Admiralty law - Knowledge

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boarding a ship which is on fire, raising a ship or boat which has already sunk, or towing a ship which is in the surf away from the shore. Low-order salvage occurs where the salvor is exposed to little or no personal risk. Examples of low-order salvage include towing another vessel in calm seas, supplying a vessel with fuel, or pulling a vessel off a sand bar. Salvors performing high-order salvage receive substantially greater salvage award than those performing low-order salvage.

953: 4576: 2330: 4590: 2344: 1751: 42: 1493:. Whilst Pakistan now has its own statute, the Admiralty Jurisdiction of High Courts Ordinance, 1980 (Ordinance XLII of 1980), it also follows English case law. One reason for this is that the 1980 Ordinance is partly modelled on old English admiralty law, namely the Administration of Justice Act 1956. The current statute dealing with the Admiralty jurisdiction of the England and Wales High Court is the 1275:(International Maritime Committee or CMI). Founded in 1897, the CMI drafted numerous international conventions, including the Hague Rules (International Convention on Bills of Lading), the Visby Amendments (amending the Hague Rules), the Salvage Convention, and many others. While the CMI continues to function in an advisory capacity, many of its functions have been taken over by the 1842:. This replacement was done in 2001 to handle the constantly upgrading modern shipping industry. The purpose of the Pakistan Merchant Shipping Ordinance 2001 is to provide a strategy and rules under which the government authorities will function in dealing with stuff related to the shipping industry. This law also handles duties internationally required under the ILO ( 1091:

three years, suits against cruise lines may need to be brought within one year because of limitations contained in the passenger ticket. Notice requirements in the ticket may require a formal notice to be brought within six months of the injury. Most U.S. cruise line passenger tickets also have provisions requiring that suit to be brought in either

1030:. Admiralty law also covers land-based commercial activities that are maritime in character, such as marine insurance. Some lawyers prefer to reserve the term "admiralty law" for "wet law" (e.g. salvage, collisions, ship arrest, towage, liens and limitation), and use "maritime law" only for "dry law" (e.g. carriage of goods and people, 1647:

The common element of those cases are that they require the court to exercise jurisdiction over maritime property. For example, in a petitory and possession action, a vessel whose title is in dispute, usually between co-owners, will be put in the possession of the court until the title dispute can be

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Admiralty courts assume jurisdiction by virtue of the presence of the vessel in its territorial jurisdiction irrespective of whether the vessel is national or not and whether registered or not, and wherever the residence or domicile or their owners may be. A vessel is usually arrested by the court to

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Pure salvage claims are divided into "high-order" and "low-order" salvage. In high-order salvage, the salvor exposes himself and his crew to the risk of injury and loss or damage to his equipment to salvage the damaged ship. Examples of high-order salvage are boarding a sinking ship in heavy weather,

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The obligation of "maintenance" requires the shipowner to provide a seaman with his basic living expenses while he is convalescing. Once a seaman is able to work, he is expected to maintain himself. Consequently, a seaman can lose his right to maintenance, while the obligation to provide cure is

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In both high-order and low-order salvage the amount of the salvage award is based first upon the value of the property saved. If nothing is saved, or if additional damage is done, there will be no award. The other factors to be considered are the skills of the salvor, the peril to which the salvaged

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Canada has adopted an expansive definition of its maritime law, which goes beyond traditional admiralty law. The original English admiralty jurisdiction was called "wet", as it concerned itself with things done at sea, including collisions, salvage and the work of mariners, and contracts and torts

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In pure salvage, there is no contract between the owner of the goods and the salvor. The relationship is one which is implied by law. The salvor of property under pure salvage must bring his claim for salvage in court, which will award salvage based upon the "merit" of the service and the value of

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to passengers. Consequently, passengers who are injured aboard ships may bring suit as if they had been injured ashore through the negligence of a third party. The passenger bears the burden of proving that the shipowner was negligent. While personal injury cases must generally be pursued within

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governing the relationships between private parties operating or using ocean-going ships. While each legal jurisdiction usually has its own legislation governing maritime matters, the international nature of the topic and the need for uniformity has, since 1900, led to considerable international

1232:) – have all been the subject of treasure salvage awards. Due to refinements in side-scanning sonars, many ships which were previously missing are now being located and treasure salvage is now a less risky endeavor than it was in the past, although it is still highly speculative and expensive. 1183:

A pure or merit salvage award will seldom exceed 50 percent of the value of the property salved. The exception to that rule is in the case of treasure salvage. Because sunken treasure has generally been lost for hundreds of years, while the original owner (or insurer, if the vessel was insured)

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There are two types of salvage: contract salvage and pure salvage, which is sometimes referred to as "merit salvage". In contract salvage the owner of the property and salvor enter into a salvage contract prior to the commencement of salvage operations and the amount that the salvor is paid is

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injured in the service of the ship, until the seaman has reached "maximum medical cure". The concept of "maximum medical cure" is more extensive than the concept "maximum medical improvement". The obligation to "cure" a seaman includes the obligation to provide him with medications and medical

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of 1873–1875 abolished the Admiralty Court as such, and it became conflated in the new Probate, Divorce and Admiralty division of the High Court. However, when the PDA was abolished and replaced by a new Family Division, admiralty jurisdiction passed to a so-called Admiralty Court which was

1818:. The principle of maintenance and cure requires a shipowner to both pay for an injured seaman's medical treatment until maximum medical recovery (MMR) is obtained and provide basic living expenses until completion of the voyage, even if the seaman is no longer aboard ship. 1136:

against the ship to guarantee payment. To enforce the lien, the ship must be arrested or seized. In the United States, an action to enforce a lien against a U.S. ship must be brought in federal court and cannot be done in state court, except for under the reverse

1721:(COGSA), which is the U.S. enactment of the Hague Rules. One of its key features is that a shipowner is liable for cargo damaged from "hook to hook", meaning from loading to discharge, unless it is exonerated under one of 17 exceptions to liability, such as an " 1417:) are advised to implement self-protective measures, in accordance with most recent best management practices agreed upon by the members of the merchant industry and endorsed by the NATO Shipping Centre, and the Maritime Security Centre Horn-of-Africa (MSCHOA). 1055:

devices which improve his ability to function, even if they do not "improve" his actual condition. They may include long-term treatments that permit him to continue to function well. Common examples include prostheses, wheelchairs, and pain medications.

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Aside from those five types of cases, all other maritime cases, such as claims for personal injuries, cargo damage, collisions, maritime products liability, and recreational boating accidents may be brought in either federal or state court.

879:. For example, the phrase in the Declaration of Independence "For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury" refers to the practice of the UK Parliament giving the Admiralty Courts jurisdiction to enforce the 926:

proposing that the U.S. Constitution, then under consideration by the States, be amended to include "trial by jury in all matters of fact triable by the laws of the land and not by the laws of Nations". The result was the

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award on the salvaged property. There is no "life salvage": all mariners have a duty to save the lives of others in peril without expectation of reward. Consequently, salvage law applies only to the saving of property.

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Seaborne transport was one of the earliest channels of commerce, and rules for resolving disputes involving maritime trade were developed early in recorded history. Early historical records of these laws include the

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Maritime law is governed by a uniform three-year statute of limitations for personal injury and wrongful death cases. Cargo cases must be brought within two years (extended from the one-year allowance under the

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any colonist of its violation. The Admiralty Court, which has never had trial by jury, was thus given jurisdiction so a colonist charged with breaching the Stamp Act could be more easily convicted by the Crown.

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also form part of the body of conventions in international waters. Other commercial conventions include the "International Convention relating to the Limitation of the Liability of Owners of Sea-Going Ships",

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which stated that a person missing at sea shall be assumed to be dead after seven years; conspiracy theorists claim that the government uses this Act to secretly enslave people, by assuming any person to be

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noted further that admiralty law was also used as an alternative to the common law in Norman England, which previously required voluntary submission to it by entering a plea seeking judgment from the court.

1244:" is then used to mean the striking of a stationary object, while "collision" is used to mean the striking of a moving object. Thus, when two vessels run against each other, courts typically use the term 1263:

While there is no great difference between the two terms and often they are even used interchangeably, determining the difference helps clarify the circumstances of emergencies and adapt accordingly.

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doctrine" requires state courts hearing admiralty cases to apply substantive federal admiralty law. However, state courts are allowed to apply state procedural law. This change can be significant.

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The origin of the maritime law conspiracy theory is unknown, though it may stem from a misunderstanding of some nautical-sounding words in common usage in the English-language judiciary such as

1497:, ss. 20–24, 37. The provisions in those sections are, in turn, based on the International Arrest Convention 1952. Other countries which do not follow the English statute and case laws, such as 1683:

A state court hearing an admiralty or maritime case is required to apply the admiralty and maritime law, even if it conflicts with the law of the state, under a doctrine known as the "reverse-

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over admiralty and maritime matters; however, that jurisdiction is not exclusive, and most maritime cases can be heard in either state or federal courts under the "saving to suitors" clause.

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in the case of piracy, which means that any nation may pursue pirates on the high seas, including pursuing them into a country's territorial waters. Most nations have signed onto the 1982

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From a tactical standpoint it is important to consider that in federal courts in the United States, there is generally no right to trial by jury in admiralty cases, although the 1920

1198:) are the most commonly thought of type of treasure salvage, other types of ships – including German submarines from World War II which can hold valuable historical artifacts, 1240:

In maritime law, it is occasionally desirable to distinguish between the situation of a vessel striking a moving object and that of it striking a stationary object. The word "

1066:, 369 U.S. 527 (1962). If a shipowner's breach of its obligation to provide maintenance and cure is willful and wanton, the shipowner may be subject to punitive damages. See 2993: 3191: 1839: 935:

in an admiralty case in colonial Boston involving seizure of one of Hancock's ships for violations of customs regulations. In the more modern era, Supreme Court Justice

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took hold and English maritime commerce burgeoned, the Admiralty Court became a proactive source of innovative legal ideas and provisions to meet the new situation. The

1295: 600: 1964: 744:), of which no primary written specimen has survived, but which is alluded to in other legal texts (Roman and Byzantine legal codes), and later the customs of the 1271:

Before the mid-1970s, most international conventions concerning maritime trade and commerce originated in a private organization of maritime lawyers known as the

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Healy, Sharpe and Sharpe, Cases and Materials on Admiralty, Thomson West, pp.502-510 (maintenance and cure); pp.510-20 (Jones Act); pp.520-25 (unseaworthiness).

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property was exposed, the value of the property which was risked in effecting the salvage, the amount of time and money expended in the salvage operation, etc.

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then clarified the admiralty jurisdiction of the Queen's Bench, so England and Wales once again has a distinct Admiralty Court (albeit no longer based in the

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was a development of continental civil law, the Admiralty Court of England and Wales was a common law court, albeit somewhat distanced from the mainstream

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Banks which loan money to purchase ships, vendors who supply ships with necessaries like fuel and stores, seamen who are due wages, and many others have a

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There are several universities that offer maritime law programs. What follows is a partial list of universities offering postgraduate maritime courses:

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resolved. In a limitation action, the shipowner will post a bond reflecting the value of the vessel and her pending freight. A sixth category, that of

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continues to have an interest in it, the salvor or finder will generally get the majority of the value of the property. While sunken ships from the

1118:" has become a useful way for a contractor to pass on the protection of a limitation clause to his employees, agents and third-party contractors.) 2728:

collision—vessel struck or was struck by another vessel on the water surface, or struck a stationary object, not another ship (an allision)

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injured aboard ship have three possible sources of compensation: the principle of maintenance and cure, the doctrine of unseaworthiness, and the

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The Convention on the Law of the Sea has not been ratified by 29 United Nations member and observer states, most notably the United States. See

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has made it unlawful to exclude liability for death or personal injury caused by one's negligence. (Since then, however, the so-called "

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Talley, Wayne K. (January 1995). "Safety Investments and Operating Conditions: Determinants of Accident Passenger-Vessel Damage Cost".

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in 1789. Many American lawyers who were prominent in the American Revolution were admiralty and maritime lawyers. Those included are

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that governs nautical issues and private maritime disputes. Admiralty law consists of both domestic law on maritime activities, and

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https://web.archive.org/web/20150721223230/http://www.law.tulane.edu/tlsAcademicPrograms/index.aspx?id=1726%7Carchive-date=21

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allowed a shipping line to escape liability when a bosun's negligence resulted in a passenger being injured. Since then, the

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Canadian jurisdiction was originally consolidated in 1891, with subsequent expansions in 1934 following the passage of the

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promulgated in about 1160 A.D. The obligation to "cure" requires a shipowner to provide medical care free of charge to a

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has tended to expand the maritime law power, thus overriding prior provincial laws based on the provinces' power over

3983: 3541: 3440: 3376: 2488: 2470: 2213: 1996:– LL.M. in Business, Corporate, and Maritime Law; Master of Science (M.Sc.) In Maritime Economics and Logistics (MEL) 1843: 1798: 1068: 993: 1780: 1737:, it must be established that the goods were placed in the carrier's possession and control for immediate carriage. 1489:

countries) follow English statute and case law. India still follows many Victorian-era British statutes such as the

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Once adopted, most international conventions are enforced by the individual signatory nations, either through their

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The striking by a vessel of a fixed object such as a bridge, technically termed 'allision' rather than 'collision'

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A seaman who is required to sue a shipowner to recover maintenance and cure may also recover his attorneys fees.

755: 79: 2280: 4059: 3693: 3078: 2068: 1891: 1776: 1772: 1111: 3337: 4801: 3412: 2196: 2045:– LL.M in maritime law (Graduate Diploma in Maritime Law and Arbitration International Maritime Organization) 1087: 2516:"Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" 2314:. This theory is entirely devoid of merit: when invoked by litigants, it has been consistently dismissed as 4219: 3698: 2519: 2392: 2248: 2207: 1993: 1718: 1531:

performed at sea. Canadian law has added "dry" jurisdiction to this field, which includes such matters as:

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Healy, Nicholas J.; Sweeney, Joseph C. (July–October 1991). "Basic Principles of the Law of Collision".

1501:, also have established well-known maritime courts which decide international cases on a regular basis. 1190: 4796: 4695: 4189: 3688: 3297: 2357: 2244: 1609: 1035: 896: 545: 471: 4750: 4272: 2793:. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017. 2177: 2159: 2097: 1950: 1583: 936: 354: 1694:" requires that federal courts hearing state actions must apply substantive state law, the "reverse- 4635: 4067: 4049: 2540: 2372: 2295:

from the age of seven and thereafter considering their person and/or property as its possessions.

2190: 2171: 1761: 1490: 1467: 1463: 1375: 857: 822: 567: 283: 4401: 3322: 2144:– BSc & MSc in Maritime, Transport & Logistics (MTL) (with embedded maritime law elements) 1286:

The IMO has prepared numerous international conventions concerning maritime safety, including the

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court that was initially somewhat distanced from other English courts. After around 1750, as the

3165: 2951: 2833:"Why the Full Extent of the Admiralty Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts has yet to be explored" 2802: 2783: 2599: 70: 4791: 4497: 4482: 2575: 2315: 2210:– LL.M in admiralty and JD with a Certificate of Specialization in Admiralty & Maritime Law 2135: 1907: 1524: 1494: 1391: 1051: 861: 651: 3057: 2865:"Admiralty Jurisdiction and Canadian Maritime Law in the Federal Courts: The next forty years" 883:

in the American colonies. The Stamp Act was unpopular in America, so a colonial jury would be

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on the American flags displayed in courtrooms is evidence of maritime law being in effect.

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movements, asserts that at some point maritime law, which they consider to be the law of

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When property is lost at sea and rescued by another, the rescuer is entitled to claim a

713:, jurisdiction over coastal waters, and the maritime relationships between nations. The 4700: 4292: 3951: 3805: 3790: 3768: 3512: 3492: 3445: 3435: 2719: 2680: 2156:(Institute of International Shipping and Trade Law) – LLM in International Maritime Law 2153: 2129: 2016: 2006: 1613: 1455: 1331: 1222: 1199: 1015: 975: 971: 900: 884: 323: 192: 123: 2636: 2180:

School of Law (Institute of Maritime Law) – LLB (Maritime Law) and LLM in Maritime Law

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whereas when one vessel runs against a stationary object, they typically use the term

1047: 931:. Alexander Hamilton and John Adams were both admiralty lawyers and Adams represented 799: 4277: 4199: 4037: 3780: 3775: 3728: 3653: 3647: 3487: 3405: 2650: 2484: 2466: 2430: 2240: 2123: 1867: 1668: 1435: 1311: 1310:(UNCLOS) defined a treaty regarding protection of the marine environment and various 1027: 1007: 892: 814: 706: 613: 530: 419: 364: 219: 174: 128: 56: 3366: 2561:

Duties in American Colonies Act 1765 (5 Geo. 3 c. 12), 22 March 1765. D. Pickering,

4725: 4685: 4282: 4249: 3748: 3612: 3607: 3572: 2931: 2896: 2711: 2672: 2426: 2272: 2071:– Master in Maritime Business and Maritime Law (ICADE – Spanish Maritime Institute) 1920: 1675:. Most major cruise ship passenger tickets have a one-year statute of limitations. 1541: 1031: 919: 904: 771: 749: 690: 574: 381: 239: 224: 181: 106: 90: 2920: 4531: 4504: 4492: 4472: 4406: 4384: 4364: 4359: 4339: 4204: 4184: 4179: 4082: 4042: 3753: 3678: 3602: 3587: 3507: 3085: 2959: 2939: 2809: 2790: 2387: 2362: 2087: 1717:

Claims for damage to cargo shipped in international commerce are governed by the

1672: 1447: 1257: 1207: 1115: 818: 695: 540: 509: 454: 449: 409: 202: 4620: 3054:"Université Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas – Droit maritime (1230) – programme de cours" 3038: 4720: 4710: 4705: 4680: 4675: 4608: 4416: 4334: 3923: 3889: 3840: 3825: 3597: 3502: 3482: 3472: 3149:

http://www.law.tulane.edu/tlsAcademicPrograms/index.aspx?id=1726%7Ctitle=Tulane

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Canadian jurisdiction in the area of navigation and shipping is vested in the

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One variation of this theory is based on a misinterpretation of the English

1729:, and management of the ship. The basis of liability for the shipowner is a 1241: 4670: 4594: 4344: 4312: 4267: 4005: 4000: 3971: 3884: 3862: 3830: 3763: 3743: 3637: 3577: 3567: 3519: 3477: 3455: 3398: 2565:, Vol. XXVI, p. 179ff. (Section LVII relates to jurisdiction in admiralty.) 2276: 2050: 1831: 1554: 1451: 1402: 1211: 1195: 1185: 932: 579: 264: 147: 142: 3099:"University of Oslo (UiO) - Maritime & North Sea Energy Law Education" 1619:

There are five types of cases which can only be brought in federal court:

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determined by the contract. The most common salvage contract is called a "

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retain jurisdiction. State-owned vessels are usually immune from arrest.

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Merchant vessels transiting areas of increased pirate activity (i.e. the

1103: 843: 834: 735: 426: 303: 293: 249: 1904:

in Nantes – Master of Laws and Safety of maritime and oceanic activities

1882:– LL.M in international, business or private law with marine law courses 1350:. By contrast, disputes involving the Law of the Sea may be resolved at 875:

English Admiralty courts were a prominent feature in the prelude to the

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The doctrine of maintenance and cure is rooted in Article VI of the

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over people. Sovereign citizens notably claim that the presence of

2105: 1945: 1910:

in Le Havre – Master of Laws in Maritime & Ports Activities Law

1827: 1730: 1474: 1425: 1320: 2974:. Hornbook Series. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co. p. 439 2259:" system as part of a broader conspiracy which secretly replaced 1938:

Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law

1334:, or through their national courts. Cases within the ambit of the 4760: 4690: 4426: 4374: 4354: 4302: 4114: 4032: 3848: 3810: 3758: 2422: 2024: 1928: 1915: 1410: 1390:

normally has jurisdiction over a ship on the high seas, there is

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Master of Science in Maritime Affairs (Maritime Law and Policy)

2082: 2001: 1874: 1858: 1498: 1443: 1371: 1299: 1253: 1019: 803: 486: 234: 3166:"University of Hawaii - Ocean Engineering & Law Education" 2243:

of American origin, notably present among the anti-government

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in 1958 but did not become truly effective until about 1974.

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A leading sponsor of admiralty law in Europe was the French

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Law School Academics|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-url=

2626:. vol. 2: 1864–1957. United States: Vintage Books. 1398:

which dictates the legal requirements for pursuing pirates.

4755: 4745: 4349: 4297: 4153: 3551: 3467: 2077:– Master in Maritime Enterprise Management and Maritime Law 1291: 1133: 342: 2459:

The title of Aleka Mandaraka-Sheppard's book changed from

1846:) conventions as Pakistan is an active member of the ILO. 1296:

International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea

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through admiralty cases arising after the adoption of the

794:. Eleanor then established admiralty law on the island of 3421: 821:

handles all admiralty cases. Despite early reliance upon

810:, Eleanor instituted admiralty law into England as well. 686: 3125:"Charleston School of Law, An ABA-Accredited Law School" 1006:

Matters dealt by admiralty law include marine commerce,

782:. Eleanor had learned about admiralty law whilst on the 939:

was an admiralty lawyer before ascending to the bench.

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and the expanding definition of Canadian maritime law"

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International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

1304:

International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue

1288:

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea

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grants a jury trial to seamen suing their employers.

802:. Some time later, while she was in London acting as 3088:. Formations.univ-brest.fr. Retrieved on 2013-08-02. 2862: 2830: 2325: 2222:

University of Hawaii – LL.M. in Ocean Law and Policy

3079:

Master Droit des Espaces et des Activités Maritimes

1575:, and in 1971 with the extension to "dry" matters. 1568:This list is not exhaustive of the subject matter. 3193:Without Prejudice: What Sovereign Citizens Believe 2478: 2460: 1075: 4650: 3025:"New shipping law to meet modern day requirement" 1701: 4783: 1426:Great Britain and certain Commonwealth countries 1314:. Restrictions on international fishing such as 2403:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 2126:– LLM in Maritime Law and LLM in Law of the Sea 1725:", the inherent nature of the goods, errors in 1396:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1380:Throughout history, piracy has been defined as 1358:, provided that the parties are signatories to 1308:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1144: 1121: 715:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 3199:, George Washington University, archived from 2972:Handbook of Admiralty Law in the United States 1740: 694:maritime law developments, including numerous 4636: 3406: 3280:, Southern Poverty Law Center, August 1, 2010 960:The examples and perspective in this section 659: 3277:The Sovereigns: A Dictionary of the Peculiar 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 2821:NATO Shipping Centre (www.shipping.nato.int) 2740: 2448:United States non-ratification of the UNCLOS 2255:, substituted for the original, legitimate " 1473:Most of the common law countries (including 1325:International Convention for Safe Containers 1266: 1141:whereby state courts can apply federal law. 701:Admiralty law may be distinguished from the 2624:Great Issues in American History: 1765–1865 2199:– LL.M. in Logistics and Transportation Law 1779:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 826: 753: 4643: 4629: 3413: 3399: 3051: 978:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 717:has been adopted by 167 countries and the 666: 652: 3216: 1799:Learn how and when to remove this message 1386:, or the enemy of all mankind. While the 994:Learn how and when to remove this message 4558:History of the American legal profession 3239: 1733:and if the carrier is to be liable as a 3381:Roger Williams University School of Law 3341:, 912 F. Supp 224 (N.D. Tex. 1996) 3270: 3268: 2193:– LL.M. in Admirality and Maritime Law 1961:Netherlands Maritime University College 1923:- Master of Science in Maritime Science 1420: 1041: 891:Admiralty law gradually became part of 640:London Maritime Arbitrators Association 14: 4784: 3189: 2701: 2011:Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law 1888:– LL.M in marine and environmental law 595:International Convention on Load Lines 4624: 3394: 3183: 2887:Christopher J. Giaschi (2000-10-03). 2543:De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae 3265: 2889:"The Constitutional implications of 2743:Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 2228: 1977:International Maritime Law Institute 1849: 1777:adding citations to reliable sources 1744: 1623:limitation of shipowner's liability, 1279:(IMO), which was established by the 946: 860:sitting to hear nautical cases. The 3236:, Issue 57, February 2012, pp 18–19 3039:"International Labour Organization" 2538: 2508: 2220:William S. Richardson School of Law 2203:St. Thomas University School of Law 2150:– LLM in International Shipping Law 1886:University of Nice Sophia Antipolis 1671:), pursuant to the adoption of the 1277:International Maritime Organization 1072:, 557 U.S. 404 (2009) (J. Thomas). 837:, the English Admiralty Court is a 768:were in effect from an early date. 721:, and disputes are resolved at the 630:International Maritime Organization 585:Ballast Water Management Convention 551:International Convention on Salvage 432:The captain goes down with the ship 24: 2994:"Merchant Shipping Ordinance 2001" 2479:Mandaraka-Sheppard, Aleka (2014). 2461:Mandaraka-Sheppard, Aleka (2007). 2113:– LL.M. in international trade law 1957:in Legal Aspects of Marine Affairs 1306:(SAR Convention) and others. The 1221:), and sunken merchant ships (the 1166:Lloyd's Open Form Salvage Contract 709:dealing with navigational rights, 25: 4813: 3542:Restitution and unjust enrichment 3350: 2671:(3): 554 footnote 1. March 1963. 2622:Hofstadter, Richard (1958). 2214:University of Miami School of Law 1844:International Labour Organization 1678: 1069:Atlantic Sounding Co. v. Townsend 4589: 4588: 4574: 3362:Admiralty and Maritime Law Guide 2342: 2328: 2148:Queen Mary, University of London 2142:Liverpool John Moores University 2043:National University of Singapore 2032:– Master of Laws in Maritime Law 2019:– Master of Laws in Maritime Law 1836:Merchant Shipping Ordinance 2001 1749: 1643:petitory and possession actions. 1612:grants original jurisdiction to 1589: 951: 798:, where it was published as the 40: 4553:History of the legal profession 3331: 3316: 3290: 3158: 3141: 3117: 3091: 3072: 3045: 3031: 3017: 2986: 2977: 2964: 2944: 2932:Rotterdam Rules: Interpretation 2925: 2910: 2880: 2863:John G. O'Connor (2011-10-28). 2856: 2831:John G. O'Connor (2004-11-05). 2824: 2815: 2796: 2777: 2753: 2734: 2695: 2656: 2643: 2629: 2216:– LL.M in Ocean and Coastal Law 2030:Ovidius University of Constanța 1706: 1600: 1076:Personal injuries to passengers 756:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris 80:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris 27:Law of the oceans and their use 2970:Robinson, Gustavus H. (1939). 2616: 2592: 2568: 2555: 2532: 2453: 2440: 2415: 2069:Comillas Pontifical University 1892:University of Western Brittany 1702:Features of U.S. admiralty law 1523:by virtue of s. 91(10) of the 1252:. The fixed object could be a 1112:Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 1108:Adler v Dickson (The Himalaya) 1026:by sea of both passengers and 13: 1: 4651:Seamanship (seafaring) topics 2765:response.restoration.noaa.gov 2653:". Accessed November 7, 2014. 2501: 2197:Florida Coastal School of Law 1983:in International Maritime Law 1450:(civil law) that prevails in 1273:Comité Maritime International 790:with her first husband, King 635:Comité Maritime International 601:International Regulations for 557:United Nations Convention on 3372:Law of the Sea at the UN web 3339:United States v. Greenstreet 2520:United Nations Treaty Series 2393:Maritime environmental crime 2208:Tulane University Law School 1994:Erasmus University Rotterdam 1719:Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1578:Recent jurisprudence at the 1145:Salvage and treasure salvage 1122:Maritime liens and mortgages 929:United States Bill of Rights 740: 603:Preventing Collisions at Sea 7: 4716:Ship-to-ship cargo transfer 3367:LII: Law about... Admiralty 3304:Conway Hall Ethical Society 3253:Southern Poverty Law Center 3248:Sovereign Citizens Movement 3155:July 2015|url-status=dead}} 2483:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 2465:(2nd ed.). Cavendish. 2321: 2166:University of Hertfordshire 1821: 1741:Personal injuries to seamen 1596:United States admiralty law 1573:Statute of Westminster 1931 1235: 974:, discuss the issue on the 942: 622:International organizations 10: 4818: 4220:International legal theory 3699:International slavery laws 3694:International human rights 3689:International criminal law 3324:United States v. Mackovich 2950:Joseph R. Oliveri (2008). 2232: 1840:Merchant Shipping Act 1923 1710: 1610:United States Constitution 1593: 1512: 1369: 1148: 1125: 1079: 1036:Maritime Labour Convention 825:concepts derived from the 780:Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine 728: 546:Maritime Labour Convention 4751:Man overboard rescue turn 4656: 4568: 4545: 4435: 4273:Administration of justice 4258: 4167: 4058: 3937: 3839: 3560: 3428: 2704:Southern Economic Journal 2312:birth (berth) certificate 2178:University of Southampton 2160:University College London 2098:World Maritime University 2058:– Masters in Maritime Law 1951:Universiti Teknologi Mara 1880:Panthéon-Assas University 1584:property and civil rights 1508: 1365: 1267:International conventions 691:private international law 523:International conventions 4050:Basic structure doctrine 3900:Natural and legal rights 3781:Public international law 3377:Marine Affairs Institute 3190:Berger, JM (June 2016), 3129:Charleston School of Law 2408: 2373:Barratry (admiralty law) 2191:Charleston School of Law 2172:University of Nottingham 2013:) – LL.M in maritime law 1491:Admiralty Court Act 1861 1376:International piracy law 1191:Nuestra Señora de Atocha 752:. In southern Italy the 707:public international law 568:International piracy law 559:the Law of the Sea 4230:Principle of typicality 3704:International trade law 3420: 3299:Freeloaders on the Land 3230:"Nonsense or loophole?" 2288:Cestui Que Vie Act 1666 2056:University of Cape Town 1965:Diploma in Maritime law 1580:Supreme Court of Canada 1487:Commonwealth of Nations 1464:English Admiralty court 1323:, 10 October 1957. and 1172:the salvaged property. 1088:duty of reasonable care 866:Royal Courts of Justice 590:Anti-fouling Convention 3357:Jones Act Law Resource 2958:June 13, 2010, at the 2938:March 9, 2012, at the 2649:merriam-webster.com, " 2253:international commerce 2136:City University London 1908:University of Le Havre 1830:is also classified as 1687:doctrine". While the " 1606:Article III, Section 2 1550:and security services, 1525:Constitution Act, 1867 1495:Senior Courts Act 1981 1458:, which trace back to 1392:universal jurisdiction 862:Senior Courts Act 1981 827: 754: 741:Nomos Rhodion Nautikos 4225:Principle of legality 3984:Delegated legislation 3684:Intellectual property 3386:The Maritime Law Blog 2551:. Harvard Law School. 2383:Declaration of London 2174:– LLM in Maritime Law 2168:– LLM in Maritime Law 2162:– LLM in Maritime Law 2138:– LLM in Maritime Law 2132:– LLM in Shipping Law 1940:– PhD in maritime law 1934:University of Hamburg 1866:– LL.M in marine and 1711:Further information: 1515:Canadian maritime law 1415:Bab-el-Mandeb straits 1383:hostis humani generis 937:Oliver Wendell Holmes 849:Industrial Revolution 788:eastern Mediterranean 725:tribunal in Hamburg. 705:, which is a body of 4802:Eleanor of Aquitaine 4443:Barristers' chambers 4385:Legal representation 4323:Justice of the peace 3669:Financial regulation 2640:2 LLR 267, 1 QB 158 2463:Modern Admiralty Law 2378:Consulate of the Sea 2111:Thammasat University 2075:University of Deusto 1902:University of Nantes 1898:– LL.M in marine law 1864:Dalhousie Law School 1773:improve this section 1521:Parliament of Canada 1440:Northern Ireland law 1421:Individual countries 1342:may be heard by the 1042:Maintenance and cure 972:improve this section 962:may not represent a 829:Corpus Juris Civilis 808:Richard I of England 746:Consulate of the Sea 515:Vice admiralty court 261:Contract of carriage 64:Corpus Juris Civilis 4478:Election commission 4190:Expressive function 3719:Landlord–tenant law 3618:Consumer protection 2710:(3): 823, note 11. 2665:Columbia Law Review 2481:Modern Maritime Law 2249:freeman on the land 1614:U.S. federal courts 1312:maritime boundaries 1106:, the 1954 case of 1064:Vaughan v. Atkinson 885:unlikely to convict 877:American Revolution 792:Louis VII of France 4701:Naval architecture 4436:Legal institutions 4303:Lawsuit/Litigation 4293:Dispute resolution 4098:Catholic canon law 3806:State of emergency 3769:Will and testament 3493:Law of obligations 3446:Constitutional law 3436:Administrative law 3105:. 25 November 2017 3084:2012-06-24 at the 3027:. 12 October 2001. 2808:2017-04-15 at the 2789:2017-04-15 at the 2154:Swansea University 2130:Cardiff University 2017:University of Oslo 2007:University of Oslo 1640:salvage cases, and 1456:continental Europe 1446:, contrast to the 1332:Port State Control 1200:American Civil War 1016:maritime pollution 901:Alexander Hamilton 806:for her son, King 124:Maritime transport 4797:International law 4779: 4778: 4618: 4617: 4278:Constitutionalism 4200:Law and economics 4038:Act of parliament 3776:Product liability 3729:Legal archaeology 3654:Environmental law 3648:Entertainment law 3488:International law 2563:Statutes at Large 2431:Hague-Visby Rules 2245:sovereign citizen 2241:conspiracy theory 2229:Conspiracy theory 2124:Bangor University 1868:environmental law 1850:Academic programs 1838:has replaced the 1826:Admiralty law in 1809: 1808: 1801: 1669:Hague-Visby Rules 1633:property arrests 1485:, and many other 1436:England and Wales 1086:Shipowners owe a 1020:seafarers' rights 1008:marine navigation 1004: 1003: 996: 897:U.S. Constitution 893:United States law 815:England and Wales 676: 675: 614:Athens Convention 580:MARPOL Convention 531:Hague-Visby Rules 420:Freight forwarder 365:Proof of delivery 220:Maritime security 57:Code of Hammurabi 16:(Redirected from 4809: 4726:Passage planning 4686:Maritime studies 4645: 4638: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4579: 4578: 4402:Question of fact 4283:Criminal justice 3613:Construction law 3608:Conflict of laws 3573:Agricultural law 3415: 3408: 3401: 3392: 3391: 3344: 3335: 3329: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3243: 3237: 3227: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3162: 3156: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3095: 3089: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3056:. Archived from 3052:Nathalie Mouly. 3049: 3043: 3042: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3005: 2999:. Archived from 2998: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2968: 2962: 2948: 2942: 2929: 2923: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2895:. Archived from 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2838:. Archived from 2837: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2800: 2794: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2699: 2693: 2691: 2660: 2654: 2647: 2641: 2633: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2586: 2572: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2512: 2495: 2494: 2476: 2457: 2451: 2444: 2438: 2419: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2338: 2333: 2332: 2273:admiralty courts 1921:Ghent University 1804: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1753: 1745: 1542:marine insurance 1032:marine insurance 999: 992: 988: 985: 979: 955: 954: 947: 920:Thomas Jefferson 856:effectively the 832: 759: 750:Hanseatic League 743: 668: 661: 654: 575:SOLAS Convention 562: 427:Captain (Master) 225:Letter of marque 182:Marine insurance 91:Hanseatic League 44: 30: 29: 21: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4652: 4649: 4619: 4614: 4587: 4573: 4564: 4541: 4532:Political party 4505:Legal education 4493:Law enforcement 4473:Court of equity 4431: 4407:Question of law 4360:Practice of law 4340:Judicial review 4254: 4205:Legal formalism 4185:Comparative law 4180:Contract theory 4163: 4083:Legal pluralism 4054: 4043:Act of Congress 3967:Executive order 3933: 3835: 3754:Nationality law 3679:Immigration law 3603:Competition law 3556: 3424: 3419: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3336: 3332: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3307: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3281: 3274: 3273: 3266: 3257: 3255: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3228: 3217: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3170:EduMaritime.net 3164: 3163: 3159: 3147:{{cite web|url= 3146: 3142: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3103:EduMaritime.net 3097: 3096: 3092: 3086:Wayback Machine 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3060:on 4 March 2016 3050: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2969: 2965: 2960:Wayback Machine 2949: 2945: 2940:Wayback Machine 2930: 2926: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2900: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2810:Wayback Machine 2801: 2797: 2791:Wayback Machine 2782: 2778: 2769: 2767: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2739: 2735: 2716:10.2307/1061000 2700: 2696: 2677:10.2307/1120603 2662: 2661: 2657: 2648: 2644: 2637:Adler v Dickson 2634: 2630: 2621: 2617: 2608: 2606: 2600:"Trial By Jury" 2598: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2582: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2560: 2556: 2549:Ames Foundation 2537: 2533: 2524: 2522: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2473: 2458: 2454: 2445: 2441: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2388:General average 2363:Admiralty court 2348: 2341: 2334: 2327: 2324: 2275:with no actual 2237: 2231: 2094:in maritime law 2088:Lund University 1852: 1834:. The Pakistan 1824: 1805: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1770: 1754: 1743: 1715: 1709: 1704: 1681: 1673:Rotterdam Rules 1626:vessel arrests 1603: 1598: 1592: 1517: 1511: 1462:. Although the 1448:continental law 1428: 1423: 1378: 1368: 1269: 1238: 1225:Central America 1208:St. Johns River 1202:ships (the USS 1153: 1147: 1130: 1124: 1116:Himalaya clause 1084: 1078: 1048:Rolls of Oléron 1044: 1000: 989: 983: 980: 969: 956: 952: 945: 853:Judicature Acts 819:Admiralty Court 800:Rolls of Oléron 731: 672: 605: 602: 564: 560: 558: 541:Rotterdam Rules 510:Admiralty court 450:Freight company 441: 203:General average 184: 155:Merchant marine 61: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4815: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4721:Propeller walk 4718: 4713: 4708: 4706:Ship stability 4703: 4698: 4696:Nautical terms 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4676:Ice navigation 4673: 4668: 4662: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4584: 4581:Law portal 4569: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4417:Trial advocacy 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4264: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3954: 3949: 3947:Ballot measure 3943: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3924:Legal treatise 3921: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3892: 3890:Letters patent 3887: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3841:Sources of law 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3826:Unenforced law 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3598:Commercial law 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3418: 3417: 3410: 3403: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3351:External links 3349: 3346: 3345: 3330: 3315: 3289: 3264: 3238: 3215: 3182: 3157: 3140: 3116: 3090: 3071: 3044: 3030: 3016: 2985: 2976: 2963: 2943: 2924: 2917:28 U.S.C. 2909: 2891:Ordon v. Grail 2879: 2855: 2823: 2814: 2795: 2776: 2752: 2733: 2694: 2655: 2642: 2628: 2615: 2591: 2567: 2554: 2531: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2471: 2452: 2439: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2339: 2323: 2320: 2239:A pseudolegal 2230: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2200: 2194: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2119:United Kingdom 2116: 2115: 2114: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2095: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2072: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2014: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1958: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1889: 1883: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1851: 1848: 1823: 1820: 1807: 1806: 1757: 1755: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1735:common carrier 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1680: 1679:Applicable law 1677: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1631: 1624: 1602: 1599: 1594:Main article: 1591: 1588: 1566: 1565: 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lading 286: 281: 276: 268: 267: 257: 256: 255: 254: 253: 252: 250:Wartime prizes 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 217: 216: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 179: 178: 177: 172: 167: 165:Passenger ship 162: 152: 151: 150: 145: 140: 135: 121: 120: 119: 114: 101: 100: 96: 95: 94: 93: 88: 83: 76: 75: 74: 59: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4814: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4792:Admiralty law 4790: 4789: 4787: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4711:Hydrodynamics 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4463:Civil society 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4422:Trier of fact 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4308:Legal opinion 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4288:Court-martial 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4260:Jurisprudence 4257: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4149:Statutory law 4147: 4145: 4144:Socialist law 4142: 4138: 4137:Byzantine law 4135: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4088:Religious law 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4060:Legal systems 4057: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4028:Statutory law 4026: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3858:Statutory law 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3816:Transport law 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3734:Legal fiction 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3664:Financial law 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3623:Corporate law 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3547:Statutory law 3545: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429:Core subjects 3427: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3342: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3325: 3319: 3306:, 3 June 2014 3305: 3301: 3300: 3293: 3279: 3278: 3271: 3269: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3206:on 2022-02-04 3202: 3195: 3194: 3186: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3040: 3034: 3026: 3020: 3006:on 2021-04-15 3002: 2995: 2989: 2980: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2899:on 2011-03-19 2898: 2894: 2892: 2883: 2866: 2859: 2845:on 2012-04-24 2841: 2834: 2827: 2818: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2638: 2632: 2625: 2619: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2564: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2535: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2492: 2490:9780415843201 2486: 2482: 2474: 2472:9781843141969 2468: 2464: 2456: 2449: 2443: 2436: 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1944: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1800: 1792: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1758:This section 1756: 1752: 1747: 1746: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1713:Freight claim 1699: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1590:United States 1587: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1563: 1560:contracts of 1559: 1556: 1553:contracts of 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1373: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 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