Lingam - Knowledge

2666: 1722: 2023: 1666: 7141:, pp. 498–499: "But several of the Delhi sultans, those who were particularly devout and iconoclast Muslims, regarded the lingam as sexual and anthropomorphic, and took pride in destroying as many lingams as they could. In 1026, Mahmud of Ghazni attacked the temple of Somnath, which held a famous Shiva lingam; this much, at least, seems to be historical fact. But then comes the mythologizing. According to some versions of the story, including early Turko-Persian triumphalist sources, Mahmud stripped the great gilded lingam of its gold and hacked it to bits with his sword, sending the bits back to Ghazni, where they were incorporated into the steps of the new mosque (Keay 2000: 207–209). Medieval Hindu epics of resistance created a countermythology in which the stolen image came to life (another bit of evidence that it was regarded as a living thing, a body in itself) and eventually, like a horse trotting back to the stable, returned to the temple to be reconsecrated (Davis 1997: 90–112)" 1792:, "it is true that Marshall's and Mackay's hypotheses of linga and yoni worship by the Harappans has rested on rather slender grounds, and that for instance, the interpretation of the so-called ring-stones as yonis seems untenable". He quotes Dales 1984 paper, which states "with the single exception of the unidentified photography of a realistic phallic object in Marshall's report, there is no archaeological evidence to support claims of special sexually-oriented aspects of Harappan religion". However, adds Parpola, a re-examination at Indus Valley sites suggest that the Mackay's hypothesis cannot be ruled out because erotic and sexual scenes such as ithyphallic males, naked females, a human couple having intercourse and trefoil imprints have now been identified at the Harappan sites. The "finely polished circular stand" found by Mackay may be yoni although it was found without the linga. The absence of linga, states Parpola, maybe because it was made from wood which did not survive. 2834: 2767: 2685: 2873: 2799: 1657: 2542: 2151: 2735: 2712: 2433: 5143:, p. 500, Quote: "The British missionaries most despised what they regarded as the obscene idolatry of the lingam. The British in general, who were of course Victorian in every sense of the word, regarded the Hindus, as they regarded most colonized people of color, as simultaneously oversexed and impotent, and the British presence had a negative effect on the self-perception that Hindus had of their own bodies (Nandy 1983). For, still reeling from the onslaught of the Muslim campaigns against lingams, the Hindus who worked with and for the British internalized their colonizers' scorn." 9120: 1054: 3090:, only because they observed established conventions, they failed when Shiva tested them with his outrageous ways. The purpose of Shiva's visit to the hermitage, the place where the sages were living with their wives, was to enlighten the false sages by allowing them to humiliate him. But the sages were lost in anger, but Shiva allowed himself to be humiliated in the image that met the eye of the sages. Even though Shiva excited some of them as the source of their desire, they were unable to see him as the killer of desires. Although Shiva revealed his true nature by his dance ( 2854: 2015: 2815: 2697: 8277: 1710: 78: 2779: 10426: 8801: 1088: 10436: 8811: 10415: 1245:). The construction method, proportions and design is described in Shaiva Agama texts. The lingam is typically set in the center of a pindika (also called yoni or pithas, symbolizing Shakti). A pindika may be circular, square, octagonal, hexagonal, duodecagonal, sixteen sided, elliptical, triangular or another shape. Some lingams are miniaturized and they are carried on one's person, such as by Lingayats in a necklace. These are called 1185: 2551: 1636: 8866: 2751: 10446: 2352: 114: 705: 1079: 8858: 1439:. This tension between the pursuit of spirituality through householder lifestyle and the pursuit of renunciate sannyasi lifestyle is historic, reflects the different interpretations of the lingam and what lingam worship means to its devotees. It remains a continuing debate within Hinduism to this day, states Doniger. To one group, it is a part of Shiva's body and symbolically 1180:, where Shiva is seen as emerging from within a fiery lingam. On top of this icon is sometimes a relief of a swan or goose representing Brahma, and a boar at the bottom representing the Varaha avatar of Vishnu. This reflects the Shaiva legend describing a competition between Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu, as to who has priority and superiority. 1804:, states Doniger, has an image with a general resemblance with Shiva and "the Indus people may well have created the symbolism of the divine phallus", but given the available evidence we cannot be certain, nor do we know that it had the same meaning as some currently project them to might have meant. 1625:

The popular belief is that the Siva Lingam represents the phallus or the virile organ, the emblem of the generative power or principle in nature. This is not only a serious mistake but a grave blunder. In the post-Vedic period, the Linga has become symbolic of the generative power of Lord Siva. Linga

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The term also appears in early Indian texts on logic, where an inference is based on a sign (linga), such as "if there is smoke, there is fire" where the linga is the smoke. It is a religious symbol in Hinduism representing Shiva as the generative power, all of existence, all creativity and fertility

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Furthermore, the phallic shape, standing erect, always negates its function as an organ of procreation. Rather, the shape or pictorial representation is conveying that, the seed was channeled upward, not ejected for the sake of generation, but was reversed, retained and absorbed for regeneration as

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Since the 19th century, states Dasgupta, the popular literature has represented the lingam as the male sex organ. This view contrasts with the traditional abstract values they represent in Shaivism wherein the lingam-yoni connote the masculine and feminine principles in the entirety of creation and

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to assume a form of vaginal passage, and perform a procedure reciting vedic mantras and decorating the penis with flowers etc., so that the penis would become steady. As the phallus was held by Parvati in that form, an auspicion arrow formed. The pedestal shaped as the vagina and the phallus fixed

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According to Alex Wayman, various works on Shaivism by some Indian authors, following the Shaiva philosophical texts and spiritual interpretations, "deny that the linga is a phallus." To the Shaivites, a linga is neither a phallus nor do they practice the worship of erotic penis-vulva, rather the

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This linga is likely a dedication memorial stone according to the inscription which states, "The Linga of the sons of Khajahuti, was dedicated by Nagasiri, the son of Vasethi. May the deity be pleased." Bloch objected to "Linga of the sons" interpretation, stating it made no sense. Other scholars

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followed by a clockwise circumambulation of the sanctum. On the sanctum walls, typically are reliefs of Dakshinamurti, Brahma and Vishnu. Often, near the sanctum are other shrines, particularly for Shakti (Durga), Ganesha and Murugan (Kartikeya). In the Hindu tradition, special pilgrimage sites

1249:. The Hindu temple design manuals recommend geometric ratios for the linga, the sanctum and the various architectural features of the temple according to certain mathematical rules it considers perfect and sacred. Anthropologist Christopher John Fuller states that although most sculpted images ( 2317:, the lingam is a complete symbolic representation of the formless Universe Bearer – the oval-shaped stone is the symbol of the Universe, and the bottom base represents the Supreme Power that holds the entire Universe in it. A similar interpretation is also found in the 2993:

This view is shared by K.R. Subramanian, who writes that some Buddhist stupas have been worshipped by Tamil Saivites because they believe it is a Shivalinga, and some ancient stupa sculptures from Amaravati and Jaggayyapeta look so much like a linga that anyone would mistake them for

5327:, Quote: "That is why today one will read in various works by Indians on Saivism a denial that the linga is a phallus; and the late Dr. Basham once told the present writer that in all the years of his India contacts he never found any Saivite admitting that the linga is a phallus." 2665: 1569:

means to "anthropologize sex, distance it, make it safe for English readers by assuring them, or pretending to assure them, that the text was not about real sexual organs, their sexual organs, but merely about the appendages of weird, dark people far away." Similar

2420:, regarded the lingam as sexual and anthropomorphic, and ordered as many be destroyed as possible. In some situations, linga were deliberately laid at the thresholds of mosques for public usage and incorporated into Islamic architecture, notably at a mosque in 2286:(5th-10th century CE) states, "Shiva is signless, without color, taste, smell, that is beyond word or touch, without quality, motionless and changeless". The source of the universe is the signless, and all of the universe is the manifested Linga, a union of 1665: 987:, it means "proof or evidence", as a conditionally sufficient mark or sign. This Vaisheshika theory is adopted in the early Sanskrit medical literature. Like the Upanishads, where linga means "mark, sign, characteristic", the texts of the 3972:. It includes entire signs and symptoms of the diseases and health also. Only the knowledge of Hetu is not sufficient for the diagnosis of Aaturavastha. Hence Linga or the symptomatology is very useful tool in the diagnosis of a disease." 1745:

proposed that certain artifacts found at Harappan sites may be evidence of yoni-linga worship in Indus Valley Civilization. Jones and Ryan state that lingam/yoni shapes have been recovered from the archaeological sites at Harappa and

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to be the phallus of Shiva, while another group of texts does not. Sexuality in the former is inherently sacred and spiritual, while the latter emphasizes the ascetic nature of Shiva and renunciation to be spiritual symbolism of

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According to Encyclopædia Britannica, while Harappan discoveries include "short cylindrical pillars with rounded tops", there is no evidence that the people of Indus Valley Civilization worshipped these artifacts as lingams.

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Indologist Wendy Doniger rejects Srinivasan's interpretation, and states that this relatively rare artifact can be interpreted in many ways and has unduly been used for wild speculations such as being a linga. Another Indus

7586: 2501:, the absolute reality and their spirituality. It is viewed as a "living, moving" divinity within the Lingayat devotee. Every day, the devotee removes this personal linga from its box, places it in left palm, offers 2274:. This mythology weaves two polarities, one where the lingam represents the potentially procreative phallus (fertile lingam) and its opposite "a pillar-like renouncer of sexuality" (ascetic lingam), states Doniger. 3245: 2147:. According to Stella Kramrisch, the pictorial symbol of the Gudimallam lingam should not be mistaken for fertility or eroticism, due to incomplete or impure understanding of the underlying refined principles. 2321:: "The endless sky (that great void which contains the entire universe) is the Linga, the Earth is its base. At the end of time the entire universe and all the Gods finally merge in the Linga itself." In the 1680:

The traditional lingam rituals in major Shiva temples includes offerings of flowers, grass, dried rice, fruits, leaves, water and a milk bath. Priests chant hymns, while the devotees go to the sanctum for a

3234: 5664: 1617:, the correlation of the linga and phallus is wrong; the lingam is only the external symbol of Shiva's formless being. He further states that it is the light or power of consciousness, manifesting from 1345:. In the representation of Parashiva, Shiva is regarded to be the absolute reality, the timeless, formless, and spaceless. In the representation of Parashakti, Shiva is regarded to be all-pervasive, 1386:, the linga is the ideal substrate in which the worshipper should install and worship the five-faced and ten-armed Sadāśiva, the form of Shiva who is the focal divinity of that school of Shaivism. 977:

which means "paint, variegate", has the sense "that which paints, variegates, characterizes". Panini as well as Patanjali additionally mention lingam with the contextual meaning of the "gender".

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century BCE, and is mostly accepted to be from the 3rd- to 1st-century BCE, though some later dates have been proposed. The stone lingam is clearly a representation of an anatomically accurate

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had of their own bodies" and they became "ashamed of the more sensual aspects of their own religious literature". Some contemporary Hindus, states Doniger, in their passion to spiritualize

1500:, and related theology as obscene, corrupt, licentious, hyper-sexualized, puerile, impure, demonic and a culture that had become too feminine and dissolute. To the Hindus, particularly the 7895:. The preface and introduction (in English) by Ram Karan Sharma provide an analysis of how the eight versions compare with one another. The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit. 7482: 1414:

According to Doniger, there is persuasive evidence in later Sanskrit literature that the early Indians associated the lingam icon with the male sexual organ; the 11th-century Kashmir text

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which is the imperceptible substratum of the manifest world or pre-matter. Out of this imperceptible cosmic substance, all things have come out, and to which they will return ultimately.

7117: 1770:, objects that resemble "lingam" have been found. That includes "a seated trident-headed ithyphallic figure", which was found on Indus seals, "has been compared to Shiva as meditating 1721: 1096:

Lingam iconography exists in many forms, and their design are described in the Agama texts. Left: a 5th-century Mukha-linga (with face), Right: a Sahasra-linga (with 1001 carvings).

7578: 2766: 2386:) of fire, the cause of all causes. Shiva is pictured as emerging from the lingam – the cosmic pillar of fire – proving his superiority over the gods 2184:

The Mathura archaeological site has revealed similar lingams, with a standing Shiva in front (2nd century CE) and with one or four faces around the pillar (1st to 3rd century CE).

3098:), the deluded sages did not recognize him. That falling phallus burnt everything in front; wherever it went it began to burn everything there. It went to all three Hindu worlds ( 2599:. The mountain resembles a Shiva lingam when viewed from certain angles, especially when travelling or trekking from Gangotri to Gomukh as part of a traditional Hindu pilgrimage. 814:

tradition is a short cylindrical pillar-like symbol of Shiva, made of stone, metal, gem, wood, clay or precious stones. It is often represented within a disc-shaped platform, the

5874: 3722: 2246:. It is a superabundant evocation of fierce potency on a cosmic scale, although it states crassly phallic. Doniger further finds that Shiva was called by many names, including 1955:, specifically the sign of gender. Linga, "sign", not only signifies the existence of perceptible "things" but also denotes the imperceptible essence of "a thing" or pieces of 973:

means "symptom, signs" and plays a key role in the diagnosis of a sickness, the disease. The author of classical Sanskrit grammar treatise, Panini, states that the verbal root

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in the Shiva tradition is "only a symbol of the productive and creative principle of nature as embodied in Shiva", and it has no historical trace in any obscene phallic cult.

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Lord Shiva and His Worship by Sri Swami Sivananda (1945), Chapter IX: Siva Yoga Sadhna, Section 7: Worship of Siva Lingam, Page 220, 2015 edition, Allahabad Book World Ltd.

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form with ashes smeared all over his body holding his phallus, to test the devotion of his devotees. The wives of the sages were scared at this sight but some embraced the

2169:(no-fear) mudra. The pillar itself is, once again, a realistic depiction of phallus but neither symbolizes fertility nor sexuality, but the refined energetic principles of 820:– its feminine counterpart, consisting of a flat element, horizontal compared to the vertical lingam, and designed to allow liquid offerings to drain away for collection. 2348:, became infuriated at this sight and cursed ascetic form of Shiva: "You are acting pervertedly. This violates the Vedic path. Hence let your penis fall on the ground.” 1418:

by Kshemendra on satire and fiction writing explains his ideas on parallelism with divine lingam and human lingam in a sexual context. Various Shaiva texts, such as the

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therein are symbolic of the eternal creative forces personified as Śivā and Śiva. After the procedure was completed, the penis became static. This phallus was known as

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called for the revival of the Mother Goddess as a feminine force, inviting his countrymen to "proclaim her to all the world with the voice of peace and benediction".

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Lord Shiva and His Worship by Sri Swami Sivananda (1945), Chapter IX: Siva Yoga Sadhna, Section 7: Worship of Siva Lingam, 2015 edition, Allahabad Book World Ltd.

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Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102-122.

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is not destroyed but be seized again by another kindling stick. Fire in its latent condition, unkindled, the potential of fire, its imperceptible essence, is the

1356:, the lingam speaks unmistakable language of silence: "I am one without a second, I am formless". It is only the outward symbol of formless being, Shiva, who is 4851: 7356: 3242: 2306:, means sign. It is an important concept in Hindu texts, wherein Linga is a manifested sign and nature of someone or something. It accompanies the concept of 7083: 7044: 6984: 900:, where it means a "mark, sign, emblem, characteristic". Other contextual meanings of the term include "evidence, proof, symptom" of God and God's power. 1050:

as a form of citing or referencing prior Hindu literature. This phrase connotes " indicative sign", such as the "indicative sign is in a Vedic passage".

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gave place to the conceptions of the brightness of Shiva's body, his tawny matted hair, his blue throat, and the riding on the bull of the Shiva, the

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also appears in Buddhist and Jaina literature, where it means "sign, evidence" in one context, or "subtle body" with sexual connotations in another.

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is a Shaiva sectarian icon where Shiva is depicted rising from the Lingam (an infinite fiery pillar) that narrates how Shiva is the foremost of the

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inscription at the bottom. Above the four faces, the Bhita linga has the bust of a male with his left hand holding a vase and the right hand in the

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Shiva (he in the universal Absolute Reality, formless, without attributes). In Tamil Shaiva tradition, for example, the common term for lingam is

7466: 2684: 1891:, the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories, meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the superiority of Shiva as Mahadeva. 1586:

and for their Hindutva campaign have sought to sanitize the historic earthly sexual meanings, and insist on the abstract spiritual meaning only.

7109: 3850: 2344:. Although Shiva put them to test, the sages and wives did not recognize him. The sages were stupefied and deluded by Śiva's power of illusion, 1309:, the divine eternal process of creation and regeneration, and the union of the feminine and the masculine that recreates all of existence. The 1157:

has a total of five (the fifth is on the top) and represents Sadashiva. Among the mukha-lingam varieties, the four face version are more common.

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Doniger, Wendy (2011), "God's Body, or, The Lingam Made Flesh: Conflicts over the Representation of the Sexual Body of the Hindu God Shiva",

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The Bhita linga – now at the Lucknow museum – is also dated to about the 2nd century BCE, and has four directional faces on the pillar and a

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Various styles of lingam iconography are found on the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia. The historic lingam iconography has included:

855:, the divine eternal process of creation and regeneration, and the union of the feminine and the masculine that recreates all of existence. 2798: 3681: 2853: 2413: 7387: 5648: 5606: 5866: 3073:, the mind is stirred, but not by external stimuli, but the result of realisation of true nature of the Self in the path of liberation 4949:

The Pañcāvaraṇastava of Aghoraśivācārya: A twelfth-century South Indian prescription for the visualisation of Sadāśiva and his retinue

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are unmistakably phallic stones". These are dated to some time before 2300 BCE. Similarly, states Chakravarti, the Kalibangan site of

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are formalized representations of the female regenerative organ and were symbols of the Mother Goddess, but this is most doubtful."

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is a rock Shivlinga and said to be the Largest Natural Shivlinga in the world., whose height is increasing with each passing year.

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even before that thing has come to exist in any concrete form. The imperceptible essence of "a thing", in its potentiality, is the

7504: 2325:, an Atharvaveda hymn is expanded with stories about the great Stambha and the supreme nature of Mahâdeva (the Great God, Shiva). 1349:, the power and primal substance of all that exists. Parashakti is regarded to possess form, unlike Parashiva, which is formless. 4887: 6170: 2814: 1904:), and this is one possible origin of linga worship. According to Swami Vivekananda, the Shiva-linga had origins in the idea of 10480: 2778: 1174:

Dhara linga, where lingas have five to sixty four fluted facets, with prime numbers and multiples of four particularly favored.

6288: 5496:(1985). "The Sky Garment - A study of the Harappan religion and its relation to the Mesopotamian and later Indian religions". 2258:

in the sense of an "inanimate pillar" as well as a "name of Shiva, signifying the immobile, ascetic, desexualized form of the

1135:. Together they symbolize the union of the feminine and the masculine principles, and "the totality of all existence", states 10495: 8847: 8739: 8615: 7689: 7654: 7320: 7162: 7077: 6857: 6805: 6725: 6686: 6647: 6608: 6569: 6530: 6488: 6201: 6140: 6101: 6039: 6000: 5961: 5840: 5803: 5697: 5454: 5427: 5385: 5289: 5206: 5167: 5125: 5086: 4920: 4744: 4705: 4666: 4627: 4588: 4510: 4442: 4415: 4388: 4355: 4316: 4229: 4190: 4163: 4124: 4085: 3898: 3792: 3762: 3675: 3466: 3404: 3360: 3277: 3060:

maintain that to be a cryptic epigraphic reference to "worshipped by", given the mention of "deity" later in the inscription.

1994:, (liṇga śarīra) underlying and ontologically preceding anything perceptible. The perceptible state, in this context, is the 1508:

disparagement in part triggered the opposite reaction from Bengali nationalists, who more explicitly valorised the feminine.

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Beltz, Johannes (1 March 2011). "The Dancing Shiva: South Indian Processional Bronze, Museum Artwork, and Universal Icon".

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Left: 2 sphatika (quartz) lingams in the Shri Parkasheshwar Mahadev Temple, Dehradun; Right: Ice Lingam in the cave at the

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linga-yoni is a symbol of cosmic mysteries, the creative powers and the metaphor for the spiritual truths of their faith.

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The Wonder that was India: A Survey of the History and Culture of the Indian Subcontinent Before the Coming of the Muslims

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representation that "would undoubtedly be considered the replica of a modern Shivlinga ." According to Srinivasan, in the

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has many contextual meanings such as in verses 1.124.136, 3.9.16 and 5.21.61, as it develops its theory of the nature of

6922: 2227: 1998:(sthūla śarīra), or concrete reality as it appears to the sense organs. In between the Ultimate and concrete reality is 1995: 1455:

tradition, the lingam is a spiritual symbol and "was never said to have any sexual connotations", according to Doniger.

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is regarded as the "outward symbol" of the "formless Reality", the symbolization of merging of the 'primordial matter' (

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tradition is a short cylindrical pillar-like symbol of Shiva, made of stone, metal, gem, wood, clay or precious stones.

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is regarded as the "outward symbol" of the "formless Reality", the symbolization of merging of the 'primordial matter' (

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of the Christian missionaries and the British era, states Doniger, stripped all spiritual meanings and insisted on the

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iconography and reverence they witnessed. The 19th and early 20th-century colonial and missionary literature described

9511: 1920:, quite possibly with influence from Buddhism's stupa shaped like the top of a stone linga, according to Vivekananda. 1688:

include those where natural lingams are found in the form of cylindrical rocks or ice or rocky hill. These are called

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instead throughout the translation. This conscious and incorrect word substitution, states Doniger, thus served as an

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In this earliest representation, the phallic representation illustrates the centrality of the energetic principle of

1714: 733: 10343: 7348: 3110:). All the worlds and the people were distressed. The sages could not recognise it as Shiva and sought refuge from 3040:), and represents Shiva as "he stands for complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation". 2336:

devotees of Shiva were highly engrossed in the meditation of Shiva. In the meantime, Shiva came in a hideous naked

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or Skambha of the Vedic rituals, where the term meant the sacrificial post which was then idealized as the eternal

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mindset by avoiding the use of words such as penis, vulva, vagina and other direct or indirect sexual terms in the

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The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects: A Typological Analysis of Ritual and Associational Patterns in the Śūnyasaṃpādane

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is an emblem of generative and destructive power. While rooted in representations of the male sexual organ, the

7067: 7036: 6976: 3077:. However, due to lack of understanding of the iconography of Lingam, the representation is often misunderstood. 2380:

also describes the origin of the lingam, known as Shiva-linga, as the beginning-less and endless cosmic pillar (

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became explicitly associated with human sexual organs in the western imagination after the widely popular first

807:, where it means a "mark, sign, emblem, characteristic," the "evidence, proof, symptom" of God and God's power. 10449: 10160: 8714: 8037: 7982: 7791: 7671: 7637:

The Wonder That Was India: A survey of the culture of the Indian Sub-Continent before the coming of the Muslims

6339: 2718: 1951:, which is itself formless. Furthermore, it mentioned that Shiva is transcendent, beyond any characteristic or 10289: 8132: 1738: 1692:

lingam, and about 70 of these are known on the Indian subcontinent, the most significant being one in Kashi (

2970: 2115:, lit. "ascent of vital energies or fluid") the upward flow of energy in spiritual pursuits and practice of 1326: 844: 10505: 10338: 8600: 8567: 6177: 2696: 2404:

also supports this interpretation of lingam as a cosmic pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.

10353: 8002: 7579:"Tallest Shiva lingam in country enters India book of records | Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India" 7435: 7409: 2588: 1656: 42: 5584:

Hindu Images and Their Worship with Special Reference to Vaisnavism: A Philosophical-theological Inquiry

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Dominic Goodall, Nibedita Rout, R. Sathyanarayanan, S.A.S. Sarma, T. Ganesan and S. Sambandhasivacarya,

3928:"Applicability and importance of Caraka′s concept of Aaturaparijnana Hetawah in understanding a patient" 1717:, Vietnam, circa 8th century. At 2.1 meter tall, this is the largest lingam ever found in Southeast Asia 10490: 10380: 9872: 9449: 8905: 8878: 8683: 8562: 7865:Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam : eight collections of hymns containing one thousand and eight names of Śiva 2471:. This tradition originated in Karnataka around the 12th-century. Lingayatism is derived from the term 1046:, as well as the commentaries on them, the term linga appears quite often, particularly in the form of 17: 4407:

Exploring India'S Sacred Art Selected Writings of Stella Kramrisch Ed. & With A Biographical Essay

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dispute whether such artifacts discovered at the archaeological sites of Indus Valley sites are yoni.

1504:, these icons and ideas were the abstract, a symbol of the entirety of creation and spirituality. The 1278:

is conceptualized both as an emblem of generative and destructive power, particularly in the esoteric

389: 10400: 9326: 8840: 8658: 8605: 8315: 3830: 2394:. It also describes right way to worship Shiva linga in its 11th chapter in detail This is known as 1876: 1835: 1751: 243: 69: 38: 8979: 8360: 8048: 8001:

Srinivasan, Sharada (2004). "Shiva as 'cosmic dancer': On Pallava origins for the Nataraja bronze".

10510: 10194: 9852: 9776: 9482: 9264: 9239: 8653: 8294: 8125: 2541: 1928: 936: 912: 258: 9014: 7784:Śaivāgamas: A Study in the Socio-economic Ideas and Institutions of Kashmir (200 B.C. to A.D. 700) 962:) meaning he is transcendental, beyond any characteristic and, specifically, the sign of gender. 10470: 10030: 9890: 9561: 9101: 9044: 8693: 8167: 3452: 2821: 2150: 1782: 1458:

According to Dasgupta, the lingam symbolizes Shiva in Hinduism, and it is also a phallic symbol.

1330: 356: 9925: 8105: 4951:, Pondicherry, French Institute of Pondicherry and Ecole française d'Extréme-Orient, 2005, p.12. 4380: 3752: 3003:

The form of fire, which exists in the kindling stick in a latent form, may not be seen, yet its

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mold where sex and sexual imagery were a taboo subject, were shocked by and were hostile to the

10485: 10373: 10326: 9536: 9259: 8688: 8663: 8610: 5897: 2042:, one of the oldest examples of a lingam, is still in worship in the Parashurameshwara temple, 1554: 1542: 1530: 1443:

Shiva (he in a physical form with attributes). To the other group, it is an abstract symbol of

889: 691: 127: 65: 8825: 7729: 7679: 7310: 6849: 6520: 5951: 5279: 5037: 4345: 4219: 3665: 3496: 3394: 2230:

of Shiva, although not the primary significance, however it connotes much more than that. The

1849:, the sacrificial post. In that hymn, a description is found of the beginningless and endless 1171:(main linga) following certain geometric principles (set in 99 vertical lines, 11 horizontal). 1053: 10500: 10395: 10348: 10321: 10284: 9541: 8744: 8673: 7644: 7379: 7152: 6598: 6191: 5582: 5076: 5036:

Rohit Dasgupta (26 September 2014). Michael Kimmel; Christine Milrod; Amanda Kennedy (eds.).

4773: 3495:

Rohit Dasgupta (26 September 2014). Michael Kimmel; Christine Milrod; Amanda Kennedy (eds.).

2518: 1026: 726: 575: 211: 9857: 2087:

and nonsensical speech on the spiritual path, hence must be subdued in spiritual pursuits.

10368: 10363: 10358: 10279: 9756: 9249: 9234: 8886: 8833: 8592: 8395: 8367: 8232: 3189: 2497:

is a personalized and miniature oval-shaped linga and an emblem of their faith symbolising

2467:(heroic worshippers of Shiva), since the 18th century adherents of this faith are known as 1533:

in 1883. In his translation, even though the original Sanskrit text does not use the words

544: 263: 178: 1485: 8: 10418: 10385: 10264: 10155: 10090: 9940: 9799: 9679: 9551: 9379: 9316: 9269: 8643: 8638: 8301: 8158: 6886: 4077:

The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya, and Mīmāṃsā

2789: 2332:(10th-11th c. CE), the legend about the origin of the phallic form of Shiva is that some 2187:

Numerous stone and cave temples from the mid to late 1st millennium feature lingams. The

1742: 1729:(above) may have influenced the later iconography of the Hindu Shiva-linga, according to 1644: 1550: 1422:

in section 1.8 states that all creatures have the signs of Shiva or Shakti through their

1353: 908: 628: 206: 9068: 8928: 6382:

O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. "Asceticism and Sexuality in the Mythology of Śiva. Part I."

2750: 2505:

and then meditates about becoming one with the linga, in his or her journey towards the

2132: 2124: 2067: 1960: 1361: 1357: 1020: 291: 10220: 10179: 9471: 9284: 9229: 8668: 8577: 8424: 8402: 8016: 7834: 7764: 6587:

Pattanaik, Devdutt. Shiva to Shankara: Decoding the phallic symbol. Indus Source, 2006.

6246: 5774: 4373: 4051: 4024: 4000: 3983: 3954: 3927: 3556: 3456: 2643: 2628: 2595:(the Garhwal region of Himalayas). It arises as a sheer pyramid above the snout of the 2074:, carved on the front, holding an antelope and axe in his hands. He stands on top of a 2014: 1983: 897: 804: 638: 442: 238: 9444: 9419: 4912:

Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900

4879: 501: 10475: 10435: 10429: 10309: 10299: 10165: 10100: 9493: 9434: 9289: 9279: 8810: 8804: 8786: 8724: 8374: 8266: 8068: 8033: 7978: 7959: 7941: 7934: 7919: 7903: 7878: 7868: 7850: 7803: 7787: 7772: 7756: 7733: 7722: 7703: 7685: 7667: 7650: 7474: 7316: 7158: 7073: 6853: 6842: 6801: 6721: 6682: 6643: 6604: 6565: 6526: 6484: 6438: 6363: 6335: 6250: 6197: 6167: 6136: 6097: 6035: 5996: 5957: 5953:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

5903: 5902:(1st ed.). New Delhi: Centre for International Religious Studies. p. 1567. 5836: 5799: 5693: 5654: 5598: 5588: 5534: 5450: 5423: 5381: 5285: 5202: 5163: 5121: 5082: 5043: 5016: 4991: 4966: 4916: 4779: 4740: 4701: 4662: 4623: 4584: 4545: 4506: 4438: 4411: 4384: 4351: 4312: 4225: 4186: 4159: 4120: 4081: 4056: 4005: 3959: 3894: 3788: 3758: 3712: 3671: 3560: 3502: 3462: 3400: 3356: 3273: 3025: 2926: 2898: 2860: 2479:. The term Lingayat is based on the practice of both genders of Lingayats wearing an 2155: 2097: 2039: 1979: 1730: 1578:

vulgar interpretation only, which had "a negative effect on the self-perception that

1509: 1462: 1430:(female sexual organ). According to Doniger, a part of the literature corpus regards 1404: 944: 751: 331: 97: 9900: 8950: 8020: 7900:

The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion, Buddhism, Taoism, Zen, Hinduism

7717: 2459: 2303: 10170: 10080: 9971: 9571: 9566: 9531: 9506: 9392: 9349: 9036: 8896: 8734: 8729: 8719: 8648: 8572: 8524: 8466: 8456: 8446: 8439: 8419: 8346: 8060: 8012: 8008: 7826: 7308: 7037:"Mode of worshiping the phallic form of Śiva and making gifts [Chapter 11]" 6892: 6280: 6238: 5766: 5578: 4046: 4036: 3995: 3949: 3939: 3846: 3842: 3548: 2596: 2231: 2009: 1599: 1595: 1383: 1279: 1189: 719: 671: 648: 510: 506: 486: 474: 384: 234: 9354: 3737: 10439: 10304: 10257: 10239: 10189: 10123: 10105: 10048: 9998: 9817: 9721: 9594: 9556: 9526: 9364: 9254: 9093: 9086: 8933: 8814: 8709: 8539: 8487: 8227: 7269: 6795: 6715: 6676: 6637: 6559: 6478: 6432: 6394: 6174: 6130: 6091: 6029: 5990: 5793: 5687: 5528: 5444: 5375: 5196: 5157: 5115: 4910: 4734: 4695: 4656: 4617: 4578: 4539: 4500: 4471: 4432: 4405: 4306: 4217: 4180: 4153: 4114: 4075: 3888: 3782: 3350: 3267: 3249: 3238: 3095: 2980: 2624: 2574: 2560: 2522: 2502: 2345: 2310:, which as invisible signless and existent Principle, is formless or linga-less. 1614: 1254: 709: 394: 318: 253: 9019: 5198:

The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies

3028:

does not represent sexuality. It represents "seminal retention" and practice of

2529:

forms every winter from ice dripping on the floor of a cave and freezing like a

869: 10274: 10210: 10053: 9397: 9274: 9244: 9079: 8678: 8285: 7819:

The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

5117:

Indology, Indomania, and Orientalism: Ancient India's Rebirth in Modern Germany

4025:"Critical review on Bhaishajya Kaala (time of drug administration) in Ayurveda" 3134: 2941: 2726: 2607: 2578: 2570: 2208: 2192: 2188: 2051: 2031: 1801: 1478: 618: 8943: 8064: 7377: 6977:"The reason for Śiva's assuming the phallic form (liṅga) [Chapter 12]" 6034:(3. ed.). Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p. 111. 4343: 2585:) lingams. Hindu scripture rates crystal as the highest form of Shiva lingam. 1839: 10464: 10390: 10294: 10073: 9847: 9585: 9476: 9387: 9321: 8582: 8554: 8461: 8185: 7776: 7760: 7622:

Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp.162-184.

7478: 6930: 6242: 5602: 4041: 3968:, Quote: "Linga or Symptomatology: Linga acquires the second position in the 3944: 3581: 3552: 3129: 2675: 2617: 2436:

A necklace with linga-containing pendant is constantly worn by the Lingayats.

2318: 2162: 1575: 1546: 1489: 1400: 1010: 785: 643: 598: 8030:

A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English

7882: 4375:

Art of Nepal: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection

3029: 2140: 2116: 9945: 9910: 9807: 9424: 8507: 8482: 8381: 8353: 8308: 8276: 5791: 5493: 4060: 4009: 3963: 3070: 2632: 2400: 2376: 2329: 2299: 2283: 2196: 2128: 1789: 1755: 1747: 1360:, ever-pure, immortal essence of this vast universe, who is your innermost 873: 522: 491: 461: 341: 8072: 3585: 2109: 956: 763: 10252: 10085: 10013: 10003: 9915: 9905: 9880: 9521: 9516: 9407: 9201: 9185: 9128: 9063: 8999: 8630: 8516: 8451: 8388: 6848:. Princeton Bollingen Series. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 6168:

Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Chola period, c. 10th/11th century

3033: 2947: 2931: 2916: 2911: 2702: 2603: 2592: 2454: 2440: 2395: 2355: 2136: 2120: 1999: 1895: 1571: 1566: 1505: 1481: 1452: 1315: 1177: 1125:

is placed within a lipped, disked structure that is an emblem of goddess

1031: 982: 920: 833: 686: 555: 551: 514: 8111: 8099: 8093: 8049:"The Five Cosmic Elements as Depicted in Indian and Chinese Cosmologies" 7768: 6896: 5159:

Pilgrimage and Politics in Colonial Bengal: The Myth of the Goddess Sati

1709: 77: 10150: 10118: 10063: 9920: 9629: 9466: 9439: 9221: 8994: 8769: 8544: 8497: 8210: 7838: 5587:. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 39. 3087: 2921: 2741: 2577:

is installed. In the future, this crystal lingam will be housed in the

2530: 2417: 2178: 2043: 1797: 1771: 1763: 1525: 1376: 1342: 1142: 893: 800: 608: 351: 346: 159: 7994:

India - Mahabharata. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad 1994 (India)

6387: 5778: 2602:

A lingam is also the basis for the formation legend (and name) of the

2123:), contrary to fertility or release of vital energies. Lakulisa as an 1970:

The insight of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad conveyed through the word

10269: 10058: 10008: 9981: 9930: 9895: 9885: 9837: 9736: 9704: 9649: 9546: 9501: 9175: 8534: 8322: 8249: 8205: 7700:

Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Śiva in Medieval India

5717: 3595: 3024:

Kramrisch claims that the representation of the phallic shape in the

2936: 2893: 2805: 2613: 2582: 2526: 2498: 2271: 2144: 2063: 2027: 1704: 1618: 1338: 1197: 1087: 1005: 877: 778: 623: 603: 593: 496: 447: 379: 296: 286: 248: 201: 82: 7830: 6281:"Urdhvaretas, Urdhvaretās, Ūrdhvaretas, Urdhva-retas: 7 definitions" 1160:

Ashtottara-sata linga, where 108 miniature lingas are carved on the

565: 10314: 10133: 10128: 10018: 9955: 9935: 9766: 9602: 9429: 9402: 9369: 9311: 9211: 9206: 9180: 9105: 8989: 8861: 8529: 8492: 8429: 8254: 8215: 8200: 8190: 8180: 8148: 7290: 5770: 4080:. American Philosophical Society. pp. 66, 136 with footnotes. 2879: 2864: 2722: 2447:

religious tradition in India, wear a miniaturized linga called the

2444: 2421: 2174: 2075: 2047: 2003: 1838:. The worship of the lingam originated from the famous hymn in the 1693: 1683: 1583: 1579: 1501: 1291: 1287: 1258: 1193: 1108: 811: 792: 782: 613: 452: 149: 144: 105: 9143: 7891:, a dictionary of names. This work compares eight versions of the 3886: 1875:

plant, and the ox that used to carry on its back the wood for the

1184: 10215: 10068: 9986: 9976: 9751: 9741: 9714: 9709: 9699: 9654: 9639: 9634: 9414: 9359: 9344: 9336: 9303: 9170: 9073: 9048: 9024: 8923: 8913: 8781: 8244: 8237: 7724:

The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism

7312:

Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India

4915:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–130 with footnote 55. 4816: 4804: 3138: 3119: 3091: 3069:

In the practice of seminal retention through self-discipline and

3011:

of fire, in contrast with and indispensable to its visible form (

2825: 2639: 2581:. It is claimed as among the largest known sphatika self formed ( 2382: 2359: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2307: 2059: 1975: 1956: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1909: 1900: 1864: 1851: 1842: 1823: 1767: 1759: 1674:

Linga-yoni worship in different ways; Left: river, Right: temple.

1635: 1553:

to discuss sex, sexual relationships and human sexual positions.

1365: 1346: 1321: 1037: 999: 928: 924: 916: 839: 653: 560: 518: 374: 196: 173: 9009: 8865: 7309:

Joanne Punzo Waghorne; Norman Cutler; Vasudha Narayanan (1996).

7019: 7017: 6639:

Mathurā Kalā: Catalogue of Mathura Sculptures in National Museum

4155:

A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools

3870: 3868: 3348: 3012: 2550: 2351: 2081:, who symbolizes spiritual ignorance, greed, sensual desires or 2010:

Early iconography and temples (3rd century BCE - first mill. CE)

1986:, that is, looking at their appearance and at Ultimate Reality. 10247: 10225: 10038: 9991: 9950: 9832: 9822: 9761: 9669: 9612: 9607: 9461: 9148: 8984: 8970: 8955: 8855: 8776: 8434: 8337: 8333: 8222: 8195: 8007:. Vol. 36. The Journal of Modern Craft. pp. 432–450. 7916:

Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism

7847:

The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction

3396:

Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning

3241:, Monier Monier-Williams, Harvard University Archives, pp. 901- 3115: 3111: 3103: 2785: 2647: 2391: 2387: 2367: 2363: 2267: 1341:

and the lower part of the lingam, called the pitha, represents

1283: 1126: 681: 676: 633: 570: 416: 403: 166: 4850:. Search for the 'Paraśiva: परशिव' and 'Parāśakti: पराशक्ति'. 4218:

James W. Haag; Gregory R. Peterson; Michael L. Spezio (2012).

3447: 3445: 3443: 1626:

is the differentiating mark. It is certainly not the sex mark.

113: 10143: 10138: 9842: 9812: 9746: 9726: 9664: 9644: 9617: 9456: 9158: 9058: 9004: 8960: 8938: 8259: 8175: 7639:, Grove Press, Inc., New York (1954; Evergreen Edition 1959). 7014: 6885:

K.V., Anantharaman. "Chapter X - Omnipotence of Siva Linga".

6866: 6746: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6063: 5740: 5738: 5508: 5249: 5247: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5010: 4985: 4960: 3865: 3831:"Stewards of Creation Covenant: Hinduism and the Environment" 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3107: 2757: 2671: 2651: 2263: 2247: 2071: 2046:, in a hilly forest about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of 1868: 1828: 1726: 1640: 1334: 1250: 1167:

Sahasra linga, where 1001 miniature lingas are carved on the

1078: 989: 864: 788: 399: 313: 308: 229: 183: 154: 137: 7681:

The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths

7606: 7604: 7212: 7210: 7004: 7002: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6765: 6763: 6761: 5921: 5919: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5277: 1411:

as extrapolations of what was originally a phallic symbol.

10184: 10113: 10095: 10043: 9827: 9771: 9731: 9691: 9674: 9659: 9624: 9053: 8965: 8117: 7195: 6800:. Oxford University Press. pp. 123–124, footnote 179. 6310: 6308: 6306: 4344:

Andrew David Hardy; Mauro Cucarzi; Patrizia Zolese (2009).

3440: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3099: 2772:

An 11th-century linga-yoni plaque with a worshipper (Nepal)

2491:) contained inside a box with a necklace all the time. The 2104: 2083: 1131: 951: 816: 758: 539: 408: 336: 188: 86: 7234: 6060: 5735: 5723: 5244: 5227: 4151: 3617: 3430: 3428: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 1468: 1333:

elaborates that the lingam signifies three perfections of

1145:, where the lingam has the face of Shiva carved on it. An 64:"Linga" and "Shivling" redirect here. For other uses, see 8857: 8094:

Some interesting Linga images from Kalanjara and Ajaigarh

7601: 7222: 7207: 7114:

Extract from Hindu art (London, The British Museum Press)

6999: 6945: 6758: 6412: 6400: 5916: 5757:

Ellwood Austin Welden (1910). "The Samkhya Term, Linga".

5621: 4828: 4023:

Junjarwad, Ashwini; Savalgi, Pavan; Vyas, Mahesh (2013).

2054:. It has been dated to the 3rd-century BCE, or to the 2nd 1754:. According to Chakravarti, "some of the stones found in 876:

dedicated to Shiva, also found in smaller shrines, or as

769:, lit. "sign, symbol or mark"), sometimes referred to as 6329: 6303: 5931: 5792:

Charles Phillips; Michael Kerrigan; David Gould (2011).

4775:

The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India

4185:. State University of New York Press. pp. 159–161. 4182:

Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian Thought

2908:- a Lingam stone plays a central part in the film's plot 2370:

on the right are depicted bowing to Shiva in the centre.

8918: 7302: 6514: 6512: 5685: 5559: 5259: 4771: 3425: 3298: 1541:

for sexual organs, and almost always uses other terms,

7246: 6775: 6596: 5134: 3355:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 49–51 with footnotes. 3127:

and "Siva Siva". In one version of the story found in

2195:, for example, is generally dated to late 5th-century 1871:(sacrificial) fire, its smoke, ashes, and flames, the 1057:

A linga-yoni in Nepal carved with four seated Buddhas.

939:, which says "Shiva, the Supreme Lord, has no liūga", 7940:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 7702:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 7183: 6386:

8, no. 4 (1969): 300-37. Accessed September 7, 2021.

6193:

Annapurna : A Bunch of Flowers of Indian Culture

5756: 5692:. Sidgwick & Jackson (1986 Reprint). p. 24. 1699: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6509: 5339:

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

5319:

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

5113: 4281:

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

4259:

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

4022: 3642: 2638:

The tallest Shiva lingam in the world is located at

1164:(main linga) following certain geometric principles. 9119: 8112:

A note on the Linga with Sakti images in Bengal Art

7436:"Rare Crystal Siva Lingam Arrives at Hawaii Temple" 7315:. Columbia University Press. pp. 184 note 15. 7072:(2006 ed.). Diamond Pocket Books. p. 11. 6518: 6476: 6128: 5716:, Quote: "It has been suggested that certain large 5446:

Origin of Saivism and Its History in the Tamil Land

5373: 4732: 4693: 4654: 4615: 4576: 4498: 4492: 4430: 4304: 3780: 3757:. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 42–43. 3663: 3392: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2448: 2127:manifestation of Shiva is seen in later peninsular 2026:Linga inside a railing (left), being worshipped by 1240: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1153:has four faces in the cardinal directions, while a 923:and others texts with the meaning of "evidence" of 7933: 7817:McCormack, William (1963), "Lingayats as a Sect", 7728:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. pp. 7721: 7103: 7101: 6841: 6713: 6674: 5765:(4). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 445–459. 4372: 3784:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1 3704: 3667:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2 3399:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 189–192, 270–271. 2591:, 6,543 metres (21,467 ft), is a mountain in 2250:or the Lord of the Mountain. Chapter 10.17 of the 2226:is represented as the phallic form which suggests 1705:Archeological finds from Indus Valley civilisation 6826: 6720:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 494. 6357: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5831:Harding, Elizabeth U. (1998). "God, the Father". 5418:Harding, Elizabeth U. (1998). "God, the Father". 5074: 4873: 4871: 4869: 3711:(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3261: 3259: 3257: 2616:are the lingam which are found on the bed of the 1947:is "sign", a mark that provides the existence of 1831:(proto-Shiva) is found in the Vedic literature. 10462: 7996:. United States Educational Foundation in India. 7349:"Amarnath: Journey to the shrine of a Hindu god" 7150: 7132: 6707: 6557: 5867:"The Paris congress of the history of religions" 5533:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 185. 5413: 5411: 5409: 4544:. Princeton University Press. pp. 178–183. 4403: 4370: 4178: 3776: 3774: 3659: 3657: 3451: 3388: 3386: 3384: 1545:adroitly avoided being viewed as obscene to the 1451:or "sign, mark" which is asexual. Similarly, in 1034:) and its proposed mechanism of rebirth. In the 7098: 6793: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5442: 5284:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 543 footnote 4. 5151: 5149: 4469: 4221:The Routledge Companion to Religion and Science 4112: 4073: 3272:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 38–39. 2302:texts builds on this foundation. Linga, states 1337:. The upper oval part of the lingam represents 7972: 7505:"यहां है विश्व का सबसे बड़ा प्राकृतिक शिवलिंग" 6839: 6635: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6360:Shiva to Shankara: Giving Form to the Formless 6353: 6351: 6183: 6135:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 223–229, 237. 5849: 5798:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 41–45. 5650:Ancient Cities of the Indus Vally Civilization 5526: 5514: 5449:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 29–30. 5278:Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981). 5120:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 34. 5035: 4866: 4822: 4810: 4476:. Government of Andhra Pradesh. pp. 1–9. 4350:. NUS Press. p. NUS Press. pp. 138, 159. 4347:Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam) 4158:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 377, 510–511. 4119:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 105–106. 3874: 3494: 3254: 2414:conquests of the subcontinent by Muslim rulers 927:and God's existence, or existence of formless 59:Aniconic representation of the Hindu god Shiva 8841: 8133: 7642: 7296: 6681:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 27. 6668: 5406: 5194: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4274: 4272: 3925: 3893:. Oxford University Press. pp. 332–333. 3887:Lewis R. Rambo; Charles E. Farhadian (2014). 3771: 3654: 3580: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3381: 3265: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 2573:, a 700-pound, 3-foot-tall, naturally formed 2234:, in this specific context, functions as the 883: 727: 7991: 7263: 7261: 6642:. National Museum of India. pp. 23–28. 6430: 6273: 6228: 6189: 6027: 6021: 5925: 5492: 5475: 5146: 4902: 4537: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 1931:states that, of the three significations of 1834:Worship of the lingam was not a part of the 1465:, unambiguously depict a male sexual organ. 1200:and Parashakti aspects of Shiva and Parvati. 8046: 7953: 7267: 7059: 6463: 6437:. Princeton University Press. p. 179. 6348: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6237:(2). Sociological Bulletin, 1(2): 162–184. 5824: 5565: 5530:The R̥gvedic deities and their iconic forms 5336: 5316: 4941: 4908: 4278: 4256: 3890:The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion 3787:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 390. 3670:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 784. 3349:Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld; D. Wujastyk (2001). 3094:), yet so great was his power of illusion ( 3018: 1923: 23: 8848: 8834: 8140: 8126: 8000: 7956:The concept of Rudra-Śiva through the ages 7664:The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages 7378:under the section "General Introduction". 7065: 6923:"Reading the Vedic Literature in Sanskrit" 6603:. Popular Prakashan. pp. xvi, xlvii. 6583: 6581: 6522:The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages 6325: 6323: 5634: 5367: 5155: 4778:. Princeton University Press. p. 58. 4502:The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages 4379:. University of California Press. p. 4291: 4269: 3926:Wadher, Rupesh; Dwivedi, RambabuR (2012). 3567: 3475: 2135:and conserved procreative potentialities ( 1696:) followed by Prayaga, Naimisha and Gaya. 1269: 1239:, most common), or a disposable material ( 734: 720: 24: 7992:DeVito, Carole; DeVito, Pasquale (1994). 7931: 7816: 7797: 7610: 7258: 7201: 7023: 7008: 6958: 6872: 6769: 6752: 6525:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 131–133. 6418: 6406: 6314: 6222: 5937: 5835:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 156–157. 5750: 5422:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 156–157. 5265: 5042:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 107. 4877: 4505:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 159–161. 4410:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 141–147. 4050: 4040: 3999: 3981: 3953: 3943: 3880: 3841:(1). A Journal of Caribbean Culture: 62. 3824: 3822: 3547:(1). Brill Academic Publishers: 204–222. 3527: 3501:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 107. 3434: 3337: 3331: 3155: 2199:era, and it features an Ekamukha Lingam. 8053:The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 7913: 7716: 7464: 7252: 7240: 6257: 6229:Ghurye, G.S. (1952). "Ascetic Origins". 5988: 5956:. Pearson Education India. p. 435. 5504:. The Finnish Oriental Society: 101–107. 5310: 5281:A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1 5162:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 56–58. 4700:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 99–100. 3828: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 2457:wear a lingam inside a necklace, called 2431: 2350: 2149: 2021: 2013: 1720: 1713:Stone lingam and yoni pedestal found in 1708: 1634: 1461:Some extant ancient ligams, such as the 1196:. The icon is regarded to represent the 1183: 1052: 76: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 7898:Schumacher, Stephan and Woerner, Gert. 7746: 7274:. Mittal Publications. pp. 81–82. 7138: 7107: 6915: 6578: 6483:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 63–67. 6480:Elements of Hindu Iconography, Volume 2 6320: 6077: 5889: 5871:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda 5864: 5833:Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar 5830: 5744: 5729: 5646: 5420:Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar 5417: 5380:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 81–84. 5253: 5238: 5140: 4739:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 87–94. 4661:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 96–98. 4622:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 96–97. 4583:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 95–96. 4437:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 97–99. 3702: 3636: 1469:Sexualization in Orientalist literature 1261:Shiva Linga is an important exception. 14: 10463: 8032:. State University of New York Press. 8027: 7973:Constance, Jones; James, Ryan (2006). 7786:, New Delhi: Indus Publishing (1990), 7666:, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass (1986), 7110:"Stone statue of Shiva as Lingodbhava" 6971: 6969: 6967: 6781: 6122: 6089: 6083: 5577: 5377:Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2 5337:Alex Wayman (1987). "O, that Linga!". 5317:Alex Wayman (1987). "O, that Linga!". 4834: 4765: 4736:Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2 4697:Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2 4658:Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2 4619:Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2 4580:Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2 4434:Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2 4308:Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2 4279:Alex Wayman (1987). "O, that Linga!". 4257:Alex Wayman (1987). "O, that Linga!". 3819: 3750: 3744: 3648: 2262:", as it recites the legend involving 851:iconography symbolizes the merging of 8829: 8121: 7862: 7844: 7697: 7677: 7228: 7216: 7189: 6903:from the original on 30 December 2021 5949: 5943: 5895: 5877:from the original on 24 February 2021 4890:from the original on 18 February 2018 3853:from the original on 7 September 2021 3538: 3369:from the original on 7 September 2023 3212: 2878:Ganesha and Shiva-linga, Chiang Rai, 7465:Nadkarni, Vithal C. (4 April 2013). 7329:from the original on 19 October 2023 7278:from the original on 19 October 2023 7171:from the original on 19 October 2023 6814:from the original on 19 October 2023 6734:from the original on 19 October 2023 6695:from the original on 19 October 2023 6656:from the original on 19 October 2023 6617:from the original on 19 October 2023 6539:from the original on 19 October 2023 6497:from the original on 19 October 2023 6451:from the original on 19 October 2023 6210:from the original on 19 October 2023 6149:from the original on 19 October 2023 6110:from the original on 15 January 2023 6048:from the original on 19 October 2023 6009:from the original on 19 October 2023 5970:from the original on 19 October 2023 5812:from the original on 19 October 2023 5706:from the original on 19 October 2023 5667:from the original on 19 October 2023 5547:from the original on 19 October 2023 5463:from the original on 19 October 2023 5394:from the original on 19 October 2023 5298:from the original on 19 October 2023 5215:from the original on 19 October 2023 5176:from the original on 19 October 2023 5095:from the original on 19 October 2023 5056:from the original on 19 October 2023 4929:from the original on 19 October 2023 4792:from the original on 19 October 2023 4753:from the original on 19 October 2023 4714:from the original on 19 October 2023 4675:from the original on 19 October 2023 4636:from the original on 19 October 2023 4597:from the original on 19 October 2023 4558:from the original on 19 October 2023 4519:from the original on 19 October 2023 4480:from the original on 19 October 2023 4451:from the original on 19 October 2023 4325:from the original on 19 October 2023 4238:from the original on 19 October 2023 4199:from the original on 19 October 2023 4133:from the original on 19 October 2023 4094:from the original on 19 October 2023 3907:from the original on 19 October 2023 3801:from the original on 19 January 2023 3684:from the original on 19 October 2023 3605:from the original on 11 October 2016 3584:; Stefon, Matt (24 December 2014) . 3515:from the original on 19 October 2023 3413:from the original on 19 October 2023 3133:, Shiva's visit to the hermitage in 2905:Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 2533:. It is very popular with pilgrims. 2202: 10445: 7485:from the original on 6 October 2023 6964: 6678:The Art of Eastern India: 300 - 800 6388:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1062019 4990:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4965:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4473:Monograph on temples of Mukhalingam 4311:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 76. 4152:Satis Chandra Vidyabhusana (1988). 3696: 2968:Examples of this usage include the 2512: 2131:whose ithyphallic aspects connotes 1594:The sexualization is criticized by 56: 7511:from the original on 14 April 2021 7154:Muslim Architecture of South India 7086:from the original on 14 April 2021 7047:from the original on 14 April 2021 6987:from the original on 14 April 2021 5609:from the original on 14 April 2021 5039:Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis 5013:The Hindus: An Alternative History 5011:O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (2009). 4986:O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (2013). 4961:O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (1981). 3725:from the original on 18 March 2016 3498:Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis 3286:from the original on 24 April 2023 3118:answered that they should pray to 2416:, several sultans of Delhi, often 1700:Historical development and meaning 1394: 1305:together symbolize the merging of 57: 10522: 8087: 7589:from the original on 30 June 2021 7559:from the original on 30 June 2018 7446:from the original on 28 June 2018 7416:from the original on 28 June 2018 7390:from the original on 28 June 2018 6362:. HarperCollins. pp. 13–14. 6334:. Red Wheel/Weiser. p. 294. 6330:Swami Agehananda Bharati (1970). 6291:from the original on 15 July 2021 5759:The American Journal of Philology 4886:. The Divine Life Trust Society. 4854:from the original on 12 June 2018 4848:"Dictionary of Dancing with Siva" 3352:Studies on Indian Medical History 1389: 1319:) with the 'pure consciousness' ( 1102: 969:In early Sanskrit medical texts, 837:) with the 'pure consciousness' ( 10444: 10434: 10425: 10424: 10413: 9118: 8864: 8856: 8809: 8800: 8799: 8275: 7616: 7571: 7545: 7523: 7497: 7458: 7428: 7402: 7371: 7359:from the original on 8 July 2017 7341: 7144: 7120:from the original on 6 July 2010 7029: 6884: 6878: 6787: 6629: 6590: 6551: 6424: 6376: 5686:Arthur Llewellyn Basham (1967). 4772:Christopher John Fuller (2004). 3984:"Diagnostic methods in ayurveda" 3080: 3063: 3053: 3043: 2871: 2852: 2832: 2813: 2797: 2777: 2765: 2749: 2733: 2710: 2695: 2683: 2664: 2549: 2540: 1859:, and it is shown that the said 1737:The colonial-era archaeologists 1664: 1655: 1515:According to Doniger, the terms 1364:, and who is identical with the 1086: 1077: 703: 112: 10414: 7629: 6597:Govind Sadashiv Ghurye (1966). 6161: 6096:. London: Cassell. p. 47. 6093:Hinduism and the Religious Arts 6028:Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). 5995:. Harry N. Abrams. p. 35. 5982: 5795:Ancient India Myths and Beliefs 5785: 5679: 5647:Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). 5640: 5571: 5520: 5436: 5358: 5349: 5330: 5271: 5188: 5107: 5068: 5029: 5015:. United States: Viking Press. 5004: 4979: 4954: 4840: 4726: 4687: 4648: 4609: 4570: 4531: 4463: 4424: 4397: 4364: 4337: 4250: 4224:. Routledge. pp. 503–504. 4211: 4172: 4145: 4106: 4067: 4016: 3975: 3919: 3813: 3754:Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices 3200:from the original on 4 May 2015 2997: 2987: 2962: 1863:is put in place of the eternal 1827:, or the other Vedas. However, 1204: 993:school of Hindu philosophy use 10339:Relations with other religions 8013:10.1080/1468936042000282726821 7802:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 3847:10.1080/00086495.1995.11672075 2678:devotees, circa 2nd century CE 2427: 2407: 2213: 1807: 1368:, states Sivananda Saraswati. 1209:A lingam may be made of clay ( 1068: 13: 1: 10481:Objects used in Hindu worship 7954:Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986). 7157:. Routledge. pp. 17–18. 6132:Elements of Hindu Iconography 5201:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 8–10. 5114:Douglas T. McGetchin (2009). 3600:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 3541:Journal of Religion in Europe 3148: 3086:Although the sages were also 2974:in Buddhism, and Sukhlalji's 1192:tradition, a major school of 1188:Lingam as interpreted in the 10496:Hindu philosophical concepts 8147: 7958:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 7914:Schouten, Jan Peter (1995), 7902:, Shambhala, Boston, (1994) 7849:, Rutgers University Press, 7410:"Iraivan Temple in the News" 6564:. H. N. Abrams. p. 77. 6519:Mahadev Chakravarti (1986). 6477:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). 6178:The Art Institute of Chicago 6129:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1997). 5896:Singh, Nagendra Kr. (1997). 5374:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). 4733:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). 4694:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). 4655:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). 4616:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). 4577:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). 4499:Mahadev Chakravarti (1986). 4431:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). 4305:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). 3781:James G. Lochtefeld (2001). 3738:UK public library membership 3664:James G. Lochtefeld (2001). 3393:Gerald James Larson (2001). 2218:According to Wendy Doniger, 1974:is formulated explicitly in 1788:According to the Indologist 1589: 7: 6844:The Myths and Gods of India 6714:Michael W. Meister (1984). 6675:Frederick M. Asher (1980). 6196:. Concept. pp. 40–45. 5653:. Oxford University Press. 2886: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2449: 2412:In the 11th-century, after 2110: 1307:microcosmos and macrocosmos 1241: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1211: 957: 853:microcosmos and macrocosmos 764: 10: 10527: 7932:Kramrisch, Stella (1994), 7863:Śarmā, Rāmakaraṇa (1996). 7798:Kramrisch, Stella (1988). 7698:Davis, Richard H. (1992). 7643:Blake Michael, R. (1992), 7553:"Shivling in Chhattisgarh" 6888:Siva Gita A Critical Study 6358:Devdutt Pattanaik (2018). 5515:Constance & James 2006 5075:J. L. Brockington (2016). 4823:Constance & James 2006 4811:Constance & James 2006 3875:Constance & James 2006 3461:. USA: Himalayan Academy. 2717:Eight-faced Shivlingam in 2690:Lingodbhava (Chola period) 2657: 2277: 2206: 1916:gave place in time to the 1883:gave place in time to the 1630: 1286:practices, as well as the 1264: 997:in the same sense. In the 931:. The original meaning of 884:Etymology and nomenclature 63: 10411: 10238: 10203: 10029: 9964: 9871: 9798: 9791: 9690: 9593: 9584: 9492: 9378: 9335: 9302: 9220: 9194: 9166: 9157: 9136: 9127: 9116: 9035: 8904: 8895: 8874: 8795: 8757: 8702: 8629: 8591: 8553: 8515: 8506: 8476:Festivals and observances 8475: 8412: 8332: 8316:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta 8284: 8273: 8166: 8155: 8065:10.1142/S0192415X89000346 7867:. Delhi: Nag Publishers. 7749:Soc. Res. Social Research 7467:"Stones brook no contest" 7151:Mehrdad Shokoohy (2013). 6558:C. Sivaramamurti (1977). 5899:Encyclopaedia of Hinduism 5078:Hinduism and Christianity 4884:Lord Siva and His Worship 4878:Sivananda, Swami (1996). 4404:Stella Kramrisch (1994). 4371:Pratapaditya Pal (1985). 4179:Wilhelm Halbfass (1991). 3751:Fowler, Jeaneane (1997). 2740:A 10th-century four-face 2646:district in the state of 2101: 1984:ways of looking at things 1812: 1752:Indus Valley civilisation 1294:traditions of Hinduism. 948: 862:is typically the primary 755: 70:Shivling (disambiguation) 9483:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 8735:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar 8295:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 8047:Mahdihassan, S. (1989). 8028:Grimes, John A. (1996). 7975:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 7585:. TNN. 10 January 2019. 6794:Alf Hiltebeitel (2018). 6243:10.1177/0038022919520206 6173:15 February 2017 at the 6090:Elgood, Heather (2000). 5926:DeVito & DeVito 1994 5443:Subramanian K R (2002). 5081:. Springer. p. 33. 4963:Śiva, the erotic ascetic 4470:N. S. Ramaswami (1976). 4113:Hartmut Scharfe (1977). 4074:Peter M. Scharf (1996). 4042:10.4103/0974-8520.115436 3945:10.4103/0974-8520.105236 3707:A dictionary of Hinduism 3553:10.1163/187489210x553566 3453:Subramuniyaswami, Sivaya 2955: 2575:Sphatika (quartz) lingam 2254:also refers to the word 1937:the imperishable Purusha 1929:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 1924:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 937:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 913:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 39:latest accepted revision 9562:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 8108:, Urmila Agrawal (1995) 7918:, Motilal Banarsidass, 7649:, Motilal Banarsidass, 7116:. British Museum site. 7108:Blurton, T. R. (1992). 6840:Alain Daniélou (1991). 6636:Shashi Asthana (1999). 5992:Indian Temple Sculpture 5950:Singh, Upinder (2008). 5527:Jyotsna Chawla (1990). 4880:"Worship of Siva Linga" 3829:Mansingh, Ajai (2016). 3591:Encyclopædia Britannica 3194:Encyclopædia Britannica 3137:was an act of grace at 1898:that praises a pillar ( 1894:There is a hymn in the 1783:Arthur Llewellyn Basham 1426:(male sexual organ) or 1331:Sivaya Subramuniyaswami 1270:Representation of Shiva 1137:Encyclopædia Britannica 1129:and this is called the 966:at every cosmic level. 9537:Eighteen Greater Texts 8616:Tiruvanaikaval (Water) 8106:Linga and Yoni worship 7678:Dalal, Roshen (2010), 7662:Chakravarti, Mahadev. 7380:"Kadavul Hindu Temple" 5195:Hugh B. Urban (2009). 4116:Grammatical Literature 3703:Johnson, W.J. (2009). 3266:Yves Bonnefoy (1993). 2437: 2371: 2158: 2035: 2019: 1935:, the primary one is " 1845:sung in praise of the 1774:", states Srinivasan. 1734: 1718: 1648: 1628: 1572:Orientalist literature 1486:Christian missionaries 1371:To some Shaivites the 1327:transcendental context 1257:or theriomorphic, the 1201: 1058: 890:Monier Monier-Williams 845:transcendental context 781:representation of the 90: 66:Linga (disambiguation) 10290:Hindu gurus and sants 9542:Eighteen Lesser Texts 8611:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 7893:Śivasahasranāmāstotra 7531:"Bhuteshwar Shivling" 7299:, pp. 22, 82–83. 6431:S. Kramrisch (1994). 6332:The Tantric Tradition 6231:Sociological Bulletin 6190:P. Arundhati (2002). 4538:S. Kramrisch (1994). 3248:11 March 2020 at the 3237:18 March 2020 at the 2820:Copper lingam at the 2463:. Initially known as 2435: 2354: 2232:anthropomorphic shape 2153: 2025: 2017: 1724: 1712: 1638: 1623: 1187: 1056: 935:as "sign" is used in 80: 10280:Anti-Hindu sentiment 8593:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam 8102:, Alex Wayman (1987) 8096:, SK Sullerey (1980) 7936:The Presence of Śiva 7845:Olson, Carl (2007), 7800:The Presence of Siva 7555:. 18 December 2015. 7268:L.K.A. Iyer (1965). 6434:The Presence of Siva 6393:30 June 2021 at the 6384:History of Religions 6287:. 9 September 2014. 6031:A Survey of Hinduism 5865:Vivekananda, Swami. 4909:Susan Bayly (2003). 4541:The Presence of Siva 2719:Pashupatinath Temple 2674:Linga worshipped by 2288:unchanging principle 2154:Natural rock linga, 2143:), rather than mere 1941:the absolute reality 1821:is not found in the 1602:who opines that the 1377:axis of the universe 777:, is an abstract or 264:Siddhanta Shikhamani 224:Scriptures and texts 10506:Gender and Hinduism 10386:Hinduism by country 9552:Iraiyanar Akapporul 9512:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 8621:Kanchipuram (Earth) 8606:Tirukalahasti (Air) 8601:Chidambaram (Ether) 8302:Shivarahasya Purana 7889:Śivasahasranāmakoṣa 7507:. 16 January 2015. 7066:Chaturvedi (2004). 6983:. 29 October 2018. 6875:, pp. 171–185. 6797:Freud's Mahabharata 6080:, pp. 491–493. 5747:, pp. 489–502. 5732:, pp. 485–502. 5256:, pp. 499–505. 5241:, pp. 500–502. 5156:Imma Ramos (2017). 3835:Caribbean Quarterly 3639:, pp. 493–498. 3586:"Lingam (Hinduism)" 3036:) (illustration of 2790:Battambang Province 2062:, with a figure of 1645:Vijayanagara Empire 1354:Sivananda Saraswati 1221:), precious stone ( 1149:has just one face, 710:Hinduism portal 29:Page version status 8720:Kailash Mansarovar 8425:Pashupata Shaivism 8403:Hara Hara Mahadeva 7583:The Times of India 7471:The Economic Times 7297:Blake Michael 1992 7231:, p. 239–240. 7219:, p. 208-209. 7043:. 19 August 2018. 7026:, p. 207-208. 6755:, p. 220-222. 6717:Discourses on Siva 5718:ring-shaped stones 4837:, p. 175-176. 4825:, p. 515-517. 4813:, p. 260-261. 3982:Thakar VJ (1982). 2822:Cát Tiên sanctuary 2804:Linga-yoni, Java ( 2644:Thiruvananthapuram 2629:Gariaband district 2438: 2372: 2242:) of Shiva in the 2159: 2036: 2030:winged creatures. 2020: 1735: 1719: 1649: 1531:Sir Richard Burton 1399:Scholars, such as 1347:pure consciousness 1202: 1155:Panchamukha lingam 1151:Chaturmukha lingam 1107:The lingam of the 1059: 810:The lingam of the 481:Non - Saiddhantika 91: 35: 10491:Hindu iconography 10458: 10457: 10234: 10233: 9787: 9786: 9580: 9579: 9494:Sangam literature 9450:Yājñavalkya Smṛti 9298: 9297: 9114: 9113: 8823: 8822: 8753: 8752: 8114:, KD Gupta (2011) 8059:(3n04): 245–252. 8004:World Archaeology 7977:. Facts On File. 7691:978-0-14-341517-6 7684:, Penguin Books, 7656:978-81-208-0776-1 7322:978-0-231-10777-8 7243:, pp. 71–72. 7204:, pp. 59–62. 7164:978-1-136-49984-5 7079:978-81-7182-721-3 7041:www.wisdomlib.org 6981:www.wisdomlib.org 6859:978-0-89281-354-4 6807:978-0-19-087834-4 6727:978-0-8122-7909-2 6688:978-1-4529-1225-7 6649:978-81-85832-10-4 6610:978-81-7154-403-5 6571:978-0-8109-0630-3 6532:978-81-208-0053-3 6490:978-81-208-0877-5 6285:www.wisdomlib.org 6203:978-81-7022-897-4 6142:978-81-208-0877-5 6103:978-0-8264-9865-6 6041:978-0-7914-7082-4 6002:978-1-85177-509-5 5989:John Guy (2007). 5963:978-81-317-1120-0 5842:978-81-208-1450-9 5805:978-1-4488-5990-0 5699:978-0-283-99257-5 5579:Lipner, Julius J. 5498:Studia Orientalia 5456:978-81-206-0144-4 5429:978-81-208-1450-9 5387:978-81-208-0877-5 5291:978-81-208-0264-3 5208:978-0-85773-158-6 5169:978-1-351-84000-2 5127:978-0-8386-4208-5 5088:978-1-349-22280-3 4922:978-0-521-89103-5 4746:978-81-208-0877-5 4707:978-81-208-0877-5 4668:978-81-208-0877-5 4629:978-81-208-0877-5 4590:978-81-208-0877-5 4512:978-81-208-0053-3 4444:978-81-208-0877-5 4417:978-81-208-1208-6 4390:978-0-520-05407-3 4357:978-9971-69-451-7 4318:978-81-208-0877-5 4287:(1/4): 17, 22–25. 4231:978-1-136-63417-8 4192:978-1-4384-0546-9 4165:978-81-208-0565-1 4126:978-3-447-01706-0 4087:978-0-87169-863-6 3900:978-0-19-971354-7 3794:978-0-8239-3179-8 3764:978-1-898723-60-8 3736:(subscription or 3677:978-0-8239-3180-4 3468:978-0-945497-94-3 3458:Dancing with Siva 3406:978-81-208-0503-3 3362:978-81-208-1768-5 3279:978-0-226-06456-7 3269:Asian Mythologies 3026:Gudimallam Lingam 2971:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 2927:Gudimallam Lingam 2899:Hindu iconography 2861:Katas Raj Temples 2847:(Champa, Vietnam) 2313:According to the 2203:Epics and puranas 2156:Arunachal Pradesh 2129:Indian scriptures 2070:manifestation of 2040:Gudimallam Lingam 2018:Gudimallam Lingam 1990:here denotes the 1800:often called the 1781:Scholars such as 1731:Swami Vivekananda 1510:Swami Vivekananda 1463:Gudimallam Lingam 1048:"lingadarsanacca" 1008:'s commentary on 892:, appears in the 880:natural objects. 744: 743: 85:, projected on a 47:28 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 10518: 10448: 10447: 10438: 10428: 10427: 10417: 10416: 10327:Pilgrimage sites 10081:Ganesh Chaturthi 9796: 9795: 9591: 9590: 9572:Vedarthasamgraha 9567:Vinayagar Agaval 9532:Five Great Epics 9507:Divya Prabandham 9420:Minor Upanishads 9164: 9163: 9134: 9133: 9122: 9121: 8902: 8901: 8868: 8860: 8850: 8843: 8836: 8827: 8826: 8813: 8803: 8802: 8513: 8512: 8457:Siddha Siddhanta 8420:Shaiva Siddhanta 8347:Om Namah Shivaya 8279: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8119: 8118: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8043: 8024: 7997: 7988: 7969: 7950: 7939: 7928: 7886: 7859: 7841: 7813: 7779: 7743: 7727: 7713: 7694: 7659: 7623: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7541:on 30 June 2018. 7537:. 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Glacier 2553: 2544: 2513:Pilgrimage sites 2496: 2490: 2488:karasthala-linga 2484: 2452: 2443:, a sect of the 2366:on the left and 2113: 2103: 2057: 2034:, circa 100 BCE. 1668: 1659: 1600:Moriz Winternitz 1596:Stella Kramrisch 1488:, raised in the 1384:Shaiva Siddhanta 1244: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1214: 1190:Shaiva Siddhanta 1178:Lingodbhavamurti 1090: 1081: 960: 950: 870:devotional image 799:is found in the 767: 757: 736: 729: 722: 708: 707: 706: 487:Kashmir Shaivism 281:Three Components 116: 93: 92: 21: 10526: 10525: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10517: 10516: 10515: 10511:Phallic symbols 10461: 10460: 10459: 10454: 10421: 10407: 10230: 10199: 10190:Vasant Panchami 10124:Pahela Baishakh 10106:Makar Sankranti 10025: 9960: 9867: 9783: 9686: 9576: 9557:Abhirami Antati 9527:Kamba Ramayanam 9488: 9374: 9331: 9294: 9216: 9190: 9153: 9123: 9110: 9094:Vishishtadvaita 9031: 8891: 8870: 8854: 8824: 8819: 8791: 8749: 8745:Vadakkum Nathan 8698: 8625: 8587: 8549: 8540:Madhyamaheshwar 8502: 8488:Maha Shivaratri 8471: 8408: 8361:Mahāmrityunjaya 8328: 8280: 8271: 8228:Ardhanarishvara 8162: 8151: 8146: 8090: 8077: 8075: 8040: 7985: 7966: 7948: 7926: 7875: 7857: 7831:10.2307/2844333 7810: 7740: 7718:Daniélou, Alain 7710: 7692: 7657: 7632: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7602: 7592: 7590: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7562: 7560: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7514: 7512: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7463: 7459: 7449: 7447: 7434: 7433: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7393: 7391: 7376: 7372: 7362: 7360: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7323: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7266: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7172: 7165: 7149: 7145: 7137: 7133: 7123: 7121: 7106: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7080: 7064: 7060: 7050: 7048: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7022: 7015: 7007: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6975: 6974: 6965: 6957: 6946: 6936: 6934: 6933:on 3 March 2016 6921: 6920: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6860: 6838: 6827: 6817: 6815: 6808: 6792: 6788: 6780: 6776: 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362: 361: 321: 277: 269: 268: 225: 217: 216: 193: 133:(Supreme being) 131: 124: 73: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10524: 10514: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10471:Forms of Shiva 10456: 10455: 10453: 10452: 10442: 10432: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10336: 10335: 10334: 10324: 10319: 10318: 10317: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10261: 10260: 10255: 10244: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10207: 10205: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10056: 10054:Raksha Bandhan 10051: 10046: 10041: 10035: 10033: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10016: 10011: 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9295: 9293: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9265:Shvetashvatara 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9240:Brihadaranyaka 9237: 9232: 9226: 9224: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9137:Classification 9131: 9125: 9124: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9099: 9098: 9097: 9090: 9083: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9041: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8947: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8910: 8908: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8881: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8853: 8852: 8845: 8838: 8830: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8807: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8761: 8759: 8758:Related topics 8755: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8715:Brihadeeswarar 8712: 8706: 8704: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8674:Ramanathaswamy 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8635: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8597: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8559: 8557: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8521: 8519: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8467:Shaiva Smartas 8464: 8459: 8454: 8452:Veera Shaivism 8449: 8447:Trika Shaivism 8444: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8427: 8422: 8416: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8399: 8392: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8342: 8340: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8290: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8247: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8172: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8145: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8100:O, that Linga! 8097: 8089: 8088:External links 8086: 8085: 8084: 8044: 8038: 8025: 7998: 7989: 7983: 7970: 7964: 7951: 7947:978-0691019307 7946: 7929: 7925:978-8120812383 7924: 7911: 7896: 7873: 7860: 7856:978-0813540689 7855: 7842: 7814: 7808: 7795: 7780: 7755:(2): 485–508, 7744: 7738: 7714: 7708: 7695: 7690: 7675: 7660: 7655: 7640: 7635:Basham, A. L. 7631: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7615: 7613:, p. 218. 7611:Kramrisch 1994 7600: 7570: 7544: 7535:news.yahoo.com 7522: 7496: 7457: 7427: 7401: 7370: 7340: 7321: 7301: 7289: 7257: 7245: 7233: 7221: 7206: 7202:McCormack 1963 7194: 7192:, p. 244. 7182: 7163: 7143: 7131: 7097: 7078: 7058: 7028: 7024:Kramrisch 1994 7013: 7011:, p. 207. 7009:Kramrisch 1994 6998: 6963: 6961:, p. 206. 6959:Kramrisch 1994 6944: 6914: 6877: 6873:Kramrisch 1994 6865: 6858: 6825: 6806: 6786: 6784:, p. 176. 6774: 6772:, p. 222. 6770:Kramrisch 1994 6757: 6753:Kramrisch 1994 6745: 6726: 6706: 6687: 6667: 6648: 6628: 6609: 6600:Indian Costume 6589: 6577: 6570: 6550: 6531: 6508: 6489: 6462: 6443: 6423: 6421:, p. 238. 6419:Kramrisch 1994 6411: 6409:, p. 555. 6407:Kramrisch 1994 6399: 6375: 6368: 6347: 6340: 6319: 6315:Kramrisch 1994 6302: 6272: 6256: 6221: 6202: 6182: 6160: 6141: 6121: 6102: 6082: 6059: 6040: 6020: 6001: 5981: 5962: 5942: 5940:, p. 122. 5938:Kramrisch 1994 5930: 5915: 5908: 5888: 5848: 5841: 5823: 5804: 5784: 5771:10.2307/288521 5749: 5734: 5722: 5698: 5678: 5659: 5639: 5637:, p. 434. 5620: 5593: 5570: 5558: 5539: 5519: 5517:, p. 516. 5507: 5474: 5455: 5435: 5428: 5405: 5386: 5366: 5357: 5348: 5329: 5309: 5290: 5270: 5266:Kramrisch 1994 5258: 5243: 5226: 5207: 5187: 5168: 5145: 5133: 5126: 5106: 5087: 5067: 5048: 5028: 5022:978-0143116691 5021: 5003: 4996: 4978: 4971: 4953: 4940: 4921: 4901: 4865: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4784: 4764: 4745: 4725: 4706: 4686: 4667: 4647: 4628: 4608: 4589: 4569: 4550: 4530: 4511: 4491: 4462: 4443: 4423: 4416: 4396: 4389: 4363: 4356: 4336: 4317: 4290: 4268: 4249: 4230: 4210: 4191: 4171: 4164: 4144: 4125: 4105: 4086: 4066: 4015: 3974: 3938:(2): 188–192. 3918: 3899: 3879: 3877:, p. 410. 3864: 3818: 3812: 3793: 3770: 3763: 3743: 3717: 3695: 3676: 3653: 3641: 3616: 3582:Doniger, Wendy 3566: 3526: 3507: 3474: 3467: 3439: 3437:, p. 217. 3435:Kramrisch 1994 3424: 3405: 3380: 3361: 3336: 3334:, p. 221. 3332:Kramrisch 1994 3297: 3278: 3253: 3211: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3135:Deodar forests 3079: 3062: 3052: 3042: 3017: 2996: 2986: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2944: 2942:Spatika Lingam 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2877: 2870: 2868: 2858: 2851: 2849: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2819: 2812: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2794: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2764: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2746: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2727:Madhya Pradesh 2716: 2709: 2707: 2705:(Chola period) 2701: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2682: 2680: 2670: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2608:Andhra Pradesh 2579:Iraivan Temple 2571:Kadavul Temple 2558: 2557: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2514: 2511: 2429: 2426: 2409: 2406: 2304:Alain Daniélou 2279: 2276: 2215: 2212: 2209:Itihasa-Purana 2204: 2201: 2193:Madhya Pradesh 2189:Bhumara Temple 2052:Andhra Pradesh 2032:Art of Mathura 2011: 2008: 2002:, also called 1943:, whereby the 1925: 1922: 1887:. In the text 1867:. Just as the 1836:Vedic religion 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1802:Pashupati seal 1768:Harappan sites 1750:, part of the 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1673: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1632: 1629: 1591: 1588: 1470: 1467: 1405:Rohit Dasgupta 1396: 1393: 1391: 1390:Phallus symbol 1388: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1206: 1203: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1165: 1158: 1147:Ekmukha lingam 1140: 1104: 1103:Various styles 1101: 1095: 1094: 1085: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1070: 1067: 909:Sanskrit texts 885: 882: 742: 741: 739: 738: 731: 724: 716: 713: 712: 699: 698: 695: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 668: 665: 664: 661: 660: 657: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 619:Manikkavacakar 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 590: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 549: 548: 547: 536: 535: 528: 527: 526: 525: 504: 499: 494: 478: 477: 466: 465: 456: 455: 450: 445: 439: 438: 431: 428: 427: 424: 423: 420: 419: 406: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 328: 327: 323: 322: 316: 311: 305: 304: 303:Three bondages 300: 299: 294: 289: 283: 282: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 267: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 232: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 209: 207:Forms of Shiva 204: 199: 192: 191: 186: 181: 176: 170: 169: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 141: 140: 125: 122: 121: 118: 117: 109: 108: 102: 101: 81:A lingam with 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10523: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10486:Hindu symbols 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10451: 10443: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10431: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10410: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10391:Hindu temples 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10340: 10337: 10333: 10330: 10329: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10295:Hindu studies 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10265:Denominations 10263: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10202: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10149: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10075: 10074:Vijayadashami 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9997: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9974: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9963: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9891:Simantonayana 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9870: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9790: 9780: 9779: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9583: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9480: 9478: 9477:Yoga Vasistha 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9388:Bhagavad Gita 9386: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9377: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9328: 9327:Sthapatyaveda 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9126: 9107: 9103: 9100: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9084: 9082: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 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8602: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8555:Pancha Sabhai 8552: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8508:Shiva temples 8505: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8462:Shiva Advaita 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8396:Shiva Mahimna 8393: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8368:Shiva Tandava 8365: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8268: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8221: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8186:Dakshinamurti 8184: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8160: 8154: 8150: 8143: 8138: 8136: 8131: 8129: 8124: 8123: 8120: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8041: 8035: 8031: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8005: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7976: 7971: 7967: 7965:81-208-0053-2 7961: 7957: 7952: 7949: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7930: 7927: 7921: 7917: 7912: 7909: 7908:0-87773-980-3 7905: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7890: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7874:9788170813507 7870: 7866: 7861: 7858: 7852: 7848: 7843: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7815: 7811: 7809:9788120804913 7805: 7801: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7745: 7741: 7739:0-89281-354-7 7735: 7731: 7726: 7725: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7709:9780691073866 7705: 7701: 7696: 7693: 7687: 7683: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7619: 7612: 7607: 7605: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7574: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7461: 7445: 7441: 7440:hinduismtoday 7437: 7431: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7374: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7305: 7298: 7293: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7264: 7262: 7254: 7253:Schouten 1995 7249: 7242: 7241:Schouten 1995 7237: 7230: 7225: 7218: 7213: 7211: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7147: 7140: 7135: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7104: 7102: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7071: 7070: 7062: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7018: 7010: 7005: 7003: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6960: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6861: 6855: 6851: 6846: 6845: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6790: 6783: 6778: 6771: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6754: 6749: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6710: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6671: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6632: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6593: 6584: 6582: 6573: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6561:L'Art en Inde 6554: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6515: 6513: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6450: 6446: 6444:0-691-01930-4 6440: 6436: 6435: 6427: 6420: 6415: 6408: 6403: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6371: 6369:9789352641956 6365: 6361: 6354: 6352: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6324: 6317:, p. 26. 6316: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6225: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6186: 6179: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6164: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6086: 6079: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6024: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5946: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5920: 5911: 5909:9788174881687 5905: 5901: 5900: 5892: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5739: 5731: 5726: 5719: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5682: 5666: 5662: 5660:9780195779400 5656: 5652: 5651: 5643: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5594:9781351967822 5590: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5567: 5562: 5546: 5542: 5540:9788121500821 5536: 5532: 5531: 5523: 5516: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5439: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5370: 5361: 5352: 5345:(1/4): 29–31. 5344: 5340: 5333: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5274: 5268:, p. 14. 5267: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5191: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5152: 5150: 5142: 5137: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5110: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5071: 5055: 5051: 5049:9780759123144 5045: 5041: 5040: 5032: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4999: 4997:9780199360079 4993: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4972:0-19-520250-3 4968: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4944: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4836: 4831: 4824: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4791: 4787: 4785:9780691120485 4781: 4777: 4776: 4768: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4690: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4651: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4612: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4573: 4557: 4553: 4551:0-691-01930-4 4547: 4543: 4542: 4534: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4495: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4466: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4400: 4392: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4367: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4340: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4273: 4265:(1/4): 19–20. 4264: 4260: 4253: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4214: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4175: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4109: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3994:(3): 139–45. 3993: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3823: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3747: 3739: 3724: 3720: 3718:9780191726705 3714: 3709: 3708: 3699: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3660: 3658: 3651:, p. 17. 3650: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3514: 3510: 3508:9780759123144 3504: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3154: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3130:Vamana Purana 3126: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3056: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2990: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2786:Angkor period 2780: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2623:Lesser known 2621: 2619: 2618:Narmada River 2615: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2552: 2543: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2485:(also called 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2328:According to 2326: 2324: 2320: 2319:Skanda Purana 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292:ever changing 2289: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236:"subtle body" 2233: 2229: 2228:Sthula sarira 2225: 2221: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2163:Brahmi script 2157: 2152: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2106: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2088: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2079:(demon) dwarf 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2016: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1743:Ernest Mackay 1740: 1739:John Marshall 1732: 1728: 1723: 1716: 1711: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1667: 1658: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1613:According to 1611: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:Sanskrit text 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420:Skanda Purana 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401:Wendy Doniger 1387: 1385: 1382:According to 1380: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1362:Self or Atman 1359: 1355: 1352:According to 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247:chala-lingams 1243: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1121:, wherin the 1120: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1089: 1080: 1066: 1064: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1044:Vedanta sutra 1041: 1039: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1011:Samkhyakarika 1007: 1003: 1001: 996: 992: 991: 986: 984: 978: 976: 972: 967: 963: 961: 959: 953: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 881: 879: 875: 874:Hindu temples 871: 867: 866: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841: 836: 835: 830: 826: 821: 819: 818: 813: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 787: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 766: 760: 753: 749: 737: 732: 730: 725: 723: 718: 717: 715: 714: 711: 701: 700: 693: 692:Shiva Temples 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 663: 662: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 599:Abhinavagupta 597: 595: 592: 591: 585: 584: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 553: 550: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 537: 534: 531: 530: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 488: 485: 484: 483: 482: 476: 473: 472: 471: 470: 464: 463: 459: 458: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 440: 437: 434: 433: 426: 425: 418: 414: 410: 407: 405: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 366: 365: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 329: 326:other aspects 325: 324: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 302: 301: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 284: 280: 279: 273: 272: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 221: 220: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 194: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 164: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 139: 136: 135: 134: 130: 129: 120: 119: 115: 111: 110: 107: 104: 103: 99: 95: 94: 88: 84: 79: 75: 71: 67: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 10501:Shiva in art 10401:Architecture 10004:Brahmacharya 9946:Samavartanam 9911:Annaprashana 9777: 9680: 9481: 9435:Dharmaśāstra 9425:Arthashastra 9260:Maitrayaniya 9092: 9085: 9078: 9000:Brahmacharya 8764: 8740:Tiruchengode 8644:Grishneshwar 8639:Bhimashankar 8631:Jyotirlingas 8483:Kanwar Yatra 8401: 8394: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8354:Rudrashtakam 8352: 8345: 8321: 8314: 8309:Shiva Purana 8307: 8300: 8293: 8157: 8078:16 September 8076:. 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Retrieved 5529: 5522: 5510: 5501: 5497: 5494:Asko Parpola 5465:. Retrieved 5445: 5438: 5419: 5398:30 September 5396:. Retrieved 5376: 5369: 5360: 5351: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5300:. Retrieved 5280: 5273: 5261: 5254:Doniger 2011 5239:Doniger 2011 5219:30 September 5217:. Retrieved 5197: 5190: 5180:30 September 5178:. Retrieved 5158: 5141:Doniger 2011 5136: 5116: 5109: 5099:30 September 5097:. Retrieved 5077: 5070: 5058:. Retrieved 5038: 5031: 5012: 5006: 4987: 4981: 4962: 4956: 4948: 4943: 4933:30 September 4931:. Retrieved 4911: 4904: 4892:. Retrieved 4883: 4856:. Retrieved 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4796:24 September 4794:. Retrieved 4774: 4767: 4757:30 September 4755:. Retrieved 4735: 4728: 4718:30 September 4716:. Retrieved 4696: 4689: 4679:30 September 4677:. Retrieved 4657: 4650: 4640:30 September 4638:. Retrieved 4618: 4611: 4601:30 September 4599:. Retrieved 4579: 4572: 4562:30 September 4560:. Retrieved 4540: 4533: 4521:. Retrieved 4501: 4494: 4482:. Retrieved 4472: 4465: 4455:30 September 4453:. Retrieved 4433: 4426: 4406: 4399: 4374: 4366: 4346: 4339: 4329:30 September 4327:. Retrieved 4307: 4284: 4280: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4240:. Retrieved 4220: 4213: 4201:. Retrieved 4181: 4174: 4154: 4147: 4135:. Retrieved 4115: 4108: 4096:. Retrieved 4076: 4069: 4032: 4028: 4018: 3991: 3988:Anc Sci Life 3987: 3977: 3969: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3909:. Retrieved 3889: 3882: 3855:. Retrieved 3838: 3834: 3815: 3803:. Retrieved 3783: 3753: 3746: 3727:. Retrieved 3706: 3698: 3686:. Retrieved 3666: 3644: 3637:Doniger 2011 3607:. Retrieved 3589: 3544: 3540: 3517:. Retrieved 3497: 3457: 3415:. Retrieved 3395: 3371:. Retrieved 3351: 3288:. Retrieved 3268: 3202:. Retrieved 3193: 3128: 3124: 3082: 3074: 3065: 3055: 3045: 3038:Urdhva Retas 3037: 3020: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2989: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2964: 2946: 2903: 2844: 2840: 2784:Lingam from 2756:64 lingams ( 2637: 2633:Chhattisgarh 2627:Mahadeva in 2622: 2612: 2601: 2587: 2568: 2516: 2506: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2465:Veerashaivas 2464: 2458: 2439: 2418:iconoclastic 2411: 2401:Linga Purana 2399: 2381: 2377:Shiva Purana 2375: 2373: 2342:holy ascetic 2330:Shiva Purana 2327: 2323:Linga Purana 2322: 2315:Linga Purana 2314: 2312: 2296:Linga Purana 2295: 2294:nature. The 2291: 2287: 2284:Linga Purana 2281: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2240:Lińga Śarīra 2239: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2197:Gupta Empire 2186: 2183: 2171:Urdhva Retas 2170: 2166: 2160: 2108: 2093:Urdhva Retas 2092: 2091: 2089: 2082: 2078: 2037: 1987: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1952: 1944: 1932: 1927: 1917: 1914:Yupa-Skambha 1913: 1906:Yupa-Stambha 1905: 1899: 1893: 1889:Linga Purana 1888: 1884: 1881:Yupa-Skambha 1880: 1872: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1847:Yupa-Stambha 1846: 1840:Atharva Veda 1833: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1794: 1790:Asko Parpola 1787: 1780: 1776: 1762:has a small 1748:Mohenjo-daro 1736: 1689: 1682: 1679: 1639:Badavlinga, 1624: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1593: 1562: 1558: 1538: 1534: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1497: 1493: 1482:Orientalists 1479:colonial era 1476: 1472: 1460: 1457: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1398: 1381: 1372: 1370: 1351: 1320: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1275: 1273: 1246: 1208: 1205:Construction 1168: 1161: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1136: 1130: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1106: 1062: 1060: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1009: 998: 994: 988: 981: 979: 974: 970: 968: 964: 955: 940: 932: 907:is found in 904: 902: 887: 863: 859: 857: 848: 838: 832: 828: 824: 822: 815: 809: 796: 774: 770: 762: 747: 745: 532: 492:Pratyabhijna 480: 479: 469:Saiddhantika 468: 467: 462:Mantra marga 460: 435: 412: 385:Panchakshara 342:Satkaryavada 259:Svetasvatara 132: 128:Parameshvara 126: 74: 61: 46: 37:This is the 31: 10450:WikiProject 10322:Persecution 10310:Nationalism 10300:Iconography 10180:Ratha Yatra 10091:Janmashtami 10086:Rama Navami 10014:Vanaprastha 9965:Varnashrama 9941:Ritushuddhi 9926:Vidyarambha 9916:Chudakarana 9906:Nishkramana 9881:Garbhadhana 9522:Thirukkural 9517:Thiruppugal 9445:Nāradasmṛti 9408:Mahabharata 9186:Atharvaveda 9064:Vaisheshika 8951:Puruṣārthas 8787:Other names 8669:Omkareshwar 8654:Mallikarjun 8517:Panch Kedar 8389:Shri Rudram 8375:Sahasranama 7450:15 February 7420:15 February 7394:15 February 7363:16 February 7090:15 November 7069:Shiv Purana 6927:is1.mum.edu 6782:Grimes 1996 5974:15 November 5671:7 September 4988:On Hinduism 4835:Grimes 1996 4035:(1): 6–10. 3857:7 September 3649:Grimes 1996 3141:'s request. 3034:Brahmacarya 2984:in Jainism. 2948:Lingashtaka 2932:Pancharamas 2917:Lingayatism 2912:Jyotirlinga 2792:(Cambodia) 2703:Lingodbhava 2642:village in 2604:Borra Caves 2593:Uttarakhand 2475:and suffix 2428:Lingayatism 2408:Muslim rule 2396:Lingodbhava 2356:Lingodbhava 2252:Mahabharata 2244:Mahabharata 2224:Mahabharata 2214:Mahabharata 2191:near Satna 2137:Brahmacarya 2121:Brahmacarya 2111:Ūrdhvaretas 2102:ऊर्ध्वरेतस् 1992:subtle body 1918:Shiva-Linga 1896:Atharvaveda 1885:Shiva-Linga 1808:Vedic texts 1756:Mohenjodaro 1725:A Buddhist 1690:Svayambhuva 1567:Orientalist 1498:lingam-yoni 1494:lingam-yoni 1453:Lingayatism 1143:Mukhalingam 1119:Lingam-yoni 1069:Iconography 1024:(Self) and 1014:, the term 983:Vaisheshika 921:Vaisheshika 849:lingam-yoni 795:. 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