Sexual abuse and intellectual disability

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e.g., “My father takes care of me, so it is okay to have sexual relationships with him”), (2) the perception of invulnerability to SA associated with places (“Denial of the risk associated with places” e.g., “It is impossible to be sexually abused in the street”), (3) the presence of risk indicators associated with drug use or lack of parental supervision and mastery of coping skills (“Risk factors and self-protection skills” e.g., “It is better not to say anything if someone touches my privates without my consent”), and (4) the person's knowledge about what constitutes a potential threat to personal space (“Lack of awareness of intimacy rules” e.g., “It is okay if someone I know touches my butt”). All items are dichotomous (true or false) and include an illustration exemplifying the content of the question in order to help people with ID understand the content of the item. Reliability analysis of the DSARss found an internal consistency for the total scale of r = 0.52 and for the four factors it ranged between r = 0.50 and r = 0.70.

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validated measures to assess for sexual assault in developmentally and intellectually disabled adults makes it imperative for medical providers, family members, and caregivers to recognize some of the behavioral changes that could indicate sexual abuse is occurring or has occurred. The following are behavioral changes that have been seen in some but not all victims of sexual abuse with ID:

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Taylor, M. and Carlson, G. (1993) "The legal trends: Implications for menstruation / fertility management for young women who have an intellectual disability.' International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 40, 2, 133–157, cited in Michelle McCarthy, Sexuality and Women with Learning

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Treatment of sexual assault starts with awareness that those with disabilities, predominantly intellectual disabilities, are at higher risk and, therefore, more vulnerable to violent crime. Understanding that individuals with intellectual disabilities are at increased risk for sexual assault, health

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The DSARss is a brief screening measure designed to assess the risk of experiencing SA for people with ID. The scale consists of 19 items, which are grouped into four factors: (1) the denial of the risk of SA by people in the victim's immediate environment (“Acceptance of the abuse due to affection”

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States often have statutes for the intellectually disabled people separate from the general sex offense statutes. Such separate statutes often hold the intellectually disabled person at a "higher standard" for consent than the non-intellectually-disabled person; that is, the legal standards used to

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Understanding race and ethnicity factors in sexual assault incidence among those with an intellectual disability are vital for addressing differences between white and minority populations in victimization and intervention. As in other health issues, intellectually disabled people from historically

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A study by Gil-Llario, Morell-Mengual, Ballester-Arnal and Díaz-Rodríguez in 2017 found a prevalence rate of 2.8% for men and 9.4% for women. Among the women who were abused, only 52.9% trusted someone enough to tell them about what had happened. Of these, 28.6% preferred to tell a close relative,

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McCarthy, M. and Thompson, D. (1997) 'A prevalence study of sexual abuse of adults with intellectual disabilities referred for sex education.' Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability 10, 2, 105–124, cited in Michelle McCarthy, Sexuality and Women with Learning Disabilities, Second

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Sexual violence harms people with intellectual disabilities like those without intellectual disability (ID). The harm is often worse when the violence occurs over a long period or if the individual has experienced multiple traumatic events throughout their lives. A lower developmental level can

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Research suggests that 97% to 99% of abusers are known and trusted by the victim who has the intellectual disability. According to Sobsey and Doe's 1991 analysis of 162 reports of sexual abuse against people with intellectual disabilities, the largest percentage of offenders (28%) were service

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for the crime committed upon their body. Additionally, individuals with intellectual disabilities can find it challenging to communicate when sexual abuse occurs or has occurred in the past due to impairments with understanding and expressing language. Barriers to communication and a lack of

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on others for economic support, personal care, and support with tasks associated with daily living such as bathing and eating. They often encounter additional issues related to their disability and the environments in which they live. These additional issues can include questions around the

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Brown, H., Stein, J. and Turk, V. (1995) 'The sexual abuse of adults with learning disabilities: Report of a second two-year incidence survey.' Mental Handicap Research 8, 1, 3–24, cited in Michelle McCarthy, Sexuality and Women with Learning Disabilities, Second Edition, Jessica Kingsley

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program for victims of sexual assault with intellectual disabilities concluded that there was under-reporting of sexual assaults of victims with intellectual disabilities that exceeded under-reporting with other populations. In 1990, several studies suggested 80–85% of criminal abuse of

326:, concluded that 80% of 162 people with developmental and substantial disabilities who had been sexually assaulted had been sexually assaulted more than once. Sobsey estimated that between 15,000 and 19,000 individuals with intellectual disabilities experience rape each year. 2053:

Dunne, T. and Power, A. (1990) 'Sexual abuse and mental handicap: Preliminary findings from a community based study,' Mental Handicap Research 3, 111–125, cited in Michelle McCarthy, Sexuality and Women with Learning Disabilities, Second Edition, Jessica Kingsley Publishers,

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as in rape or sexual assault for persons with intellectual disabilities was more than three times the rate for persons without intellectual disabilities including a correlation of 40% of the time the victim was being taken care of by the person who sexually assaulted them.

1015:, a person is defined as mentally defective if they have "a mental disease or defect which renders him or her incapable of appraising the nature of his or her conduct." The special protection granted to those with intellectual disabilities in these cases is akin to the 198:. Of that 15%, 6.1% had intellectual disability with 5.5% experiencing sexual violence. In another 2012 report, the WHO found that worldwide, children with intellectual disabilities experienced a 4.6 times greater risk of sexual violence than those without disability. 1070:

never reached the proper authorities. The studies concluded that 40% of those criminally abused and 40% of non-abusing staff of care facilities studied were reluctant to come forward with criminal abuse issues for fear of reprisals or retribution from administrators.

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disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups face health disparity with poorer health outcomes than white populations with a disability. However, race and ethnicity are often not reported in study samples looking specifically at sexual violence and intellectual disability.

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Sullivan and Knutson concluded in 2000 that children with intellectual disabilities were at slightly greater risk of sexual abuse than disabled children in general, who in turn were at 3.14 times greater risk of experiencing sexual abuse than non-disabled children.

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Sullivan, P. and Knutson, J. (2000) 'Maltreatment and disabilities: a population based epidemiological study.' Child abuse and Neglect 22, 4, 271 – 288, cited in Higgins, M. and Swain, J. (2010), Disability and Child Sexual Abuse, Jessica Kingsley

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Courts have applied vague, unworkable tests in determining a mentally retarded victim's capacity to consent; it would be unrealistic to suggest that a rigid, precisely defined standard could ever be effective in so amorphous an area as sexual

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focus on risks caused by the socially-created environment of the intellectually disabled person. Not all factors will apply to all people with intellectual disabilities, and some are not exclusive to people with intellectual disabilities.

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Morris, J. (1999) 'Disabled children, child protection systems and the Children Act.' Child Abuse Review 8, 91–108, cited in Michelle McCarthy, Sexuality and Women with Learning Disabilities, Second Edition, Jessica Kingsley Publishers,

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The highest rate of occurrence of abuse happens within the place of residence of the persons with intellectual disabilities. Other areas of frequency where abuse occurs were at the perpetrator's home and in other public places, such as

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Gil-Llario, Mª Dolores; Ballester-Arnal, Rafael; Morell-Mengual, Vicente; Caballero-Gascón, Lorena; Castro-Calvo, Jesús (2020). "Development and Psychometric Properties of the Detection of Sexual Abuse Risk Screening Scale (DSARss)".

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The individual must understand the sexual nature of any sexual conduct and the voluntary aspect of such activity, but does not have to understand the nature and consequences of such sexual activity, or the morality of the conduct.

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and 14.3% talked to a friend about it. Of the men, 80% decided to talk about their experience of abuse. Half of them (50%) told their father or mother, 25% talked to an educator and 25% discussed the matter with a close relative.

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In 2002 Daniel D. Sorensen, Chair of the Victims of Crime Committee, Criminal Justice Task Force for People with Developmental Disabilities estimated that less than 4.5% of crimes against people with intellectual disabilities in

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the rate of sexual violence for those with an intellectual disability is five times higher than for those without any disability. Both men and women with intellectual disabilities experience sexual violence that includes

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Gil-Llario, Mª Dolores; Morell-Mengual, Vicente; Díaz-Rodríguez, Irene; Ballester-Arnal, Rafael (2018). "Prevalence and sequelae of self-reported and other-reported sexual abuse in adults with intellectual disability".

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While people with intellectual disabilities experience sexual violence in many of the same ways as the general population, those with intellectual disability may be more vulnerable to sexual violence because of their

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Browne, A., Agha, A., Demyan, A., & Beatriz, E. (2016). Examining criminal justice responses to and help-seeking patterns of sexual violence survivors with disabilities (Document No: 250196) . U.S. Department of

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Another Spanish study indicates that the prevalence of sexual abuse is 6.10% when it is self‐reported (9.4% in women and 2.8% in men) and 28.6% when it is reported by professionals (27.8% in women and 29.4% in men).

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have been useful in populations with intellectual disabilities. One intervention that was most effective at reducing trauma symptoms was establishing changes in a person's daily environment to avoid traumatic cues.

641:, 15.2% were acquaintances (neighbors, family friends), 9.8% were informal paid service providers (babysitters), and 3.8% were dates. Further, 81.7% of the victims were women, and 90.8% of the offenders were men. 1031:

defines sexual offences in general, including those perpetrated against or by adults or children. The Act includes specific crimes against adults with intellectual disabilities or mental health conditions:

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Clinicians and caregivers can advocate and educate others on disability and sexual abuse prevention to improve outcomes for preventing and treating sexual assault for those with intellectual disabilities.

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Who is asked about the abuse: reported prevalence and incidence are lower if service managers, staff or case notes are consulted, and higher when people with intellectual disabilities are asked directly.

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in which the patient must understand both the nature and consequences of a procedure; the individual must also understand the risks of behavior, including possible negative outcomes.

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Gil-Llario, Mª Dolores; Morell-Mengual, Vicente; Ballester-Arnal, Rafael; Díaz-Rodríguez, Irene (2017). "The experience of sexuality in adults with intellectual disability".

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Jones, Lisa; Bellis, Mark A; Wood, Sara; Hughes, Karen; McCoy, Ellie; Eckley, Lindsay; Bates, Geoff; Mikton, Christopher; Shakespeare, Tom; Officer, Alana (September 2012).

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Hughes, Karen; Bellis, Mark A; Jones, Lisa; Wood, Sara; Bates, Geoff; Eckley, Lindsay; McCoy, Ellie; Mikton, Christopher; Shakespeare, Tom; Officer, Alana (April 2012).

1769:"Differential perceptions of a hypothetical sexual assault survivor based on race and ethnicity: Exploring victim responsibility, trauma, and need for social support" 1203:

Individuals with intellectual disabilities who have experienced trauma such as sexual assault are at greater risk for more severe trauma-related distress, including

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In 2007, Americans with intellectual disabilities were victims of approximately 47,000 rapes and sexual assaults. Statistical data from 2009 to 2014 drawn from the

344:, Sobsey wrote that 68% of girls with intellectual disabilities and 30% of boys with intellectual disabilities will be sexually abused before their 18th birthday. 218:

are not only strangers but can be caregivers, acquaintances, and intimate partners. The perpetrator of the assault often determines if the crime will be reported.

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professionals can screen for sexual violence when treating clients. Screening for sexual assault improves health outcomes with timely intervention and treatment.

2001:

Bowman, Rachel A.; Scotti, Joseph R.; Morris, Tracy L. (2010). "Sexual Abuse Prevention: A Training Program for Developmental Disabilities Service Providers".

1854:"The Invisible Victims: an update of an article originally published in Prosecutor's Brief: the California District Attorneys Associations Quarterly Journal" 2160:

Sobsey, D; Varnhagen, C. (1989). "Sexual abuse and exploitation of people with disabilities: Toward prevention and treatment". In Csapo M., Gougen L (ed.).

379:. The study also concluded that these service providers lacked basic knowledge about abuse, perpetrator characteristics, and facts about potential victims. 1732:

McCarthy, Michelle; Thompson, David (June 1997). "A Prevalence Study of Sexual Abuse of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities Referred for Sex Education".

1637:"Social reactions to disclosure of sexual violence in female adults with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities: a qualitative analysis of four cases" 3161: 371:. 87% of a sample from 874 surveys of individuals with intellectual disabilities reported that they had been sexually abused, and 67% had experienced 322:

In 1996 Dick Sobsey, associate director of the JP Das Developmental Disabilities Centre and Director of the John Dossetor Health Ethics Centre at the

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for adults and children with developmental and intellectual disabilities are interdisciplinary treatment approaches. Clinicians should be trained in

2864:"A Systematic Review of Treatment Interventions for Individuals With Intellectual Disability and Trauma Symptoms: A Review of the Recent Literature" 2525:"A Systematic Review of Treatment Interventions for Individuals With Intellectual Disability and Trauma Symptoms: A Review of the Recent Literature" 337:

with intellectual disabilities experienced some form of sexual abuse at some time in their lives; 49% experienced 10 or more abusive incidents.

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Some children with mild or moderate intellectual disabilities may not be registered with the services that usually record abuse incidents.

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The individual must have a moral understanding of the sexual activity and also understand the nature and consequences of sexual conduct.

3032: 3300: 1379:"Prevalence and risk of violence against children with disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies" 239:

of those with intellectual disabilities and the validity or accuracy of their claims of abuse are additional risk factors. Finally,

1332:"Prevalence and risk of violence against adults with disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies" 563:

People with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities, and those with additional physical disabilities, form the majority of

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A study by Dunne and Power in 1990 found an incidence rate of 2.88 per thousand people with intellectual disabilities per year.

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estimates from independent sources of research as it relates to this topic. Results are often impacted by many factors such as:

3602: 3305: 2994: 2663:"Barriers faced by adults with intellectual disabilities who experience sexual assault: A systematic review and meta-synthesis" 591: 398:

A study by McCarthy and Thompson in 1997 found a prevalence rate of 25% for men and 61% for women. A survey by Brown et al. of

1890:, National Child Traumatic Stress Network, Adapted Trauma Treatment Standards Work Group, via Government of Los Angeles County 1084:. The following effects have been reported, but may not be experienced by all learning disabled survivors of sexual violence: 2740: 2226:"Identifying Effective Methods for Teaching Sex Education to Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Review" 1943:

McEachern, Adriana G. (2012). "Sexual Abuse of Individuals with Disabilities: Prevention Strategies for Clinical Practice".

1517:"Reports of sexual abuse of children in state care: A comparison between children with and without intellectual disability" 699:

of the intellectually disabled individual to consent to sexual conduct. These are the tests of "nature and consequences", "

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Those with intellectual disabilities face the same challenges reporting incidents of sexual assault as those without ID.

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limitations imposed by their disability, leading to the caregivers taking advantage of their intellectual disabilities.

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before the law, and restricted access to proper support and recovery services. Societal attitudes and beliefs about the

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In 2002, David Sorensen wrote that Americans with intellectual disabilities were four to ten times more likely to have

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Wissink, Inge B.; van Vugt, Eveline S.; Smits, Iris A. M.; Moonen, Xavier M. H.; Stams, Geert-Jan J. M. (2018-04-03).

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Morris (1999) reported that incidence data on sexual abuse of disabled children can be difficult to compile because:

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Mencap, Respond, UK Voice, 2001, Behind closed doors: preventing sexual abuse of adults with a learning disability,

3728: 3253: 1019:. In cases of sexual abuse, actual consent is irrelevant, because the person is incapable of giving legal consent. 678: 2471: 463: 81: 3358: 707:", and "judgment". Forty-nine American states use one of these six tests in reviewing cases of sexual abuse, but 3284: 3156: 2212: 1885: 1220: 1204: 1110: 630: 662:

statutes. Cases of sexual assault are prosecuted differently according to individual state laws and statutes.

3632: 3383: 3228: 1227:, intellectual disability, and treating abuse. Pharmacological treatments are effective. Psychotherapy using 267:

Differences in how sexual abuse is defined, and which experiences are counted as abuse for research purposes.

1985:

Harrell, E. (2016). Crime against persons with disabilities, 2009–2014 – Statistical Tables. Retrieved from

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A number of factors put people with intellectual disabilities at an increased risk of sexual violence.

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Disturbed, challenging, or otherwise changed behaviour, particularly for those who cannot communicate.

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were reported compared to the 44% of the general public who experience crimes. In the same year, the

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in 1992 found an incidence rate of 0.5 per thousand people with intellectual disabilities each year.

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Hollomotz, Andrea, 2011, Learning Difficulties and Sexual Vulnerability, Jessica Kingsley Publishers

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In some cases, people with developmental disability are unable to disclose sexual abuse due to the

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Lack of social awareness and training that would help identify and anticipate abusive situations.

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A method, rather than a statute, which allows for the court to consider evidence of disability.

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to women with intellectual disabilities, leading to reduced risk of detection for perpetrators.

2732: 186:(WHO) funded a study which concluded that 15% of the adult population worldwide in 2012 had a 3723: 3637: 3452: 3388: 3079: 2980: 2595:"PTSD and its treatment in people with intellectual disabilities: A review of the literature" 1853: 982:

Ascertains whether the individual can exercise judgment regarding consent to sexual activity.

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A 2010 study concluded that the largest group of identified perpetrators of sexual abuse is

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sexual abuse of vulnerable persons with a mental disorder. These include situations where:

985: 214:, sexual coercion without physical force, and sexual experiences without physical contact. 2488: 2224:

Schaafsma, Dilana; Kok, Gerjo; Stoffelen, Joke M. T.; Curfs, Leopold M. G. (August 2014).

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Violence and abuse in the lives of people with disabilities: the end of silent acceptance?

1207:. Effective treatments focus on teaching individuals to cope with the trauma and overcome 1104:

Damage (possibly permanent) to relationships of trust with caregivers, friends and family.

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All the facts surrounding the case are weighed up, to determine the cause of the incident.

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Violence and abuse in the lives of people with disabilities: the end of silent acceptance?

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Screening and training of caregivers, clinicians, and care staff improve prevention.

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Parties reporting the incident may not agree on the impairment of the disabled child.

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The double burden: Health disparities among people of color living with disabilities

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and so are unsure of what happened to them. Society continues to perpetuate the

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Differences between the groups of people selected to take part in the research.

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Research published from 2000 to 2020 illustrates increased prevalence rates of

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experience fear of retaliation or of not being believed. They may lack

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Facts on Traumatic Stress and Children with Developmental Disabilities

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Cases of sexual abuse are considered in many states to qualify as "

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increase the risk of harm and if the perpetrator is known to the

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there is a breach of a relationship of care, by a care worker;

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Fear of not being believed, leading to non-reporting of abuse.

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emphasize risks connected with the person's disability, while

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they are unable to refuse because of a lack of understanding,

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will be stricter for the intellectually disabled individual.

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Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

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Intellectually disabled people get special protection under

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Feelings of guilt or shame that prevent reporting of abuse.

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they are offered inducements, threatened or deceived, and

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Communication difficulties that hinder reporting abuse.

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Ingrained reliance on the caregiver authority figure.

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Six tests are used as such a standard to assess the

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Long-term dependence on services and personal care.

2731:. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 2000: 1987:https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/capd0914st.pdf 1623:Crimes against people with disabilities fact sheet 1621:National Sexual Violence Resource Center. (2018). 1215:, isolation, and reduce the cumulative effects of 1510: 1508: 570: 3715: 2762: 2592: 1731: 1247:training can increase sexual abuse prevention. 531:Not realizing that sexual abuse can cause harm. 528:Low self-esteem, contributing to powerlessness. 515:Lack of capacity to consent to sexual activity. 2722: 1696:Sexuality and Women with Learning Disabilities 1505: 534:Not being able to tell anyone about the abuse. 3352: 2988: 1996: 1994: 1698:(2nd ed.). Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 1074: 637:). In addition, 19% of sexual offenders were 291:Information may not be recorded consistently. 70:The examples and perspective in this article 2370: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 1571: 1297: 1295: 1088:Psychological and emotional damage, such as 2110:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2066:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2044:Edition, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1999. 1847: 1845: 1843: 250: 50:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3359: 3345: 2995: 2981: 2811: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 1991: 1884:(unpublished manuscript). (1996) cited in 405: 365:developmental disability service providers 182:, compared to the general population. The 3301:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome 2921: 2788: 2763:Mevissen, L.; de Jongh, A. (April 2010). 2618: 2593:Mevissen, L.; de Jongh, A. (2010-04-01). 2446: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2281: 2268: 2251: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2144: 1942: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1687: 1670: 1652: 1532: 1488: 1292: 552:Low risk of prosecution for perpetrators. 162:Learn how and when to remove this message 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 2469: 2037: 1851: 1840: 1693: 1554: 1552: 1092:, guilt, self-blame and low self-esteem. 255:There are large differences between the 1938: 1936: 1900:Valenti-Heim, D.; Schwartz, L. (1995). 906:(with Totality of circumstances test), 229:ability to consent to sexual activities 3716: 3603:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder 3306:False allegation of child sexual abuse 2917: 2915: 2913: 2857: 2855: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2588: 2586: 2420: 2399: 2168: 1914: 1863: 1727: 1725: 1617: 1615: 1325: 1323: 1243:and sexually appropriate behavior and 1017:statutory protection given to children 690: 619: 277:are combined or calculated separately. 247:increase the risk of sexual violence. 3340: 2976: 2861: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2470:Lombardi, Kate Stone (25 July 1993). 1567: 1565: 1549: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1002: 567:people experiencing sexual violence. 2500: 1933: 1572:Kramers-Olen, Anne (December 2016). 1425:"Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)" 1022: 574: 435: 329:According to 1995 guidance from the 190:, putting them at increased risk of 119: 56: 15: 3065:Genital modification and mutilation 2922:McEachern, Adriana G. (July 2012). 2910: 2852: 2749: 1852:Sorensen, David D (9 August 2002). 1722: 1612: 1578:South African Journal of Psychology 1320: 207:National Crime Victimization Survey 13: 2701: 2643: 2563: 2511: 1773:Journal of American College Health 1746:10.1111/j.1468-3148.1997.tb00012.x 1562: 1441: 1312:World Health Organization (2011). 1141:without related traumatic content 1127:myth that the survivor is to blame 1051: 649: 518:Lack of knowledge and training in 512:Emotional and social insecurities. 14: 3745: 3275:Laws regarding child sexual abuse 3162:in education in the United States 1461:American Journal of Public Health 31:This article has multiple issues. 3319: 3254:Sociobiological theories of rape 3002: 2472:"Rape and the Mentally Retarded" 679:Fordham University School of Law 578: 440: 310: 241:racial and ethnic discrimination 124: 61: 20: 2805: 2494: 2482: 2463: 2364: 2320: 2310: 2217: 2162:Special Education Across Canada 2153: 2100: 2057: 2047: 1979: 1908: 1893: 1828: 1815: 1760: 1712: 1628: 431: 216:Perpetrators of sexual violence 39:or discuss these issues on the 3285:Sexually violent predator laws 2723:Goodyear-Brown, Paris (2012). 1417: 1370: 1305: 1221:Post-traumatic stress disorder 1111:Post-traumatic stress disorder 571:Detection of sexual abuse risk 525:Powerless position in society. 455:format but may read better as 1: 3384:Adverse childhood experiences 3229:Effects and aftermath of rape 2928:Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 2868:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 2529:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 2003:Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 1945:Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 1785:10.1080/07448481.2018.1472096 1654:10.1080/20473869.2020.1729017 1534:10.3109/13668250.2016.1269881 1395:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60692-8 1348:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61851-5 1286: 1101:Sexually transmitted disease. 933:Evidence of mental disability 639:natural or stepfamily members 275:abuse rates for men and women 2940:10.1080/10538712.2012.675425 2812:Baladerian, Nora J. (1991). 2244:10.1080/00224499.2014.919373 1957:10.1080/10538712.2012.675425 1314:"World Report on Disability" 1233:eye movement desensitization 1229:cognitive behavioral therapy 1194: 1144:Decreased school performance 997: 489:Medical models of disability 353:Bureau of Justice Statistics 203:Bureau of Justice Statistics 7: 2231:The Journal of Sex Research 1919:. Baltimore u.a.: Brookes. 1694:McCarthy, Michelle (1999). 1254: 1119:Survivors of sexual assault 1063:Seattle Rape Relief Project 493:social models of disability 84:, discuss the issue on the 10: 3750: 2862:Byrne, Gary (2020-09-24). 2769:Clinical Psychology Review 2599:Clinical Psychology Review 2523:Byrne, Gary (2020-09-24). 1075:Effects of sexual violence 393: 201:In the United States, the 3593:Abusive power and control 3575: 3374: 3366: 3314: 3293: 3267: 3224:Causes of sexual violence 3209: 3010: 2781:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.005 2611:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.005 2015:10.1080/10538711003614718 1261:Facilitated communication 1068:residents of institutions 919:Totality of circumstances 820:informed consent doctrine 627:direct care staff members 245:disability discrimination 196:intimate partner violence 184:World Health Organization 180:intellectual disabilities 133:This article needs to be 3734:Disability and sexuality 3668:Psychological projection 3530:Referee and umpire abuse 2880:10.1177/1524838020960219 2818:Sexuality and Disability 2541:10.1177/1524838020960219 2421:Morano, JP (June 2001). 2373:Sexuality and Disability 2342:10.1177/1079063219858061 2284:Sexuality and Disability 1590:10.1177/0081246316678154 1473:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303004 1271:Sexuality and disability 1029:Sexual Offences Act 2003 631:personal care attendants 555:Routine prescription of 413: 331:US Department of Justice 319:committed against them. 251:Prevalence and incidence 3729:Intellectual disability 818:Similar to the medical 815:Nature and consequences 723:States using this test 464:converting this section 406:The Republic of Ireland 1049: 928:(with Morality test). 688: 644: 500:Lack of understanding. 355:, the rate of serious 233:differential treatment 3638:Just-world hypothesis 3389:Anti-social behaviour 1915:Sobsey, Dick (1994). 1187:Acting out the trauma 1034: 728:Nature of the conduct 683: 324:University of Alberta 3673:Psychological trauma 3249:Rape trauma syndrome 3055:Cybersex trafficking 2504:The Edmonton Journal 2439:10.4088/pcc.v03n0304 178:against people with 90:create a new article 82:improve this article 72:may not represent a 3583:Abusive supervision 3510:Psychological abuse 3485:Institutional abuse 3280:Laws regarding rape 3060:Forced prostitution 1342:(9826): 1621–1629. 1217:reliving the event. 1175:Eating disturbances 691:Capacity to consent 620:Perpetrator profile 333:, more than 90% of 3663:Playing the victim 3555:Surveillance abuse 3505:Professional abuse 3426:Cruelty to animals 3043:Child prostitution 3033:Child exploitation 2830:10.1007/BF01102020 2476:The New York Times 2385:10.1007/bf01102395 2296:10.1007/BF01102020 1147:Poor concentration 1135:Sleep disturbances 1003:Special protection 590:. You can help by 466:, if appropriate. 3711: 3710: 3688:Traumatic bonding 3334: 3333: 3174:Sexual misconduct 3152:Sexual harassment 3048:Child sex tourism 3038:Child pornography 2742:978-1-118-08292-8 2679:10.1111/jar.12445 2122:10.1111/jir.12555 2078:10.1111/jir.12455 1559:Publishers, 1999. 1389:(9845): 899–907. 1170:Suicidal ideation 1165:Social withdrawal 1023:England and Wales 995: 994: 974:: 18% of the US. 914:: 14% of the US. 876:: 26% of the US. 810:: 38% of the US. 705:mental disability 608: 607: 565:learning-disabled 485: 484: 340:In his 1994 book 172: 171: 164: 154: 153: 118: 117: 110: 92:, as appropriate. 54: 3741: 3550:Structural abuse 3525:Police brutality 3431:Disability abuse 3361: 3354: 3347: 3338: 3337: 3324: 3323: 3018:Bride kidnapping 2997: 2990: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2967: 2919: 2908: 2907: 2859: 2850: 2849: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2792: 2760: 2747: 2746: 2730: 2720: 2699: 2698: 2658: 2641: 2640: 2622: 2590: 2561: 2560: 2520: 2509: 2508: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2450: 2418: 2397: 2396: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2324: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2279: 2266: 2265: 2255: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2166: 2165: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2061: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2034: 1998: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1940: 1931: 1930: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1897: 1891: 1878: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1849: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1729: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1674: 1656: 1632: 1626: 1619: 1610: 1609: 1569: 1560: 1556: 1547: 1546: 1536: 1512: 1503: 1502: 1492: 1452: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1327: 1318: 1317: 1309: 1303: 1299: 1266:Disability abuse 1241:Sexual education 1123:knowledge of sex 1095:Physical injury. 714: 713: 711:uses two tests. 675:Deborah W. Denno 603: 600: 582: 575: 480: 477: 471: 462:You can help by 444: 443: 436: 377:anal penetration 317:acts of violence 205:reported in the 167: 160: 149: 146: 140: 128: 127: 120: 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 65: 64: 57: 46: 24: 23: 16: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3683:Rationalization 3618:Destabilisation 3571: 3535:Religious abuse 3370: 3365: 3335: 3330: 3318: 3310: 3289: 3263: 3211: 3205: 3189:Sexual violence 3179:Sexual predator 3167:in the military 3147:Sexual grooming 3142:Sexual bullying 3132:Sex trafficking 3006: 3001: 2971: 2920: 2911: 2860: 2853: 2810: 2806: 2761: 2750: 2743: 2721: 2702: 2659: 2644: 2591: 2564: 2521: 2512: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2468: 2464: 2419: 2400: 2369: 2365: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2280: 2269: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2169: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2105: 2101: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2038: 1999: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1913: 1909: 1898: 1894: 1879: 1864: 1856: 1850: 1841: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1765: 1761: 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3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3445: 3443:Domestic abuse 3440: 3439: 3438: 3436:military draft 3428: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3326:Law portal 3315: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3297: 3295: 3294:Related topics 3291: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3259:Victim blaming 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3186: 3184:Sexual slavery 3181: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3137:Sexual assault 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3072: 3070:Money marriage 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3028:Child-on-child 3020: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3000: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2977: 2970: 2969: 2934:(4): 386–398. 2909: 2874:(2): 541–554. 2851: 2824:(4): 323–335. 2804: 2790:11245/1.325695 2775:(3): 308–316. 2748: 2741: 2700: 2642: 2620:11245/1.325695 2605:(3): 308–316. 2562: 2535:(2): 541–554. 2510: 2507:. pp. C3. 2493: 2481: 2462: 2433:(3): 126–135. 2398: 2379:(3): 243–259. 2363: 2336:(7): 850–877. 2319: 2309: 2290:(4): 323–335. 2267: 2238:(4): 412–432. 2216: 2167: 2152: 2143: 2116:(2): 138–148. 2099: 2056: 2046: 2036: 2009:(2): 119–127. 1990: 1978: 1951:(4): 386–398. 1932: 1926:978-1557661487 1925: 1907: 1892: 1862: 1839: 1827: 1814: 1779:(4): 308–317. 1759: 1740:(2): 105–124. 1721: 1711: 1704: 1686: 1647:(2): 136–146. 1627: 1611: 1584:(4): 504–516. 1561: 1548: 1527:(2): 152–163. 1504: 1467:(5): 928–933. 1440: 1416: 1369: 1319: 1304: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1281:Sexual assault 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1256: 1253: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1076: 1073: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1024: 1021: 1009:Australian law 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 993: 992: 983: 980: 976: 975: 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