Major depressive disorder

1048: 441: 1235:, accompanied by other symptoms such as "difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt, hopelessness, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, changes in appetite or sleep, psychomotor agitation or retardation, and reduced energy or fatigue." These symptoms must affect work, social, or domestic activities. The ICD-11 system allows further specifiers for the current depressive episode: the severity (mild, moderate, severe, unspecified); the presence of psychotic symptoms (with or without psychotic symptoms); and the degree of remission if relevant (currently in partial remission, currently in full remission). These two disorders are classified as "Depressive disorders", in the category of "Mood disorders". 2084:

while the other half will have at least one more, and around 15% of those experience chronic recurrence. Studies recruiting from selective inpatient sources suggest lower recovery and higher chronicity, while studies of mostly outpatients show that nearly all recover, with a median episode duration of 11 months. Around 90% of those with severe or psychotic depression, most of whom also meet criteria for other mental disorders, experience recurrence. Cases when outcome is poor are associated with inappropriate treatment, severe initial symptoms including psychosis, early age of onset, previous episodes, incomplete recovery after one year of treatment, pre-existing severe mental or medical disorder, and

2173: 1614: 2817: 1675:. Several variables predict success for cognitive behavioral therapy in adolescents: higher levels of rational thoughts, less hopelessness, fewer negative thoughts, and fewer cognitive distortions. CBT is particularly beneficial in preventing relapse. Cognitive behavioral therapy and occupational programs (including modification of work activities and assistance) have been shown to be effective in reducing sick days taken by workers with depression. Several variants of cognitive behavior therapy have been used in those with depression, the most notable being 970:, creating a pro-inflammatory profile in MDD. Some people with depression have increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and some have decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Research suggests that treatments can reduce pro-inflammatory cell production, like the experimental treatment of ketamine with treatment-resistant depression. With this, in MDD, people will more likely have a Th-1 dominant immune profile, which is a pro-inflammatory profile. This suggests that there are components of the immune system affecting the pathology of MDD. 551: 54: 105: 11647:. Prepared for the 27–28 January 2011 meeting of the Neurological Devices Panel Meeting to Discuss the Classification of Electroconvulsive Therapy Devices (ECT). Quote, p38: "Three major practice guidelines have been published on ECT. These guidelines include: APA Task Force on ECT (2001); Third report of the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Special Committee on ECT (2004); National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE 2003; NICE 2009). There is significant agreement between the three sets of recommendations." 2674: 2440: 2698:

mind'—affects how we view, diagnose, and treat it." There are cultural differences in the extent to which serious depression is considered an illness requiring personal professional treatment, or an indicator of something else, such as the need to address social or moral problems, the result of biological imbalances, or a reflection of individual differences in the understanding of distress that may reinforce feelings of powerlessness, and emotional struggle.

737:) markedly increase the risk of major depression, especially if more than one type. Childhood trauma also correlates with severity of depression, poor responsiveness to treatment and length of illness. Some are more susceptible than others to developing mental illness such as depression after trauma, and various genes have been suggested to control susceptibility. Couples in unhappy marriages have a higher risk of developing clinical depression. 15881: 1216:(ICD). The latter system is typically used in European countries, while the former is used in the US and many other non-European nations, and the authors of both have worked towards conforming one with the other. Both DSM and ICD mark out typical (main) depressive symptoms. The most recent edition of the DSM is the Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), and the most recent edition of the ICD is the Eleventh Edition (ICD-11). 1714: 2115:

average of 25 days per year. Helping depressed people return to work without a connection to clinical care has not been shown to have an effect on sick leave days. Additional psychological interventions (such as online cognitive behavioral therapy) lead to fewer sick days compared to standard management only. Streamlining care or adding specific providers for depression care may help to reduce sick leave.

2436:) as a distinct disease with particular mental and physical symptoms; he characterized all "fears and despondencies, if they last a long time" as being symptomatic of the ailment. It was a similar but far broader concept than today's depression; prominence was given to a clustering of the symptoms of sadness, dejection, and despondency, and often fear, anger, delusions and obsessions were included. 1705:, is in the tradition of psychoanalysis but less intensive, meeting once or twice a week. It also tends to focus more on the person's immediate problems, and has an additional social and interpersonal focus. In a meta-analysis of three controlled trials of Short Psychodynamic Supportive Psychotherapy, this modification was found to be as effective as medication for mild to moderate depression. 1908:, which are anti-inflammatory medications prescribed to lower cholesterol levels, have also been shown to have antidepressant effects. When prescribed for patients already taking SSRIs, this add-on treatment was shown to improve anti-depressant effects of SSRIs when compared to the placebo group. With this, statins have been shown to be effective in preventing depression in some cases too. 13444: 854:, which degrades monoamines, has been associated with depression. However, the monoamine theory is inconsistent with observations that serotonin depletion does not cause depression in healthy persons, that antidepressants instantly increase levels of monoamines but take weeks to work, and the existence of atypical antidepressants which can be effective despite not targeting this pathway. 1239:

in all, or almost all activities of the day, nearly every day. These symptoms, as well as five out of the nine more specific symptoms listed, must frequently occur for more than two weeks (to the extent in which it impairs functioning) for the diagnosis. Major depressive disorder is classified as a mood disorder in the DSM-5. The diagnosis hinges on the presence of single or recurrent

1990:. Electroconvulsive therapy can differ in its application in three ways: electrode placement, frequency of treatments, and the electrical waveform of the stimulus. These three forms of application have significant differences in both adverse side effects and symptom remission. After treatment, drug therapy is usually continued, and some people receive maintenance ECT. 1650:, counselors, and psychiatric nurses. A 2012 review found psychotherapy to be better than no treatment but not other treatments. With more complex and chronic forms of depression, a combination of medication and psychotherapy may be used. There is moderate-quality evidence that psychological therapies are a useful addition to standard antidepressant treatment of 1779:, an antidepressant with a different mechanism of action, may be modestly more effective than SSRIs. However, venlafaxine is not recommended in the UK as a first-line treatment because of evidence suggesting its risks may outweigh benefits, and it is specifically discouraged in children and adolescents as it increases the risk of suicidal thoughts or attempts. 7575: 380:. There is no laboratory test for the disorder, but testing may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms. The most common time of onset is in a person's 20s, with females affected about twice as often as males. The course of the disorder varies widely, from one episode lasting months to a lifelong disorder with recurrent 2538:. Such loss results in severe melancholic symptoms more profound than mourning; not only is the outside world viewed negatively but the ego itself is compromised. The person's decline of self-perception is revealed in his belief of his own blame, inferiority, and unworthiness. He also emphasized early life experiences as a predisposing factor. 1760:

to eight weeks from the start of medication to improvement. Antidepressant medication treatment is usually continued for 16 to 20 weeks after remission, to minimize the chance of recurrence, and even up to one year of continuation is recommended. People with chronic depression may need to take medication indefinitely to avoid relapse.

2354:. Anxiety symptoms can have a major impact on the course of a depressive illness, with delayed recovery, increased risk of relapse, greater disability and increased suicidal behavior. Depressed people have increased rates of alcohol and substance use, particularly dependence, and around a third of individuals diagnosed with 1827:, an older class of antidepressants, have been plagued by potentially life-threatening dietary and drug interactions. They are still used only rarely, although newer and better-tolerated agents of this class have been developed. The safety profile is different with reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as 1433:. Dysthymia is a chronic, milder mood disturbance in which a person reports a low mood almost daily over a span of at least two years. The symptoms are not as severe as those for major depression, although people with dysthymia are vulnerable to secondary episodes of major depression (sometimes referred to as 9684:

Papakostas GI, Thase ME, Fava M, Nelson JC, Shelton RC (December 2007). "Are antidepressant drugs that combine serotonergic and noradrenergic mechanisms of action more effective than the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating major depressive disorder? A meta-analysis of studies of newer

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Social stigma of major depression is widespread, and contact with mental health services reduces this only slightly. Public opinions on treatment differ markedly to those of health professionals; alternative treatments are held to be more helpful than pharmacological ones, which are viewed poorly. In

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about the condition, or due to ignorance of diagnosis or treatments. Nevertheless, analysis or interpretation of letters, journals, artwork, writings, or statements of family and friends of some historical personalities has led to the presumption that they may have had some form of depression. People

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The new definitions of depression were widely accepted, albeit with some conflicting findings and views. There have been some continued empirically based arguments for a return to the diagnosis of melancholia. There has been some criticism of the expansion of coverage of the diagnosis, related to the

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has been found to be effective for major depression, and may be recommended to people who are willing, motivated, and healthy enough to participate in an exercise program as treatment. It is equivalent to the use of medications or psychological therapies in most people. In older people it does appear

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According to DSM-5, at least one of the symptoms is either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. Depressed mood occurs nearly every day as subjective feelings like sadness, emptiness, and hopelessness or observations made by others (e.g. appears tearful). Loss of interest or pleasure occurs

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In the United States, 8.4% of adults (21 million individuals) have at least one episode within a year-long period; the probability of having a major depressive episode is higher for females than males (10.5% to 6.2%), and highest for those aged 18 to 25 (17%). 15% of adolescents, ages 12 to 17,

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Major depressive disorder affected approximately 163 million people in 2017 (2% of the global population). The percentage of people who are affected at one point in their life varies from 7% in Japan to 21% in France. In most countries the number of people who have depression during their lives

2075:(FMT) are being researched as add-on therapy treatments for people who do not respond to typical therapies. It has been shown that the patient's depressive symptoms improved, with minor gastrointestinal issues, after a FMT, with improvements in symptoms lasting at least 4 weeks after the transplant. 1891:

was approved by the FDA in March 2019 for use in treatment-resistant depression when combined with an oral antidepressant; risk of substance use disorder and concerns about its safety, serious adverse effects, tolerability, effect on suicidality, lack of information about dosage, whether the studies

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To find the most effective antidepressant medication with minimal side-effects, the dosages can be adjusted, and if necessary, combinations of different classes of antidepressants can be tried. Response rates to the first antidepressant administered range from 50 to 75%, and it can take at least six

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medication is recommended as an initial treatment choice in people with mild, moderate, or severe major depression, and should be given to all people with severe depression unless ECT is planned. There is evidence that collaborative care by a team of health care practitioners produces better results

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receptors, so it activates the pathway. Studies have shown that the post-mortem brains of patients with MDD have higher levels of quinolinic acid than people who did not have MDD. With this, researchers have also seen that the concentration of quinolinic acid correlates to the severity of depressive

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often co-occur. One or more pain symptoms are present in 65% of people who have depression, and anywhere from 5 to 85% of people who are experiencing pain will also have depression, depending on the setting—a lower prevalence in general practice, and higher in specialty clinics. Depression is often

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is a noninvasive method used to stimulate small regions of the brain. TMS was approved by the FDA for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (trMDD) in 2008 and as of 2014 evidence supports that it is probably effective. The American Psychiatric Association, the Canadian Network for Mood and

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A major depressive episode is characterized by the presence of a severely depressed mood that persists for at least two weeks. Episodes may be isolated or recurrent and are categorized as mild (few symptoms in excess of minimum criteria), moderate, or severe (marked impact on social or occupational

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became acting Prime Minister for three weeks, from 30 August to 23 September, while he recovered from the depressive episode. Bondevik then returned to office. Bondevik received thousands of supportive letters, and said that the experience had been positive overall, both for himself and because it

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Depression may affect people's ability to work. The combination of usual clinical care and support with return to work (like working less hours or changing tasks) probably reduces sick leave by 15%, and leads to fewer depressive symptoms and improved work capacity, reducing sick leave by an annual

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Studies have shown that 80% of those with a first major depressive episode will have at least one more during their life, with a lifetime average of four episodes. Other general population studies indicate that around half those who have an episode recover (whether treated or not) and remain well,

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The most-studied form of psychotherapy for depression is CBT, which teaches clients to challenge self-defeating, but enduring ways of thinking (cognitions) and change counter-productive behaviors. CBT can perform as well as antidepressants in people with major depression. CBT has the most research

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Treatment options are more limited in developing countries, where access to mental health staff, medication, and psychotherapy is often difficult. Development of mental health services is minimal in many countries; depression is viewed as a phenomenon of the developed world despite evidence to the

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The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions, such as the "Coping with Depression" course (CWD) for people with sub-threshold depression. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression

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onset" refers to the intense, sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth or while a woman is pregnant. DSM-IV-TR used the classification "postpartum depression", but this was changed to not exclude cases of depressed woman during pregnancy. Depression with

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are not used to diagnose depression, but they provide an indication of the severity of symptoms for a time period, so a person who scores above a given cut-off point can be more thoroughly evaluated for a depressive disorder diagnosis. Several rating scales are used for this purpose; these include

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were most affected in people with MDD, and they are also impacted in people with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Another study showed that people with IBS have a higher chance of developing depression, which shows the two are connected. There is even evidence suggesting that altering the microbes in the

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discovered 44 genetic variants linked to risk for major depression; a 2019 study found 102 variants in the genome linked to depression. However, it appears that major depression is less heritable compared to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Research focusing on specific candidate genes has been

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or simply to a low mood. People's conceptualizations of depression vary widely, both within and among cultures. "Because of the lack of scientific certainty," one commentator has observed, "the debate over depression turns on questions of language. What we call it—'disease,' 'disorder,' 'state of

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than to a better one. Depressive disorders are more common in urban populations than in rural ones and the prevalence is increased in groups with poorer socioeconomic factors, e.g., homelessness. Depression is common among those over 65 years of age and increases in frequency beyond this age. The

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Major depression is about twice as common in women as in men, although it is unclear why this is so, and whether factors unaccounted for are contributing to this. The relative increase in occurrence is related to pubertal development rather than chronological age, reaches adult ratios between the

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A high proportion of people who experience full symptomatic remission still have at least one not fully resolved symptom after treatment. Recurrence or chronicity is more likely if symptoms have not fully resolved with treatment. Current guidelines recommend continuing antidepressants for four to

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findings have been proposed. The first model proposed is the limbic-cortical model, which involves hyperactivity of the ventral paralimbic regions and hypoactivity of frontal regulatory regions in emotional processing. Another model, the cortico-striatal model, suggests that abnormalities of the

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risk of depression increases in relation to the frailty of the individual. Depression is one of the most important factors which negatively impact quality of life in adults, as well as the elderly. Both symptoms and treatment among the elderly differ from those of the rest of the population.

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Depressed children may often display an irritable rather than a depressed mood; most lose interest in school and show a steep decline in academic performance. Diagnosis may be delayed or missed when symptoms are interpreted as "normal moodiness". Elderly people may not present with classical

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The heritability of major depression is likely to be in the range of 31%–42%. This is probably the lower bound, and the level of heritability is likely to be substantially higher for reliably diagnosed major depression or for subtypes such as recurrent major depression. In comparison, the

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non-suppression in people who are depressed. However, this abnormality is not adequate as a diagnosis tool, because its sensitivity is only 44%. These stress-related abnormalities are thought to be the cause of hippocampal volume reductions seen in people who are depressed. Furthermore, a

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often accompany depression. In addition, there may also be barriers related to the person, provider, and/or the medical system. Non-psychiatrist physicians have been shown to miss about two-thirds of cases, although there is some evidence of improvement in the number of missed cases.

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serotonergic activity in tryptophan depletion, resulting in a depressed state mediated by increased serotonin. Further countering the monoamine hypothesis is the fact that rats with lesions of the dorsal raphe are not more depressive than controls, the finding of increased jugular

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demonstrates improved effectiveness when compared to antidepressants alone, but these effects may not endure. The addition of a benzodiazepine is balanced against possible harms and other alternative treatment strategies when antidepressant mono-therapy is considered inadequate.

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duration of an episode has been estimated to be 23 weeks, with the highest rate of recovery in the first three months. According to a 2013 review, 23% of untreated adults with mild to moderate depression will remit within 3 months, 32% within 6 months and 53% within 12 months.

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treatment guidelines recommend that initial treatment should be individually tailored based on factors including severity of symptoms, co-existing disorders, prior treatment experience, and personal preference. Options may include pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, exercise, ECT,

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in America are also affected by depression, which is equal to 3.7 million teenagers. Among individuals reporting two or more races, the US prevalence is highest. Out of all the people suffering from MDD, only about 35% seek help from a professional for their disorder.

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appears effective at lowering the risk of suicide in those with bipolar disorder and unipolar depression to nearly the same levels as the general population. There is a narrow range of effective and safe dosages of lithium thus close monitoring may be needed. Low-dose

1368:" is a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms. Here, the person is mute and almost stuporous, and either remains immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements. Catatonic symptoms also occur in 2782:

experienced a several-months-long period of what he called "a dull state of nerves", when one is "unsusceptible to enjoyment or pleasurable excitement; one of those moods when what is pleasure at other times, becomes insipid or indifferent". He quoted English poet

1498:, are effective at preventing new onset depression. Because such interventions appear to be most effective when delivered to individuals or small groups, it has been suggested that they may be able to reach their large target audience most efficiently through the 1902:, an NSAID, is a selective COX-2 inhibitor– which is an enzyme that helps in the production of pain and inflammation. In recent clinical trials, this NSAID has been shown helpful with treatment-resistant depression as it helps inhibit proinflammatory signaling. 878:

in people who are depressed. Already limited, the monoamine hypothesis has been further oversimplified when presented to the general public. A 2022 review found no consistent evidence supporting the serotonin hypothesis, linking serotonin levels and depression.

2722:. The authors reveal that individuals with depression in collectivistic cultures tend to present more somatic symptoms and less affective symptoms compared to those in individualistic cultures. The finding suggests that individualistic cultures 'warranting' or 2100:

Major depressive episodes often resolve over time, whether or not they are treated. Outpatients on a waiting list show a 10–15% reduction in symptoms within a few months, with approximately 20% no longer meeting the full criteria for a depressive disorder. The

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and a monoamine—can cause depression in those in remission or relatives of people who are depressed, suggesting that decreased serotonergic neurotransmission is important in depression. Second, the correlation between depression risk and polymorphisms in the

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was introduced in the United States in 2007 on SSRIs and other antidepressant medications due to the increased risk of suicide in people younger than 24 years old. Similar precautionary notice revisions were implemented by the Japanese Ministry of Health.

1402:" (SAD) is a form of depression in which depressive episodes come on in the autumn or winter, and resolve in spring. The diagnosis is made if at least two episodes have occurred in colder months with none at other times, over a two-year period or longer. 1842:

in those treated with SSRIs. For adults, it is unclear whether SSRIs affect the risk of suicidality. One review found no connection; another an increased risk; and a third no risk in those 25–65 years old and a decreased risk in those more than 65. A

2488:, melancholia had been associated with men of learning and intellectual brilliance, a hazard of contemplation and creativity. However, by the 19th century, this association has largely shifted and melancholia became more commonly linked with women. 2295:

People are most likely to develop their first depressive episode between the ages of 30 and 40, and there is a second, smaller peak of incidence between ages 50 and 60. The risk of major depression is increased with neurological conditions such as

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Melartin TK, Rytsälä HJ, Leskelä US, Lestelä-Mielonen PS, Sokero TP, Isometsä ET (February 2002). "Current comorbidity of psychiatric disorders among DSM-IV major depressive disorder patients in psychiatric care in the Vantaa Depression Study".

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Swardfager W, Herrmann N, Marzolini S, et al. (September 2011). "Major depressive disorder predicts completion, adherence, and outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation: a prospective cohort study of 195 patients with coronary artery disease".

11640: 2150:, independent of other known risk factors, and is itself linked directly or indirectly to risk factors such as smoking and obesity. People with major depression are less likely to follow medical recommendations for treating and preventing 1871:

for short-term or acute management may be considered. Brexpiprazole may be effective for some people, however, the evidence as of 2023 supporting its use is weak and this medication has potential adverse effects including weight gain and

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on achieving a 50% reduction in depression scores in moderate and severe major depression, and that there is some evidence for a similar effect in mild depression. Similarly, a Cochrane systematic review of clinical trials of the generic

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can exclude brain pathology in those with psychotic, rapid-onset or otherwise unusual symptoms. No biological tests confirm major depression. In general, investigations are not repeated for a subsequent episode unless there is a medical

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may have a rapid antidepressant effect lasting less than two weeks; there is limited evidence of any effect after that, common acute side effects, and longer-term studies of safety and adverse effects are needed. A nasal spray form of

9896:"Safety of 80 antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-attention-deficit/hyperactivity medications and mood stabilizers in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders: a large scale systematic meta-review of 78 adverse effects" 1443:

is a mood disturbance appearing as a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor, in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode.

3248:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 2096:

indicates continuing antidepressant medications after recovery can reduce the chance of relapse by 70% (41% on placebo vs. 18% on antidepressant). The preventive effect probably lasts for at least the first 36 months of use.

3126:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017" 2787:'s "Dejection" as a perfect description of his case: "A grief without a pang, void, dark and drear, / A drowsy, stifled, unimpassioned grief, / Which finds no natural outlet or relief / In word, or sigh, or tear." English writer 1654:

in the short term. Psychotherapy has been shown to be effective in older people. Successful psychotherapy appears to reduce the recurrence of depression even after it has been stopped or replaced by occasional booster sessions.

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The most common and effective treatments for depression are psychotherapy, medication, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT); a combination of treatments is the most effective approach when depression is resistant to treatment.

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levels might be evaluated, as low levels of vitamin D have been associated with greater risk for depression. Subjective cognitive complaints appear in older depressed people, but they can also be indicative of the onset of a

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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) features the most current text updates based on scientific literature with contributions from more than 200 subject matter

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Zimmerman M, Chelminski I, Posternak M (September 2004). "A review of studies of the Hamilton depression rating scale in healthy controls: implications for the definition of remission in treatment studies of depression".

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Hamilton JP, Etkin A, Furman DJ, Lemus MG, Johnson RF, Gotlib IH (July 2012). "Functional neuroimaging of major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis and new integration of base line activation and neural response data".

9795:"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants, psychotherapies, and their combination for acute treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis" 7395:

Carta MG, Altamura AC, Hardoy MC, Pinna F, Medda S, Dell'Osso L, et al. (June 2003). "Is recurrent brief depression an expression of mood spectrum disorders in young people? Results of a large community sample".

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are the primary medications prescribed, owing to their relatively mild side-effects, and because they are less toxic in overdose than other antidepressants. People who do not respond to one SSRI can be switched to

3850: 15967: 15948: 15929: 1975:. Follow-up treatment is still poorly studied, but about half of people who respond relapse within twelve months. Aside from effects in the brain, the general physical risks of ECT are similar to those of brief 11912: 1979:. Immediately following treatment, the most common adverse effects are confusion and memory loss. ECT is considered one of the least harmful treatment options available for severely depressed pregnant women. 6838:

Dale J, Sorour E, Milner G (2008). "Do psychiatrists perform appropriate physical investigations for their patients? A review of current practices in a general psychiatric inpatient and outpatient setting".

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Fond G, Loundou A, Hamdani N, Boukouaci W, Dargel A, Oliveira J, et al. (December 2014). "Anxiety and depression comorbidities in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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evidence for the treatment of depression in children and adolescents, and CBT and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) are preferred therapies for adolescent depression. In people under 18, according to the

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Andrews PW, Bharwani A, Lee KR, Fox M, Thomson JA (April 2015). "Is serotonin an upper or a downer? The evolution of the serotonergic system and its role in depression and the antidepressant response".

2029:(tDCS) is another noninvasive method used to stimulate small regions of the brain with a weak electric current. Several meta-analyses have concluded that active tDCS was useful for treating depression. 639:, and may be labeled "secondary depression". It is unknown whether the underlying diseases induce depression through effect on quality of life, or through shared etiologies (such as degeneration of the 2324:

in North America and other high-income countries, and the fourth-leading cause worldwide as of 2006. In the year 2030, it is predicted to be the second-leading cause of disease burden worldwide after

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peripartum onset has an incidence rate of 3–6% among new mothers. The DSM-5 mandates that to qualify as depression with peripartum onset, onset occurs during pregnancy or within one month of delivery.

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in the gut can play an important role in depression as people with MDD often have gut-brain dysfunction. One analysis showed that those with MDD have different bacteria living in their guts. Bacteria

10629:"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and suicide in adults: meta-analysis of drug company data from placebo controlled, randomised controlled trials submitted to the MHRA's safety review" 9732: 2604:

was introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s as part of proposals for diagnostic criteria based on patterns of symptoms (called the "Research Diagnostic Criteria", building on earlier

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Although there is no single unifying theory, several theories have emerged over the last century that attempt to account for the various clinical, psychological, and biologic findings in depression.

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and anxiety, as well as the risk of suicide of depressed individuals with anxiety. Specifying in such a way can also help with the prognosis of those diagnosed with a depressive or bipolar disorder.

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Depression is highly heritable, as youths with a parent with a history of depression are approximately 4 times as likely to develop the disorder as youths who do not have a parent with depression.

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may improve depressive symptoms in some individuals, with the effects usually showing up within a day. This effect is usually temporary. Besides sleepiness, this method can cause a side effect of

7854: 1506:(both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies. 532:

depressive symptoms. Diagnosis and treatment is further complicated in that the elderly are often simultaneously treated with a number of other drugs, and often have other concurrent diseases.

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Wu Y, Zhang L, Li S, Zhang D (29 April 2021). "Associations of dietary vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 with the risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

2139:. In the US, the lifetime risk of suicide associated with a diagnosis of major depression is estimated at 7% for men and 1% for women, even though suicide attempts are more frequent in women. 1971:

as a last line of intervention for major depressive disorder. A round of ECT is effective for about 50% of people with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, whether it is unipolar or

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Kessler RC, Nelson CB, McGonagle KA, et al. (June 1996). "Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey".

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Eaton WW, Anthony JC, Gallo J, et al. (November 1997). "Natural history of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/DSM-IV major depression. The Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area follow-up".

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Osman A, Bagge CL, Gutierrez PM, Konick LC, Kopper BA, Barrios FX (December 2001). "The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R): validation with clinical and nonclinical samples".

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one's expression of emotions explains this cultural difference since collectivistic cultures see this as a taboo against the social cooperation it deems one of the most significant values.

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Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ (January 2017). "Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology".

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found that the routine use of screening questionnaires has little effect on detection or treatment. Screening the general population is not recommended by authorities in the UK or Canada.

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It is unclear whether antidepressants affect a person's risk of suicide. For children, adolescents, and probably young adults between 18 and 24 years old, there is a higher risk of both

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to decrease depression. Sleep and diet may also play a role in depression, and interventions in these areas may be an effective add-on to conventional methods. In observational studies,

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is not an exclusion criterion in the DSM-5, and it is up to the clinician to distinguish between normal reactions to a loss and MDD. Excluded are a range of related diagnoses, including

15871: 10490:"Suicides and Suicide Attempts during Long-Term Treatment with Antidepressants: A Meta-Analysis of 29 Placebo-Controlled Studies Including 6,934 Patients with Major Depressive Disorder" 459:

usually exhibits a low mood, which pervades all aspects of life, and an inability to experience pleasure in previously enjoyable activities. Depressed people may be preoccupied with or

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ages of 15 and 18, and appears associated with psychosocial more than hormonal factors. In 2019, major depressive disorder was identified (using either the DSM-IV-TR or ICD-10) in the

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are effective in depression. There is limited evidence that vitamin D supplementation is of value in alleviating the symptoms of depression in individuals who are vitamin D-deficient.

12478:

Sanada K, Nakajima S, Kurokawa S, Barceló-Soler A, Ikuse D, Hirata A, et al. (April 2020). "Gut microbiota and major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

9330:"Short psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy, antidepressants, and their combination in the treatment of major depression: a mega-analysis based on three randomized clinical trials" 2574:, defined as an excessive reaction to internal conflict or an identifiable event, and also included a depressive type of manic-depressive psychosis within Major affective disorders. 4127:

Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, et al. (July 2003). "Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene".

2328:, according to the WHO. Delay or failure in seeking treatment after relapse and the failure of health professionals to provide treatment are two barriers to reducing disability. 1599:

contrary, and not as an inherently life-threatening condition. There is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of psychological versus medical therapy in children.

10043: 15869: 11396:

Corp SA, Gitlin MJ, Altshuler LL (September 2014). "A review of the use of stimulants and stimulant alternatives in treating bipolar depression and major depressive disorder".

7953:

Cuijpers P, Muñoz RF, Clarke GN, Lewinsohn PM (July 2009). "Psychoeducational treatment and prevention of depression: the "Coping with Depression" course thirty years later".

3451:"A meta-analytic review of the relationship between explicit memory bias and depression: Depression features an explicit memory bias that persists beyond a depressive episode" 1756:

concluded that there is strong evidence that its efficacy is superior to placebo. Antidepressants work less well for the elderly than for younger individuals with depression.

1724:

Conflicting results have arisen from studies that look at the effectiveness of antidepressants in people with acute, mild to moderate depression. A review commissioned by the

17932: 1330:" is characterized by a loss of pleasure in most or all activities, a failure of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli, a quality of depressed mood more pronounced than that of 623:

criticized for its tendency to generate false positive findings. There are also other efforts to examine interactions between life stress and polygenic risk for depression.

11657:

Dierckx B, Heijnen WT, van den Broek WW, Birkenhäger TK (March 2012). "Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar versus unipolar major depression: a meta-analysis".

1110:

have more difficulty with underrecognition and undertreatment of depression compared to psychiatrists. These cases may be missed because for some people with depression,

1083:

or suicide, and an absence of positive thoughts or plans. Specialist mental health services are rare in rural areas, and thus diagnosis and management is left largely to

1982:

A usual course of ECT involves multiple administrations, typically given two or three times per week, until the person no longer has symptoms. ECT is administered under

9996:"Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological, psychosocial, and brain stimulation interventions in children and adolescents with mental disorders: an umbrella review" 9379:"Comparing watchful waiting with antidepressants for the management of subclinical depression symptoms to mild-moderate depression in primary care: a systematic review" 1646:(psychotherapy) can be delivered to individuals, groups, or families by mental health professionals, including psychotherapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical 14863: 11916: 11037:"Synthesizing the Evidence for Ketamine and Esketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression: An International Expert Opinion on the Available Evidence and Implementation" 10543: 1701:

mental conflicts. Psychoanalytic techniques are used by some practitioners to treat clients presenting with major depression. A more widely practiced therapy, called

13646:

Alboni P, Favaron E, Paparella N, Sciammarella M, Pedaci M (April 2008). "Is there an association between depression and cardiovascular mortality or sudden death?".

6711:

McPherson A, Martin CR (February 2010). "A narrative review of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and implications for its use in an alcohol-dependent population".

1608: 2362:

and depression often co-occur. Depression may also coexist with ADHD, complicating the diagnosis and treatment of both. Depression is also frequently comorbid with

1924:

may be added to existing antidepressants to treat persistent depression symptoms in people who have tried multiple courses of medication. Limited evidence suggests

426:. It can negatively affect a person's personal life, work life, or education, and cause issues with a person's sleeping habits, eating habits, and general health. 16562: 15053: 12941:

Posternak MA, Miller I (October 2001). "Untreated short-term course of major depression: a meta-analysis of outcomes from studies using wait-list control groups".

12898:

Geddes JR, Carney SM, Davies C, et al. (February 2003). "Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: a systematic review".

12515:"The Gut Microbiome in Depression and Potential Benefit of Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Observational Studies" 10073: 5304:"Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 2386:

underrecognized, and therefore undertreated, in patients presenting with pain. Depression often coexists with physical disorders common among the elderly, such as

1118:

A doctor generally performs a medical examination and selected investigations to rule out other causes of depressive symptoms. These include blood tests measuring

10256:

Nelson JC, Devanand DP (April 2011). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled antidepressant studies in people with depression and dementia".

4180:"Association between polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter gene and depression: evidence for a gene-environment interaction in a sample of juvenile detainees" 3856: 1231:(where there is a history of prior episodes, with no history of mania). ICD-11 symptoms, present nearly every day for at least two weeks, are a depressed mood or 13396: 3807: 13019:

Whiteford HA, Harris MG, McKeon G, et al. (10 August 2012). "Estimating remission from untreated major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

12742:

Holma KM, Holma IA, Melartin TK, Rytsälä HJ, Isometsä ET (February 2008). "Long-term outcome of major depressive disorder in psychiatric patients is variable".

15870: 14663:

Philipp M, Maier W, Delmo CD (1991). "The concept of major depression. I. Descriptive comparison of six competing operational definitions including ICD-10 and

8157:"Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), third-wave CBT and interpersonal therapy (IPT) based interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents" 1802:

might also help in reducing symptoms. Some antidepressants have not been shown to be effective. Medications are not recommended in children with mild disease.

9426: 5829:

Arana GW, Baldessarini RJ, Ornsteen M (December 1985). "The dexamethasone suppression test for diagnosis and prognosis in psychiatry. Commentary and review".

1357:), a sensation of heaviness in limbs known as leaden paralysis, and significant long-term social impairment as a consequence of hypersensitivity to perceived 14630: 7009:

Wright SL, Persad C (December 2007). "Distinguishing between depression and dementia in older persons: neuropsychological and neuropathological correlates".

2618: 1660: 1202: 361: 9740: 6377:"Antidepressant Effect of Ketamine on Inflammation-Mediated Cytokine Dysregulation in Adults with Treatment-Resistant Depression: Rapid Systematic Review" 12039: 12144:"Evidence-Based Guidelines and Secondary Meta-Analysis for the Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders" 1683:. Mindfulness-based stress reduction programs may reduce depression symptoms. Mindfulness programs also appear to be a promising intervention in youth. 7863: 2848:

attracted international attention in August 1998 when he announced that he was suffering from a depressive episode, becoming the highest ranking world

2127:

than those without depression, in part because people who are depressed are at risk of dying of suicide. About 50% of people who die of suicide have a

694:

Substance use in early age is associated with increased risk of developing depression later in life. Depression occurring after giving birth is called

15294: 14950:

Tilbury F, Rapley M (2004). "'There are orphans in Africa still looking for my hands': African women refugees and the sources of emotional distress".

12193:"Efficacy and acceptability of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for major depressive disorder: An individual patient data meta-analysis" 12003: 7928: 2484:

in 1856, and by the 1860s it was appearing in medical dictionaries to refer to a physiological and metaphorical lowering of emotional function. Since

17925: 12976:

Posternak MA, Solomon DA, Leon AC, et al. (May 2006). "The naturalistic course of unipolar major depression in the absence of somatic therapy".

2461:, meaning "to press down". From the 14th century, "to depress" meant to subjugate or to bring down in spirits. It was used in 1665 in English author 1725: 1551: 1071:

the person's current circumstances, biographical history, current symptoms, family history, and alcohol and drug use. The assessment also includes a

898:

yielded decreased dexamethasone suppression, and increased response to psychological stressors. Further abnormal results have been obscured with the

10377:

Anderson IM (April 2000). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability".

7133: 4218: 3722: 3221: 10808: 9754: 7273: 857:

One proposed explanation for the therapeutic lag, and further support for the deficiency of monoamines, is a desensitization of self-inhibition in

12777:

Kanai T, Takeuchi H, Furukawa TA, et al. (July 2003). "Time to recurrence after recovery from major depressive episodes and its predictors".

9273:

Doidge N, Simon B, Lancee WJ, et al. (2002). "Psychoanalytic patients in the U.S., Canada, and Australia: II. A DSM-III-R validation study".

4931: 9042:

Coelho HF, Canter PH, Ernst E (December 2007). "Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: evaluating current evidence and informing future research".

4763:"Treating depression in patients with chronic disease: recognition and treatment are crucial; depression worsens the course of a chronic illness" 4244: 10727:"Risk of suicidality in clinical trials of antidepressants in adults: analysis of proprietary data submitted to US Food and Drug Administration" 9499:"Predicting antidepressant response by monitoring early improvement of individual symptoms of depression: individual patient data meta-analysis" 15572: 13198:

Blair-West GW, Mellsop GW (June 2001). "Major depression: does a gender-based down-rating of suicide risk challenge its diagnostic validity?".

12828: 11849: 10804: 9114:"Critical analysis of the efficacy of meditation therapies for acute and subacute phase treatment of depressive disorders: a systematic review" 13354: 14493:"Mourning and melancholia revisited: correspondences between principles of Freudian metapsychology and empirical findings in neuropsychiatry" 10160:"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis" 7449:

Rapaport MH, Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Yonkers KA, Thase ME, Kupfer DJ, et al. (April 2002). "A descriptive analysis of minor depression".

6640:

Sharp LK, Lipsky MS (September 2002). "Screening for depression across the lifespan: a review of measures for use in primary care settings".

2791:

used the term "the black dog" in the 1780s to describe his own depression, and it was subsequently popularized by British Prime Minister Sir

861:

by the increased serotonin mediated by antidepressants. However, disinhibition of the dorsal raphe has been proposed to occur as a result of

17: 8849: 4102: 4078:

Although genes are an important cause of major depression and bipolar disorder, we have not confirmed the identity of the responsible genes.

17918: 9641:

Zisook S, Rush AJ, Haight BR, Clines DC, Rockett CB (February 2006). "Use of bupropion in combination with serotonin reuptake inhibitors".

6283:

Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, et al. (March 2010). "A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression".

4531:"Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions" 4460:

It is clear from studies of families that major depression is not caused by any single gene but is a disease with complex genetic features.

3773: 1480: 395:. Medication appears to be effective, but the effect may be significant only in the most severely depressed. Hospitalization (which may be 376:

The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the person's reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a

13492:

Kuehner C (September 2003). "Gender differences in unipolar depression: an update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations".

11754: 7203:... the latest version of the ICD, ICD-11, was adopted by the 72nd World Health Assembly in 2019 and came into effect on 1st January 2022. 2899: 1558:

is poor. The guidelines recommend that antidepressants treatment in combination with psychosocial interventions should be considered for:

13535: 13421: 12040:"Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults" 4714:"Does Childhood Trauma Moderate Polygenic Risk for Depression? A Meta-analysis of 5765 Subjects From the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium" 1813:

levels; nevertheless, it has been reported more often with SSRIs. It is not uncommon for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia; the sedating

1244: 501:, headaches, or digestive problems; physical complaints are the most common presenting problem in developing countries, according to the 14102: 10894:

Ralovska S, Koyvhev I, Marinov P, Furukawa TA, Mulsant B, Cipriani A, et al. (Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group) (July 2023).

8820: 6018:"The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Depression: The Potential Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Microbiota Combined Antidepression Effect" 3600:"Risk of Psychosis in Recurrent Episodes of Psychotic and Nonpsychotic Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 785:

Derived from the effectiveness of monoaminergic drugs in treating depression, the monoamine theory posits that insufficient activity of

17034: 16990: 16093: 14399: 5353:"Mood is indirectly related to serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in humans: a meta-analysis of monoamine depletion studies" 1892:

on it adequately represent broad populations, and escalating use of the product have been raised by an international panel of experts.

494:, usually unpleasant. People who have had previous episodes with psychotic symptoms are more likely to have them with future episodes. 11938: 11431:

Malhi GS, Byrow Y, Bassett D, Boyce P, Hopwood M, Lyndon W, et al. (March 2016). "Stimulants for depression: On the up and up?".

10051: 9845:

Hetrick SE, McKenzie JE, Bailey AP, Sharma V, Moller CI, Badcock PB, et al. (Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group) (May 2021).

15113: 11798:

Pompili M, Dominici G, Giordano G, et al. (December 2014). "Electroconvulsive treatment during pregnancy: a systematic review".

10678:"Association between suicide attempts and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: systematic review of randomised controlled trials" 5599:

Neuropsychopharmacology: the fifth generation of progress: an official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology

3174: 12832: 10782: 2131:

such as major depression, and the risk is especially high if a person has a marked sense of hopelessness or has both depression and

1447:

Other disorders need to be ruled out before diagnosing major depressive disorder. They include depressions due to physical illness,

435: 18146: 17412: 17363: 16849: 16466: 16279: 15418: 14740:

Bolwig TG (2007). "Melancholia: Beyond DSM, Beyond Neurotransmitters. Proceedings of a conference, May 2006, Copenhagen, Denmark".

8557:

Thase ME (1999). "When are psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy combinations the treatment of choice for major depressive disorder?".

3950:

Despite advances in our understanding of the neuro-biology of MDD, no established mechanism can explain all aspects of the disease.

2355: 1075:, which is an assessment of the person's current mood and thought content, in particular the presence of themes of hopelessness or 15393: 17485: 16259: 15528:

Paykel ES, Hart D, Priest RG (December 1998). "Changes in public attitudes to depression during the Defeat Depression Campaign".

2635: 2026: 1554:(NICE) 2004 guidelines indicate that antidepressants should not be used for the initial treatment of mild depression because the 1101: 1047: 956:, the study between the immune system and the nervous system and emotional state, suggests that cytokines may impact depression. 618:. Like most psychiatric disorders, major depressive disorder is likely influenced by many individual genetic changes. In 2018, a 440: 13539: 8394:"A review of lifestyle factors that contribute to important pathways associated with major depression: diet, sleep and exercise" 8353:"Effect of exercise on depression severity in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 8044:"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder (revision). American Psychiatric Association". 706:, a type of depression associated with seasonal changes in sunlight, is thought to be triggered by decreased sunlight. Vitamin B 17716: 16585: 13976:

Grant BF (1995). "Comorbidity between DSM-IV drug use disorders and major depression: results of a national survey of adults".

8255:"Psychological therapies versus antidepressant medication, alone and in combination for depression in children and adolescents" 6428:"T cell activation and deficits in T regulatory cells are associated with major depressive disorder and severity of depression" 2834: 2021: 1763: 1729: 1588: 871: 684: 15358: 6328:"Inflammatory markers in depression: A meta-analysis of mean differences and variability in 5,166 patients and 5,083 controls" 466:

Other symptoms of depression include poor concentration and memory, withdrawal from social situations and activities, reduced

18276: 15798: 15779: 15756: 15737: 15718: 15699: 15680: 15661: 15471: 15352: 15317: 15216: 15179: 15092: 15037: 14844: 14724: 14551: 14073: 13182: 11782: 11525:"Association of Testosterone Treatment With Alleviation of Depressive Symptoms in Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 11357: 11210:"The Anti-Depressant Effects of Statins in Patients With Major Depression Post-Myocardial Infarction: An Updated Review 2022" 9257: 8843: 8617: 7246: 7127: 5606: 4636: 4364: 4063: 4015: 3975: 3889: 3801: 3309: 2935: 2399: 14278: 12431:"Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 12021: 11371: 989:

activity. When microglia get activated, they release pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause an increase in the production of

10536: 2693:

The term "depression" is used in a number of different ways. It is often used to mean this syndrome but may refer to other

1412: 1093: 789:

is the primary cause of depression. Evidence for the monoamine theory comes from multiple areas. First, acute depletion of

482:. Some antidepressants may also cause insomnia due to their stimulating effect. In severe cases, depressed people may have 6618: 5817: 17941: 17528: 17046: 16194: 15986: 15061: 13425: 12859:"Major Depressive Disorder: Understanding the Significance of Residual Symptoms and Balancing Efficacy with Tolerability" 11094:"Intranasal Esketamine (SpravatoTM) for Use in Treatment-Resistant Depression In Conjunction With an Oral Antidepressant" 6483:

McNally L, Bhagwagar Z, Hannestad J (June 2008). "Inflammation, glutamate, and glia in depression: a literature review".

3731: 2895: 2375: 1895: 1680: 12192: 4391:

Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS (October 2000). "Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis".

3564: 18361: 16296: 16271: 16106: 13388: 12564:

Doll JP, Vázquez-Castellanos JF, Schaub AC, Schweinfurth N, Kettelhack C, Schneider E, et al. (17 February 2022).

10109:"Antidepressants in Children and Adolescents: Meta-Review of Efficacy, Tolerability and Suicidality in Acute Treatment" 9945:"Antidepressants in Children and Adolescents: Meta-Review of Efficacy, Tolerability and Suicidality in Acute Treatment" 7890:"The efficacy of internet interventions for depression and anxiety disorders: a review of randomised controlled trials" 6874:

Orengo CA, Fullerton G, Tan R (October 2004). "Male depression: a review of gender concerns and testosterone therapy".

4651:

Thus it appears that bipolar disorder is more strongly influenced by genetic factors than is major depressive disorder.

3845: 347:

in normally enjoyable activities. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s, the term was adopted by the

12096: 9077:

Khoury B, Lecomte T, Fortin G, et al. (August 2013). "Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis".

3788: 18303: 18188: 18134: 17852: 17617: 17082: 16902: 16800: 12378: 10778: 4277: 4030:

A number of risk factors for depression are known or suspected, but only in rare cases is the link to disease strong.

3376:"Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration" 2017: 1676: 1638: 1527: 288: 9548:

Thase ME (December 2006). "Preventing relapse and recurrence of depression: a brief review of therapeutic options".

8079:

Archer J, Bower P, Gilbody S, et al. (October 2012). "Collaborative care for depression and anxiety problems".

7664:"Screening for Depression in Children and Adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 4474:"Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression" 1967:

are electrically induced in a person with depression to provide relief from psychiatric illnesses. ECT is used with

1876:. Brexpiprazole has not been sufficiently studied in older people or children and the use and effectiveness of this 18266: 17174: 16411: 16382: 16323: 15456:"Public knowledge of and attitudes to mental disorders: a limiting factor in the optimal use of treatment services" 14646:

Terminology, history and definition of bipolar spectrum. In: Maj M, Akiskal HS, López-Ibor JJ, Sartorius N (eds.),

13689:

Strik JJ, Honig A, Maes M (May 2001). "Depression and myocardial infarction: relationship between heart and mind".

9418: 2613: 1771:, and this results in improvement in almost 50% of cases. Another option is to augment the atypical antidepressant 1522: 1197: 558:

that under the same amount of stressors, person 2 is more vulnerable than person 1, because of their predisposition

348: 14601: 8133: 6982:

Katz IR (1998). "Diagnosis and treatment of depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias".

5866:"The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Major Depressive Disorder: A Brief Primer for Primary Care Physicians" 5558:"Elevated monoamine oxidase a levels in the brain: an explanation for the monoamine imbalance of major depression" 1247:

is diagnosed if the depressive episode's manifestation does not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode.

18035: 16416: 16211: 16136: 11589:

Beloucif S (April 2013). "Informed consent for special procedures: electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery".

10775:"FDA Proposes New Warnings About Suicidal Thinking, Behavior in Young Adults Who Take Antidepressant Medications" 10044:"Depression in children and young people: Identification and management in primary, community and secondary care" 2499:

gained increasing currency in medical treatises and was a synonym by the end of the century; German psychiatrist

2132: 2025:

Anxiety Disorders, and the Royal Australia and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists have endorsed TMS for trMDD.

513: 8774:"Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for major depressive disorder: review of systematic reviews" 936:

in regulating striatal and subcortical structures result in depression. Another model proposes hyperactivity of

18050: 17069: 16854: 16825: 16086: 4300:

Nieto I, Robles E, Vazquez C (December 2020). "Self-reported cognitive biases in depression: A meta-analysis".

3175:"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines" 2830: 2678: 2359: 2289: 2281: 1651: 1463:. When the depression is caused by a medication, non-medical use of a psychoactive substance, or exposure to a 1373: 1243:. Further qualifiers are used to classify both the episode itself and the course of the disorder. The category 1147: 990: 959: 890: 15828: 15808: 14893: 12078: 8718: 8682:

Wilson KC, Mottram PG, Vassilas CA (January 2008). "Psychotherapeutic treatments for older depressed people".

3906: 3515:

Murray G (September 2007). "Diurnal mood variation in depression: a signal of disturbed circadian function?".

1456: 17657: 16595: 16313: 16289: 4665:"A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry" 2770:

There has been a continuing discussion of whether neurological disorders and mood disorders may be linked to

2176: 1176: 905:

There is also a connection between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system, otherwise known as the

726: 619: 414:, environmental, and psychological factors, with about 40% of the risk being genetic. Risk factors include a 2378:

has been associated with depressive symptoms, using digital media may also improve mood in some situations.

1479:

Preventive efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38%. Since 2016, the

1154:

or chronic disease. Adverse affective reactions to medications or alcohol misuse may be ruled out, as well.

940:

in identifying negative stimuli, and hypoactivity of cortical regulatory structures resulting in a negative

18291: 18129: 17989: 17827: 17822: 17642: 17417: 17356: 17258: 16795: 16328: 16173: 15656:(Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. 15282: 11964: 10217:"Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part II. Treatment and Ongoing Management" 7889: 7187: 2841:

study conducted afterwards showed a small positive change in public attitudes to depression and treatment.

2351: 2312:). It is also more common after cardiovascular illnesses, and is related more to those with a poor cardiac 2172: 1787: 1664: 1543: 1495: 1042: 509:

often decreases, resulting in weight loss, although increased appetite and weight gain occasionally occur.

10537:"Review and evaluation of clinical data. Relationship between psychiatric drugs and pediatric suicidality" 6791:"Recognition of depression by non-psychiatric physicians—a systematic literature review and meta-analysis" 5915:"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in depressed children and adolescents: a meta-analysis" 2503:

may have been the first to use it as the overarching term, referring to different kinds of melancholia as

1383:

distress" was added into the DSM-5 as a means to emphasize the common co-occurrence between depression or

651:(the result of healthcare), such as drug-induced depression. Therapies associated with depression include 463:

over thoughts and feelings of worthlessness, inappropriate guilt or regret, helplessness or hopelessness.

17962: 17866: 17637: 17465: 16503: 16301: 15057: 14421:

Berrios GE (September 1988). "Melancholia and depression during the 19th century: a conceptual history".

11965:"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)" 10159: 7104: 4178:

Haeffel GJ, Getchell M, Koposov RA, Yrigollen CM, Deyoung CG, Klinteberg BA, et al. (January 2008).

3214: 2837:

conducted a joint Five-year Defeat Depression campaign to educate and reduce stigma from 1992 to 1996; a

2371: 2342: 2285: 2093: 2072: 1831:, where the risk of serious dietary interactions is negligible and dietary restrictions are less strict. 1824: 1702: 1668: 1547: 1399: 1119: 899: 811: 703: 366: 17316: 12097:"Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized, controlled acute phase trial" 12020:

Gelenberg AJ, Freeman MP, Markowitz JC, Rosenbaum JF, Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Van Rhoads RS, eds. (2010).

10815: 6939:

Reid LM, Maclullich AM (2006). "Subjective memory complaints and cognitive impairment in older people".

4937: 3325:

Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Dimidjian S, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, et al. (January 2010).

3064:

Cooney GM, Dwan K, Greig CA, Lawlor DA, Rimer J, Waugh FR, et al. (September 2013). Mead GE (ed.).

2638:. To maintain consistency the ICD-10 used the same criteria, with only minor alterations, but using the 17977: 17627: 17253: 16168: 14832: 13929:"The Comorbidity of Major Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Recognition and Management in Primary Care" 11932:"Special Premarket 510(k) Notification for NeuroStar® TMS Therapy System for Major Depressive Disorder" 8896:"[Cognitive-behavioral therapy in prevention of depression relapses and recurrences: a review]" 6520:"The Role of Tryptophan Dysmetabolism and Quinolinic Acid in Depressive and Neurodegenerative Diseases" 4179: 4047: 2796: 2539: 2469: 2462: 2167: 1805:

There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by

1295: 867: 786: 567: 566:

proposes that biological, psychological, and social factors all play a role in causing depression. The

555: 14860: 14237: 14153: 4712:

Peyrot WJ, Van der Auwera S, Milaneschi Y, Dolan CV, Madden PA, Sullivan PF, et al. (July 2018).

4497: 4236: 1687:, cognitive behavioral therapy, and interpersonal therapy are effective interventions in the elderly. 17832: 17263: 17232: 16610: 16079: 15905: 15610: 14985:

Parker G, Cheah YC, Roy K (June 2001). "Do the Chinese somatize depression? A cross-cultural study".

13243:"Sex differences in clinical predictors of suicidal acts after major depression: a prospective study" 11310:"Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis" 11133: 7576:"Preventing the onset of depressive disorders: a meta-analytic review of psychological interventions" 5002:"Drug use and the risk of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and substance use disorders" 3555: 3181: 1956: 1299: 1207: 1097: 909:, which is a two-way communication system between the brain and the gut. Experiments have shown that 815: 765: 591: 545: 516:, work or school life, sleeping and eating habits, and general health. Family and friends may notice 502: 415: 404: 392: 377: 284: 280: 234: 13747:"Relationship between depression and frailty in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 11841: 9847:"New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis" 5043:"New insights into perinatal depression: pathogenesis and treatment during pregnancy and postpartum" 2158:

may not recognize underlying depression that complicates a cardiovascular problem under their care.

1613: 18318: 18308: 18055: 17647: 17622: 17501: 17480: 17311: 17227: 17222: 16919: 16882: 16874: 16692: 16661: 16402: 16387: 15997: 14290: 13366: 11774:

The practice of electroconvulsive therapy: recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging

8872: 3786: 2151: 1944:

supplements may have a role in depression management. There is tentative evidence for benefit from

1750: 1592: 1515: 1256: 1240: 1072: 1024: 770:

The pathophysiology of depression is not completely understood, but current theories center around

456: 381: 98:

Clinical depression, major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, recurrent depression

8719:"Psychological treatment of late-life depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 4091: 3123: 18366: 18139: 18099: 18077: 17533: 17349: 17248: 16755: 16605: 16600: 16557: 16374: 11208:

Gutlapalli SD, Farhat H, Irfan H, Muthiah K, Pallipamu N, Taheri S, et al. (December 2022).

10074:"Prozac may be the best treatment for young people with depression – but more research is needed" 8833: 5717:"Serotonin and depression: a disconnect between the advertisements and the scientific literature" 2784: 2715: 2515:

loss, such as the loss of a valued relationship through death or a romantic break-up, results in

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Appleton KM, Voyias PD, Sallis HM, Dawson S, Ness AR, Churchill R, et al. (November 2021).

10158:

Cipriani A, Zhou X, Del Giovane C, Hetrick SE, Qin B, Whittington C, et al. (August 2016).

7623:"Screening for Depression in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 3761: 2778:

times. British literature gives many examples of reflections on depression. English philosopher

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Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cause and Risk Summary: Major depressive disorder — Level 4 cause

4472:

Wray NR, Ripke S, Mattheisen M, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Abdellaoui A, et al. (May 2018).

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Radden J (2003). "Is this dame melancholy? Equating today's depression and past melancholia".

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loss as well; the depressed individual has identified with the object of affection through an

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Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Case Conceptualization, and Treatment, Volume 1: Adults

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Giedke H, Schwärzler F (October 2002). "Therapeutic use of sleep deprivation in depression".

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Correll CU, Cortese S, Croatto G, Monaco F, Krinitski D, Arrondo G, et al. (June 2021).

8304:"Physical exercise intervention in depressive disorders: meta-analysis and systematic review" 3762:"Cognitive Difficulties Associated With Depression: What Are the Implications for Treatment?" 2991: 2535: 2411: 2370:. Depression can also be exacerbated during particular months (usually winter) in those with 2309: 1491: 1483:(USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12; though a 2005 1391: 1306:, which denotes low mood resulting from a psychological response to an identifiable event or 1185: 953: 761: 695: 563: 541: 528:

symptoms of recent onset, such as forgetfulness, and a more noticeable slowing of movements.

517: 113: 15768: 14616: 12566:"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) as an Adjunctive Therapy for Depression-Case Report" 11572: 4529:

Howard DM, Adams MJ, Clarke TK, Hafferty JD, Gibson J, Shirali M, et al. (March 2019).

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development and promotion of antidepressants and the biological model since the late 1950s.

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find that nearly 40% of individual differences in risk for major depressive disorder can be

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Melancholia: a disorder of movement and mood: a phenomenological and neurobiological review

13599:"Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke" 11931: 11913:"NiCE. January 2014 Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating and preventing migraine" 10814:(Report). 261 (in Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan). Archived from 10080:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 12 October 2020. 9894:

Solmi M, Fornaro M, Ostinelli EG, Zangani C, Croatto G, Monaco F, et al. (June 2020).

9761:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 3 November 2022. 8511: 8067: 6439: 4611:

heritabilities of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are estimated to be approximately 70%.

4136: 2845: 2821: 2751:. Some well-known contemporary people with possible depression include Canadian songwriter 2734:

Historical figures were often reluctant to discuss or seek treatment for depression due to

2723: 2646:, adding higher threshold categories for moderate and severe episodes. The ancient idea of 2516: 2367: 2363: 2006: 1916: 1460: 1365: 1264: 1143: 1056: 831: 807: 734: 611: 571: 474:

is common; in the typical pattern, a person wakes very early and cannot get back to sleep.

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Drug-Induced Diseases Section IV: Drug-Induced Psychiatric Diseases Chapter 18: Depression

3649:"Development of a plastic surgical teaching service in a women's correctional institution" 3185: 1349:" is characterized by mood reactivity (paradoxical anhedonia) and positivity, significant 8: 18261: 18089: 17817: 17632: 17470: 17402: 17196: 17178: 17141: 17131: 16985: 16887: 16864: 16712: 16704: 16483: 16461: 16189: 15971: 13575: 12820: 10774: 6138:

Graham J, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Hagan C, Walsh N, Goodyer I, Lennox B, et al. (2013).

5842: 5462:"Pathophysiology of depression: do we have any solid evidence of interest to clinicians?" 3905:

Otte C, Gold SM, Penninx BW, Pariante CM, Etkin A, Fava M, et al. (September 2016).

2627: 2512: 1972: 1663:, medication should be offered only in conjunction with a psychological therapy, such as 1440: 1426: 1346: 1307: 1303: 1068: 802:

gene, which codes for serotonin receptors, suggests a link. Third, decreased size of the

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Delivered from distraction: Getting the most out of life with Attention Deficit Disorder

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Zhou X, Teng T, Zhang Y, Del Giovane C, Furukawa TA, Weisz JR, et al. (July 2020).

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Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT (February 2008).

67:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Palmer BF, Gates JR, Lader M (November 2003). "Causes and management of hyponatremia".

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GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (10 November 2018).

3098: 3065: 3001: 2974: 2756: 2305: 2085: 1976: 1912: 1877: 1555: 1151: 1139: 981:, and when this is overactivated, it can cause depression. This can be due to too much 978: 906: 599: 579: 141: 17910: 15980: 15976: 14886:"The Depression Wars: Would Honest Abe Have Written the Gettysburg Address on Prozac?" 13953: 13928: 13702: 13083: 12954: 12911: 12446: 10702: 10677: 10653: 10628: 10390: 10175: 9810: 8451:"Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis" 6326:

Osimo EF, Pillinger T, Rodriguez IM, Khandaker GM, Pariante CM, Howes OD (July 2020).

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publicly announced he will take a break in order to recover from a depressive episode.

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As a second line treatment for mild depression that persists after other interventions

478:, or oversleeping, can also happen, as well as day-night rhythm disturbances, such as 18104: 18020: 17784: 17730: 17548: 17447: 17105: 16630: 16620: 16552: 16478: 16362: 16008: 15886: 15794: 15791:

Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry

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Cultural differences contribute to different prevalence of symptoms. "Do the Chinese

2686: 2605: 2033: 1898:(NSAIDs) and cytokine inhibitors are effective in treating depression. For instance, 1844: 1839: 1835: 1626: 1621: 1435: 967: 933: 851: 843: 827: 823: 819: 672: 574:, is activated by stressful life events. The preexisting vulnerability can be either 550: 336: 146: 125: 65:. The reason given is: Many outdated sources and information (older than five years). 39: 16071: 15557: 15014: 14928: 14696: 13913: 13718: 13675: 13521: 13227: 13056: 13005: 12927: 12806: 12644: 12250:"Sleep deprivation as treatment for depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis" 12128: 11827: 11686: 11618: 11460: 10521: 10328: 10201: 9755:"Antidepressants for children and teenagers: what works for anxiety and depression?" 9714: 9670: 9606:

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Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice (over medication) for people under 18, and

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The most widely used criteria for diagnosing depressive conditions are found in the

104: 18171: 18156: 18124: 17799: 17694: 17389: 16975: 16929: 16897: 16745: 16723: 16688: 16451: 16333: 16284: 16231: 16206: 16201: 16158: 16146: 15592: 15584: 15537: 15500: 15337: 15333: 15253: 15245: 15144: 14994: 14959: 14924: 14804: 14796: 14749: 14676: 14612: 14580: 14514: 14504: 14473: 14430: 14339: 14249: 14202: 14165: 14126: 14028: 14020: 13985: 13948: 13940: 13893: 13856: 13815: 13805: 13758: 13746: 13698: 13655: 13618: 13610: 13571: 13501: 13327: 13262: 13254: 13207: 13140: 13130: 13079: 13028: 12985: 12950: 12907: 12870: 12786: 12751: 12714: 12706: 12695:"Population-based study of first onset and chronicity in major depressive disorder" 12667: 12624: 12587: 12577: 12536: 12526: 12487: 12450: 12442: 12401: 12397: 12393: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12306: 12269: 12261: 12212: 12204: 12163: 12155: 12112: 12108: 12054: 11979: 11884: 11876: 11807: 11721: 11713: 11666: 11598: 11544: 11536: 11495: 11487: 11440: 11405: 11321: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11231: 11221: 11180: 11172: 11105: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11007: 10999: 10958: 10948: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10746: 10738: 10697: 10689: 10648: 10640: 10599: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10501: 10460: 10452: 10386: 10355: 10351: 10308: 10285: 10265: 10228: 10179: 10171: 10130: 10120: 10081: 10015: 10007: 9966: 9956: 9915: 9907: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9814: 9806: 9762: 9698: 9694: 9654: 9650: 9615: 9577: 9557: 9520: 9510: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9390: 9341: 9282: 9220: 9212: 9170: 9133: 9125: 9086: 9051: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8948: 8907: 8793: 8785: 8738: 8730: 8695: 8691: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8605: 8566: 8529: 8519: 8470: 8462: 8408: 8364: 8315: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8217: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8063: 8011: 8001: 7962: 7924: 7904: 7825: 7817: 7765: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7675: 7634: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7482: 7480: 7458: 7413: 7405: 7115: 7105:"Classification of Depression: Research and Diagnostic Criteria: DSM-IV and ICD-10" 7018: 6968: 6948: 6913: 6848: 6810: 6802: 6755: 6720: 6677: 6582: 6541: 6531: 6492: 6455: 6447: 6398: 6388: 6347: 6339: 6296: 6292: 6228: 6193: 6189: 6151: 6112: 6077: 6039: 6029: 5985: 5975: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5885: 5877: 5838: 5789: 5779: 5738: 5728: 5681: 5643: 5635: 5601:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1139–63. 5569: 5522: 5510: 5481: 5473: 5432: 5364: 5323: 5315: 5274: 5266: 5234: 5197: 5150: 5113: 5103: 5062: 5054: 5013: 4972: 4964: 4902: 4861: 4822: 4782: 4774: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4591: 4550: 4542: 4501: 4493: 4485: 4435: 4400: 4352: 4309: 4194: 4144: 4051: 3945: 3925: 3668: 3660: 3616: 3611: 3599: 3524: 3462: 3397: 3387: 3346: 3338: 3267: 3259: 3145: 3137: 3093: 3081: 3077: 2996: 2986: 2852:

to admit to suffering from a mental illness while in office. Upon this revelation,

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of people with major depressive disorder differs from that of healthy people, and

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Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services

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to refer to someone having "a great depression of spirit", and by English author

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Depression can also arise after a chronic or terminal medical condition, such as

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Consensus Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Depression in the Elderly

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discusses the cultural differences in prevalent symptoms of depression between

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dysfunction and structural or functional abnormalities of emotional circuits.

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Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Major depressive disorder

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or loss, a worsening of symptoms in the morning hours, early-morning waking,

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has benefits in depression as large as or larger than those of medications.

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treatment should be continued for at least six months to reduce the risk of

1219:

Under mood disorders, ICD-11 classifies major depressive disorder as either

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The first version of the 2372:seasonal affective disorder 2343:National Comorbidity Survey 2286:years lived with disability 1820:can be used in such cases. 1703:psychodynamic psychotherapy 1400:Seasonal affective disorder 1313: 960:Immune system abnormalities 900:cortisol awakening response 812:alpha-2 adrenergic receptor 787:monoamine neurotransmitters 704:Seasonal affective disorder 605: 367:years lived with disability 359:in the 1980 version of the 10: 18383: 18051:Human–computer interaction 17978:Problematic smartphone use 17628:General Behavior Inventory 17302:Symptoms and uncategorized 16403:developmental disabilities 16169:Sexual maturation disorder 15054:"Biography of Henry James" 13978:Journal of Substance Abuse 13862:10.1177/070674370805300703 13259:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.134 13117:Bachmann S (6 July 2018). 12629:10.1586/14737175.6.11.1735 12148:Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11577:Psychiatry, Second Edition 11177:10.1038/s41420-022-01147-6 9767:10.3310/nihrevidence_53342 9130:10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.007 9079:Clinical Psychology Review 8987:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7955:Clinical Psychology Review 7463:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.637 6760:10.1177/107319110100800409 6452:10.1038/s41598-024-61865-y 5785:10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0 5253:Weissman MM (April 1987). 4761:Simon GE (November 2001). 4302:Clinical Psychology Review 4048:Cambridge University Press 2820:In 1998, the Norwegian PM 2797:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 2743:, American-British writer 2661: 2550:should be used instead of 2426: 2409: 2405: 2168:Epidemiology of depression 2165: 1636: 1606: 1591:are better tolerated than 1546:(CBT), third wave CBT and 1513: 1410: 1296:recurrent brief depression 1254: 1040: 985:activation and too little 793:—a necessary precursor of 759: 539: 448:of a woman diagnosed with 433: 29: 18362:Major depressive disorder 18197: 18115: 18008: 17948: 17865: 17833:Electroconvulsive therapy 17810: 17759: 17710: 17665: 17656: 17608: 17514: 17494: 17456:Major depressive disorder 17446: 17388: 17379: 17307: 17296: 17272: 17264:Simple-type schizophrenia 17241: 17233:Schizophreniform disorder 17210: 17189: 17185: 17164: 17117: 17099: 17068: 17045: 16999: 16966: 16962: 16951: 16873: 16840: 16788: 16731: 16722: 16703: 16699: 16678: 16644: 16611:Mild cognitive impairment 16596:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 16576: 16538: 16534: 16523: 16494:Major depressive disorder 16447: 16433: 16399:Psychological development 16398: 16373: 16270: 16266: 16253: 16182: 16129: 16125: 16114: 16060:Major depressive disorder 16023: 15915: 14573:Journal of Mental Science 14478:10.1383/psyt.2006.5.4.115 14207:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030 13898:10.1192/S0007125000298371 13763:10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.005 13597:Rickards H (March 2005). 13393:World Health Organization 13174:Major Depressive Disorder 13033:10.1017/s0033291712001717 12791:10.1017/S0033291703007827 12711:10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.513 12672:10.1016/j.lpm.2007.03.032 12583:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.815422 12492:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.102 12059:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.043 11643:24 September 2015 at the 11492:10.1002/14651858.CD003390 10542:. 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17623:Child Mania Rating Scale 17502:Schizoaffective disorder 17481:Major depressive episode 17312:Impulse-control disorder 17228:Schizoaffective disorder 17223:Brief reactive psychosis 16920:Mass psychogenic illness 16883:Body dysmorphic disorder 16662:Post-concussion syndrome 16272:Emotional and behavioral 15386:Psychoanalytic Quarterly 13615:10.1136/jnnp.2004.060426 13105:Barlow & Durand 2005 11972:Clinical Neurophysiology 11881:10.1177/0891988713516542 11748:Surgeon General (1999). 11445:10.1177/0004867416634208 10694:10.1136/bmj.330.7488.396 10645:10.1136/bmj.330.7488.385 10126:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00717 10048:NICE Clinical Guidelines 9962:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00717 9316:Barlow & Durand 2005 7023:10.1177/0891988707308801 6841:Journal of Mental Health 6234:10.1136/jnnp-2011-301779 5919:Psychoneuroendocrinology 4969:10.1177/2050640614560786 4056:10.1017/CBO9781139175869 3665:10.1136/bmj.322.7284.482 2509:Mourning and Melancholia 2420:described a syndrome of 2376:overuse of digital media 2152:cardiovascular disorders 2012: 1751:tricyclic antidepressant 1516:Management of depression 1475:Screening and prevention 1429:with depressed mood, or 1257:Major depressive episode 1251:Major depressive episode 1073:mental state examination 806:, decreased activity of 535: 457:major depressive episode 215:adverse life experiences 38:Not to be confused with 18140:Social anxiety disorder 17973:Online problem gambling 17775:Atypical antipsychotics 17534:Emotional dysregulation 17249:Childhood schizophrenia 16601:Frontotemporal dementia 16558:High-functioning autism 16375:Intellectual disability 14952:Health Sociology Review 14171:10.1542/peds.2016-1758G 13843:Andrews G (July 2008). 13332:10.4088/jcp.09m05810blu 12570:Frontiers in Psychiatry 11757:12 January 2007 at the 11706:Neuropsychopharmacology 10113:Frontiers in Psychiatry 9949:Frontiers in Psychiatry 8571:10.1023/A:1022042316895 7758:British Medical Journal 7640:10.1001/jama.2015.18392 5425:Neurobiology of Disease 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Goodwin 17700:Valproate semisodium 17590:Psychotic depression 17317:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 17147:Substance dependence 17060:Postpartum psychosis 16606:Huntington's disease 16388:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 16237:Personality disorder 15906:More spoken articles 15506:10.1176/ajp.154.6.59 15435:on 10 September 2008 15281:Simonton DK (2005). 14964:10.5172/hesr.13.1.54 14586:10.1192/bjp.80.328.1 14289:(14). 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He theorized that 2364:alcohol use disorder 2007:medial temporal lobe 1959:(ECT) is a standard 1461:physical examination 1366:Catatonic depression 1265:psychotic depression 1192:DSM and ICD criteria 1057:general practitioner 832:dopamine receptor D1 830:agonists, decreased 808:tyrosine hydroxylase 600:world or environment 213:Environmental (e.g. 18262:Fear of missing out 17818:Clinical psychology 17633:Hypomania Checklist 17471:Atypical depression 17197:Delusional disorder 17142:Stimulant psychosis 17132:Physical dependence 16986:Rumination syndrome 16888:Conversion disorder 16865:Psychogenic amnesia 16715:with depressed mood 16713:Adjustment disorder 16616:Parkinson's disease 16591:Alzheimer's disease 16484:Atypical depression 16320:Social functioning 16195:Munchausen syndrome 16190:Factitious disorder 13609:(Suppl 1): i48–52. 13365:(9). 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May 2016. 2826: 2757:Tennessee Williams 2702:Cultural dimension 2691: 2679:American president 2562:, 1952) contained 2449: 2306:multiple sclerosis 2261: 2086:family dysfunction 1977:general anesthesia 1836:suicidal ideations 1722: 1619: 1556:risk-benefit ratio 1169:dementing disorder 1152:systemic infection 1132:basic electrolytes 1053: 1011:, IDO. IDO causes 979:kynurenine pathway 927:Theories unifying 891:dexamethasone test 735:family dysfunction 673:antimigraine drugs 667:, cardiac agents, 580:nature and nurture 560: 455:A person having a 453: 430:Symptoms and signs 314:163 million (2017) 18349: 18348: 18021:Digital sociology 17908: 17907: 17861: 17860: 17785:Lithium carbonate 17731:Dextroamphetamine 17549:Suicidal ideation 17510: 17509: 17339: 17338: 17335: 17334: 17292: 17291: 17288: 17287: 17160: 17159: 17095: 17094: 17091: 17090: 16947: 16946: 16943: 16942: 16836: 16835: 16674: 16673: 16670: 16669: 16631:Vascular dementia 16553:Asperger syndrome 16519: 16518: 16429: 16428: 16425: 16424: 16363:Tourette syndrome 16249: 16248: 16245: 16244: 16069: 16068: 15872: 15800:978-0-7817-3183-6 15781:978-0-85369-778-7 15758:978-0-521-47275-3 15739:978-0-534-55401-9 15720:978-0-89862-919-4 15701:978-0-534-63356-1 15682:978-0-89042-555-8 15663:978-0-89042-025-6 15473:978-0-521-66229-1 15380:Sterba R (1947). 15354:978-1-4212-4200-2 15319:978-0-8207-0262-9 15287:Psychiatric Times 15218:978-0-7100-0054-5 15181:978-0-7661-7566-2 15094:978-0-252-06667-2 15064:on 8 October 2008 15039:978-0-8021-3948-1 14846:978-0-674-03958-2 14726:978-0-470-17356-5 14648:Bipolar disorders 14567:Lewis AJ (1934). 14553:978-0-14-021740-7 14283:Psychiatric Times 14095:Psychiatric Times 14075:978-0-345-44231-4 13359:Psychiatric Times 13184:978-0-19-026432-1 11846:Psych Central.com 11784:978-0-89042-206-9 11659:Bipolar Disorders 11358:978-0-07-803538-8 11327:10.1136/bmj.f3646 10743:10.1136/bmj.b2880 10506:10.1159/000442293 10439:Bonnet U (2003). 10313:10.1345/aph.1D105 10012:10.1002/wps.20881 9912:10.1002/wps.20765 9259:978-0-314-20412-7 9205:Transl Psychiatry 8877:Psychiatric Times 8845:978-1-84629-074-9 8619:978-1-4020-8264-1 8467:10.1136/bmj.g1151 8321:10.1111/sms.12050 8000:(31): 9350–9367. 7248:978-0-89042-554-1 7129:978-3-527-61967-2 6953:10.1159/000096295 6615:BBC News (Health) 5608:978-0-7817-2837-9 5400:(Suppl 1): 5–12. 5143:Nutrition Reviews 4930:Botts S, Ryan M. 4675:(10): 1041–1049. 4638:978-0-323-59653-4 4590:(10): 1552–1562. 4399:(10): 1552–1562. 4366:978-1-4833-6582-4 4135:(5631): 386–389. 4065:978-1-107-05563-6 4017:978-0-12-821396-4 3977:978-1-9751-6748-6 3891:978-1-4129-0490-2 3803:978-0-7347-3341-2 3766:Psychiatric Times 3311:978-1-118-92928-5 3258:(9995): 743–800. 2937:978-0-19-979704-2 2793:Winston Churchill 2606:Feighner Criteria 2505:depressive states 2251: 1,375–1,450 2245: 1,300–1,375 2239: 1,225–1,300 2233: 1,150–1,225 2227: 1,075–1,150 2221: 1,000–1,075 2034:sleep deprivation 1845:black box warning 1840:suicidal behavior 1633:Talking therapies 1627:smoking cessation 1622:Physical exercise 1436:double depression 1390:"Depression with 1379:"Depression with 1276:, a diagnosis of 1177:Cognitive testing 1112:physical symptoms 968:sickness behavior 934:prefrontal cortex 852:monoamine oxidase 844:dopamine receptor 828:dopamine receptor 824:dextroamphetamine 820:homovanillic acid 590:suggested that a 327:), also known as 318: 317: 84:Medical condition 82: 81: 40:depression (mood) 16:(Redirected from 18374: 18172:Anorexia nervosa 18157:Bipolar disorder 18125:Anxiety disorder 17935: 17928: 17921: 17912: 17911: 17800:Lithium toxicity 17762:mood stabilizers 17712:Sympathomimetics 17695:Sodium valproate 17663: 17662: 17390:Bipolar disorder 17386: 17385: 17366: 17359: 17352: 17343: 17342: 17298: 17297: 17187: 17186: 17166: 17165: 17101: 17100: 16976:Anorexia nervosa 16964: 16963: 16953: 16952: 16930:Psychogenic pain 16898:Globus pharyngis 16746:Childhood phobia 16729: 16728: 16701: 16700: 16680: 16679: 16536: 16535: 16525: 16524: 16435: 16434: 16334:Selective mutism 16285:Conduct disorder 16268: 16267: 16255: 16254: 16232:Trichotillomania 16207:Gender dysphoria 16202:Fear of intimacy 16159:Sexual anhedonia 16127: 16126: 16116: 16115: 16103:Mental disorders 16096: 16089: 16082: 16073: 16072: 15913: 15912: 15896: 15894: 15883: 15882: 15873: 15863: 15861: 15857: 15852: 15844: 15842: 15840: 15824: 15822: 15820: 15804: 15785: 15773: 15762: 15743: 15724: 15705: 15686: 15667: 15638: 15629: 15623: 15622: 15620: 15618: 15609:. Archived from 15600: 15568: 15562: 15561: 15525: 15519: 15518: 15508: 15484: 15478: 15477: 15451: 15445: 15444: 15442: 15440: 15434: 15423: 15415: 15406: 15405: 15403: 15401: 15377: 15371: 15370: 15368: 15366: 15342: 15330: 15324: 15323: 15305: 15299: 15298: 15278: 15272: 15271: 15261: 15229: 15223: 15222: 15207:Cohen D (1979). 15204: 15198: 15192: 15186: 15185: 15170:James H (1920). 15167: 15161: 15160: 15132: 15126: 15125: 15123: 15121: 15105: 15099: 15098: 15080: 15074: 15073: 15071: 15069: 15060:. Archived from 15050: 15044: 15043: 15025: 15019: 15018: 14982: 14976: 14975: 14947: 14941: 14940: 14912: 14906: 14905: 14903: 14901: 14881: 14875: 14857: 14851: 14850: 14829: 14823: 14822: 14812: 14780: 14774: 14773: 14737: 14731: 14730: 14710: 14701: 14700: 14660: 14651: 14641: 14635: 14634: 14628: 14620: 14606: 14597: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14564: 14558: 14557: 14539: 14533: 14532: 14522: 14512: 14488: 14482: 14481: 14461: 14455: 14454: 14418: 14412: 14411: 14409: 14407: 14387: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14376: 14362: 14356: 14355: 14327: 14316: 14309: 14303: 14302: 14300: 14298: 14274: 14268: 14267: 14257: 14233: 14227: 14226: 14190: 14184: 14183: 14173: 14149: 14143: 14142: 14113: 14107: 14106: 14086: 14080: 14079: 14063: 14053: 14047: 14046: 14036: 14008: 14002: 14001: 13973: 13967: 13966: 13956: 13924: 13918: 13917: 13881: 13875: 13874: 13864: 13840: 13834: 13833: 13823: 13813: 13789: 13783: 13782: 13742: 13736: 13729: 13723: 13722: 13686: 13680: 13679: 13643: 13637: 13636: 13626: 13594: 13588: 13587: 13559: 13553: 13552: 13551: 13549: 13532: 13526: 13525: 13489: 13480: 13479: 13477: 13475: 13461: 13452: 13446: 13445: 13441: 13439: 13437: 13432:on 9 August 2022 13418: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13404: 13385: 13379: 13378: 13376: 13374: 13350: 13344: 13343: 13314: 13308: 13307: 13287: 13281: 13280: 13270: 13238: 13232: 13231: 13195: 13189: 13188: 13168: 13162: 13161: 13148: 13138: 13114: 13108: 13102: 13096: 13095: 13067: 13061: 13060: 13016: 13010: 13009: 12973: 12967: 12966: 12938: 12932: 12931: 12906:(9358): 653–61. 12895: 12889: 12888: 12878: 12854: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12817: 12811: 12810: 12774: 12768: 12767: 12739: 12733: 12732: 12722: 12690: 12684: 12683: 12655: 12649: 12648: 12612: 12606: 12605: 12595: 12585: 12561: 12555: 12554: 12544: 12534: 12510: 12504: 12503: 12475: 12469: 12468: 12458: 12441:(12): 995–1010. 12426: 12420: 12419: 12409: 12383: 12374: 12368: 12367: 12357: 12329: 12323: 12322: 12294: 12288: 12287: 12277: 12245: 12239: 12238: 12220: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12171: 12139: 12133: 12132: 12092: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12077:. Archived from 12044: 12035: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12017: 12011: 12010: 12008: 11978:(11): 2150–206. 11969: 11960: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11949: 11943: 11936: 11927: 11921: 11920: 11915:. Archived from 11909: 11903: 11902: 11892: 11860: 11854: 11853: 11838: 11832: 11831: 11795: 11789: 11788: 11768: 11762: 11746: 11740: 11739: 11729: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11654: 11648: 11634: 11623: 11622: 11586: 11580: 11569: 11563: 11562: 11552: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11503: 11471: 11465: 11464: 11428: 11422: 11421: 11404:(9): 1010–1018. 11393: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11376: 11367: 11361: 11346: 11340: 11339: 11329: 11305: 11299: 11298: 11288: 11271:(11): CD004692. 11256: 11250: 11249: 11239: 11229: 11205: 11199: 11198: 11188: 11156: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11145: 11138:Cleveland Clinic 11130: 11124: 11123: 11113: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11064: 11032: 11026: 11025: 11015: 10983: 10977: 10976: 10966: 10956: 10932: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10891: 10880: 10879: 10869: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10821:on 29 April 2011 10820: 10813: 10801: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10771: 10765: 10764: 10754: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10705: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10656: 10624: 10618: 10617: 10607: 10597: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10548: 10541: 10532: 10526: 10525: 10485: 10479: 10478: 10468: 10445:CNS Drug Reviews 10436: 10430: 10429: 10409: 10403: 10402: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10339: 10333: 10332: 10307:(11): 1694–702. 10296: 10290: 10289: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10236: 10227:(3): e20174082. 10212: 10206: 10205: 10187: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10138: 10128: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10070: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10023: 10000:World Psychiatry 9991: 9985: 9984: 9974: 9964: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9923: 9900:World Psychiatry 9891: 9885: 9884: 9874: 9842: 9833: 9832: 9822: 9790: 9779: 9778: 9751: 9745: 9744: 9739:. Archived from 9725: 9719: 9718: 9681: 9675: 9674: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9603: 9597: 9591: 9582: 9581: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9528: 9518: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9477: 9460:(12): CD009138. 9445: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9425:. October 2009. 9415: 9409: 9408: 9398: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9349: 9347:10.1002/da.20305 9325: 9319: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9228: 9196: 9187: 9186: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9141: 9109: 9103: 9102: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9039: 9033: 9030:Beck et al. 1987 9027: 9021: 9020: 9010: 8993:(12): CD006237. 8978: 8967: 8966: 8956: 8932: 8926: 8925: 8915: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8801: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8735:10.1002/gps.1620 8714: 8708: 8707: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8662: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8537: 8527: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8478: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8398: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8372: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8323: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8282: 8265:(11): CD008324. 8250: 8244: 8243: 8225: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8184: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8126: 8115: 8114: 8104: 8076: 8070: 8062:; Third edition 8061: 8041: 8030: 8029: 8019: 8009: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7933: 7894: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7868: 7861: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7833: 7822:10.1037/a0027666 7801: 7792: 7791: 7773: 7771:10.1136/bmj.l794 7749: 7743: 7742: 7732: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7683: 7681:10.7326/M15-2957 7659: 7653: 7652: 7642: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7571: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7475: 7474: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7421: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7302: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7279:on 3 August 2020 7278: 7272:. Archived from 7267: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7235: 7229: 7219: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7198: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7171: 7169: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7138: 7109: 7100: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6901: 6892: 6891: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6818: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6590: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6549: 6539: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6463: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6406: 6396: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6355: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6236: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6159: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6047: 6037: 6013: 6004: 6003: 5993: 5983: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5942: 5925:(9): 1272–1283. 5910: 5904: 5903: 5893: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5837:(12): 1193–204. 5826: 5820: 5815: 5797: 5787: 5778:(8): 3243–3256. 5763: 5757: 5756: 5746: 5736: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5651: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5577: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5489: 5466:World Psychiatry 5457: 5451: 5450: 5440: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5372: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5331: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5282: 5250: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5111: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5070: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5021: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4980: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4910: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4869: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4790: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4741: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4692: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4625:Medical genetics 4620: 4614: 4613: 4599: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4558: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4351:. p. 1014. 4340: 4334: 4333: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4184: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4107: 4096: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4006:(2nd ed.). 3999: 3993: 3992: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3911: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3842: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3795: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3740: 3729: 3719: 3704: 3698: 3687: 3686: 3676: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3619: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3489: 3488: 3470: 3461:(5–6): 435–463. 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3395: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3354: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3295: 3286: 3285: 3275: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3190: 3184:. Archived from 3179: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3153: 3121: 3112: 3111: 3101: 3061: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3015: 3014: 3004: 2994: 2970: 2957: 2951: 2942: 2941: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2888: 2780:John Stuart Mill 2482:Louis Delasiauve 2460: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2270:developing world 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 1969:informed consent 1938:adjuvant therapy 1811:low blood sodium 1431:bipolar disorder 1340:anorexia nervosa 1278:bipolar disorder 1144:full blood count 846:genes implicate 776:circadian rhythm 687:(GnRH agonist). 259:Bipolar disorder 155:loss of interest 119:Vincent van Gogh 107: 87: 86: 77: 74: 68: 56: 55: 48: 43: 36: 21: 18382: 18381: 18377: 18376: 18375: 18373: 18372: 18371: 18352: 18351: 18350: 18345: 18193: 18167:Eating disorder 18117: 18111: 18061:Neuroergonomics 18041:Cyberpsychology 18004: 17950: 17944: 17939: 17909: 17904: 17857: 17806: 17795:Lithium sulfate 17790:Lithium citrate 17755: 17746:Methylphenidate 17715: 17706: 17667:Anticonvulsants 17652: 17604: 17595:Racing thoughts 17506: 17490: 17442: 17375: 17370: 17340: 17331: 17303: 17284: 17268: 17237: 17215: 17206: 17181: 17156: 17113: 17110:substance abuse 17087: 17064: 17041: 16995: 16981:Bulimia nervosa 16958: 16939: 16915:Hypochondriasis 16910:False pregnancy 16893:Ganser syndrome 16875:Somatic symptom 16869: 16832: 16784: 16773:Specific phobia 16718: 16695: 16666: 16640: 16572: 16568:Savant syndrome 16540:Autism spectrum 16530: 16515: 16443: 16421: 16400: 16394: 16369: 16262: 16241: 16217:Dermatillomania 16178: 16164:Sexual anorexia 16121: 16110: 16100: 16070: 16065: 16064: 16019: 16018: 15924: 15910: 15909: 15898: 15892: 15890: 15887:This audio file 15884: 15877: 15868: 15865: 15859: 15855: 15854: 15850: 15847: 15838: 15836: 15818: 15816: 15801: 15782: 15759: 15740: 15721: 15702: 15683: 15664: 15647: 15642: 15641: 15630: 15626: 15616: 15614: 15583:(12): 862–863. 15569: 15565: 15526: 15522: 15485: 15481: 15474: 15452: 15448: 15438: 15436: 15432: 15421: 15417: 15416: 15409: 15399: 15397: 15378: 15374: 15364: 15362: 15355: 15340: 15331: 15327: 15320: 15306: 15302: 15279: 15275: 15230: 15226: 15219: 15205: 15201: 15195:Hergenhahn 2005 15193: 15189: 15182: 15168: 15164: 15133: 15129: 15119: 15117: 15106: 15102: 15095: 15081: 15077: 15067: 15065: 15052: 15051: 15047: 15040: 15026: 15022: 14983: 14979: 14948: 14944: 14913: 14909: 14899: 14897: 14882: 14878: 14868:Wayback Machine 14858: 14854: 14847: 14830: 14826: 14781: 14777: 14738: 14734: 14727: 14711: 14704: 14675:(4–5): 258–65. 14661: 14654: 14642: 14638: 14622: 14621: 14604: 14602:"Schizophrenia" 14598: 14594: 14565: 14561: 14554: 14540: 14536: 14489: 14485: 14462: 14458: 14419: 14415: 14405: 14403: 14388: 14384: 14374: 14372: 14364: 14363: 14359: 14328: 14319: 14310: 14306: 14296: 14294: 14293:on 14 June 2020 14275: 14271: 14248:(20): 2433–45. 14234: 14230: 14191: 14187: 14150: 14146: 14114: 14110: 14087: 14083: 14076: 14054: 14050: 14009: 14005: 13974: 13970: 13925: 13921: 13882: 13878: 13841: 13837: 13790: 13786: 13743: 13739: 13730: 13726: 13687: 13683: 13644: 13640: 13595: 13591: 13560: 13556: 13547: 13545: 13533: 13529: 13490: 13483: 13473: 13471: 13463: 13462: 13455: 13443: 13435: 13433: 13420: 13419: 13412: 13402: 13400: 13387: 13386: 13382: 13372: 13370: 13369:on 6 March 2020 13351: 13347: 13315: 13311: 13288: 13284: 13239: 13235: 13196: 13192: 13185: 13169: 13165: 13115: 13111: 13103: 13099: 13068: 13064: 13017: 13013: 12974: 12970: 12949:(2–3): 139–46. 12939: 12935: 12896: 12892: 12855: 12848: 12838: 12836: 12819: 12818: 12814: 12775: 12771: 12740: 12736: 12691: 12687: 12660:Presse Médicale 12656: 12652: 12623:(11): 1735–40. 12613: 12609: 12562: 12558: 12511: 12507: 12476: 12472: 12427: 12423: 12392:(2): CD009895. 12381: 12375: 12371: 12340:(4): CD006833. 12330: 12326: 12295: 12291: 12246: 12242: 12189: 12185: 12140: 12136: 12093: 12089: 12081: 12042: 12036: 12032: 12024: 12018: 12014: 12006: 11967: 11961: 11957: 11947: 11945: 11941: 11934: 11928: 11924: 11911: 11910: 11906: 11861: 11857: 11848:. 17 May 2016. 11840: 11839: 11835: 11806:(12): 1377–90. 11796: 11792: 11785: 11769: 11765: 11759:Wayback Machine 11747: 11743: 11712:(12): 2467–74. 11698: 11694: 11655: 11651: 11645:Wayback Machine 11635: 11626: 11587: 11583: 11570: 11566: 11529:JAMA Psychiatry 11521: 11517: 11486:(2): CD003390. 11472: 11468: 11429: 11425: 11394: 11390: 11380: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11364: 11347: 11343: 11306: 11302: 11257: 11253: 11206: 11202: 11157: 11153: 11143: 11141: 11132: 11131: 11127: 11090: 11086: 11041:Am J Psychiatry 11033: 11029: 10984: 10980: 10933: 10929: 10906:(7): CD013866. 10892: 10883: 10852:(6): CD001026. 10838: 10834: 10824: 10822: 10818: 10811: 10802: 10798: 10788: 10786: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10723: 10719: 10674: 10670: 10625: 10621: 10580:(9): CD004851. 10566: 10562: 10552: 10550: 10546: 10539: 10533: 10529: 10486: 10482: 10437: 10433: 10410: 10406: 10375: 10371: 10350:(3): CD004186. 10340: 10336: 10297: 10293: 10254: 10250: 10213: 10209: 10156: 10152: 10105: 10101: 10072: 10071: 10067: 10057: 10055: 10042: 10041: 10037: 9992: 9988: 9941: 9937: 9892: 9888: 9857:(5): CD013674. 9843: 9836: 9791: 9782: 9753: 9752: 9748: 9731:(31 May 2006). 9726: 9722: 9693:(11): 1217–27. 9682: 9678: 9639: 9635: 9614:(26): 1942–50. 9604: 9600: 9592: 9585: 9546: 9542: 9495: 9491: 9446: 9442: 9432: 9430: 9417: 9416: 9412: 9383:Family Practice 9375: 9371: 9326: 9322: 9314: 9310: 9271: 9267: 9260: 9246: 9242: 9197: 9190: 9159: 9155: 9110: 9106: 9075: 9071: 9040: 9036: 9028: 9024: 8979: 8970: 8933: 8929: 8892: 8888: 8869: 8865: 8855: 8853: 8846: 8832: 8831: 8827: 8819: 8815: 8770: 8766: 8729:(12): 1139–49. 8715: 8711: 8690:(1): CD004853. 8680: 8676: 8645:(8): CD010558. 8631: 8627: 8620: 8598: 8594: 8555: 8551: 8496: 8492: 8447: 8443: 8435: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8349: 8345: 8300: 8296: 8251: 8247: 8202: 8198: 8167:(8): CD003380. 8153: 8149: 8139: 8137: 8128: 8127: 8118: 8077: 8073: 8043: 8042: 8033: 7986: 7982: 7951: 7947: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7892: 7886: 7882: 7872: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7802: 7795: 7750: 7746: 7715:(4): CD002792. 7701: 7697: 7660: 7656: 7619: 7615: 7586:(10): 1272–80. 7572: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7493: 7485: 7478: 7447: 7443: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7369: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7303: 7292: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7265: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7220: 7209: 7196: 7194: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7167: 7165: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7107: 7101: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7007: 7003: 6980: 6976: 6947:(5–6): 471–85. 6937: 6933: 6902: 6895: 6872: 6868: 6836: 6832: 6787: 6783: 6744: 6740: 6709: 6705: 6665: 6661: 6638: 6634: 6624: 6622: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6567: 6563: 6516: 6512: 6481: 6477: 6424: 6420: 6373: 6369: 6324: 6320: 6281: 6277: 6254: 6250: 6213: 6209: 6177: 6173: 6136: 6132: 6101: 6097: 6065: 6061: 6014: 6007: 5960: 5956: 5911: 5907: 5862: 5858: 5827: 5823: 5764: 5760: 5713: 5709: 5669: 5665: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5595: 5591: 5568:(11): 1209–16. 5554: 5550: 5507: 5503: 5458: 5454: 5417: 5413: 5390: 5386: 5349: 5345: 5320:10.1289/EHP4595 5300: 5296: 5223: 5219: 5182: 5178: 5139: 5135: 5088: 5084: 5039: 5035: 5012:(11): 1039–44. 4998: 4994: 4949: 4945: 4928: 4924: 4887: 4883: 4846: 4842: 4808: 4804: 4759: 4755: 4710: 4706: 4661: 4657: 4639: 4631:. p. 247. 4621: 4617: 4576: 4572: 4527: 4523: 4478:Nature Genetics 4470: 4466: 4424: 4420: 4389: 4385: 4367: 4349:SAGE Publishing 4341: 4337: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4066: 4040: 4036: 4018: 4010:. p. 286. 4000: 3996: 3978: 3960: 3956: 3922:Springer Nature 3909: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3844: 3843: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3804: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3707: 3699: 3690: 3645: 3641: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3492: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3372: 3368: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3296: 3289: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3122: 3115: 3076:(9): CD004366. 3062: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3018: 2971: 2960: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2922: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2890: 2889: 2868: 2863: 2749:Abraham Lincoln 2732: 2716:individualistic 2704: 2683:Abraham Lincoln 2671: 2666: 2660: 2463:Richard Baker's 2414: 2408: 2381:Depression and 2334: 2314:disease outcome 2266:developed world 2259: 2258: 2257: >1,450 2254: 2252: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2215: 925–1,000 2212: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2170: 2164: 2125:life expectancy 2121: 2112: 2110:Ability to work 2081: 2052:in depression. 2015: 1988:muscle relaxant 1954: 1922:thyroid hormone 1858:benzodiazepines 1854: 1711: 1709:Antidepressants 1644:Talking therapy 1641: 1635: 1611: 1605: 1518: 1512: 1485:Cochrane review 1477: 1415: 1409: 1316: 1259: 1253: 1194: 1045: 1039: 1034: 1021:quinolinic acid 1001: 994: 950: 834:binding in the 804:locus coeruleus 768: 758: 756:Pathophysiology 731:childhood abuse 729:(incorporating 724: 717: 713: 709: 681:hormonal agents 669:anticonvulsants 629: 608: 548: 538: 438: 432: 371:lower back pain 353:symptom cluster 333:mental disorder 305:Antidepressants 85: 78: 72: 69: 66: 57: 53: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18380: 18370: 18369: 18367:Mood disorders 18364: 18347: 18346: 18344: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18332: 18331: 18321: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18300: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18287:Binge-watching 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18247:Digital zombie 18244: 18239: 18237:Cyberpathology 18234: 18229: 18228: 18227: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18201: 18199: 18198:Related topics 18195: 18194: 18192: 18191: 18186: 18181: 18180: 18179: 18174: 18164: 18159: 18154: 18149: 18144: 18143: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18121: 18119: 18113: 18112: 18110: 18109: 18108: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18082: 18081: 18080: 18070: 18065: 18064: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18023: 18018: 18012: 18010: 18006: 18005: 18003: 18002: 17997: 17992: 17987: 17986: 17985: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17954: 17952: 17946: 17945: 17938: 17937: 17930: 17923: 17915: 17906: 17905: 17903: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17875:Emil Kraepelin 17871: 17869: 17863: 17862: 17859: 17858: 17856: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17814: 17812: 17808: 17807: 17805: 17804: 17803: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17777: 17772: 17770:Antipsychotics 17766: 17764: 17757: 17756: 17754: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17722: 17720: 17708: 17707: 17705: 17704: 17703: 17702: 17697: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17671: 17669: 17660: 17654: 17653: 17651: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17625: 17620: 17614: 17612: 17606: 17605: 17603: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17581: 17580: 17575: 17567:Sleep disorder 17563: 17558: 17553: 17552: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17531: 17526: 17520: 17518: 17512: 17511: 17508: 17507: 17505: 17504: 17498: 17496: 17492: 17491: 17489: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17452: 17450: 17444: 17443: 17441: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17394: 17392: 17383: 17377: 17376: 17369: 17368: 17361: 17354: 17346: 17337: 17336: 17333: 17332: 17330: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17308: 17305: 17304: 17294: 17293: 17290: 17289: 17286: 17285: 17283: 17282: 17276: 17274: 17270: 17269: 17267: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17245: 17243: 17239: 17238: 17236: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17219: 17217: 17208: 17207: 17205: 17204: 17199: 17193: 17191: 17183: 17182: 17162: 17161: 17158: 17157: 17155: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17137:Rebound effect 17134: 17129: 17124: 17118: 17115: 17114: 17097: 17096: 17093: 17092: 17089: 17088: 17086: 17085: 17080: 17078:Hypersexuality 17074: 17072: 17066: 17065: 17063: 17062: 17057: 17051: 17049: 17043: 17042: 17040: 17039: 17038: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17017: 17012: 17006: 17004: 16997: 16996: 16994: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16972: 16970: 16960: 16959: 16949: 16948: 16945: 16944: 16941: 16940: 16938: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16906: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16885: 16879: 16877: 16871: 16870: 16868: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16846: 16844: 16838: 16837: 16834: 16833: 16831: 16830: 16829: 16828: 16823: 16813: 16811:Panic disorder 16808: 16803: 16798: 16792: 16790: 16786: 16785: 16783: 16782: 16781: 16780: 16778:Claustrophobia 16770: 16769: 16768: 16763: 16761:Anthropophobia 16753: 16751:Social anxiety 16748: 16743: 16737: 16735: 16726: 16720: 16719: 16717: 16716: 16709: 16707: 16697: 16696: 16676: 16675: 16672: 16671: 16668: 16667: 16665: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16648: 16646: 16642: 16641: 16639: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16621:Pick's disease 16618: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16582: 16580: 16574: 16573: 16571: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16544: 16542: 16532: 16531: 16521: 16520: 16517: 16516: 16514: 16513: 16508: 16507: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16476: 16475: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16448: 16445: 16444: 16431: 16430: 16427: 16426: 16423: 16422: 16420: 16419: 16414: 16408: 16406: 16396: 16395: 16393: 16392: 16391: 16390: 16379: 16377: 16371: 16370: 16368: 16367: 16366: 16365: 16355: 16354: 16353: 16348: 16338: 16337: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16318: 16317: 16316: 16306: 16305: 16304: 16294: 16293: 16292: 16282: 16276: 16274: 16264: 16263: 16251: 16250: 16247: 16246: 16243: 16242: 16240: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16198: 16197: 16186: 16184: 16180: 16179: 16177: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16155: 16154: 16149: 16139: 16133: 16131: 16123: 16122: 16112: 16111: 16107:Classification 16099: 16098: 16091: 16084: 16076: 16067: 16066: 16063: 16062: 16051: 16040: 16028: 16027: 16025: 16021: 16020: 16017: 16016: 16005: 15994: 15983: 15964: 15945: 15925: 15920: 15919: 15917: 15916:Classification 15899: 15885: 15878: 15866: 15849: 15848: 15846: 15845: 15825: 15805: 15799: 15786: 15780: 15763: 15757: 15744: 15738: 15725: 15719: 15706: 15700: 15687: 15681: 15668: 15662: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15640: 15639: 15624: 15563: 15520: 15479: 15472: 15446: 15407: 15372: 15353: 15325: 15318: 15300: 15273: 15224: 15217: 15199: 15187: 15180: 15162: 15127: 15100: 15093: 15075: 15045: 15038: 15020: 14993:(6): 287–293. 14977: 14942: 14923:(7): 1625–35. 14907: 14876: 14852: 14845: 14824: 14775: 14748:(433): 4–183. 14732: 14725: 14702: 14652: 14636: 14592: 14559: 14552: 14534: 14483: 14456: 14429:(3): 298–304. 14413: 14382: 14357: 14317: 14315:, Section 6.23 14304: 14269: 14228: 14185: 14144: 14108: 14081: 14074: 14048: 14003: 13968: 13919: 13876: 13835: 13784: 13751:Ageing Res Rev 13737: 13724: 13681: 13638: 13589: 13570:(11): 993–99. 13554: 13527: 13481: 13453: 13410: 13380: 13345: 13326:(9): 1181–88. 13309: 13282: 13233: 13190: 13183: 13163: 13109: 13097: 13062: 13011: 12968: 12933: 12890: 12846: 12812: 12769: 12750:(2): 196–205. 12734: 12685: 12650: 12607: 12556: 12505: 12470: 12421: 12369: 12324: 12289: 12240: 12183: 12154:(4): 256–313. 12134: 12087: 12030: 12012: 11955: 11922: 11904: 11855: 11833: 11790: 11783: 11763: 11741: 11692: 11649: 11624: 11581: 11564: 11515: 11466: 11439:(3): 203–207. 11423: 11388: 11362: 11341: 11300: 11251: 11220:(12): e32323. 11200: 11151: 11125: 11104:(6): 340–375. 11084: 11047:(5): 383–399. 11027: 10998:(5): 774–778. 10978: 10927: 10881: 10832: 10796: 10781:. 2 May 2007. 10766: 10717: 10668: 10619: 10560: 10527: 10480: 10431: 10404: 10369: 10334: 10291: 10248: 10207: 10150: 10099: 10065: 10035: 10006:(2): 244–275. 9986: 9935: 9906:(2): 214–232. 9886: 9834: 9805:(7): 581–601. 9780: 9746: 9720: 9676: 9633: 9598: 9583: 9540: 9489: 9440: 9410: 9369: 9320: 9308: 9265: 9258: 9240: 9188: 9169:(3): 487–534. 9153: 9118:Psychosomatics 9104: 9069: 9050:(6): 1000–05. 9034: 9022: 8968: 8927: 8886: 8863: 8844: 8825: 8813: 8784:(6): e014912. 8764: 8709: 8674: 8625: 8618: 8592: 8549: 8490: 8441: 8384: 8343: 8294: 8245: 8196: 8147: 8116: 8071: 8031: 7980: 7945: 7880: 7869:on 12 May 2013 7845: 7793: 7744: 7695: 7654: 7613: 7563: 7561:, p. 167. 7551: 7549:, p. 187. 7539: 7527: 7515: 7503: 7501:, p. 185. 7491: 7489:, p. 168. 7476: 7441: 7387: 7385:, p. 183. 7375: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7317:(2): 182–190. 7290: 7254: 7247: 7230: 7207: 7179: 7150: 7128: 7092: 7090:, p. xii. 7080: 7068: 7056: 7044: 7001: 6974: 6931: 6893: 6866: 6830: 6781: 6738: 6703: 6676:(9): 595–601. 6659: 6648:(6): 1001–08. 6632: 6602: 6561: 6510: 6491:(6): 501–510. 6475: 6418: 6367: 6318: 6291:(5): 446–457. 6275: 6248: 6227:(5): 495–502. 6207: 6188:(7): 693–703. 6171: 6150:(2): 423–431. 6130: 6095: 6076:(8): 651–660. 6059: 6005: 5954: 5905: 5856: 5821: 5772:Mol Psychiatry 5758: 5707: 5663: 5614: 5607: 5589: 5548: 5501: 5452: 5411: 5384: 5343: 5314:(12): 126002. 5294: 5217: 5176: 5133: 5082: 5033: 4992: 4963:(2): 136–145. 4943: 4922: 4881: 4840: 4802: 4753: 4724:(2): 138–147. 4704: 4655: 4637: 4615: 4570: 4541:(3): 343–352. 4521: 4484:(5): 668–681. 4464: 4418: 4383: 4365: 4335: 4292: 4278: 4258: 4227: 4170: 4119: 4082: 4064: 4034: 4016: 3994: 3976: 3968:Wolters Kluwer 3954: 3897: 3890: 3870: 3828: 3826:, p. 164. 3816: 3802: 3779: 3752: 3705: 3688: 3639: 3610:(9): 897–904. 3590: 3578: 3542: 3523:(1–3): 47–53. 3507: 3505:, p. 163. 3490: 3441: 3439:, p. 161. 3429: 3427:, p. 160. 3417: 3366: 3317: 3310: 3287: 3238: 3202: 3165: 3113: 3053: 3041: 3039:, p. 166. 3016: 2958: 2956:, p. 165. 2943: 2936: 2913: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2807:Mephistopheles 2789:Samuel Johnson 2765:John B. Watson 2731: 2728: 2703: 2700: 2695:mood disorders 2670: 2667: 2659: 2656: 2501:Emil Kraepelin 2470:Samuel Johnson 2410:Main article: 2407: 2404: 2333: 2330: 2322:disease burden 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2166:Main article: 2163: 2160: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2080: 2077: 2014: 2011: 1995:anticonvulsant 1953: 1950: 1853: 1850: 1710: 1707: 1691:Psychoanalysis 1673:family therapy 1648:social workers 1634: 1631: 1604: 1601: 1581:antidepressant 1577: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1536:Antidepressant 1514:Main article: 1511: 1508: 1476: 1473: 1411:Main article: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1396: 1388: 1377: 1362: 1343: 1315: 1312: 1255:Main article: 1252: 1249: 1206:(DSM) and the 1193: 1190: 1150:to rule out a 1138:to rule out a 1128:hypothyroidism 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 999: 992: 949: 946: 942:emotional bias 907:Gut-Brain axis 757: 754: 733:, neglect and 723: 720: 715: 711: 707: 689:Celiac disease 677:antipsychotics 665:contraceptives 628: 625: 607: 604: 537: 534: 492:hallucinations 431: 428: 416:family history 357:mood disorders 316: 315: 312: 308: 307: 302: 296: 295: 274: 270: 269: 256: 250: 249: 235:Family history 232: 226: 225: 211: 207: 206: 203: 199: 198: 195: 191: 190: 181: 175: 174: 144: 138: 137: 128: 122: 121: 109: 108: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 83: 80: 79: 60: 58: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18379: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18360: 18359: 18357: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18330: 18327: 18326: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18284: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18242:Digital detox 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18232:Cyberbullying 18230: 18226: 18223: 18222: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18202: 18200: 18196: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18169: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18127: 18126: 18123: 18122: 18120: 18114: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18087: 18086: 18083: 18079: 18076: 18075: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18028: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18013: 18011: 18007: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17988: 17984: 17981: 17980: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17955: 17953: 17947: 17943: 17936: 17931: 17929: 17924: 17922: 17917: 17916: 17913: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17890:Karl Leonhard 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17870: 17868: 17864: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17848:Psychotherapy 17846: 17844: 17843:Light therapy 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17815: 17813: 17809: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17782: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17767: 17765: 17763: 17758: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17713: 17709: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17692: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17685:Oxcarbazepine 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17675:Carbamazepine 17673: 17672: 17670: 17668: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17655: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17615: 17613: 17611: 17607: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17570: 17569: 17568: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17556:Hallucination 17554: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17536: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17521: 17519: 17517: 17513: 17503: 17500: 17499: 17497: 17495:Comorbidities 17493: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17453: 17451: 17449: 17445: 17439: 17438:Rapid cycling 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17395: 17393: 17391: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17378: 17374: 17373:Mood disorder 17367: 17362: 17360: 17355: 17353: 17348: 17347: 17344: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17309: 17306: 17299: 17295: 17281: 17278: 17277: 17275: 17271: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17246: 17244: 17242:Schizophrenia 17240: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17220: 17218: 17213: 17209: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17188: 17184: 17180: 17176: 17172: 17171:Schizophrenia 17167: 17163: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17122:Drug overdose 17120: 17119: 17116: 17111: 17107: 17102: 17098: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17075: 17073: 17071: 17070:Sexual desire 17067: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17052: 17050: 17048: 17044: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17022: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17007: 17005: 17003: 16998: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16973: 16971: 16969: 16965: 16961: 16954: 16950: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16890: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16880: 16878: 16876: 16872: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16847: 16845: 16843: 16839: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16818: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16793: 16791: 16787: 16779: 16776: 16775: 16774: 16771: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16758: 16757: 16756:Social phobia 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16738: 16736: 16734: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16721: 16714: 16711: 16710: 16708: 16706: 16702: 16698: 16694: 16691:-related and 16690: 16686: 16681: 16677: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16649: 16647: 16643: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16583: 16581: 16579: 16575: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16545: 16543: 16541: 16537: 16533: 16526: 16522: 16512: 16509: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16481: 16480: 16477: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16432: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16397: 16389: 16386: 16385: 16384: 16381: 16380: 16378: 16376: 16372: 16364: 16361: 16360: 16359: 16356: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16343: 16342: 16339: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16321: 16319: 16315: 16312: 16311: 16310: 16307: 16303: 16300: 16299: 16298: 16295: 16291: 16288: 16287: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16277: 16275: 16273: 16269: 16265: 16261: 16256: 16252: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16196: 16193: 16192: 16191: 16188: 16187: 16185: 16181: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16144: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16134: 16132: 16128: 16124: 16117: 16113: 16108: 16104: 16097: 16092: 16090: 16085: 16083: 16078: 16077: 16074: 16061: 16057: 16056: 16052: 16050: 16046: 16045: 16041: 16039: 16035: 16034: 16030: 16029: 16026: 16022: 16015: 16011: 16010: 16006: 16004: 16000: 15999: 15995: 15993: 15989: 15988: 15984: 15982: 15978: 15974: 15973: 15969: 15965: 15963: 15959: 15955: 15954: 15950: 15946: 15944: 15940: 15936: 15935: 15931: 15927: 15926: 15923: 15918: 15914: 15907: 15903: 15888: 15834: 15830: 15826: 15814: 15810: 15806: 15802: 15796: 15792: 15787: 15783: 15777: 15772: 15771: 15764: 15760: 15754: 15750: 15745: 15741: 15735: 15731: 15726: 15722: 15716: 15712: 15707: 15703: 15697: 15693: 15688: 15684: 15678: 15674: 15669: 15665: 15659: 15655: 15650: 15649: 15636: 15633: 15628: 15612: 15608: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15590: 15586: 15582: 15578: 15574: 15567: 15559: 15555: 15551: 15547: 15543: 15539: 15536:(6): 519–22. 15535: 15531: 15524: 15516: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15498: 15494: 15490: 15483: 15475: 15469: 15465: 15461: 15457: 15450: 15431: 15427: 15420: 15414: 15412: 15395: 15392:(2): 271–72. 15391: 15387: 15383: 15376: 15360: 15356: 15350: 15346: 15345:Autobiography 15339: 15335: 15329: 15321: 15315: 15311: 15304: 15296: 15292: 15288: 15284: 15277: 15269: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15251: 15247: 15243: 15239: 15235: 15228: 15220: 15214: 15210: 15203: 15197:, p. 311 15196: 15191: 15183: 15177: 15173: 15166: 15158: 15154: 15150: 15146: 15143:(4): 370–75. 15142: 15138: 15131: 15115: 15111: 15104: 15096: 15090: 15086: 15079: 15063: 15059: 15055: 15049: 15041: 15035: 15031: 15024: 15016: 15012: 15008: 15004: 15000: 14996: 14992: 14988: 14981: 14973: 14969: 14965: 14961: 14957: 14953: 14946: 14938: 14934: 14930: 14926: 14922: 14918: 14911: 14895: 14891: 14887: 14880: 14873: 14869: 14865: 14862: 14859:Wolf, Joshua 14856: 14848: 14842: 14838: 14834: 14828: 14820: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14794: 14790: 14786: 14779: 14771: 14767: 14763: 14759: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14743: 14736: 14728: 14722: 14718: 14717: 14709: 14707: 14698: 14694: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14674: 14670: 14666: 14659: 14657: 14649: 14645: 14640: 14632: 14626: 14618: 14614: 14610: 14603: 14596: 14587: 14582: 14579:(328): 1–42. 14578: 14574: 14570: 14563: 14555: 14549: 14545: 14538: 14530: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14502: 14498: 14494: 14487: 14479: 14475: 14472:(4): 115–18. 14471: 14467: 14460: 14452: 14448: 14444: 14440: 14436: 14432: 14428: 14424: 14417: 14401: 14397: 14393: 14386: 14371: 14367: 14361: 14353: 14349: 14345: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14326: 14324: 14322: 14314: 14311:Hippocrates, 14308: 14292: 14288: 14284: 14280: 14273: 14265: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14247: 14243: 14239: 14232: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14189: 14181: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14163: 14159: 14155: 14148: 14140: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14125:(2): 126–34. 14124: 14120: 14112: 14104: 14100: 14096: 14092: 14085: 14077: 14071: 14067: 14062: 14061: 14052: 14044: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14026: 14022: 14019:(5): 906–14. 14018: 14014: 14007: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13984:(4): 481–97. 13983: 13979: 13972: 13964: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13939:(6): 244–54. 13938: 13934: 13930: 13923: 13915: 13911: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13895: 13892:(30): 17–30. 13891: 13887: 13880: 13872: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13855:(7): 420–27. 13854: 13850: 13846: 13839: 13831: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13803: 13799: 13798:PLOS Medicine 13795: 13788: 13780: 13776: 13772: 13768: 13764: 13760: 13756: 13752: 13748: 13741: 13734: 13728: 13720: 13716: 13712: 13708: 13704: 13700: 13697:(4): 879–92. 13696: 13692: 13685: 13677: 13673: 13669: 13665: 13661: 13657: 13654:(4): 356–62. 13653: 13649: 13642: 13634: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13616: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13593: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13558: 13543: 13542: 13537: 13531: 13523: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13500:(3): 163–74. 13499: 13495: 13488: 13486: 13470: 13466: 13460: 13458: 13450: 13449:public domain 13431: 13427: 13423: 13417: 13415: 13398: 13394: 13390: 13384: 13368: 13364: 13360: 13356: 13349: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13313: 13305: 13301: 13297: 13293: 13286: 13278: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13253:(1): 134–41. 13252: 13248: 13244: 13237: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13206:(3): 322–28. 13205: 13201: 13194: 13186: 13180: 13176: 13175: 13167: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13120: 13113: 13106: 13101: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13081: 13078:(4): 849–57. 13077: 13073: 13066: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13038: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13022: 13015: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12984:(5): 324–29. 12983: 12979: 12972: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12944: 12937: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12894: 12886: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12853: 12851: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12822: 12816: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12785:(5): 839–45. 12784: 12780: 12773: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12738: 12730: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12705:(5): 513–20. 12704: 12700: 12696: 12689: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12669: 12665: 12661: 12654: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12618: 12611: 12603: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12567: 12560: 12552: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12509: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12474: 12466: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12425: 12417: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12399: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12380: 12373: 12365: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12328: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12305:(5): 361–77. 12304: 12300: 12293: 12285: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12267: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12251: 12244: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12194: 12187: 12179: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12138: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12107:(5): 347–54. 12106: 12102: 12098: 12091: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12041: 12034: 12023: 12016: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11966: 11959: 11940: 11933: 11926: 11918: 11914: 11908: 11900: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11859: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11837: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11794: 11786: 11780: 11776: 11775: 11767: 11760: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11745: 11737: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11696: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11665:(2): 146–50. 11664: 11660: 11653: 11646: 11642: 11639: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11597:(2): 182–85. 11596: 11592: 11585: 11578: 11574: 11568: 11560: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11519: 11511: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11493: 11489: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11470: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11427: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11392: 11373: 11366: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11345: 11337: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11304: 11296: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11255: 11247: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11204: 11196: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11155: 11140:. 24 May 2022 11139: 11135: 11129: 11121: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11088: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11031: 11023: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10982: 10974: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10947:: 3051–3067. 10946: 10942: 10938: 10931: 10922: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10890: 10888: 10886: 10877: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10836: 10817: 10810: 10806: 10800: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10770: 10762: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10721: 10713: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10688:(7488): 396. 10687: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10664: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10639:(7488): 385. 10638: 10634: 10630: 10623: 10615: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10564: 10545: 10538: 10531: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10500:(3): 171–79. 10499: 10495: 10491: 10484: 10476: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10451:(1): 97–140. 10450: 10446: 10442: 10435: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10408: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10373: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10338: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10264:(4): 577–85. 10263: 10259: 10252: 10244: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10211: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10186: 10185:11380/1279478 10181: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10154: 10146: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10103: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10078:NIHR Evidence 10075: 10069: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10039: 10031: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9990: 9982: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9939: 9931: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9841: 9839: 9830: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9759:NIHR Evidence 9756: 9750: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9724: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9680: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9649:(3): 203–10. 9648: 9644: 9637: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9602: 9596:, p. 204 9595: 9590: 9588: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9550:CNS Spectrums 9544: 9536: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9493: 9485: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9444: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9414: 9406: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9389:(6): 639–48. 9388: 9384: 9380: 9373: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9340:(7): 565–74. 9339: 9335: 9331: 9324: 9318:, p. 20. 9317: 9312: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9281:(2): 615–27. 9280: 9276: 9269: 9261: 9255: 9251: 9244: 9236: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9195: 9193: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9157: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9124:(2): 140–52. 9123: 9119: 9115: 9108: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9085:(6): 763–71. 9084: 9080: 9073: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9038: 9032:, p. 10. 9031: 9026: 9018: 9014: 9009: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8964: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8947:(1): 131–36. 8946: 8942: 8938: 8931: 8923: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8906:(4): 239–44. 8905: 8901: 8897: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8867: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8829: 8822: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8678: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8629: 8621: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8565:(4): 333–46. 8564: 8560: 8553: 8545: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8510:(7): e41778. 8509: 8505: 8501: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8445: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8363:(3): 180–85. 8362: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8314:(2): 259–72. 8313: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8216:(5): 539–41. 8215: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8151: 8135: 8131: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8112: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8075: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8027: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7961:(5): 449–58. 7960: 7956: 7949: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7865: 7858: 7857: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7816:(4): 285–95. 7815: 7811: 7807: 7800: 7798: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7674:(5): 360–66. 7673: 7669: 7665: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7633:(4): 380–87. 7632: 7628: 7624: 7617: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7568: 7560: 7555: 7548: 7543: 7536: 7531: 7524: 7519: 7512: 7507: 7500: 7495: 7488: 7483: 7481: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7457:(4): 637–43. 7456: 7452: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7404:(3): 149–53. 7403: 7399: 7391: 7384: 7379: 7373:, p. 552 7372: 7367: 7365: 7358:, p. 173 7357: 7352: 7346:, p. 162 7345: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7275: 7271: 7264: 7258: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7204: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7176: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7135: 7131: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7097: 7089: 7084: 7078:, p. 288 7077: 7072: 7066:, p. 260 7065: 7060: 7054:, p. 108 7053: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7017:(4): 189–98. 7016: 7012: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6900: 6898: 6889: 6885: 6882:(10): 24–30. 6881: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6847:(3): 293–98. 6846: 6842: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6754:(4): 443–54. 6753: 6749: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6581:: 1957–1961. 6580: 6576: 6572: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6485:CNS Spectrums 6479: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6111:(3): 471–81. 6110: 6106: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6010: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5974:: 1181–1189. 5973: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5876:(4): 151–55. 5875: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5819: 5818:Medicalxpress 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5721:PLOS Medicine 5718: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5634:(4): 257–59. 5633: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5521:(3): 327–37. 5520: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5472:(3): 155–61. 5471: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5363:(4): 331–59. 5362: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5265:(4): 445–51. 5264: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5053:(1): 89–100. 5052: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4901:(12): 28–41. 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4860:(2): 115–23. 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4773:(5): 292–93. 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4281: 4279:0-89862-000-7 4275: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4050:. p. 1. 4049: 4046:. Cambridge: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3874: 3858: 3854: 3852: 3847: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3825: 3820: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3792: 3791: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3703:, p. 349 3702: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3659:(3): 269–72. 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3588:, p. 412 3587: 3582: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3380:PLOS Medicine 3377: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3294: 3292: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3207: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2920: 2918: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2866: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2802:Faust, Part I 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2761:William James 2758: 2754: 2753:Leonard Cohen 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2736:social stigma 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2665: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2612:in 1980. The 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2595:Karl Leonhard 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2209: 850–925 2203: 775–850 2197: 700–775 2191: <700 2185: no data 2178: 2174: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2156:Cardiologists 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144:rate of dying 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129:mood disorder 2126: 2116: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2087: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999:frontal lobes 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1869:brexpiprazole 1867: 1862: 1859: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1823:Irreversible 1821: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1754:amitriptyline 1752: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695:Sigmund Freud 1692: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1630: 1628: 1623: 1615: 1610: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1532:light therapy 1529: 1524: 1517: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1370:schizophrenia 1367: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1258: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1089:Rating scales 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1049: 1044: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005:prostaglandin 1003:, which is a 1002: 995: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 955: 945: 943: 939: 935: 930: 925: 922: 918: 917: 916:Bacteroidetes 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 896:meta-analysis 892: 888: 884: 880: 877: 876:carbohydrates 873: 869: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 774:systems, the 773: 772:monoaminergic 767: 763: 753: 751: 747: 743: 742:air pollution 738: 736: 732: 728: 722:Environmental 719: 705: 701: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 657:beta-blockers 654: 650: 646: 642: 641:basal ganglia 638: 634: 624: 621: 617: 613: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 557: 552: 547: 543: 533: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 451: 447: 442: 437: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:psychotherapy 385: 383: 379: 374: 372: 368: 364: 363: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 313: 309: 306: 303: 301: 297: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 277:Psychotherapy 275: 271: 268: 264: 260: 257: 255: 251: 248: 244: 240: 236: 233: 231: 227: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 189: 185: 182: 180: 179:Complications 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 145: 143: 139: 136: 132: 129: 127: 123: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 101: 97: 93: 88: 76: 64: 59: 50: 49: 46: 41: 34: 33:mood disorder 27:Mood disorder 19: 18336:Technostress 18329:Technophobia 18324:Technophilia 18161: 18100:Evolutionary 18078:Evolutionary 18068:Neuroscience 17900:Mogens Schou 17736:Escitalopram 17565: 17455: 17202:Folie à deux 17127:Intoxication 17108:substances, 17106:Psychoactive 17025:Night terror 16842:Dissociative 16806:Panic attack 16493: 16358:Tic disorder 16053: 16042: 16031: 16007: 15996: 15985: 15966: 15947: 15928: 15837:. Retrieved 15832: 15817:. Retrieved 15812: 15790: 15769: 15748: 15729: 15710: 15691: 15672: 15653: 15627: 15615:. Retrieved 15611:the original 15580: 15576: 15566: 15533: 15529: 15523: 15496: 15492: 15482: 15459: 15449: 15437:. Retrieved 15430:the original 15425: 15398:. Retrieved 15389: 15385: 15375: 15363:. Retrieved 15344: 15328: 15309: 15303: 15290: 15286: 15276: 15244:(2): 251–5. 15241: 15237: 15227: 15208: 15202: 15190: 15171: 15165: 15140: 15136: 15130: 15118:. Retrieved 15103: 15084: 15078: 15066:. Retrieved 15062:the original 15048: 15030:Mary Shelley 15029: 15023: 14990: 14986: 14980: 14958:(1): 54–64. 14955: 14951: 14945: 14920: 14916: 14910: 14898:. Retrieved 14889: 14879: 14872:The Atlantic 14871: 14855: 14836: 14827: 14795:(2): 89–92. 14792: 14788: 14778: 14745: 14741: 14735: 14715: 14672: 14668: 14664: 14647: 14639: 14608: 14595: 14576: 14572: 14562: 14543: 14537: 14500: 14496: 14486: 14469: 14465: 14459: 14426: 14422: 14416: 14404:. Retrieved 14395: 14385: 14373:. 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Retrieved 12825:MDGuidelines 12824: 12815: 12782: 12778: 12772: 12747: 12743: 12737: 12702: 12698: 12688: 12663: 12659: 12653: 12620: 12616: 12610: 12573: 12569: 12559: 12522: 12518: 12508: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12438: 12434: 12424: 12389: 12385: 12372: 12337: 12327: 12302: 12298: 12292: 12260:(1): 22–35. 12257: 12253: 12243: 12200: 12196: 12186: 12151: 12147: 12137: 12104: 12100: 12090: 12079:the original 12050: 12046: 12033: 12015: 11975: 11971: 11958: 11946:. Retrieved 11925: 11917:the original 11907: 11875:(1): 33–46. 11872: 11868: 11858: 11845: 11836: 11803: 11799: 11793: 11773: 11766: 11761:, chapter 4. 11750: 11744: 11709: 11705: 11695: 11662: 11658: 11652: 11594: 11590: 11584: 11576: 11567: 11535:(1): 31–40. 11532: 11528: 11518: 11483: 11479: 11469: 11436: 11432: 11426: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11379:. Retrieved 11365: 11349: 11344: 11317: 11313: 11303: 11268: 11264: 11254: 11217: 11213: 11203: 11168: 11164: 11154: 11142:. 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Retrieved 6614: 6605: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6527: 6524:Biomolecules 6523: 6513: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6438:(1): 11177. 6435: 6431: 6421: 6384: 6380: 6370: 6335: 6331: 6321: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6028:(10): 2081. 6025: 6021: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5727:(12): e392. 5724: 5720: 5710: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5598: 5592: 5565: 5561: 5551: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5262: 5258: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5196:(1): 51–71. 5193: 5189: 5179: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4938:the original 4932: 4925: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4821:(1): 25–35. 4818: 4814: 4805: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4650: 4624: 4618: 4609: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4459: 4434:(1): 55–68. 4431: 4427: 4421: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4378: 4344: 4338: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4283:. Retrieved 4268: 4261: 4249:. Retrieved 4241:APS Observer 4240: 4230: 4193:(1): 62–69. 4190: 4186: 4173: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4110:. Retrieved 4098: 4085: 4077: 4043: 4037: 4029: 4003: 3997: 3989: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3917: 3913: 3900: 3880: 3873: 3861:. Retrieved 3849: 3819: 3789: 3782: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3743:. Retrieved 3723: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3581: 3569:. Retrieved 3560: 3554: 3545: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3337:(1): 47–53. 3334: 3330: 3320: 3300: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3229:. Retrieved 3193:. Retrieved 3186:the original 3168: 3133: 3129: 3073: 3069: 3044: 2982: 2978: 2926: 2904:. Retrieved 2892:"Depression" 2843: 2829:the UK, the 2827: 2800: 2776:Aristotelian 2769: 2741:Mary Shelley 2733: 2711: 2705: 2692: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2609: 2601: 2599: 2582: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2528: 2525:narcissistic 2508: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2465: 2452: 2450: 2415: 2380: 2341: 2335: 2319: 2294: 2278: 2274: 2262: 2162:Epidemiology 2141: 2122: 2113: 2099: 2090: 2082: 2058: 2031: 2016: 2003:neurotrophic 1992: 1981: 1955: 1946:testosterone 1910: 1904: 1894: 1882: 1863: 1855: 1833: 1822: 1804: 1796:escitalopram 1781: 1762: 1758: 1734:escitalopram 1723: 1689: 1657: 1642: 1620: 1597: 1578: 1541: 1519: 1504: 1489: 1478: 1468: 1446: 1434: 1416: 1319: 1317: 1286: 1281: 1263: 1260: 1237: 1228: 1220: 1218: 1211: 1201: 1195: 1160:hypogonadism 1156:Testosterone 1117: 1106: 1085:primary-care 1065:psychologist 1061:psychiatrist 1054: 973:Another way 972: 958: 951: 929:neuroimaging 926: 920: 914: 904: 881: 862: 859:raphe nuclei 856: 840:polymorphism 784: 769: 739: 725: 693: 661:isotretinoin 630: 609: 561: 530: 511: 496: 465: 454: 409: 401:self-neglect 386: 375: 360: 328: 324: 320: 319: 230:Risk factors 205:> 2 weeks 112: 70: 62: 45: 18282:Screen time 17719:and similar 17680:Lamotrigine 17573:Hypersomnia 17413:Bipolar NOS 17408:Cyclothymia 17175:schizotypal 17010:Hypersomnia 17000:Nonorganic 16741:Agoraphobia 16472:Cyclothymia 16467:Bipolar NOS 16442:(affective) 16314:Stereotypic 16222:Kleptomania 16033:MedlinePlus 15645:Cited works 14201:: 251–259. 14034:10523/10319 13403:11 November 13129:(7): 1425. 12525:(9): 4494. 10595:11343/59246 10058:12 November 9509:(1): 4–10. 9433:12 November 8102:10871/13751 7938:12 November 7419:2434/521599 7371:Sadock 2002 7356:Parker 1996 7283:21 February 7076:Sadock 2002 7064:Sadock 2002 7052:Sadock 2002 6387:: 1061274. 6338:: 901–909. 5816:Lay source 4285:26 February 4251:11 November 4112:11 November 3571:12 November 2745:Henry James 2669:Terminology 2648:melancholia 2587:Karl Kleist 2552:melancholia 2540:Adolf Meyer 2521:unconscious 2493:melancholia 2445:Hippocrates 2433:melankholía 2422:melancholia 2418:Hippocrates 2332:Comorbidity 1961:psychiatric 1930:amphetamine 1829:moclobemide 1818:mirtazapine 1777:Venlafaxine 1699:unconscious 1587:, and that 1449:medications 1392:peri-partum 1355:hypersomnia 1351:weight gain 1288:Bereavement 1126:to exclude 653:interferons 476:Hypersomnia 450:melancholia 397:involuntary 341:self-esteem 239:medications 194:Usual onset 171:hypersomnia 151:self-esteem 95:Other names 18356:Categories 18215:Body image 18162:Depression 18116:Associated 18085:Psychology 18073:Psychiatry 18026:Ergonomics 17983:Nomophobia 17751:Sertraline 17741:Fluoxetine 17561:Mood swing 17448:Depression 17403:Bipolar II 17327:Stereotypy 17190:Delusional 17179:delusional 17152:Withdrawal 17020:Parasomnia 16925:Nosophobia 16705:Adjustment 16693:somatoform 16626:Sundowning 16479:Depression 16462:Bipolar II 16351:Stuttering 16346:Cluttering 16142:Paraphilia 16055:Patient UK 16009:DiseasesDB 15902:Audio help 15893:2014-10-06 15400:5 November 14466:Psychiatry 14406:30 October 14158:Pediatrics 13733:Psychiatry 12576:: 815422. 12203:: 109836. 11381:3 November 11171:(1): 367. 10221:Pediatrics 9250:Psychology 9211:(1): 188. 8743:1871/16894 7996:(Review). 7600:1871/16952 7143:30 October 6876:Geriatrics 6748:Assessment 6625:11 October 6530:(7): 998. 5680:: 164–88. 5102:: 178564. 4895:Psychiatry 4811:Clayton PJ 4647:1138027525 4308:: 101934. 4026:1260160457 3986:1264172789 3745:13 October 3724:Depression 3386:(2): e45. 3231:8 November 2985:: 119–38. 2861:References 2854:Anne Enger 2772:creativity 2724:validating 2687:melancholy 2591:Edda Neele 2548:depression 2529:libidinal 2517:subjective 2497:depression 2474:physiology 2453:depression 2427:μελαγχολία 2061:microbiome 1984:anesthesia 1948:in males. 1928:, such as 1926:stimulants 1889:esketamine 1878:adjunctive 1800:duloxetine 1792:Sertraline 1784:fluoxetine 1742:sertraline 1738:paroxetine 1732:, such as 1718:Sertraline 1637:See also: 1510:Management 1320:specifiers 1186:indication 1171:, such as 1146:including 1134:and serum 1059:, or by a 1037:Assessment 1028:symptoms. 1017:kynurenine 1013:tryptophan 1009:indolamine 987:astrocytic 983:microglial 921:Firmicutes 911:microbiota 816:adrenergic 791:tryptophan 649:iatrogenic 588:Aaron Beck 446:lithograph 434:See also: 300:Medication 159:low energy 131:Psychiatry 18095:Cognitive 17885:John Cade 17726:Bupropion 17690:Valproate 17658:Treatment 17610:Diagnosis 17585:Psychosis 17544:Dysphoria 17539:Anhedonia 17461:Dysthymia 17423:Hypomania 17418:Childhood 17398:Bipolar I 17280:Catatonia 17212:Psychosis 17047:Postnatal 17030:Nightmare 16636:Wandering 16489:Dysthymia 16457:Bipolar I 16412:Pervasive 16227:Pyromania 16152:Voyeurism 16147:Fetishism 16044:eMedicine 15858:hour and 15635:Newsnight 15439:18 August 15120:3 October 15068:19 August 14972:145545714 14900:3 October 14770:221452354 14665:DSM-III-R 14625:cite book 14451:145445990 14375:14 August 14352:143684460 14313:Aphorisms 14223:205642153 14013:Addiction 13779:205668529 13757:: 78–87. 13436:14 August 13041:0033-2917 12235:209373871 12067:0165-0327 12000:206798663 11079:232262694 10737:: b2880. 10094:242952585 9775:253347210 9685:agents". 8856:16 August 7788:104296515 7323:1093-6793 6912:: 56–61. 6022:Nutrients 5812:250646781 5431:: 49–65. 5247:165116052 5163:0029-6643 4375:982958263 4330:226243519 4165:146500484 4074:843944119 3485:253306482 3477:1939-1455 3090:1464-780X 2677:The 16th 2600:The term 2577:The term 2544:reactions 2513:objective 2491:Although 2486:Aristotle 2478:economics 2466:Chronicle 2458:deprimere 2451:The term 2338:co-occurs 2079:Prognosis 2069:synbiotic 2065:probiotic 2042:hypomania 2020:(TMS) or 1934:modafinil 1900:Celecoxib 1874:akathisia 1773:bupropion 1603:Lifestyle 1530:(TMS) or 1423:dysthymia 1292:dysthymia 1233:anhedonia 1164:Vitamin D 1124:thyroxine 1081:self-harm 1077:pessimism 1032:Diagnosis 975:cytokines 964:cytokines 863:decreased 795:serotonin 700:pregnancy 584:schematic 572:diathesis 526:cognitive 518:agitation 488:delusions 484:psychotic 468:sex drive 351:for this 311:Frequency 273:Treatment 184:Self-harm 126:Specialty 73:July 2024 18184:Insomnia 18090:Clinical 17578:Insomnia 17524:Delusion 17516:Symptoms 17381:Spectrum 17015:Insomnia 16685:Neurotic 16652:Delirium 16578:Dementia 16417:Specific 15904: · 15607:22271941 15558:21172113 15394:Archived 15365:9 August 15359:Archived 15336:(2003). 15295:Archived 15268:18689294 15157:15249274 15114:Archived 15015:24932164 15007:11583458 14937:15652693 14894:Archived 14864:Archived 14835:(1999). 14819:17244171 14762:17280564 14697:36768744 14644:Angst J. 14529:18652673 14400:Archived 14264:14609780 14215:27736736 14180:29093037 14139:11874213 14103:Archived 14043:21382111 13963:15014592 13914:19525295 13871:18674396 13830:17132052 13771:28366616 13719:45722423 13711:11383983 13676:11051637 13668:18334889 13633:15718222 13538:(2020), 13522:19538251 13514:12890270 13397:Archived 13395:. 2009. 13340:21208573 13304:17640152 13277:17202555 13228:36975913 13220:11437805 13155:29986446 13092:12377293 13057:11068930 13049:22883473 13006:22891687 12998:16699380 12963:11578666 12928:20198748 12920:12606176 12885:26337210 12833:Archived 12807:10490348 12799:12877398 12764:18251627 12729:18458203 12680:17555914 12645:22808803 12637:17144786 12602:35250668 12551:35562885 12500:32056863 12486:: 1–13. 12465:31672337 12416:25695871 12364:25835541 12355:11088458 12319:12531127 12284:33145770 12227:31837388 12178:32710772 12129:22066326 12121:16139580 12075:19682750 12004:Archived 11992:25034472 11939:Archived 11899:24381234 11850:Archived 11828:31209001 11820:25346216 11755:Archived 11736:23774532 11687:44280002 11679:22420590 11641:Archived 11619:36643014 11611:23385317 11559:30427999 11510:12804463 11461:45341424 11453:26906078 11418:25295426 11336:23814104 11295:34817851 11246:36628002 11195:35977923 11120:31160868 11071:33726522 11022:30844397 10973:31695324 10921:10406422 10876:31158298 10783:Archived 10761:19671933 10712:15718539 10663:15718537 10614:23152227 10544:Archived 10522:40682753 10514:27043848 10475:12595913 10426:17640156 10399:10760555 10364:17636748 10329:37965495 10321:14565794 10278:21453380 10243:29483201 10202:19728203 10194:27289172 10145:32982805 10030:34002501 9981:32982805 9930:32394557 9881:34029378 9829:32563306 9715:45621773 9707:17588546 9671:20997303 9663:16165100 9628:11136266 9570:17146414 9535:29952277 9484:23235671 9475:11299154 9427:Archived 9405:28985309 9364:20373635 9356:17557313 9303:25110425 9295:12206545 9235:31383842 9183:24975623 9148:25591492 9099:23796855 9064:18085916 9017:33052607 8963:16787553 8922:15328551 8850:Archived 8808:28615268 8778:BMJ Open 8759:14778731 8751:16955421 8704:18254062 8669:29761488 8587:45091134 8579:10587988 8544:22860015 8504:PLOS ONE 8485:24524926 8433:Archived 8429:22218602 8421:23415826 8379:22945926 8338:29351791 8330:23362828 8289:25433518 8240:73073889 8232:15117296 8191:27501438 8140:20 March 8134:Archived 8111:23076925 8058:10767867 8026:34877271 7975:19450912 7929:Archived 7917:20528707 7840:22583342 7780:30962184 7764:: l794. 7739:16235301 7690:26858097 7649:26813211 7608:18765483 7471:11925303 7436:26860606 7428:12904979 7331:24986345 7221:ICD-11, 7175:experts. 7134:Archived 7039:33714179 7031:18004006 6961:17047326 6926:27750060 6888:15508552 6861:72755878 6825:17968628 6776:11477277 6768:11785588 6733:20100303 6698:24291799 6690:15348975 6654:12358212 6619:Archived 6556:35883554 6505:18567974 6470:38750122 6461:11096341 6413:36160713 6362:32113908 6305:20015486 6270:23995180 6243:22423117 6202:22535198 6166:23890584 6090:24705634 6054:35631224 6000:25999722 5949:19406581 5900:15014598 5804:35854107 5795:10618090 5753:16268734 5702:23980182 5694:25625874 5658:25825168 5584:17088501 5543:26550661 5535:17339521 5496:20975857 5447:22691454 5406:10703757 5379:17389902 5338:31850801 5212:22370490 5171:33912967 5128:26688752 5077:21485749 5028:12418937 4987:25922673 4917:19724774 4876:19180246 4797:11694462 4748:29129318 4699:21890791 4629:Elsevier 4606:11007705 4565:30718901 4516:29700475 4456:12566638 4448:18172175 4413:11007705 4322:33137610 4245:Archived 4219:Archived 4215:15520723 4207:18181793 4157:12869766 4103:Archived 4008:Elsevier 3938:27629598 3857:Archived 3808:Archived 3774:Archived 3736:Archived 3734:(NIMH). 3683:11222428 3634:43951278 3626:29792050 3565:Archived 3537:17239958 3412:18303940 3361:20051569 3282:26063472 3222:Archived 3160:30496104 3108:24026850 3011:23514317 2900:Archived 2833:and the 2708:somatize 2579:unipolar 2566:and the 2531:cathexis 2390:, other 2374:. While 2054:Cannabis 1965:seizures 1884:Ketamine 1807:dementia 1500:Internet 1314:Subtypes 1308:stressor 1282:unipolar 1142:; and a 883:HPA-axis 848:dopamine 836:striatum 800:5-HTTLPR 780:HPA-axis 683:such as 633:HIV/AIDS 606:Genetics 522:lethargy 507:Appetite 472:Insomnia 461:ruminate 444:An 1892 369:, after 337:low mood 293:exercise 202:Duration 167:insomnia 147:Low mood 142:Symptoms 18314:Spaving 17867:History 17780:Lithium 16724:Anxiety 16563:PDD-NOS 16452:Bipolar 16105: ( 16049:med/532 16003:D003865 15891: ( 15862:minutes 15617:19 July 15598:3260893 15550:9926082 15515:9167546 15334:Mill JS 15259:3181877 14833:Healy D 14810:3712974 14689:1829000 14520:2515304 14443:3074848 14297:10 June 13998:8838629 13906:8864145 13821:1664601 13624:1765679 13584:9366655 13474:23 June 13424:. U.S. 13373:10 June 13268:3785095 13146:6068947 12839:16 July 12720:2761826 12593:8891755 12542:9101152 12456:6949116 12407:8928931 12275:7839702 12169:8059493 11948:16 July 11890:6624835 11727:3799066 11550:6583468 11501:6991158 11286:8612309 11237:9825119 11186:9385739 11144:23 June 11111:6534172 11062:9635017 11013:6560624 10964:6717708 10867:6546439 10752:2725270 10605:8786271 10466:6741704 10286:2592434 10136:7493620 10119:: 717. 10021:8129843 9972:7493620 9955:: 717. 9921:7215080 9872:8143444 9820:7303954 9578:2347144 9526:7557872 9226:6683149 9139:4383597 9008:8094165 8799:5623437 8660:6494651 8535:3408478 8512:Bibcode 8476:3923980 8280:8556660 8182:8407360 8017:8610877 7925:1948009 7873:16 June 7831:4533896 7730:6769050 6996:9720486 6969:9328852 6816:2173927 6597:8219844 6588:2379905 6547:9313172 6440:Bibcode 6404:9507757 6353:7327519 6125:9276848 6045:9144102 5991:4437603 5940:2796553 5851:3000317 5744:1277931 5649:4380212 5487:2950973 5329:6957283 5289:3826462 5280:1646931 5119:4673349 5068:3181972 4978:4406898 4908:2729620 4867:2631932 4835:6455456 4788:1071593 4739:5862738 4690:3222234 4556:6522363 4507:5934326 4137:Bibcode 4129:Science 3946:4047310 3863:16 June 3674:1119689 3403:2253608 3352:3712503 3273:4561509 3195:23 June 3151:6227754 3099:9721454 3002:4100461 2906:31 July 2894:. U.S. 2799:in his 2685:, had " 2630:in the 2624:DSM-III 2610:DSM-III 2583:bipolar 2570:(1968) 2534:of the 2406:History 2348:anxiety 2272:(11%). 2137:suicide 1986:with a 1973:bipolar 1917:Lithium 1906:Statins 1746:placebo 1585:relapse 1381:anxious 1181:CT scan 1136:calcium 1100:or the 1069:records 576:genetic 499:fatigue 412:genetic 331:, is a 267:sadness 197:Age 20s 188:suicide 63:updated 18152:Autism 18105:Social 17760:Other 16968:Eating 16816:Stress 16733:Phobia 16689:stress 16548:Autism 16341:Speech 16130:Sexual 16038:003213 15992:608516 15839:9 July 15819:9 July 15797: 15778: 15755: 15736: 15717: 15698: 15679: 15660: 15605: 15595: 15556: 15548: 15513: 15470: 15351: 15316: 15266: 15256: 15215: 15178: 15155: 15091: 15036: 15013: 15005: 14970: 14935: 14843: 14817: 14807: 14768: 14760: 14723: 14695: 14687: 14550: 14527: 14517: 14449: 14441: 14350: 14262: 14221: 14213: 14178: 14137: 14101:(10). 14072: 14066:253–55 14041: 13996: 13961: 13954:181193 13951: 13912: 13904: 13869: 13828: 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