339:", and the poet uses it as both a divine name and title for her. The accession speech of Justin makes specific mention of Sophia co-ruling with her husband, the presumption being that she already exercised political influence over him. Sophia's importance is also clear in Corippus's records of the event as when there is any chance to mention her; he does. As well as this, Sophia was given equal space in the prayer section of the preceding's. Corippus also includes an elaborate account of the church of St.Sophia, mainly as a compliment to the empress who shared its name. Corippus also records Sophia being in charge of the arrangements for the funeral of Justinian and claims she wove his
435:, and Paul the Deacon all mention this while accusing both Justin and Sophia of greed. She did research their debts and repaid them, which gained her contemporary praise. Sophia’s concern with the state finances can even be seen after the death of Justin and during the reign of Tiberius as they were said to clash a lot over financial policy.John of Ephesus even stated that in her rage Sophia claimed that Tiberius had ‘reduced the state to poverty’ and that it took her years to accumulate he was 'spending in no time at all’. This not only shows her importance in financial policy even after the death of Justin, but also the important role she potentially viewed herself as having.
56:
1268:
430:
Sophia also influenced the financial policies of Justin. Having inherited an exhausted treasury, they set about repaying the various debts and loans of
Justinian to bankers and money-lenders. According to Theophanes, Sophia was in charge of financial records and payments, and restored the credibility
790:
government. Meanwhile, her rival Ino
Anastasia was also proclaimed augusta. The situation was not to Sophia's liking, and John of Ephesus records further arguments over financial policy. Gregory of Tours records that Sophia took part in a conspiracy to depose Tiberius and replace him with another
735:
John of
Ephesus and Gregory of Tours record that Sophia and Tiberius, effectively co-regents, argued over financial policies: Sophia pursued decreasing royal expenses while Tiberius argued for the necessity of increasing them, particularly for military expenses. Sophia scolding him for his lavish
789:
Sophia retained her rank as augusta and continued to hold a section of the palace for herself, even the whole palace was still managed under her. She was deeply respected by the emperor, the commoners and the nobility, which meant that she still had some influence to discuss various matters of
739:
Both the
Ecclesiastic history of John of Ephesus and the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor suggest that Sophia was planning to marry Tiberius at this point. Theophanes, writing centuries later, suggests Sophia did not know Tiberius was already married during this period, but this claim is
827:. Constantina was proclaimed an augusta while both Sophia and Anastasia also kept the same title. John of Ephesus mentions that all three augustas resided in the Great Palace, which would mean either that Sophia's retirement was temporary or that Theophanes misreported her status.
506:
Christianity, which ended in renewed persecution of the latter. Meanwhile, their own beliefs were still in question. John of
Ephesus himself was imprisoned during this persecution, presumably contributing to the hostile tone to Justin and Sophia in his writings.
814:
On 14 August 582, Tiberius died. However, Sophia remained relevant in
Byzantine politics. This is because when he felt himself declining in health, Tiberius is said to have sent for Sophia to ask her advice on who his successor should be. He was succeeded by
760:
prior to his elevation to the throne. According to John of
Ephesus, Tiberius joined them every evening and returned to the Great Palace every morning. Sophia also refused to let the ladies at court visit Ino and her daughters as a token of respect to them.
736:
expenditure and finally taking the keys of the treasury away from him and every financial action, from accounting for government expenditure and income to
Tiberius' authorization to spend, had to be reported and the approved by the empress.
801:
Tiberius reacted by seizing of much of her property, dismissing her loyal servants, and appointing replacements loyal to him. However her rank and presence in the palace remained. Theophanes records that in 579 Sophia retired to the
835:
Anastasia was the first of the three women to die. Theophanes places her death in 593. Constantina seems to have enjoyed better relations with Sophia than her mother did. Theophanes records their having jointly offered a precious
819:, a general betrothed to Constantina. Gregory of Tours reported that Sophia had planned to marry Tiberius to regain the throne, but the marriage of Constantina and Maurice took place in Autumn 582. The ceremony was performed by
768:
for
Daphnudium, her previous residence. According to John of Ephesus, Tiberius left Constantinople to visit Ino when she fell sick. Her daughters are assumed to have joined her in her departure from the capital.
772:
In
September 578, Justin II appointed Tiberius as his co-emperor amid deteriorating physical health. On 5 October 578, Justin died and Tiberius became the sole emperor. According to John of Ephesus, Sophia sent
395:, the murder was carried out by the supporters of Sophia. Evagrius claims that the head of the deceased was sent to the imperial couple who spitefully kicked it around, a detail likely exaggerated by Evagrius.
362:
with royal insignia equal to her husband. They were also depicted together in images and statues, while the name of Sophia alone was given to two palaces, a harbor, and a public bath built in her honor.
498:, husband and wife were both initially monophysites who converted to Chalcedonean Christianity to gain favor with their uncle Justinian. During their reign, they attempted but failed to reconcile
690:"The kingdom came through me, and it has come back to me: and as for him, he is chastised, and has fallen into this trial on my account, because he did not value me sufficiently, and vexed me."
698:. Even then, Sophia was able to persuade him to apologize and invite Baduarius to dinner. She had the windows of the palace sealed with bars after he attempted to throw himself out of them.
224:. Although never a monarch, Sophia participated in the governance of the empire; she took an interest in economic and financial matters during Justin's reign, and subsequently served as
304:
Justinian I had several nephews but seems to have never appointed an heir. On the night of 13 November 565 – 14 November 565, Justinian I lay on his deathbed. Justin was his
483:
perhaps given at this point, has an inscription recording their donation and apparently their portraits on the ends of the arms on the reverse. This led to creation of poems by
379:
and his first wife Passara, this namesake cousin had distinguished himself in warfare and was thus a better imperial candidate from a military point of view. According to
256:, Theodora had only two siblings: her older sister Comito and younger sister Anastasia; either one could be the mother of Sophia. Procopius identifies Comito as a leading
422:, instead of returning to Constantinople as Justin had ordered him to do and invited the Lombards to invade. But the evidence for this conflict is deemed unreliable.
777:
to Tiberius to convince him to divorce Ino, and offered both herself and her adult daughter Arabia as prospective brides. Tiberius refused. Sophia, though still an
851:
The Easter of 601 was also the last time Sophia was mentioned in sources. Whether she survived to see the deposition of Maurice in 602 is unclear. According to the
487:, which referred to Justin and Sophia as the new Constantine and the new Helena, and indicating Sophia's major role in the presentation of the relic.
391:. In 568, the other Justin was murdered in his bed, presumably due to his longstanding rivalry with the emperor Justin for the throne. According to
798:
murdered in Alexandria. She hoped to regain her former power as empress consort and a share of the emperor's power: Like the reign of Justin.
518:
650:
848:
as his own tribute to the church. According to Theophanes, this was taken an insult by both augustas and caused a rift in the marriage.
2108:
1363:
791:
17:
2281:
287:
resources. Vigilantia and her brother, Justinian I, were children of Petrus Sabbatius and a senior Vigilantia, who was a sister of
1031:
983:
2184:
2150:
1992:
431:
of the royal treasury. The imperial couple tried to reduce expenses and increase treasury reserves. Evagrius, John of Ephesus,
358:. The name had not been used by the two preceding empresses of her own dynasty. She was the first empress consort depicted on
1372:
1323:
774:
66:
686:
According to bishop John of Ephesus, Sophia attributed the madness of her spouse to his failure to appreciate her status:
2113:
820:
998:
663:
Justin reportedly suffered from temporary fits of insanity and was unable to perform his duties as early as the fall of
2291:
2058:
1855:
1301:
Page from "The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453" by Cyril Mango (1972), quoting Theophanes on the burial of Justus
1637:
806:, a palace built in her honor, and says that she held her own minor court and was honored as the mother of Tiberius.
1269:
Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VIe au IXe siècle
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55:
252:. John of Ephesus did not specify the identities of her parents. According to the Secret History of
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31:
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present to Maurice in 601. He accepted their gift, but then ordered it hung over the altar of
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2016:
1947:
1804:
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824:
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403:
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indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and
271:
During the reign of Justinian I (527–565), Theodora arranged for Sophia to marry his nephew
268:
in 528. Sittas may thus be the father of Sophia. Whether Anastasia ever married is unknown.
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History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian
410:, Sophia sent a message to the senior general that she had a more suitable position for a
8:
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2120:
2083:
2063:
1915:
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494:, the religious policy of the couple was controversial. According to John of Ephesus and
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1632:
1621:
1559:
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816:
622:
577:
359:
317:
276:
218:
214:
176:
125:
1967:
2217:
2162:
2073:
2053:
2036:
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1952:
1823:
1744:
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and was proclaimed emperor within the palace walls before the other members of the
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1275:
Cameron, Averil . ‘THE EMPRESS SOPHIA ’, Byzantion, 45(No.1), pp. 5–21, 1975.
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Procopius, "Secret History", chapter 9, translation by Richard Atwater (1927)
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contradicted by John of Ephesus, a 6th-century writer. Tiberius' marriage to
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The article about Baduarius in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
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The article about Dulcidius in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
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reports that Sophia concluded a three-year truce with Khosrau on her own.
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781:, was no longer the empress and she no longer had the reins of affairs.
1707:
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1286:
The article about Sittas in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
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888:, a daughter. Married prior to the succession of her father to the
701:
The emperor and senate consulted the empress for the nomination of
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103:
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In 569, Justin and Sophia together reportedly sent a relic of the
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was apparently seen as an offense to her. Ino and her daughters
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1615:
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186:
107:
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Byzantine empresses: women and power in Byzantium, AD 527-1204
1016:
Byzantine empresses: women and power in Byzantium, AD 527-1204
1672:
1391:
711:
383:, the Emperor and Sophia initially welcomed their kinsman to
332:
720:), as her colleague in power. According to the chronicle of
679:, Sophia assumed sole power over the Empire at this point.
320:
were notified. The events were recorded by the court poet
60:
Justin II and Sophia depicted on 40 Nummi coin (572 AD)
905:. They had a daughter, Firmina, whose fate is unknown.
414:
like him, as an overseer of the weaving girls of the
283:. Her father-in-law is also known as Dulcissimus in
1083:
Evagrius Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History 5.1-2
874:. A son, died before 565. Buried in the Church of
694:During his bouts of madness, Justin lashed out at
1371:
343:with scenes depicting the triumphs of his reign.
2248:
1179:John Eph., EH, 3.4 (tr. Payne Smith (1860) 171).
371:The main challenge to the new reign was another
350:following the practices of the empresses of the
335:equivalent "Sapientia". The meaning of both is "
264:records that Comito (b. ca 500) married general
1248:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 3
1027:
1025:
732:by Justin and thus became his appointed heir.
418:(women's quarters). Narses chose to retire to
1357:
1226:Lynda Garland, "Constantina, Wife of Maurice"
1102:James Allan Evans, "Justin II (565-578 A.D.)"
968:
966:
867:Sophia and Justin had at least two children:
809:
644:
2231:indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor,
1022:
402:was removed from his position as prefect of
327:In his works, Corippus often translates her
1114:https://www.roman-emperors.org/justinii.htm
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963:
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897:. Her husband died c. 576 while defending
748:and Charito were not allowed to enter the
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228:during his incapacity from 573 until 578.
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855:, she received an imperial burial at the
728:by Justin on 7 December 574. He was also
308:and thus the only viable heir within the
463:in an attempt to improve relations: the
312:. He managed to gain the support of the
27:Byzantine empress (c. 530 – c./aft. 601)
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67:Empress consort of the Byzantine Empire
14:
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775:Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople
1086:
724:, Tiberius was officially appointed
375:, cousin to the new emperor. Son of
279:, Justin was a son of Dulcidius and
213:: Σοφία) (c. 530 – c./aft. 601) was
821:Patriarch John IV of Constantinople
752:. They were instead settled in the
510:
438:
425:
24:
387:but before long had him exiled to
294:
25:
2308:
1279:
1018:. London: Routledge. p. 40.
675:in November, 573. According to
451:. The event was commemorated in
275:. According to the Chronicon of
2282:6th-century Byzantine empresses
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823:and is described in detail by
750:Great Palace of Constantinople
310:Great Palace of Constantinople
13:
1:
2239:incidates an empress regnant.
909:
784:
366:
231:
2069:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
589:as co-emperor, 590–602
299:
7:
959:"Sophia, Wife of Justin II"
862:
857:Church of the Holy Apostles
459:. They also sent relics to
322:Flavius Cresconius Corippus
10:
2313:
1264:. London, Routledge, 1999.
1254:
810:Return to the Great Palace
29:
2292:6th-century women regents
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2104:Elena Asenina of Bulgaria
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1605:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
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1380:
1330:
1324:Byzantine Empress consort
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1313:
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794:, younger brother of the
705:, and they all agreed on
566:as regents, 574–578
248:, the Empress consort of
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18:Sophia, wife of Justin II
1189:Cameron, Averil (1975).
1134:Cameron, Averil (1975).
1047:Cameron, Averil (1975).
722:Theophanes the Confessor
244:, Sophia was a niece of
96:c. 601 (aged approx. 71)
2022:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
1628:Flavia Julia Constantia
1014:Garland, Lynda (1999).
707:Tiberius II Constantine
1545:Marcia Otacilia Severa
2109:Theodora Palaiologina
2079:Anna Komnene Angelina
2017:Catherine of Bulgaria
1948:Eudokia Dekapolitissa
1417:Agrippina the Younger
825:Theophylact Simocatta
681:Evagrius Scholasticus
381:Evagrius Scholasticus
346:Sophia took the name
331:name "Sophia" to its
2180:Sophia of Montferrat
2099:Anna of Hohenstaufen
1958:Theophano Martinakia
1866:Theodora of Khazaria
1499:Julia Cornelia Paula
1462:Faustina the Younger
1191:"The Empress Sophia"
1136:"The Empress Sophia"
1049:"The Empress Sophia"
859:beside her husband.
764:Ino eventually left
485:Venantius Fortunatus
457:Venantius Fortunatus
238:Ecclesiastic History
162:Aelia Sophia Augusta
30:For other uses, see
2297:6th-century regents
2158:Keratsa of Bulgaria
2141:Helena Kantakouzene
2121:Irene of Montferrat
2084:Philippa of Armenia
2064:Margaret of Hungary
1916:Theophano of Athens
1735:Julius Nepos's wife
1550:Herennia Etruscilla
1373:Roman and Byzantine
754:palace of Hormisdas
200:(historical theory)
189:(historical theory)
2185:Maria of Trebizond
2151:Irene Palaiologina
2131:Irene of Brunswick
2089:Maria of Courtenay
2049:Bertha of Sulzbach
1457:Faustina the Elder
1432:Statilia Messalina
1112:Evans, Justin II.
853:Book of Ceremonies
716:(Commander of the
496:Michael the Syrian
465:Cross of Justin II
352:Theodosian dynasty
2272:Justinian dynasty
2267:Byzantine regents
2244:
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2213:Byzantine emperor
2042:Dobrodeia of Kiev
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1622:Valeria Maximilla
1560:Cornelia Salonina
1514:Sallustia Orbiana
1340:
1339:
1331:Succeeded by
1170:Garland, Page 48.
1124:Garland, Page 43.
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623:Heraclian dynasty
520:Justinian dynasty
360:Byzantine coinage
318:Justinian Dynasty
277:Victor of Tunnuna
236:According to the
215:Byzantine empress
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177:Justinian Dynasty
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16:(Redirected from
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2163:Irene Gattilusio
2074:Eudokia Angelina
2054:Maria of Antioch
2037:Irene of Hungary
1973:Zoe Karbonopsina
1953:Eudokia Ingerina
1826:Byzantine Empire
1689:
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1534:Caecilia Paulina
1492:Fulvia Plautilla
1482:Manlia Scantilla
1472:Bruttia Crispina
1407:Milonia Caesonia
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433:Gregory of Tours
426:Financial policy
314:Byzantine Senate
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2126:Rita of Armenia
2114:Anna of Hungary
2094:Irene Laskarina
2059:Agnes of France
2027:Maria of Alania
1978:Helena Lekapene
1828:
1825:
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1723:Marcia Euphemia
1718:Licinia Eudoxia
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1600:Galeria Valeria
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1555:Cornelia Supera
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1447:Pompeia Plotina
1442:Domitia Longina
1437:Galeria Fundana
1422:Claudia Octavia
1397:Livia Orestilla
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406:. According to
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295:Empress consort
242:John of Ephesus
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1322:
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1210:. Retrieved
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1068:. Retrieved
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999:J. B. Bury,
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891:kouropalatēs
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504:Monophysitic
500:Chalcedonian
492:Monophysites
489:
473:crux gemmata
442:
429:
416:gynaikonitis
415:
397:
370:
356:House of Leo
345:
326:
306:kouropalates
305:
303:
285:genealogical
270:
262:John Malalas
260:of her age.
237:
235:
207:Aelia Sophia
206:
205:
150:Aelia Sophia
45:
2262:600s deaths
2257:530s births
2233:underlining
1805:Constantina
1487:Julia Domna
1239:, Chronicle
831:Final years
758:Justinian I
746:Constantina
714:Excubitorum
615:Followed by
606:Preceded by
570:Tiberius II
543:Justinian I
250:Justinian I
156:Regnal name
2251:Categories
1936:Euphrosyne
1708:Thermantia
1668:Constantia
1382:Principate
1212:2023-10-16
1157:2023-10-16
1070:2023-10-16
1034:, vol. 3,
986:, vol. 3,
910:References
785:Later life
718:Excubitors
596:Succession
587:Theodosius
527:Chronology
481:True Cross
445:True Cross
389:Alexandria
367:Opposition
281:Vigilantia
232:Early life
1988:Theophano
1926:Theodosia
1901:of Athens
1856:Anastasia
1765:Pulcheria
1610:Minervina
1412:Messalina
1375:empresses
1201:(1): 20.
1195:Byzantion
1146:(1): 16.
1140:Byzantion
1053:Byzantion
1036:Dulcidius
901:from the
895:Baduarius
880:Archangel
792:Justinian
696:Baduarius
669:Khosrau I
551:Justin II
477:reliquary
300:Accession
254:Procopius
222:Justin II
119:Justin II
2287:Augustae
2218:Augustae
2194:See also
2011:Theodora
1993:Theodora
1983:Theodora
1942:Theodora
1921:Prokopia
1911:Theodote
1846:Gregoria
1829:610–1453
1824:Eastern/
1790:Theodora
1785:Euphemia
1729:Placidia
1638:Faustina
1595:Eutropia
1580:Dominate
1317:Theodora
1207:44170464
1152:44170464
1065:44170464
1059:(1): 9.
903:Lombards
863:Children
621:and the
564:Tiberius
535:Justin I
490:For the
475:, and a
449:Radegund
398:In 568,
377:Germanus
354:and the
289:Justin I
246:Theodora
104:Istanbul
2229:Italics
1886:Eudokia
1876:Tzitzak
1861:Eudokia
1841:Martina
1810:Leontia
1780:Zenonis
1775:Ariadne
1748:395–610
1696:395–480
1663:Domnica
1658:Justina
1648:Charito
1633:Eusebia
1583:284–610
1527:235–285
1467:Lucilla
1255:Sources
876:Michael
817:Maurice
804:Sophiai
779:augusta
730:adopted
671:of the
578:Maurice
479:of the
467:in the
258:hetaera
219:Emperor
172:Dynasty
76:565–578
47:Augusta
1998:Helena
1931:Thekla
1851:Fausta
1795:Sophia
1770:Verina
1643:Helena
1616:Fausta
1590:Prisca
1524:Crisis
1272:, 2006
1205:
1150:
1063:
1003:(1923)
988:Sittas
886:Arabia
872:Justus
842:Easter
840:as an
796:Justin
726:caesar
703:caesar
619:Phocas
560:Sophia
420:Naples
412:eunuch
404:Italia
400:Narses
373:Justin
341:shroud
337:Wisdom
273:Justin
266:Sittas
226:regent
198:Comito
194:Mother
187:Sittas
183:Father
135:Arabia
131:Justus
115:Spouse
108:Turkey
88:c. 530
73:Tenure
40:Sophia
32:Sophia
2277:Aelii
1899:Irene
1881:Maria
1871:Maria
1703:Maria
1683:Galla
1673:Laeta
1392:Livia
1203:JSTOR
1148:JSTOR
1061:JSTOR
838:crown
712:Comes
585:with
558:with
348:Aelia
333:Latin
329:Greek
211:Greek
145:Names
126:Issue
102:(now
2237:bold
2206:list
2170:(w.
2148:(w.
2111:(w.
2039:(w.
1892:Anna
1489:(w.
1032:PLRE
984:PLRE
878:the
665:Dara
562:and
502:and
471:, a
93:Died
85:Born
2004:Zoë
1612:(?)
1536:(?)
667:to
455:by
447:to
240:of
2253::
1199:45
1197:.
1193:.
1144:45
1142:.
1138:.
1088:^
1057:45
1055:.
1051:.
1024:^
965:^
957:,
917:^
709:,
324:.
291:.
106:,
2176:)
2154:)
2117:)
2045:)
1495:)
1365:e
1358:t
1351:v
1215:.
1160:.
1073:.
882:.
652:e
645:t
638:v
209:(
110:)
34:.
20:)
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