Kastamonu
13911:Kastamonu
13873:Chobanids
13733:Kastamonu
13643:Tamerlane
13636:1402–1414
13631:Bayezid I
13382:Saltukids
13306:1120–1142
13185:Yağıbasan
13167:Emir Gazi
13134:Kastamonu
13024:Belek Bey
12921:Hasankeyf
12892:Hasankeyf
12853:Ancestors
12844:(1102 - )
12719:Adilcevaz
12709:Malazgirt
12522:Sâhib Ata
12350:Mesud III
12344:4th reign
12334:3rd reign
12324:3rd reign
12314:2nd reign
12304:2nd reign
12246:Kaykaus I
12240:2nd reign
12200:Melikshah
12101:Qutalmish
10544:Beyhakī,
9862:677 – 17
9838:675 – 17
9704:Footnotes
9656:romanized
9291:Qutalmish
9270:Kaykaus I
9180:1299–1922
9155:1250–1517
9143:1242–1502
9131:1224–1266
9092:1206–1526
9080:1136–1225
9056:1077–1231
9044:1067–1239
9019:1037–1194
8839:Xueyantuo
8681:Grey wolf
8663:Ergenekon
8639:Shamanism
8411:Krymchaks
8321:Kutrigurs
7886:Ilkhanate
7780:(637–656)
7706:Commagene
7700:133–27 BC
7670:281–64 BC
7650:297–74 BC
7640:302–64 BC
7630:305–30 BC
7620:305–64 BC
7161:10,000 BC
7046:Kaykaus I
6953:Kalehisar
6921:Kadınhanı
6880:, and by
6813:Armenians
6743:Shahnamah
6731:Kay Kāvus
6654:Ilkhanate
6597:Ilkhanate
6568:captured
6520:became a
6508:defeated
6472:defeated
6470:Chormaqan
6451:defeated
6381:defeated
6261:defeated
6234:Ghaznevid
6220:defeated
6069:Mas'ūd II
5822:Mū'hazzab
5770:Beylik of
5605:endorsed
5590:Mū'hazzab
5524:Mas'ūd II
4844:Georgians
4564:Eskişehir
3955:İl-Arslan
3860:Kastamonu
3807:Yağıbasan
3531:Mahmud II
3137:1107–1124
2001:Qutalmish
1330:Chorasmia
1032:Black Sea
997:Kaykaus I
918:in 1196.
818:Berkyaruq
775:Nicomedia
767:Byzantine
708:Ilkhanate
685:Saltukids
657:Black Sea
563:Byzantine
518:Ilkhanate
477:Saltukids
246:Religion
75:1077–1308
17614:4th Acre
17559:Caesarea
17391:3rd Acre
17357:Laodicea
17347:3rd Tyre
17302:2nd Acre
17200:Damascus
17036:1st Acre
17006:Mersivan
17001:Melitene
16959:Samosata
16912:Crusades
16611:Menteshe
16596:Karasids
16576:Hamidids
16571:Hacıemir
16556:Erzincan
16551:Eretnids
16511:Aydinids
16506:Artuqids
16429:Mesud II
16315:Tutush I
16272:Tutush I
16258:Damascus
16130:Khorasan
16055:Mahmud I
15890:(?-1327)
15884:(1301-?)
15875:Dynasty:
15825:Capitals
15628:Sandıklı
15623:Beyşehir
15549:(1517-?)
15525:(?-1490)
15523:Omer Bey
15507:(1427-?)
15489:(?-1416)
15483:(1344-?)
15474:Dynasty:
15438:Capitals
15367:Dynasty:
15306:Ancestor
15250:Dynasty:
15221:Bozdoğan
15211:Acıpayam
15155:Capitals
15134:Menteshe
15089:Dynasty:
15038:Ancestor
14982:Dynasty:
14953:Aydıncık
14911:Ancestor
14900:Karasids
14762:Mehmet I
14749:Dynasty:
14708:Capitals
14680:Ancestor
14612:Dynasty:
14590:Gölhisar
14585:Uluborlu
14522:Hamidids
14483:Dynasty:
14409:Ancestor
14359:Dynasty:
14350:Bolvadin
14340:Beyşehir
14324:Beyşehir
14248:Dynasty:
14229:Erzincan
14186:, later
14170:Ilkhanid
14149:Eretnids
14117:Şahsuvar
14113:(?-1492)
14087:Sûli Bey
14068:Dynasty:
14023:Elbistan
13997:Ancestor
13941:Dynasty:
13932:Taşköprü
13793:Dynasty:
13675:Murad II
13606:(- 1390)
13592:Umur Beg
13579:Dynasty:
13559:Alaşehir
13531:, later
13523:Capitals
13502:Aydinids
13439:Dynasty:
13288:Dynasty:
13264:Erzincan
13244:Erzincan
13238:Capitals
13148:Dynasty:
13077:Capitals
12885:Capitals
12842:Artuqids
12800:Aksungur
12763:Dynasty:
12729:Eleşkirt
12492:Ibn Bibi
12340:Mesud II
12320:Mesud II
12300:Mesud II
12288:Mesud II
12095:Ancestor
11955:. Brill.
11937:. Brill.
11910:. Brill.
11874:(1980).
11713:(2004).
11580:(1997).
11334:culture.
11305:région."
10902:Istanbul
10749:Istanbul
10697:Istanbul
10584:Istanbul
10479:Istanbul
10471:KUTALMIŞ
10433:Istanbul
10395:Istanbul
9864:Muharram
9840:Muharram
9825:İbn Bîbî
9791:Anatolia
9601:See also
9320:de facto
9306:throne.
9007:963–1186
8995:860–1091
8983:856–1335
8971:848–1036
8939:840–1212
8915:750–1055
8891:743–1035
8831:618–1048
8758:Göktürks
8733:Dingling
8635:Tengrism
8608:Krymchak
8348:Kipchaks
8285:Saragurs
8180:Timeline
8116:Religion
8077:By topic
7846:Artuqids
7646:Bithynia
7495:Tuwanuwa
7426:Iron Age
7388:Tuwanuwa
7288:Hittites
7218:Hattians
7185:5,500 BC
7173:9,000 BC
7104:a series
7102:Part of
7001:devşirme
6993:غِلْمَان
6933:Armenian
6917:Hekimhan
6862:madrasas
6805:Ottomans
6735:Ibn Bibi
6423:Khorasan
6238:Khwarazm
6236:rule in
6044:Ottomans
5867:Gaykhatu
5545:Farāmurz
5228:in 1277)
4884:Elbistan
4854:Suleyman
4590:Muhammad
4546:Ayyubids
4514:Kir Fard
4263:Muhammad
3864:; Daulat
3483:Mas'ūd I
3279:Muhammad
2923:Îrânshah
2865:Mahmud I
2380:Khwarazm
2306:Suleiman
1326:Ma'munid
1210:Mesud II
1186:Seleucia
1155:emirates
1097:Erzincan
1044:Artuqids
1025:Kayqubad
1021:al-Kamil
971:valley.
952:of Rum,
824:Crusades
763:Anatolia
712:Mesud II
696:Crusades
689:Artuqids
661:Lake Van
609:Parthian
571:Anatolia
491:Artuqids
314:Mesud II
269:Triarchy
241:(spoken)
170:Ilkhanid
17401:Iconium
17372:Bourzey
17327:Cresson
17317:Al-Fule
17307:Red Sea
17232:Butaiha
17185:Ephesus
17126:Antioch
16969:Ma'arra
16939:Civetot
16676:Tzachas
16581:Inalids
16369:Mesud I
16139:Chaghri
16029:of the
16027:Sultans
15852:Antalya
15831:Antalya
15815:Founder
15812:dynasty
15769:(-1388)
15749:Dynasty
15740:Menemen
15730:Akhisar
15718:Demirci
15696:Capital
15686:Founder
15642:Dynasty
15633:Denizli
15618:Akşehir
15596:Capital
15590:of the
15578:Founder
15433:Yüreğir
15423:Founder
15335:Capital
15325:Founder
15318:of the
15275:Ibrahim
15238:, also
15145:Founder
15080:Denizli
15064:Denizli
15058:Capital
15048:Founder
14968:Bigadiç
14963:Edremit
14958:Bergama
14931:Capital
14921:Founder
14729:Karaman
14725:Larende
14720:Ermenek
14698:Founder
14599:Antalya
14580:Eğirdir
14564:Isparta
14558:Capital
14548:Founder
14435:Kütahya
14429:Capital
14419:Founder
14345:Akşehir
14318:Capital
14304:Founder
14209:Kayseri
14188:Kayseri
14178:Capital
14160:Founder
14054:Kayseri
14044:Malatya
14017:Capital
14007:Founder
13905:Capital
13884:Founder
13764:Kalecik
13759:Çankırı
13727:Capital
13705:Founder
13533:Ayasluğ
13513:Founder
13425:Erzurum
13409:Erzurum
13403:Capital
13393:Founder
13269:Divriği
13248:Divriği
13228:Founder
13119:Kayseri
13114:Malatya
13067:Founder
12875:Founder
12870:Türkmen
12862:, from
12724:Başkale
12682:Capital
12672:Founder
12632:Ephesus
12610:Capital
12606:Tzachas
12600:Founder
12589:Tzachas
12437:Culture
12206:Mesud I
12181:Dynasty
12172:Antalya
12161:Malatya
12150:Kayseri
12123:, then
12115:Capital
12105:Founder
12034:ArchNet
12015:ArchNet
11695:Sources
9783:Aksaray
9734:Parwāna
9682:Turkish
9670:
9658::
9647:Persian
9384:Masud I
9341:of the
9278:Sultan
9261:külliye
9236:Turkish
9230:of the
8927:756–940
8903:744–840
8879:699–766
8867:665-850
8855:659–750
8843:628–646
8808:682–744
8800:581–650
8779:581–657
8771:552–581
8536:Qasgqai
8527:Chuvash
8518:Bashkir
8491:Turkmen
8446:Turkish
8402:Dolgans
8366:Uyghurs
8330:Karluks
8303:Bulgars
8294:Utigurs
8267:Onogurs
8131:Judaism
7666:Galatia
7485:Aeolis
7455:Phrygia
7435:Diauehi
7368:Phrygia
7348:Diauehi
7308:Mitanni
7258:Kussara
7248:Assyria
7238:Luwians
7072:Dynasty
7054:dirhams
7022:dirhams
6985:ghilmān
6957:Hittite
6925:Denizli
6913:Durağan
6866:mosques
6842:Madrasa
6631:in 1299
6629:Bilecik
6621:emerged
6572:in 1256
6548:in 1248
6512:in the
6476:in the
6459:in 1230
6455:in the
6425:in 1194
6385:in the
6272:in 1071
6268:in the
6148:Öljaitü
5844:Taraqay
5824:ūd-Dīn
5617:in 1270
5615:Il-Khan
5603:Kubilai
5504:Sīyāvuş
5494:Sīyāvuş
5297:in 1253
5293:of the
5291:Il khan
4893:Malatya
4860:Parwāna
4576:Kayseri
4560:Çankırı
4235:Aksaray
4224:ū'd-Dīn
3856:Çankırı
3823:Kayseri
3805:Grooms
3624:of the
3611:. 1191)
3552:Seljuks
2950:. 1097)
2942:Ekinchi
2837:Malatya
2573:Kayseri
2356:Seljuks
2312:. 1063)
1781:(İnanç)
1214:Kayseri
1202:khutbah
1194:Behisni
1182:Selinos
1166:Baibars
1159:beyliks
1147:Mongols
1128:Aksaray
1087:in the
1081:Erzurum
1073:Mongols
1005:Attalia
985:Basiani
969:Basiani
892:Malatya
861:Mesud I
791:Antioch
730:History
673:Genoese
649:Iconium
625:Ῥωμαῖοι
601:Aramaic
597:Turkish
573:by the
377:•
364:•
351:•
338:•
325:History
303:(first)
274:Diarchy
224:Persian
180:Capital
60:Persian
46:Turkish
17604:Margat
17511:Forbie
17362:Sahyun
17337:Hattin
17287:Banias
17217:Aintab
17136:Ba'rin
17096:Yibneh
17076:Sarmin
17056:Beirut
17041:Harran
16944:Nicaea
16916:Levant
16501:Alaiye
16320:Ridwan
16301:Aleppo
16287:Irtash
16194:Husein
16184:Qawurd
16175:Kerman
16007:Mikail
16002:Seljuk
15735:Gördes
15702:Manisa
15588:vizier
15465:Tarsus
15316:vizier
15240:Rhodes
15206:Çameli
15196:Finike
14864:(1464)
14768:Güneri
14715:Ereğli
14690:Afshar
14239:Niksar
14224:Amasya
14049:Harput
13779:Samsun
13754:Eflani
13629:under
13614:Events
13430:Tercan
13139:Ankara
13129:Amasya
13109:Niksar
13088:Niksar
12951:Aleppo
12941:Harput
12936:Midyat
12931:Mardin
12926:Silvan
12900:Harput
12896:Mardin
12744:Bitlis
12739:Tatvan
12704:Silvan
12637:Lesbos
12616:İzmir
12429:(1277)
12423:(1243)
12412:(1176)
12406:(1148)
12390:(1097)
12352:(1307)
12296:(1284)
12167:Alanya
12163:(1178)
12157:(1175)
11970:
11886:
11851:
11832:
11802:
11744:
11725:
11596:
11461:
11433:
11325:
11164:
11128:
11092:
11056:
11020:
10984:
10932:Enverî
10915:
10874:
10838:
10798:
10762:
10710:
10669:
10633:
10597:
10546:Târîḫ,
10528:
10492:
10446:
10349:Ankara
10326:Tahran
10001:(Ar.:
9585:(17.)
9284:Notes
9281:Reign
9252:Alaiye
9248:Alanya
8599:Karaim
8590:Gagauz
8509:Kyrgyz
8482:Uyghur
8473:Kazakh
8393:Yakuts
8384:Kumyks
8375:Tatars
7515:Urartu
7475:Doris
7408:Urartu
7338:Assuwa
7298:Arzawa
7115:Turkey
7106:on the
7058:dinars
7026:dinars
6997:ghulam
6989:Arabic
6978:firman
6937:Syriac
6929:Arabic
6909:Kangal
6761:, and
6729:, and
6717:, and
6662:
6570:Alamut
6566:Hulagu
6230:Makran
6133:Ghazan
5852:Arghun
5611:Hulagu
5283:Hulagu
5279:Möngke
5260:Niksar
5248:Ereğli
5238:Amasya
5178:&
5150:&
4905:Ögedei
4556:Ankara
4273:Takish
3852:Ankara
3818:ZūnNūn
3816:&
3622:Atabeg
3506:Ankara
2605:Kīrmān
2353:Kirman
2339:Kavurt
2275:Mānsūr
1190:Marash
1104:Seljuk
1036:Crimea
884:sultan
798:Aleppo
645:Nicaea
635:under
607:) and
543:Turkey
328:
316:(last)
286:
282:Sultan
229:Arabic
187:Nicaea
164:Mongol
154:Status
145:
139:
133:
127:
56:
42:
17569:Safed
17564:Haifa
17428:Toron
17377:Safed
17242:Harim
17161:Bosra
17061:Sidon
17051:Artah
16996:Arsuf
16601:Ladik
16521:Canik
16277:Duqaq
16267:Atsiz
16094:Masud
16084:Dawud
15997:Tuqaq
15902:(?-?)
15722:Nif (
15543:(?-?)
15460:Adana
15444:Adana
15431:from
15358:Sinop
15341:Sinop
15269:Orhan
15263:Mesut
15232:Aydın
15216:Tavas
15191:Muğla
15169:Balat
15165:Milas
15161:Beçin
15027:Ladik
14973:Ezine
14874:Kasım
14735:Konya
14693:Oghuz
14688:from
14456:Simav
14219:Tokat
14214:Niğde
14204:Sivas
14184:Sivas
14119:(?-?)
14107:(?-?)
14059:Antep
14039:Maraş
13897:Oghuz
13769:Tosya
13749:Sinop
13564:Aydın
13554:İzmir
13529:Birgi
13363:Abaka
13274:Kemah
13124:Tokat
13104:Sivas
13083:Sivas
12867:Oghuz
12864:Döğer
12860:Artuk
12714:Erciş
12688:Ahlat
12642:Chios
12155:Sivas
12145:Konya
12125:Konya
12121:İznik
12022:(PDF)
12011:(PDF)
11567:, 96.
11150:(PDF)
11114:(PDF)
11078:(PDF)
11042:(PDF)
11006:(PDF)
10970:(PDF)
10898:(PDF)
10860:(PDF)
10824:(PDF)
10784:(PDF)
10745:(PDF)
10693:(PDF)
10655:(PDF)
10619:(PDF)
10580:(PDF)
10475:(PDF)
10429:(PDF)
9995:p. 81
9789:from
9688:) or
9629:Notes
9448:(7.)
9363:Konya
9329:İzmit
9325:İznik
8979:Qocho
8677:Sheka
8667:Asena
8653:Ülgen
8649:Kayra
8581:Tuvan
8563:Kumyk
8554:Sakha
8500:Tatar
8464:Uzbek
8339:Kimek
8312:Sabir
8121:Islam
7535:Lydia
7505:Ionia
7465:Caria
7398:Ionia
7378:Caria
7328:Lycia
7030:fulūs
6961:Alaca
6945:hekim
6846:Sivas
6844:) of
6817:Kurds
6793:Konya
6625:Söğüt
6538:Güyük
6126:1295)
6118:Baydu
6040:Osman
5826:Masūd
5773:Osman
5613:, as
5607:Abaqa
5289:, as
5287:Tolui
5226:Sinop
4506:Hunad
4245:Niğde
4231:Sivas
3870:Dawud
3812:Sivas
3636:Ātsız
3571:Masud
3549:Iraqi
2545:İznik
1791:Harun
1783:Yabgu
1772:Yûnus
1174:Egypt
1093:Sivas
1085:Baiju
1079:took
1009:Sinop
965:emirs
954:Konya
888:Sivas
846:Mosul
838:Konya
779:İzmit
771:İznik
621:Greek
569:) of
191:İznik
17619:Ruad
17599:Homs
17501:Gaza
17442:Zara
17282:Hama
17267:Ayla
17212:Inab
17106:Azaz
16974:Arqa
16671:Teke
16491:Ahis
16077:and
15793:Teke
15234:and
15226:Çine
14695:clan
14597:and
13894:Kayı
13774:Araç
13715:Kayı
13668:1425
13620:1390
13549:Tire
13356:1277
13331:1228
12946:Palu
12898:and
12872:clan
12754:Hani
12467:Rumi
12444:Arts
11968:ISBN
11884:ISBN
11849:ISBN
11830:ISBN
11800:ISBN
11742:ISBN
11723:ISBN
11594:ISBN
11459:ISBN
11431:ISBN
11323:ISBN
11162:ISBN
11126:ISBN
11090:ISBN
11054:ISBN
11018:ISBN
10982:ISBN
10913:ISBN
10872:ISBN
10836:ISBN
10796:ISBN
10760:ISBN
10708:ISBN
10667:ISBN
10631:ISBN
10595:ISBN
10526:ISBN
10490:ISBN
10444:ISBN
10017:i.e.
9866:678)
9842:676)
9747:676)
9668:lit.
9572:18.
9558:17.
9545:16.
9532:15.
9519:14.
9506:13.
9488:12.
9475:11.
9462:10.
9327:and
9226:the
8679:and
8665:and
8651:and
8637:and
7942:Rise
7208:Troy
7080:and
7064:and
6935:and
6919:and
6874:hans
6872:(or
6864:and
6801:Rumi
6768:The
6698:and
6683:The
6642:The
6544:the
6300:The
6222:Shah
4222:Qutb
3547:The
2607:Shah
1778:Mûsâ
1192:and
1102:The
1095:and
999:and
890:and
870:The
655:and
613:frwm
605:romī
550:The
384:1308
371:1243
358:1077
345:1071
17086:Hab
16299:of
16256:of
15201:Kaş
14740:Mut
13645:to
12749:Muş
12734:Van
11783:doi
11590:306
10906:TDV
10753:TDV
10701:TDV
10588:TDV
10483:TDV
10437:TDV
10399:TDV
10013:Rûm
9435:9.
9422:8.
9408:7.
9395:6.
9382:5.
9369:4.
9352:3.
9337:by
9335:Rûm
9311:2.
9289:1.
6850:Rûm
6623:in
6524:of
6419:Ray
6417:in
6228:in
6042:of
4912:in
4842:of
4544:of
4516:of
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