2553:, which rectified retroactively the 1898 Treaty of Paris. According to Philippine judge Antonio Carpio, under the 1900 Treaty of Washington, "all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago, lying outside the lines described in Article III" were also ceded to the United States as part of the territory of the Philippines, where Scarborough Shoal, the Spratly Islands, and the rest of Tawi-tawi was included. From 1899 to 1902, the United States war department in the territory of the Philippines republished and reissued four times the 1875 Carita General del Archipelago Filipino with the addition of military telegraph lines, military cable lines, eastern cable company lines, and military department boundaries. The official map of the entire Philippine territory under Spanish rule was effectively adopted as the entire Philippine territory under American rule. During the 1928 Islas Palmas international case, the United States, as representative of the territory of the Philippines, reiterated in a court memorandum that the 1875 Carta General del Archipielago Filipino "is both an American official and a Spanish official map" of Philippine territory, which has been argued by Carpio as binding on the United States in terms of its recognition of the Scarborough Shoal and the Spratly Islands as Philippine territory. (As of 2023, the United States takes no position on sovereignty over the geographic features of the South China Sea.)
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3986:
3364:, the boundaries of former colonies must be respected by all states. It was established after the 1986 Frontier Dispute case between Burkina Faso and Mali. The ICJ ruled that uti possidetis juris is a "general principle, which is logically connected with the phenomenon of the obtaining of independence, wherever it occurs. Its obvious purpose is to prevent the independence and stability of new States being endangered by fratricidal struggles provoked by the challenging of frontiers following the withdrawal of the administering power…Its purpose, at the time of the achievement of independence by the former Spanish colonies of America, was to scotch any designs which non-American colonizing powers might have on regions which had been assigned by the former metropolitan State to one division or another, but which were still uninhabited or unexplored."
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2663:
sovereignty over Hoang Sa island and islands further to the South, that was rejected. Tran Van Huu as
Vietnamese representative stated that “in order to annul the seeds of possible disputes, we claim our sovereignty over Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagos”. However, the claims made by France over the islands before the war was claims for the French Republic as itself, and not as part of French Indochina (Vietnam). In 1952, the Japan-Republic of China Treaty was signed, where Japan withdrew its claims over Formosa, the Paracels, and the Spratlys but never awarded any country the sovereignty towards the Paracels and the Spratlys. The treaty positively reiterated the 1951 San Francisco Treaty, whose framers rejected China's claims over the Paracels and the Spratlys.
3966:
the right to freedom of navigation
America, alongside its allies and partners in the will not be deterred from exercising these rights.” On September 18, 2015, the Chinese Foreign Ministry replied by stating that “China, like the US, champions navigation freedom in the South China Sea, but opposes any country’s attempt to challenge China’s territorial sovereignty ... under the pretext of safeguarding navigation freedom.” At the start of October 2015, the US Department of Defense made it clear that a FONOP within 12 nautical miles of one of China's artificial islands was “not a question of if, but when”, and by mid-October 2015, US officials said the FONOP was expected "within days". On 27 October 2015, the US destroyer
3702:
2836:. In 2016, the Philippines won the case, and the international court effectively invalidated the dash line. During the court proceedings, China itself filed an official and binding international "Position Paper", where it recognized the 1900 Treaty of Washington. Under the said treaty, Scarborough Shoal and the Spratlys was recognized as part of the territory of the Philippines. China also reiterated that it recognizes the treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom, where both nations reiterated the recognition of Philippine territory, which included Scarborough Shoal and the Spratlys. The move came as a surprise to the Filipino delegation, where Associate Justice
3066:, with discussions between the two leaders. This stance by Beijing is in line with the July 2019 publishing of a Chinese White Paper, "China's National Defense in the New Era," which details China's armed strength and repeatedly mentions deployment in the South China Sea. On 22 September 2020, in a recorded speech at the opening of the 75th session of the UN General Assembly, the Philippine President, Rodrigo Duterte reaffirmed the Hague ruling rejecting most of China's claims to disputed waters, and said "The award is now part of international law, beyond compromise and beyond the reach of passing governments to dilute, diminish, or abandon."
3867:, the Chinese Foreign Minister called for a joint development of resources in South China Sea. Bangkok was viewed as a South China Sea neutral player because it is not a claimant and did not have disputes in the South China Sea with China. After several meetings, the 6th ASEAN–China SOM on DOC was the first official consultation on the Code of Conduct (COC) was formed with all parties agreement to push forward the drafting of COC. Thai-China relationship was generally seen as positive. Thailand's neutral position enabled it to act as a mediator and influence discussions among parties involved.
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3266:, he instituted a policy in 2015 that, if any foreign fishermen were caught illegally fishing in Indonesian waters, their vessels would be destroyed. The president wanted to make maritime resources, especially fisheries, a key component of his administration's economic policy. Since the policy's initiation, fishing vessels drawing from many neighbouring countries were destroyed by Indonesian authorities. On 21 May 2015, around 41 fishing vessels from China, Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines were destroyed. On 19 March 2016, the
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1.1 billion barrels. According to the US Energy
Information Administration (EIA)'s profile of the South China Sea region, a US Geological Survey estimate puts the region's discovered and undiscovered oil reserves at 11 billion barrels, as opposed to a PRC figure of 125 billion barrels. The same EIA report also points to the wide variety of natural gas resource estimations, ranging from 190 trillion cubic feet to 500 trillion cubic feet, likely located in the contested
2627:, claimed that the Paracel and Spratly Islands "have always been Chinese territory", despite Chinese historical records from its previous dynasties specifically stating that the southernmost part of China has always been Hainan. During the 1951 San Francisco Peace Conference, the USSR made a motion to grant the Paracels and the Spratlys to China, but the motion was defeated by a vote of 46 against, 3 in favour, and 1 abstention, adding the results into international historical records.
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2908:, with Manila saying its armed forces would resist Beijing's actions in the disputed waters, the latest in an increasingly testy series of confrontations. The U.S. State Department condemned what it called "escalatory and irresponsible" actions by China and reaffirmed that its mutual defense treaty with the Philippines applied to any armed attacks on Philippine armed forces, vessels, or aircraft anywhere in the South China Sea.
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argue that the historical claims of the PRC, ROC, and
Vietnam should be discarded because they do not conform to the stipulations of UNCLOS, this is unrealistic. The notion of historical entitlement sits at the foundation of their claims to the Spratly archipelago and are unlikely to dissipate simply because analysts choose to ignore them. As a result, any proposed framework must address such concerns.
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3626:. Although China has acknowledged Indonesia's sovereignty over the Natuna islands, the PRC has argued that the waters around the Natuna islands are Chinese "traditional fishing grounds". Indonesia quickly dismissed China's claim, asserting that China's nine-dash line claim over parts of the Natuna islands has no legal basis. In November 2015, Indonesia's security chief
3131:/Tablemount. In 1976, gas was discovered following the drilling of a well. However, the PRC's complaints halted the exploration. On 27 March 1984, the first Philippine oil company discovered an oil field off Palawan, which is an island province bordering the South China Sea and the Sulu Sea. These oil fields supply 15% of annual oil consumption in the Philippines.
2619:
Handbook, which
Filipino sources interpret as claiming for the first time that its southernmost territory was the Spratly Islands. Under the new handbook, China also admitted on record that the Philippines and Indochina also claimed the territory, effectively making China's claim as "defective" under international law on Carpio's interpretation. In August 1951,
3338:, the Filipino Secretary of Foreign Affairs, said in 2020 that the Philippines was building a maritime fleet that could swarm areas in the South China Sea. He said the fleet build up was because of China which was also doing the same thing. He also said if one of the vessels got hit, the Filipino defense treaty with the United States would also be activated.
2568:
diplomatic note to the
Philippines pointing out that neither country that signed agreed with the subsequent Philippines interpretation of this treaty as applying to a claim for the waters within the Treaty Limits as part of Philippine territory. Carpio notes that this treaty, effectively binds the United Kingdom's successor countries as well, such as
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3441:. Territorial disputes in the South China Sea were a major topic, but its joint statement, the "Sunnylands Declaration", did not name the South China Sea, instead calling for "respect of each nation's sovereignty and for international law". Analysts believe it indicates divisions within the group on how to respond to China's maritime strategy.
2943:", although the issue of oil and natural gas drilling remains unresolved. "Following the spirit of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC), China and ASEAN countries actively advanced the consultations on the Code of Conduct (COC) in the South China Sea," with the forecast that the COC will be completed by 2021.
2782:, located some 250 miles from the Philippine coast. Occupation was made in the middle of an energy resources race in the Spratlys, where China lacked a presence, while the other countries were starting their oil exploration businesses. Mischief Reef marked the first time the PRC had a military confrontation with the Philippines,
3368:
State of
Eritrea and Ethiopia case, and was affirmed further in the Pedra Blanca arbitration between Malaysia and Singapore in 2008, when the ICJ ruled: "The map still stands as a statement of geographical fact, especially when the State adversely affected has itself produced and disseminated it, even against its own interest."
3936:, stating (among other things) the United States' strong support for the 2002 declaration of conduct of parties in the South China Sea, reaffirms the United States' commitment to assist the nations of Southeast Asia to remain strong and independent, and supports enhanced operations by the United States armed forces in the
282:. Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines also claim some of the features in the island chain. By the 1970s, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam had militarily occupied one or more of the Spratly Islands. By 2015, Vietnam had established 48 outposts, the Philippines eight, China eight, Malaysia five, and Taiwan one.
3897:
In 1974, the PRC received a non-involvement promise from the United States when it occupied the Yagong Island and the
Crescent Group from South Vietnam. The United States officially addressed the South China Sea dispute for the first time in 1995, when its statement focused on the peaceful resolution
3862:
played a coordinating role in facilitating China and ASEAN members involved in the dispute in hope of reaching peaceful resolution. Despite its domestic political turmoil, the Thai government relied on its
Ministry of Foreign Affairs' expertise on international dispute. It took the initiative to hold
3650:
in
Indonesian waters, and arrested the Chinese crew. They were prevented from towing the boat to harbour by a Chinese coast guard vessel which reportedly "rammed" the trawler in Indonesian waters. "To prevent anything else occurring, the Indonesian authorities let go of the Chinese boat and then left
3508:
On 25 July 2020 Australia rejected China's claims to the South China Sea and filed a statement with the United Nations that said: "Australia rejects any claims to internal waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf based on such baselines," and there is "no legal basis" to
3382:
In 2013, the Philippines initiated an arbitration against China on South China Sea issues, with its initial petition disputing the nine-dash line's validity, China's environmental impact, and the legality of China's contact with Filipino vessels in the area. In 2015, the Philippines added contentions
3356:
In the Eastern Greenland Case between Norway and Denmark, the critical date doctrine was established in 1933. It was ruled by the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) that the Norwegian proclamation on July 10, 1931, annexing Eastern Greenland was the "critical date" in that specific case.
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for developing long-term co-operation in the oil sector, and that it had accepted Vietnam's offer of exploration in certain specified blocks in the South China Sea. However, this agreement between India and Vietnam has provoked attacks from the PRC In response, PRC Foreign Ministry spokesperson Jiang
2896:
interpreted as an eastern move of a dash near the coast of Borneo. Protests followed from Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam. Modern PRC maps since 1984 have included a tenth dash to the east of Taiwan, but observers not aware of this continue to be surprised; the tenth dash is technically not
2862:
navy destroyer traveled into what China saw as its territorial waters. A South Korean government official said the navy destroyer was taking refuge from a typhoon and not challenging maritime claims, but he declined to comment on whether Seoul believed the disputed waters belonged to China. A Chinese
2579:
In 1932, France occupied the Paracels and laid claims on the territory. China protested and filed a Note Verbale stating the Paracels were the "southernmost part of Chinese territory". According to Philippine judge Antonio Carpio, this can be interpreted as negating China's claim towards the Spratlys
257:
passes through the South China Sea annually, which accounts for a third of the global maritime trade. 80 percent of China's energy imports and 39.5 percent of China's total trade passes through the South China Sea. Claimant states are interested in retaining or acquiring the rights to fishing stocks,
3659:
summoned the Chinese ambassador, Xie Feng, and discussed this matter. Indonesia insists that they have the right to prosecute the Chinese trawler crew, despite Beijing's demand to release their eight fishermen. Arif Havas Oegroseno, the government official of maritime security, said that the Chinese
3223:
In 2006 the captain of a Taiwanese fishing boat was shot dead and a crewman wounded when their boat was reportedly attacked by pirates wearing military uniforms. Philippine authorities assured the Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs that no Filipino naval or coast guard personnel were involved in the
2918:
On August 31, 2024, the Philippines and China accused each other of intentionally ramming coast guard vessels in the disputed South China Sea, following their fifth maritime clash in a month. The Philippines claimed China deliberately hit its ship, while China asserted that the Philippine vessel was
2733:
In the later half of 1970s, the Philippines and Malaysia began referring to the Spratly Islands as being included in their own territory. On 11 June 1978, the Philippines through Presidential Decree No. 1596, declared the north-western part of the Spratly Islands (referred to therein as the Kalayaan
2697:
In the 1970s, the discovery of the potential for petroleum resources in the South China Sea prompted an increase in occupation activity by claimants. From 1971 to 1973, the Philippines began occupying five features and South Vietnam began occupying six. Concerned that its claims would be weakened by
277:
According to researchers, claims to any of the features were not seriously made until the 19th or the early 20th century. The Paracel Islands, currently occupied by China, are contested by Taiwan and Vietnam. The Spratly Islands are claimed by all three, where Vietnam occupies the greatest number of
3965:
drew attention to China's artificial islands, stating that: “China is out of step with...international rules turning an underwater rock into an airfield simply does not afford the rights of sovereignty or permit restrictions on international air or maritime transit. . . . All countries should have
3927:
approval of the Law of the Sea Convention, which would strengthen U.S. ability to support countries that oppose Chinese claims to certain islands in the area. On 29 May 2012, a spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry expressed concern over this development, stating that "non-claimant Association
3386:
Both China and Taiwan stated that they did not recognize the tribunal and insisted that the matter should be resolved through bilateral negotiations with other claimants. As part of its grounds for nonparticipation and nonacceptance, China cited the fact that China is a signatory to the 2006 UNCLOS
2678:
control of the Vietnamese territories south of the 17th Parallel. The South Vietnamese government claimed the Paracels in the Spratly despite no actual sovereignty on the Spratlys. In 1955, France clarified through international notes that the Spratlys belonged to "the French Union, not Vietnam", a
2638:
government published an "eleven-dashed-line" claiming the South China Sea. New Chinese names for the four archipelagos in the South China Sea, which were regarded as under Chinese administrative jurisdiction, were announced in December 1947 by the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China.
3367:
Maps cannot establish title to territory unless if it is attached to a treaty. Moreover, maps unilaterally produced by a state, even if not attached to a treaty, can bind the producing state if it is "adverse to its interest". This was established in the 2002 Delimitation of the Border between the
2618:
According to Filipino sources, China released its English language "China Handbook (1937-1943)" in 1943, where it reiterated for the second time that its southernmost territory is the Paracels, specifically Triton Island. China again changed its position and had published by 1947 an updated China
2584:
sovereign territory in the past. A few months before, France occupied some parts of the Spratlys, but not including them as part of Indochina (Vietnam). France instead claimed them as part of the Union of France. After World War II, France abandoned its claims, without any successor to its claims.
4044:
While the PRC, ROC and Vietnam claim the entire Spratly archipelago because of what they perceive to be their "historical right" to the area, Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines base their respective claims on the stipulations regarding continental shelves outlined in UNCLOS. While some would
3397:
stated, "None of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council have ever accepted any international court's ruling when (in their view) it infringed their sovereignty or national security interests. Thus, when China rejects the Court's decision in this case, it will be doing just what the
2662:
Japan relinquished control of the islands in the South China Sea with the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco on 9 September 1951. The treaty, however, did not specify the new status of the islands. In the 5 September plenary session, a supplemented opinion for the People's Republic of China's
8208:
Vietnamese fishermen appear to be more desperate to source for seafood and are conducting illegal fishing activities in Malaysian waters through deceit. It is understood the appetite for fish is growing in the Asian region, coupled with shrinking stocks, and this is driving fishermen further and
5863:
Unlike Beijing, however, Taipei uses the original eleven dashes, since the other two dashes in the Gulf of Tonkin were only removed under the approval of Premier Zhou Enlai in 1953, four years after the establishment of the PRC. Li Jinming and Li Dexia, 'The Dotted Line on the Chinese Map of the
4021:
The US, Japan and the Philippines conducted military exercises intended to "(ensure) that all countries are free to fly, sail, and operate wherever international law allows" on April 7, 2024, in advance of a planned trilateral summit. The Southern Theater Command of China's PLA issued statements
3023:
tabloid editorialised on the South China Sea territorial disputes under the banner "Don't take peaceful approach for granted". The article referenced incidents earlier that year involving the Philippines and South Korea detaining PRC fishing boats in the region. "If these countries don't want to
3219:
Prior to the territorial disputes, fishermen from involved countries tended to enter each other's controlled islands and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) leading to conflicts with the authorities that controlled the areas as they were unaware of the exact borders. As well, due to depletion of the
2788:
The occupation and/or control of most parts of the Spratly and Paracel islands did not change significantly from the 90s to the 2000s. To this day, the PRC controls all of the islanda in the Paracels. In the Spratlys, Vietnam controls the most islands with 29 in total, while the Philippines has
4007:
sent a letter to the U.N. secretary general explaining the US position on China's "excessive maritime claims." On 14 July 2020, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo declared China's claims and coercions of in parts of the South China Sea “completely unlawful”. On 26 August 2020, the US sanctioned
3102:
and China agreed to a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Cooperation on Oil and Gas Development in November 2018, where joint-use of, and not ownership over assets underlies the agreement. In the past, Chinese naval patrols deterred Filipino PXP Energy from exploring gas deposits in disputed
8933:
Syed Nor Adli said this marked the 18th seizure of a Vietnamese vessel by the MMEA this year. "Since the beginning of the year, we have seized 23 foreign fishing vessels for encroaching on Malaysian territorial waters, with 18 of them originating from Vietnam. "The remaining vessels were from
2792:
However, in 2011, tensions started to increase again in the territory. In February, the Chinese frigate Donguan fired three shots at Philippine fishing boats near Jackson atoll. In May, the Vietnamese Binh Minh 02 oil and gas survey ship clashed with three Chinese maritime patrol vessels some
2583:
In July 1933, France, as a republic in itself and not as a representative of French Indochina (and its successors such as Vietnam), formally claimed six features in the Spratly Islands. China did not protest the claim of France over the Spratlys, as it never claimed the Spratly as part of its
3270:
prevented the detention of Chinese fishermen by Indonesian authorities after Chinese fishermen were caught fishing near the waters around Natuna, leading to a protest by Indonesian authorities; the Chinese ambassador was subsequently summonsed as China had considered the areas to be "Chinese
2774:
In 1990, 1994, and 1997, the People's Republic of China released its "An Atlas of Ancient Maps of China" in three volumes, wherein in all maps presented in its official documents, the southernmost territory of China was the island of Hainan. No ancient map showed Chinese sovereignty over any
2567:
signed a treaty, where the United Kingdom recognized the territory of Philippines as it related to the boundaries of the Philippines and North Borneo which included Scarborough Shoal and islands in the Spratlys. This treaty is internationally binding, however in 1961 the United States sent a
2927:
On 20 July 2011, the PRC, Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam agreed a set of preliminary guidelines on the implementation of the DOC (Declaration of Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea) which would help resolve disputes. This set of guidelines is based on an earlier
2961:, an Indian amphibious assault vessel on a friendly visit to Vietnam, was reportedly contacted 45 nautical miles from the Vietnamese coast in the disputed South China Sea by a party identifying itself as the PLA Navy and stating that the ship was entering PRC waters. A spokesperson for the
3090:
which has 13 billion barrels. In the years following the announcement by the PRC ministry, the claims regarding the South China Sea islands intensified. However, other sources claim that the proven reserves of oil in the South China Sea may only be 7.5 billion barrels, or about
3009:
In spring 2010, PRC officials reportedly communicated to US officials that the South China Sea was "an area of 'core interest' that is as non-negotiable" and on par with Taiwan and Tibet on the national agenda. However, Beijing appeared to have backed away from that assertion in 2011.
2986:"As for oil and gas exploration activities, our consistent position is that we are opposed to any country engaging in oil and gas exploration and development activities in waters under China's jurisdiction. We hope the foreign countries do not get involved in South China Sea dispute."
9507:
China's domestic rules mostly mirror those of the law of the sea. In crucial areas, however, law of the sea rules internalized into China's system have been transformed in line with a clear political intent to assert the legality of controversial and sometimes indeterminate PRC
2679:
few years when it stated in 1949 through official international documents that the French claim was specifically "not attached to Vietnam" when the "former colony of Conchinchina was ceded to the Associated State", effectively blocking any claim of Vietnam towards the Spratlys.
2529:
China has a different perspective, asserting that maps produced in 1775, 1810 and 1817 include the Spratly and Paracel islands as Chinese territory. Vietnam's first maps extending Vietnamese territory to the Spratly Islands were published in 1830, under Emperor Minh Mang.
3689:
Indonesia challenged the Chinese nine-dash historical claim by arguing that if the historical claims can be used on presenting the territorial naval claims, Indonesia might also use its historical claims on the South China Sea by referring to the ancient influence of the
3956:
In May 2015, the Wall Street Journal reported that the “US Navy regularly conducts freedom of navigation transits in the region ... has yet to receive explicit authorization from the administration to do so within 12 nautical miles of the artificial islands”. At the
3645:
Chinese fishing vessels – often escorted by Chinese coastguard ships – have repeatedly been reported to have breached Indonesian waters near the Natuna islands. On 19 March 2016, for example, Indonesian authorities tried to capture a Chinese trawler accused of
3024:
change their ways with China, they will need to prepare for the sounds of cannons. We need to be ready for that, as it may be the only way for the disputes in the sea to be resolved." Responding to questions about whether this reflected official policy, a
8896:
Its deputy director-general (administration), Khairul Anwar Bachok, said the vessels, 95 per cent of them from Vietnam and the remaining from Thailand, were seized for offences under Section 15(1) and Section 16(3) of the Fisheries Act 1985 for illegal
2549:. The 1898 Treaty of Paris created a treaty line, where Scarborough Shoal, the Spratly Islands, and parts of Tawi-tawi continued to be under Spanish sovereignty. This led to talks between Spain and the United States, which ended upon the signing of the
8290:
made the statement at a press conference on Thursday, regarding the incident on 21 October when an Indonesia's naval ship chased and shot at two Vietnamese fishing boats, injuring three of 13 fishermen on board. One succumbed to serious injuries
3922:
In 2012, a United States State Department press statement identified the PRC as an assertive state in the region and communicated United States concerns about the developments in the area. Also in 2012, Secretary Clinton testified in support of
2659:, but none had actual sovereign effect. The PRC's 1958 declaration described China's claims in the South China Sea islands based on the nine-dotted line map. The Taiwanese (ROC) government has continued to use the eleven-dash line to this day.
3042:
From 2013 to the beginning of 2018, China carried out land reclamation in the South China Sea. The construction of the islands has been completed. The three island airports of Meiji Reef, Zhubi Reef, and Yongshu Reef have been completed.
2580:
and the southernmost territory its maps had previously shown was Hainan. According to the South China Sea Arbitration award, as of 1875 and until 1933, no other state had claimed the Spratlys aside from the territory of the Philippines.
3948:
then pledged American support to the Philippines in its territorial conflicts with the PRC. The Chinese Foreign Ministry asked the United States to maintain a neutral position on the issue. In 2014 and 2015, the United States continued
2994:
spokesman responded, "The Chinese had concerns, but we are going by what the Vietnamese authorities have told us and we have conveyed this to the Chinese." The Indo-Vietnamese deal was also denounced by the Chinese state-run newspaper
3274:
Out of the 556 ships Indonesia had destroyed from October 2014 to 2019 for violating rules, 312 of them were from Vietnam, 91 were from the Philippines, 87 were from Malaysia, 26 were local, and 3 were from China. According to a 2023
3609:
Since early in the South China Sea dispute, Indonesia has repeatedly asserted its position as a non-claimant state in the original South China Sea dispute, and often positioned itself as an "honest broker". However, parts of China's
3533:
has led to anti-Vietnamese feelings against ethnic Vietnamese in Cambodia and against Vietnam, and in turn has led to pro-China sentiment among the Cambodian government and the Cambodian opposition, including in the South China Sea.
11515:
3143:. By 2012 Vietnam had concluded some 60 oil and gas exploration and production contracts with various foreign companies. In 1986, the "White Tiger" oil field in the South China Sea came into operation, producing over 2,000 tons of
3943:
In 2014, the United States responded to China's claims over the fishing grounds of other nations by saying that "China has not offered any explanation or basis under international law for these extensive maritime claims." USN CNO
9424:
2863:
Defense Ministry spokesman said the ship broke Chinese law by entering its 12-nautical-mile-wide territorial sea around the Paracel Islands without seeking prior permission, but said Beijing accepted South Korea's explanation.
7346:
5924:
8725:
Earlier Phan Huy Hoang, chairman of Quang Ngai Association of Fisheries, said the fishermen told him that Philippine bandits might be involved in the case. For sure, they are foreign attackers, but their nationality is not
6637:
3293:
incidents. The continuing war against foreign fishermen by Indonesia led to protests by Vietnam in late 2016, when a Vietnamese fisherman was killed after being shot by Indonesian authorities. Attacks have also come from
2965:
explained that as no ship or aircraft was visible, the INS Airavat proceeded on her onward journey as scheduled. The Indian Navy further clarified that "here was no confrontation involving the INS Airavat. India supports
2749:
to build five observation posts for the conduction of ocean surveys, and one of the permitted observation posts was allowed to be located in the Spratly islands region. The PRC chose to build its observation post on the
3914:
gave a speech on resolving the disputes in the region without coercion and unequivocally stating that the South China Sea was a matter of U.S. national interest. Her comments were countered by China's Foreign Minister
3057:
that China would not recognise or abide by the arbitration decision. China rejects the arbitration proceedings as illegitimate because China excluded itself from compulsory arbitration in its ratification of the 2006
11680:
11152:
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responded in a press conference said that the award by the Arbitral Tribunal was "illegal" and "invalid", and thus not binding at all. She urged Singapore to respect China's position, stay objective and impartial.
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Singapore has reiterated that it is not a claimant state in the South China Sea dispute and has offered to play a neutral role in being a constructive conduit for dialogue among the claimant states. Prime Minister
11784:
10422:
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islands, upgrades and land reclamation projects were also started at this time. Vietnam formally staked its claims to the Paracels and the Spratlys via passage of the June 2012 "Vietnamese Law of the Sea". title
289:
in the area, but from 2014 to 2016 China's construction activity outpaced them. By 2023, China had reclaimed around five square miles with its artificial islands, at least one of which housed military equipment.
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9614:
3147:
per year, followed by "The Bear" and "Dragon" oil fields. The country is a net importer of oil products. In 2009 petroleum accounted for 14 percent of Vietnamese government income, down from 24 percent in 2004.
8465:
10195:
4225:
6981:
11120:
9840:
4022:
saying it was organizing "joint naval and air combat patrols in the South China Sea" and "All military activities that mess up the situation in the South China Sea and create hotspots are under control".
8385:
3417:
serves as the "Track One" exchange forum on security issues surrounding the Asia-Pacific region. The South China Sea territorial disputes has dominated proceedings at the conference in recent years. The
3103:
waters, like the Reed Bank, such that this type of agreement may allow for the claimant states to jointly develop the natural gas in the offshore area. The mechanism of joint agreements is not new, with
8732:
3905:
felt that even though the United States cannot take sides in the dispute, it still has to make a statement that it is not passively accepting the assertive actions taken in the region. At the July 2010
2717:
and the Crescent group of reefs from South Vietnam. The government of the PRC wanted to prevent the Paracel islands from falling under the control of North Vietnam, which at the time was an ally of the
4063:
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As part of a group of cooperation agreements announced in December 2023, the China and Vietnam announced joint patrols in the Gulf of Tonkin and a hotline to handle South China Sea fishing incidents.
11576:
10910:
9933:
9870:
7250:
4718:
2694:, Pham receded from this position, stating that the 1958 recognition of China's sovereignty over the Paracels was only made under the pressure of the United States of America's war against Vietnam.
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6081:
10129:
7936:
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8139:
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Japan has used "normative power" via strategic foreign aid to certain claimants in the dispute such as the Philippines and Vietnam in order to assert its presence in the region as promoting the "
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countries". Some of the early drafts acknowledged aspects such as "marine environmental protection, scientific research, safety of navigation and communication, search and rescue and combating
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of disputes, peace and stability, freedom of navigation, neutrality over the question of sovereignty, and respect of maritime norms. The 1995 statement did not name any states by their names.
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in international waters, including in the South China Sea, and the right of passage in accordance with accepted principles of international law. These principles should be respected by all."
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stated violated their territorial claims. Chinese officials said it was legal, stating the area lies in waters surrounding the Paracel Islands which China occupies and militarily controls.
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8273:
4611:
3317:. A police report said that the boats had collided after the navy had fired warning shots; the Philippine government said that it had promised Vietnam a “fair and thorough” investigation.
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8169:
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strategic bombers flew near artificial Chinese-built islands in the area of the Spratly Islands and were contacted by Chinese ground controllers but continued their mission undeterred.
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Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu told reporters today in Beijing that China 'adheres to the strategy of peaceful development. Sowing discord and hostility will only complicate '
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5820:
11286:
Security Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation; [twenty-first Annual Seminar Held at the UN Plaza Hotel in New York City from February 7 – 8, 1997]
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8712:
7515:
3679:(TNI) and state ministers. Security Minister Luhut Pandjaitan said it was meant to send a "clear message" that Indonesia was "very serious in its effort to protect its sovereignty".
9644:
8660:
8016:
6833:
3682:
Following the Permanent Court of Arbitration decision on 12 July 2016, Indonesia called on all parties involved in the territorial dispute to exercise self-restraint and to respect
3509:
draw the nine-dash line around the Four Sha archipelagos, Paracel and Spratly Islands or low-tide maritime zones. They encourage the claimants to resolve their disputes peacefully.
8849:
6229:"Historical Truths and Lies Scarborough Shoal in Ancient Maps: A Cartographic Exhibit Based on the 06 June 2014 Lecture of Supreme Court Senior Associate Justice Antonio T. Carpio"
4884:
11770:
5166:
3025:
10651:
8627:
6627:
6494:
2760:
Fiery Cross Reef, Vietnam sent its navy to the area to monitor the situation. The two states clashed near the Johnson Reef, and after the clash, China occupied the Johnson Reef.
11675:
Van Quyet, Luu, and Nguyen Thi Anh Nguyet. "US-Vietnam maritime security cooperation in the South China Sea: From the Obama administration to the current Biden administration."
10594:
9742:
7568:
quoting Mark. J Valencia, "China and South China Sea Disputes: Claims and Potential Solutions in the South China Sea", Adelphi paper 298, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995)
10159:
9773:
6749:
6547:
4985:
4952:
3850:, has said that the South China Sea disputes should be resolved through bilateral talks between China and the countries concerned rather than being subject to external forces.
3271:
traditional fishing grounds". Further Indonesian campaigns against foreign fishermen resulted in the destruction of 23 fishing boats from Malaysia and Vietnam on 5 April 2016.
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9457:
9368:
10572:
8883:
8238:
8996:
4783:
3863:
several meetings with parties concerned. Thailand's first attempt was hosting the ASEAN–China Senior Officials' Meeting Retreat in Pattaya, Thailand 2012. Via this meeting,
3581:
11142:
7197:
For example, China may explicitly refer to the South China Sea as a core interest; in 2010 Beijing hinted this was the case but subsequently backed away from the assertion.
4750:
10414:
6923:
3880:
2317:
48:
10933:
4348:
2722:. After not resisting during the initial Vietnamese attack, the PRC launched what they regarded as a "counterattack in self-defense". The United States, in the middle of
10710:
9565:
7014:
4581:
10845:
9611:
7870:
6856:
5730:
4011:
Publications by US think tanks have made recommendations for courses of actions that the United States could take in response to PRC activities in the South China Sea.
3470:
professor Peter A. Dutton writes that the Chinese government sees itself as fundamentally above the law and beyond accountability to others, especially smaller states.
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10545:
9763:
8457:
10185:
8594:
7489:
9675:
6302:
5244:
4217:
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of South East Asian Nations countries and countries outside the region have adopted a position of not getting involved into territorial disputes." In July 2012, the
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6370:
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11112:
10880:
9830:
8112:
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6893:
5392:
4688:
8377:
5787:
5642:
US Department of State Publication, Record of Proceedings of the Conference for the Conclusion and Signature of the Treaty of Peace with Japan, 119, 292 (1951).
9391:
9248:
8736:
8046:
2142:
10626:
3830:
said during his official visit to the US that he hoped all countries will respect international law and the outcome of arbitration. The spokesperson of China
2754:, which was isolated from the other islands in the region and was not occupied by any state at the time. When it started to build the observation post in the
10091:
3203:, 320 kilometres (200 mi) southeast of Hong Kong, at a depth of 1,500 m and employing 160 people. On 2 May 2014 the platform was moved near to the
2870:
had been "expelled" after it “trespassed” into Chinese territorial waters close to the Spratly Islands. However this claim has been disputed by the US Navy.
2164:
10902:
9925:
9862:
7240:
4714:
3551:
says that the South China Sea was "part of global commons and India has an abiding interest in peace and stability in the region... We firmly stand for the
2973:
In September 2011, shortly after the PRC and Vietnam signed an agreement seeking to contain a dispute over the South China Sea, India's state-run explorer,
13455:
13448:
6949:
5621:
3419:
7218:
6613:
6067:
10271:
10121:
7958:
7926:
6154:
4929:
4575:
4515:
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analyst Isaac B. Kardon, Chinese maritime rules mostly mirror the international law except for certain crucial areas reflecting its political interests.
2437:
9764:
Klaus Heinrich Raditio, Researching China’s recent behavior and strategy in the South China Sea for his PhD at the University of Sydney (18 July 2016).
8675:
8496:
8129:
7591:
10999:
10969:
9521:
4152:
10773:
8518:
3353:
ruling. Under the doctrine, treaty rights are assessed under the laws in force at the time the treaty is made, not at the time a dispute takes place.
3249:
vessel. In September 2019, seven members of the coast guard and a police man involved were convicted and sentenced to imprisonment and civil damages.
2935:
The agreement was described by the PRC's assistant foreign minister, Liu Zhenmin, as "an important milestone document for cooperation among China and
10823:
9263:
9102:
7614:
4634:
4377:
11601:
4482:
3919:
as "in effect an attack on China," and he warned the United States against making the South China Sea an international issue or multilateral issue.
14304:
13607:
13364:
12813:
8752:
8307:
5196:
3098:
Competing claims in the oil and gas-rich South China Sea have stifled the development and exploitation of these resources. To break from this, the
2323:
2208:
2186:
584:
The disputes involve both maritime boundaries and islands. There are several disputes, each of which involves a different collection of countries:
54:
7451:
4014:
The US Navy has conducted freedom of navigation drills in the South China Sea to counter Vietnamese claims in the region, particularly around the
3675:
visited the Natuna islands on a warship to demonstrate Indonesia's authority. He led a high-level delegation, which included the Commander of the
14269:
8910:
8263:
7837:
4603:
4031:
3985:
3661:
3059:
2197:
2175:
2153:
9195:
8650:
8155:
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6778:(Report). Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. Department of State.
6659:
5964:
4547:
4317:
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That observer concludes, "UNCLOS must be applied to the Spratly question in a way that accounts for the unique characteristics of the dispute."
11650:
11052:
7304:
7059:
5876:
4445:
4118:
3974:
as the first in a series of "Freedom of Navigation Operations". This was the first time since 2012 that the US has directly challenged China's
3847:
3517:
Cambodia has backed China over the dispute in ASEAN meetings, preventing consensus over unified ASEAN action. Anti-Vietnamese sentiment due to
2847:
began patrolling the South China Sea, including the disputed Paracel and Spratly Islands. In China's view, these disputed areas are within its
6807:
6151:"Presidential Decree no. 1596 – Declaring Certain Area Part of the Philippine Territory and Providing for their Government and Administration"
4122:
10448:
9795:
8287:
7811:
7184:
4907:
4402:
2611:
had tried to occupy some of the features in the region during the 1930s, although actual sovereignty was under the American territory of the
11057:
10473:
10034:
9217:
8953:
5812:
2796:
Beginning in 2012, the islands became more increasingly militarized. The ROC started the construction of an antenna tower and runway on the
9892:
8708:
8006:
7525:
7118:
6779:
5362:
2919:
responsible. The U.S. condemned China’s actions and expressed support for the Philippines as tensions in the region continued to escalate.
2915:, Manila's defense secretary, said in a statement. "China's actions are the true obstacles to peace and stability in the South China Sea."
317:, without determining the sovereignty of any of the islands, concluded that China lacks historical titles to the maritime areas within the
9636:
6829:
3256:
over China's Haiyang Shiyou oil rig in Vietnam's EEZ. The incident left seventeen Vietnamese injured and damaged ships of both countries.
3039:
was reported as saying that the Chinese government appeared to be directing its fishing fleet into disputed waters as a matter of policy.
10365:
8839:
7483:"China's New 2019 Defense White Paper: An Open Strategic Challenge to the United States, But One Which Does Not Have to Lead to Conflict"
7149:
4874:
11458:
10329:
8617:
7750:
7650:
5156:
2603:
used the islands in the South China Sea for various military purposes and asserted that the islands were not claimed by anyone when the
14309:
11413:
10659:
6484:
5357:
3744:
hoped would reduce the chance of any conflict. Then in early 2020, a further 600 troops were deployed and eight navy warships from the
3488:, no claimant undertook any physical act of sovereignty on any of the disputed islands before the 19th century. According to historian
3478:
2746:
12516:
10604:
9732:
9332:
9091:
Case Concerning Sovereignty over Pedra Blanca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge, Malaysia v.Singapore, ICJ, May 23, 2008.
7088:
6537:
4157:
14294:
13417:
10151:
9765:
6753:
4975:
4948:
3634:
regarding China's claim in the arbitration. Indonesia's recent approach to one of the issues has been described in Javanese as being
3504:
Ships of the Malaysian, Singapore, British, Australian and New Zealand Navy in the South China Sea during Exercise Bersama Lima, 2018
3390:
The merits hearing proceeded without China's presence and the arbitration result favored the Philippines on most of its contentions.
2698:
the activity of other claimants, China increased its physical presence in the area. It conducted surveys around the Paracels and the
10512:
9447:
9358:
7709:
6334:
5462:
Pan, Zhongqi (2007). "Sino-Japanese Dispute over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands: The Pending Controversy from the Chinese Perspective".
14299:
8875:
8407:
Bui, Nhung T. (4 July 2016). "Managing anti-China nationalism in Vietnam: evidence from the media during the 2014 oil rig crisis".
8228:
8195:
7672:
3455:
187:
9070:
8986:
7775:
7032:
4776:
4743:
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report, Thai vessels also often illegally fished in Indonesian waters. The areas in the South China Sea had also become known for
14204:
13627:
13359:
9296:
7272:
6517:
3652:
2783:
2560:
in the Paracel Islands by mapping them, stationing Chinese navy personnel, and hoisting a flag to reassert Chinese sovereignty.
2292:
17:
7378:
6915:
4340:
96:
14289:
11090:
10505:"S.Res. 524: A resolution reaffirming the strong support of the United States for the 2002 declaration of conduct of parties …"
8811:
7984:
7586:
7006:
3907:
3859:
3438:
3321:
2911:"China's dangerous and reckless behavior in the West Philippine Sea shall be resisted by the Armed Forces of the Philippines,"
2723:
2599:
By May 1939, the Japanese occupied much of Southeast Asia, including the Paracel and Spratly Islands. During World War II, the
9557:
9052:
Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Norway v. Denmark), Permanent Court of International Justice, 1933, PCIJ Series A/B. No. 53
5714:
4570:
12223:
11371:
11294:
11266:
11188:
10702:
10359:
10323:
9492:
9149:
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8213:
by a Taiwanese steel plant operating in Vietnam under a joint venture with the Vietnamese Government seen as a major scandal.
7860:
7415:
5126:
3787:
3588:
3329:
3263:
2844:
10535:
8584:
8354:
6400:
5986:
Nguyen, Hong Thao (2012). "Vietnam's Position on the Sovereignty over the Paracels & the Spratlys: Its Maritime Claim".
12806:
10099:
7482:
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vessel. A recent visit to the area by President Joko Widodo displayed Indonesia's resolve to not overlook such incursions.
3086:
estimated that the South China Sea may contain 17.7 billion barrels of crude oil, compared to the oil rich country of
2991:
9998:
9667:
7903:
6701:
6292:
5234:
3732:
extends 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its shores, which around Natuna means it is slightly intersected by China's
3664:. This incident prompted security minister Luhut Pandjaitan to deploy more troops and patrol boats, and to strengthen the
14116:
13617:
13369:
13048:
11857:
10568:
9959:
8562:
6443:
6356:
6108:
Garver, John (1992). "China´s Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests".
5653:
4840:
4809:
4449:
4001:
3890:
3459:
7555:
3651:
toward Natuna, still with eight fishermen and the captain on board," said Arrmanatha Nasir, a spokesman for Indonesia's
2414:
13637:
12864:
12720:
11343:
11315:
11230:
9588:
8100:
6574:
Li, Xiaobing (2024). "Beijing's Military Power and East Asian-Pacific Hot Spots". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.).
1901:
11882:
9163:
8788:
7429:
5388:
4678:
13374:
11614:"From Disputed Waters to Seas of Opportunity: Overcoming Barriers to Maritime Cooperation in East and Southeast Asia"
11468:
9383:
9240:
8210:
6727:
6587:
6047:
5756:
4198:
4190:
3876:
3526:
3285:, with frequent attacks on Malaysian, Singaporean and Vietnamese vessels as well as leading to hijacking such as the
2473:
2455:
2429:
2385:
2367:
2331:
593:
172:
118:
62:
11552:(14). Institut de Recherche sur l'Asie du Sud-Est Contemporaine – Research Institute on Contemporary Southeast Asia.
3324:
to explain on the high number of encroachments by Vietnamese vessels into the country's waters. Three months later,
10636:
9668:"No, Indonesia's South China Sea Approach Has Not Changed – Jokowi's recent comments need to be put in perspective"
5686:
Granados, Ulises (2006). "Chinese Ocean Policies Towards the South China Sea in a Transitional Period, 1946—1952".
3676:
3592:
2727:
2699:
11731:"Maritime territorial disputes in East Asia: a comparative analysis of the South China Sea and the East China Sea"
11687:
11408:
10675:
8209:
further from their shores to source for supply. Vietnamese fishermen are forced to look elsewhere for fish due to
13942:
13526:
13176:
12799:
12741:
11394:
7697:
6232:
5925:"The 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty and Vietnam's sovereignty over Hoang Sa (Paracels) and Truong Sa (Spratlys)"
4314:"FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1969–1976, VOLUME E–12, DOCUMENTS ON EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA, 1973–1976"
4000:
administration increased the frequency of freedom of navigation operations in the South China Sea. In June 2020,
3701:
3655:. Indonesia still has the Chinese crew in custody. On 21 March 2016, minister for fisheries and maritime affairs
2848:
2423:
2138:
1130:
85:
11793:
9701:
6945:
5617:
3801:
aircraft nearby on alert after Chinese fishing vessels increased illegal activity within the EEZ, escorted by a
14101:
13498:
10796:
10746:
10293:
Fravel, M. Taylor (2014). "Policy Report: U.S. Policy Towards the Disputes in the South China Sea Since 1995".
5120:
3631:
3332:, most illegal fishing incidents in Malaysian waters have come from Vietnamese vessels, followed by Thai ones.
2592:
10261:
10152:"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Remarks on Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's Comment"
7962:
6150:
4933:
4505:
14157:
14127:
13776:
13521:
13483:
13410:
13347:
13061:
12836:
12017:
11910:
11612:
Townsend-Gault, Ian; Miller, Meredith; Schofield, Clive; Storey, Ian; Cook, Tim; Djalal, Hasjim (July 2011).
10872:
8488:
7581:
3572:
3253:
3232:
3036:
2710:
596:, later the People's Republic of China (PRC), which covers most of the South China Sea and overlaps with the
11755:
Zhang. Ketian. “Cautious Bully: Reputation, Resolve, and Beijing's Use of Coercion in the South China Sea,”
10991:
10961:
6885:
4777:"1875 "Carta General del Archipielago Filipino." extract of The Historical Facts in The West Philippine Sea"
4744:"1875 "Carta General del Archipielago Filipino." extract of The Historical Facts in The West Philippine Sea"
14284:
13488:
13301:
10739:"Lessons from Lassen: Plotting a Proper Course for Freedom of Navigation Operations in the South China Sea"
7180:
6256:
3530:
3328:
who was Prime Minister at the time also raised the issue with his Vietnamese counterpart. According to the
640:
between the PRC, Taiwan, and Vietnam, and parts of the area also contested by Malaysia and the Philippines.
11762:
11688:"The South China Sea Conflict and Sino-ASEAN Relations: A study in conflict prevention and peace building"
10815:
10769:
8038:
4370:
4008:
individuals and 24 Chinese companies linked to construction and militarization of the artificial islands.
3387:
exclusion clause which removes sovereignty and boundary delimitations issues from arbitration procedures.
3220:
fishing resources in their maritime areas, they were forced to fish in the neighbouring countries' areas.
2977:(ONGC) said that its overseas investment arm, ONGC Videsh Limited, had signed a three-year agreement with
14139:
12847:
12592:
8680:
7277:
6468:
Fravel, M. Taylor (2016). "Threading the Needle: The South China Sea Disputes and U.S.-China Relations".
4472:
3595:
3377:
3276:
3171:
China's first independently designed and constructed oil drilling platform in the South China Sea is the
2867:
2738:
2691:
2550:
314:
10846:"After Months of Waiting, US Finally Begins Freedom of Navigation Patrols Near China's Man-Made Islands"
8303:
691:
14145:
12244:
10477:
6214:
6117:
4068:
3979:
3902:
3705:
3286:
2821:
2683:
2656:
684:
12348:
7833:
11933:
10351:
9141:
9018:
8523:
8077:
7407:
7210:
7037:
6542:
6489:
5954:
5529:
5239:
5050:
Bautista, Lowell B. (2010). "The legal status of the Philippine Treaty Limits in international law".
4537:
4313:
4186:
3543:
3434:
294:
11180:
Security and International Politics in the South China Sea: Towards a co-operative management regime
7067:
14279:
14274:
13403:
8190:
7931:
7745:
6192:
6072:
5654:"China's Claim of Sovereignty over Spratly and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective"
5423:
Chung, Chris (2016). "Drawing the U-Shaped Line: China´s Claim in the South China Sea, 1946–1974".
5112:
5021:"China's Claim of Sovereignty over Spratly and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective"
4841:"China's Claim of Sovereignty over Spratly and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective"
4810:"China's Claim of Sovereignty over Spratly and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective"
4639:
4110:
3779:
3756:
3749:
3474:
3462:, the vast majority of international legal experts have concluded that China's claim to historical
2952:
2855:
does not accept this view, and flies its military planes through the area without informing China.
2800:
in February, allowing the island to accommodate various military aircraft. On the Vietnam occupied
2433:
10437:
7801:
7172:
3630:
said Indonesia could take China before an international court. Indonesia filed a comment with the
230:. The disputes involve the islands, reefs, banks, and other features of the region, including the
14197:
14111:
14070:
13342:
12671:
12620:
12369:
11047:
10315:
10190:
10020:
9225:
8622:
7615:"Resource Sharing and Joint Development in the South China Sea: Exploring Avenues of Cooperation"
6811:
6579:
6031:
5959:
4073:
3975:
3741:
3729:
3721:
3627:
3619:
3014:
2882:
2852:
2624:
2419:
2213:
2202:
613:
597:
11660:
7126:
6768:
5352:
2686:
recognized Chinese sovereignty over the Paracels in 1958. In June 1977 discussions with China's
14209:
14133:
11516:"Philippine Territorial Boundaries: Internal Tensions, Colonial Baggage, Ambivalent Conformity"
11485:
Lorteau, Steve (2018). "China's South China Sea Claims as 'Unprecedented': Sceptical Remarks".
7141:
4037:
3924:
3766:
3763:
3556:
3295:
3246:
2667:
2604:
2546:
89:
10345:
8340:
7092:
2655:. The PRC made various claims to the islands during the 1951 treaty negotiations and the 1958
266:
in the seabed of various parts of the South China Sea, and the strategic control of important
14219:
13875:
13191:
12446:
12293:
10934:"In challenging China's claims in the South China Sea, the US Navy is getting more assertive"
10387:
10309:
10266:
9484:
7737:
7658:
5432:
3950:
3937:
3552:
3522:
3350:
2967:
2118:
1993:
1738:
1225:
310:
9137:
The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy
7403:
The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy
6180:
5813:"Declaration of the Government of the People´s Republic of China on China´s Territorial Sea"
4295:
14121:
14080:
13196:
12170:
10307:
10218:
Coordinating the South China Sea Issue: Thailand's roles in the code of conduct development
10181:
9897:
9553:
9321:
8528:
8418:
7806:
7042:
6365:
4144:
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3783:
3713:
3665:
3585:
3361:
3290:
2829:
2534:
2102:
1301:
1111:
10504:
8753:"Vietnam orders investigation into the shooting death of a fisherman in Vietnamese waters"
7548:"China's multilateralism and the South China Sea Conflict: Quest for hegemonic stability?"
3115:
reached understandings in 1979 and 1990 over the development of gas-rich disputed waters.
100:
8:
14151:
13973:
13920:
13827:
13306:
13181:
13096:
11143:"China says it conducted military drills in South China Sea on same day as US and allies"
8332:
The US Strategic Pivot to Asia and Cross-Strait Relations: Economic and Security Dynamics
6324:
6181:
6039:
5384:
5201:
5020:
4879:
3967:
3958:
3492:, no country laid any serious claim to any of the features until the early 20th century.
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3282:
2940:
2671:
2082:
2033:
1548:
1396:
1073:
254:
250:, which some regard as geographically part of the South China Sea, are disputed as well.
10056:
Asplund, Andre (March 2018). "Normative power Japan: settling for 'Chinese democracy'".
8807:"PRESS RELEASE : AMBASSADOR OF VIETNAM SUMMONED TO THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS"
8185:
7676:
4473:"Everything you need to know about the South China Sea conflict – in under five minutes"
2639:
In 1949, the incoming government of China, which overthrew the Republic of China in the
150:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China´s Territorial Disputes
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Maritime Security – A comprehensive Guide for Shipowners, Seafarers and Administrations
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2742:
2514:). In 1792, the Spanish colonial government of the Philippines named Scarborough Shoal
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2147:
2090:
1968:
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1358:
902:
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9285:
7861:"China reportedly threatens Vietnam into ending energy exploration in South China Sea"
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3139:
Vietnam and Japan reached an agreement early in 1978 on the development of oil in the
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stated that China likely did not read the full text of the treaties they reiterated.
2498:, territories in the map fell under the sovereignty of Spanish Philippines, including
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Asian Security and the Rise of China: International Relations in an Age of Volatility
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7624:(IN19–01). Singapore: RSIS Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies (NTS Centre).
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Zha, Daojiong; Valencia, Mark (2001). "Mischief reef: Geopolitics and implications".
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286:
271:
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11428:(2013). "A Legal Analysis of China's Historic Rights Claim in the South China Sea".
11225:. Contributor Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (illustrated ed.). NIAS Press.
11080:
9831:"South China Sea: Indonesia summons Chinese ambassador as fishing dispute escalates"
8676:"Termasuk Thailand, Ini 4 Negara asal Nelayan yang Sering Mencuri Ikan di Indonesia"
7992:
3500:
2946:
2643:, announced that it had inherited this claim. The PRC then revised the claim to the
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14178:
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11113:"Navy challenges Vietnamese claims to seas around resort island in South China Sea"
11085:
10599:
10065:
9737:
9625:, 16 Jul 2020. ... in what can be seen as comments tacitly backing the US position.
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In March 2021, more than two hundred Chinese fishing boats were seen moored around
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2110:
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2021:
1948:
1845:
1605:
1339:
1263:
11542:
10308:
David Martin Jones; Michael Lawrence Rowan Smith; Nicholas Khoo (1 January 2013).
10069:
8426:
6830:"US blasts 'aggressive' China over South China Sea collision with Philippine ship"
6028:
The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes
5106:
603:
Maritime boundary along the Vietnamese coast between the PRC, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
14189:
14024:
13978:
13863:
13786:
13599:
13466:
13426:
13291:
13241:
12884:
12822:
12272:
11361:
11333:
11305:
11284:
11256:
11220:
11178:
10438:"Written Testimony of Hillary Rodham Clinton, Secretary U.S. Department of State"
10232:
Policy Report: U.S. Policy Towards the Disputes in the South China Sea Since 1995
10122:"China asks Singapore to respect its position on South China Sea tribunal ruling"
9618:
9190:
9043:
The Evolutionary Interpretation of Treaties, Eirik Bjorgee, Oxford, p. 142 (2014)
8330:
8134:
6392:
4683:
3990:
3911:
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3827:
3770:
3745:
3740:. In 2014–2015, the presence of the TNI on the islands was reinforced, which the
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637:
617:
298:
235:
231:
199:
11310:. Publications on Ocean Development. Vol. 35. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
9893:"South China Sea: Indonesian leader visits Natuna Islands amid growing tensions"
8733:"Fishing association claims Philippine boat crew shot dead Vietnamese fisherman"
7089:"South China Sea: India should avoid rushing in where even US exercises caution"
6422:
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14065:
14047:
13957:
13925:
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13807:
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11730:
11205:
9990:
9593:
9452:
9107:
8949:
8554:
8519:"Indonesia sinks boats from China, PH, others to deter illegal fishing—reports"
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7893:
7309:
6691:
5613:
4740:
3773:
3733:
3717:
3623:
3615:
3599:
3394:
3259:
Although Indonesia is not part of claims in the South China Sea dispute, after
3184:
2893:
2837:
2797:
2789:
control of eight islands, Malaysia with 5, the PRC with 5, and the ROC with 1.
2644:
2564:
2495:
2355:
2256:
2134:
2070:
2025:
2009:
1960:
1883:
1864:
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1149:
1035:
997:
883:
644:
589:
376:
318:
306:
279:
267:
247:
243:
11209:
11081:"A U.S. Option Playbook for Contingency Planning to Reclaim Scarborough Shoal"
10903:"US B-52 bombers flew near disputed islands in South China Sea, says Pentagon"
10220:.” INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF THE ASIA-PACIFIC Vol.15 Issue 3 (2015): 403–431.
9502:
9159:
8653:[During her time as minister, how many Chinese ships did Susi sink?].
8585:"China's Coast Guard Rams Fishing Boat to Free It From Indonesian Authorities"
8130:"Sarawak fishermen missing after allegedly encroaching into Indonesian waters"
8070:"China urges against Vietnamese interference in territorial water exploration"
7927:"Vietnam pins hopes on Japan to face down Beijing in South China Sea oil hunt"
7425:
6269:
6125:
5858:
5475:
5306:
5063:
4908:"NEWS IN CONTEXT: Is The 1898 Paris Treaty The Strongest Case For WPS Claims?"
4635:"Vietnamese ships in Indonesian waters show extent of Asean maritime disputes"
4437:
2892:
On 28 August 2023, China's Ministry of Natural Resources published a map with
2587:
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14248:
14075:
13870:
13817:
13718:
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13664:
13659:
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13531:
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13251:
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13206:
13091:
13081:
13006:
12976:
12571:
11597:
11240:
9955:
9863:"Indonesia vows to prosecute Chinese trawler crew in South China Sea dispute"
9612:
India has abiding interest in stability of disputed region of South China Sea
9411:
8434:
8011:
7738:"The South China Sea: Oil, Maritime Claims, and U.S.—China Strategic Rivalry"
6793:
5752:
5726:
5576:"International Law and the Dispute over the Spratly Islands: Whither UNCLOS?"
5440:
5314:
5036:
4267:
3611:
3485:
3401:
On 17 September 2020, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom issued a joint
3225:
3173:
2779:
2756:
2714:
2675:
2652:
2647:
by removing two of its dashes in the Gulf of Tonkin amidst warming ties with
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2240:
2078:
2062:
2054:
2013:
2005:
1952:
1927:
1826:
1681:
1643:
1529:
1491:
1415:
1092:
1054:
1016:
959:
621:
8378:"8 Coast Guard personnel convicted over 2013 killing of Taiwanese fisherman"
600:
claims of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
293:
China's actions in the South China Sea have been criticized as part of its "
14004:
13915:
13848:
13822:
13758:
13674:
13582:
13326:
13321:
13311:
13261:
13226:
13186:
13101:
13031:
12874:
12397:
11861:
11792:
11584:
10938:
9835:
9363:
9135:
8958:
8789:"Philippines Promises Vietnam a Full Investigation Into Fishermen's Deaths"
8108:
7520:
7516:"In UN Speech, Duterte Stiffens Philippines' Stance on the South China Sea"
7401:
6664:
6361:
6297:
4542:
3997:
3843:
3831:
3603:
3518:
3426:
3402:
3305:
In 2017, two Vietnamese fishermen died from gunshot wounds from a pursuing
3192:
3160:
3151:
In 2017, after Chinese pressure, the Vietnamese government ordered Spain's
3019:
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2719:
2236:
2130:
2086:
2017:
1624:
1377:
1282:
1168:
978:
673:
274:
is also an issue, as the ongoing disputes present challenges for shipping.
11706:
11577:"The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance, ASEAN, and the South China Sea Dispute"
11022:"U.S. targets Chinese individuals, companies amid South China Sea dispute"
7142:"China Hedges Over Whether South China Sea Is a 'Core Interest' Worth War"
6857:"China, Philippines accuse each other of ramming ships in South China Sea"
6692:"South China Sea dispute: Huge Chinese 'fishing fleet' alarms Philippines"
5389:"Diplomacy on the Rocks: China and Other Claimants in the South China Sea"
285:
For decades, the Philippines and Vietnam were the most active in building
14041:
13999:
13994:
13880:
13853:
13843:
13743:
13713:
13708:
13691:
13686:
13547:
13231:
13166:
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13071:
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13043:
13011:
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12926:
12894:
12889:
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12754:
12705:
12605:
12556:
12508:
12480:
12418:
12403:
12389:
12375:
12187:
12051:
12044:
10652:"US freedom of navigation operations challenge China's maritime security"
10234:. Singapore: S. Rajanatnam School of International Studies. pp. 3–4.
9926:"Indonesia's statement on South China Sea dissatisfying: China's experts"
8844:
8160:
7959:"chiefgroup.com.hk 02883 CHINA OILFIELD SERVICES LIMITED Company Profile"
6608:
4004:
3916:
3814:
3672:
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claim of "traditional fishing grounds" was not recognised under the 1982
3260:
3099:
3079:
2962:
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2859:
2825:
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2612:
2538:
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2122:
2114:
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2074:
2029:
1997:
1989:
1972:
1964:
1757:
1719:
1567:
1434:
1244:
1206:
940:
864:
625:
263:
215:
6628:"Chinese military says it 'expelled' US naval ship from South China Sea"
5699:
5599:
5575:
5521:
4432:
4430:
4275:
4251:
4064:
Regional reactions to China's maritime activities in the South China Sea
2820:
of eight mainland Chinese fishing vessels near the shoal, beginning the
2763:
13885:
13696:
13246:
13076:
13016:
11975:
11829:
11801:
11718:
11631:"Rising Tensions in the South China Sea – An interview with Ian Storey"
11498:
11335:
Where in the World is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory
10247:
Obama and China´s Rise: An Insider´s Account of America´s Asia Strategy
9186:"France, Germany, UK recognize PH win vs. China in South China Sea row"
8039:"Vietnam says China's oil rig movement into Sth China Sea is "illegal""
6976:
5322:
5290:
4510:
3962:
3933:
3791:
3430:
3314:
3050:
2866:
On 22 December 2020, the PRC claimed that the guided missile destroyer
2635:
2620:
2248:
2126:
2001:
1700:
1187:
921:
14243:
11651:"Sidebar Brief: The Law of the Seas and the Scarborough Shoal Dispute"
10415:"China's Rise Is A Big Reason to Ratify the Law of the Sea Convention"
8673:
8304:"Fisherman killed, brother shot in Bashi pirate attack – Taipei Times"
7305:"How China's Enormous Fishing Fleet Is Being Used As a Surrogate Navy"
6660:"No, China Did Not 'Expel' a US Warship from its Territory, Navy Says"
6228:
6221:
3302:; a Vietnamese fisherman was killed by Filipino pirates in late 2015.
13952:
13679:
13493:
13211:
12981:
12650:
12550:
12333:
11954:
11797:
11147:
8268:
8073:
5161:
4427:
4036:
One observer, a visiting assistant professor of international law at
3971:
3695:
3691:
3196:
3144:
3128:
3092:
3075:
2824:
between the Philippine Navy and the Chinese Coast Guard. forcing the
2805:
2098:
1956:
1807:
1320:
301:" strategies. Since 2015, the United States and other states such as
259:
207:
10738:
9796:"Indonesia says could also take China to court over South China Sea"
9702:"Natuna Waters: Explaining a Flashpoint between Indonesia and China"
8987:"Vietnam Boosts China Ties as 'Bamboo Diplomacy' Follows US Upgrade"
8985:
Guarascio, Francesco; Vu, Khanh; Nguyen, Phuong (12 December 2023).
8911:"Vietnamese fishermen resort to daring tactics to evade MMEA arrest"
8709:"Killing of Vietnamese Fisherman in Contested Waters Sparks Outrage"
6886:"RPT-China, ASEAN set 'guidelines' on sea row, but no deal expected"
5775:
5591:
4218:"2022/25 "How to Solve the South China Sea Disputes" by Bill Hayton"
3320:
On 8 May 2019, Vietnam's ambassador to Malaysia was summoned to the
2403:
191:
Map of various countries' presence in the Spratly Islands as of 2015
13723:
13622:
13236:
12998:
12993:
12698:
12663:
12495:
12424:
12340:
12180:
12113:
12099:
12071:
12030:
12023:
11923:
11874:
11611:
11559:
Great Powers, Grand Strategies: The New Game in the South China Sea
10770:"Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hong Lei's regular press conference"
10536:"China asserts control over vast sea area, angering neighbors, U.S"
10030:
9622:
8648:
5265:
Award of July 12, 2016, South China Sea Arbitration, p. 253 and 474
4294:
Dolven, Ben; Campbell, Caitlin; O'Rourke, Ronald (21 August 2023).
3759:
3299:
3155:
to stop drilling in the disputed area. A joint-venture of Japanese
3112:
3104:
2801:
2702:
built a harbor and wharf on Wood Island (in the Paracels) in 1971.
2569:
2232:
2058:
1510:
211:
13395:
12791:
11307:
The Law of the Sea and Northeast Asia: A Challenge for Cooperation
10676:"U.S. military challenged maritime claims of 19 countries in 2014"
9359:"Obama Unveils New ASEAN Economic Initiative at Sunnylands Summit"
8954:"Philippines building up fleet in S. China Sea to counter Chinese"
8264:"Vietnam protests deadly shooting of fisherman by Indonesian navy"
7698:
thumb|220px|Map of the Philippines showing the location of Palawan
7337:"China tests two new airports in disputed South China Sea islands"
6485:"Aquino's most lasting act of service to Filipinos: Case vs China"
6470:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Political Science Department
4715:"Panatag is proven PH territory; China claims it by bogus history"
2623:, then the PRC's Foreign Minister, responding to the draft of the
13153:
13148:
12712:
12529:
12354:
12327:
11981:
11916:
10962:"U.S. Says Most of China's Claims in South China Sea Are Illegal"
10595:"Beijing slams US Navy official for 'aiding Philippines' remarks"
10249:. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 104–105.
9800:
9526:
8991:
8871:
8458:"Indonesia's harsh response to illegal fishing: Blowing up ships"
8165:
7245:
7084:
7028:
6792:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6522:
5157:"China's own records debunk 'historic rights' over disputed seas"
4980:
4571:"Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea: A Practical Guide"
4477:
3752:
3521:, giving the Vietnamese a privileged status and encouragement of
3310:
3208:
3124:
3108:
3063:
2947:
Chinese objection to Indian military presence and oil exploration
2050:
1923:
666:
651:
227:
10092:"Singapore suggests interim solution to South China Sea dispute"
7710:"Oil Becoming Code for Sovereignty in Contested South China Sea"
6972:"China welcomes progress in South China Sea issue amid tensions"
6604:"South Korean warship sails by disputed South China Sea islands"
3082:
deposits; however, the estimates are highly varied. The Chinese
2889:
accused China of "provocative action of militarizing the area".
2816:
began on April 8, 2012, after the attempted apprehension by the
13123:
13118:
12918:
12913:
12726:
12691:
12677:
12642:
12612:
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12452:
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12361:
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12162:
12141:
12120:
12086:
11988:
11967:
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11939:
11902:
11895:
11849:
11655:
8775:
A local fishery association said the murderers were Philippine.
8655:
8618:"Indonesia Blows Up 23 Foreign Fishing Boats to Send a Message"
6145:
6143:
5197:"China's old maps negate own 'historical' claims over Spratlys"
3683:
3560:
3152:
3087:
2833:
2726:, gave a non-involvement promise to the PRC, which enabled the
2608:
2573:
2556:
In 1909 the Chinese reacted to Japanese interest in exploiting
2273:
1919:
607:
302:
223:
203:
11338:(illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
8651:"Selama Jadi Menteri, Berapa Kapal China Ditenggelamkan Susi?"
7273:"China May Resort to Force in Sea Disputes, Global Times Says"
6916:"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea"
6538:"China's 'nine-dash line, historic rights' invalid – tribunal"
3111:
having forged a similar mechanism in 1992, while Malaysia and
3028:
spokeswoman stated the country's commitment "to resolving the
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12938:
12747:
12733:
12684:
12656:
12635:
12628:
12598:
12584:
12563:
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12473:
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12134:
12128:
12092:
12078:
12038:
12009:
12002:
11960:
11888:
11867:
11842:
11835:
9264:"What is the Shangri-La Dialogue and why is it so important?"
9103:"China's South China Sea Claims Dashed by Hague Court Ruling"
7452:"Beijing tells Duterte it won't honor South China Sea ruling"
5326:
4341:"Exposing US hypocrisy on South China Sea island reclamation"
3671:
Following the clashes, on 23 June 2016, Indonesian President
3548:
3156:
2936:
2929:
2928:
agreement, also called DOC, from 2002, between China and the
2607:
took control of them. Historical accounts note that at least
2557:
1944:
662:
655:
219:
9522:"Australia labels China's claims to South China Sea illegal"
8735:. Dantri News International. 2 December 2015. Archived from
8555:"Indonesia protests against Chinese 'breach of sovereignty'"
8486:
6728:"China's New 'Ten-Dash Line' Map Infuriates Asian Neighbors"
6140:
3970:
navigated within 12 nautical miles of reclaimed land in the
3881:
East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration
3349:
The doctrine of intertemporal law was established after the
3062:(UNCLOS). Xi made his comments during a visit by Duterte to
11463:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 161–168.
10186:"Sri Lanka backs talks to resolve South China Sea disputes"
10025:
9382:
Salaverria, Leila B.; Calleja, Niña P. (17 February 2016).
9218:"South China Sea set to dominate Singapore security summit"
7865:
7119:"China warns India on South China Sea exploration projects"
5413:
Japan's next move, New Zealand Herald, 19 May 1939, Page 10
3405:
recognizing the PCA ruling and challenging China's claims.
2974:
610:
between the PRC, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines, and Taiwan.
11214:(YouTube video). Institute for Maritime and Ocean Affairs.
10569:"U.S. admiral assures Philippines of help in disputed sea"
5841:
4679:"Amplifying the true narrative of the West Philippine Sea"
4293:
3422:
is the "Track Two" forum for dialogue on security issues.
10700:
7898:
7373:
7241:"China paper warns of "sound of cannons" in sea disputes"
6696:
6329:
6183:
Island Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia
4403:"Vietnam Quietly Builds Up 10 Islands in South China Sea"
3953:
operations ("FONOPs"), including in the South China Sea.
3029:
2494:. According to retired Philippine Supreme Court justice
324:
11211:
Philippine Island Territories in the West Philippine Sea
10873:"Angry China shadows U.S. warship near man-made islands"
10347:
Return of the Dragon: Rising China and Regional Security
10262:"Speech at ASEAN Regional Forum in Hanoi, July 23, 2010"
8674:
Hisyam Luthfiana; Melinda Kusuma Ningrum (17 May 2023).
8649:
Muhammad Idris; Bambang Priyo Jatmiko (6 January 2020).
8156:"Filipino fishermen detained, beat up by Malaysian navy"
7554:. National University of Singapore. 2006. Archived from
7208:
5851:
Stirring up the South China Sea (Ii): Regional Responses
5353:"China's Claim to the Spratly Islands is Just a Mistake"
5098:
3163:
planned to start drilling in the disputed area in 2021.
3004:
9637:"Minister echoes Indonesia's stance on South China Sea"
9481:
China's Law of the Sea: The New Rules of Maritime Order
8944:
8942:
8840:"Isu nelayan antara yang dibincangkan Malaysia-Vietnam"
6231:. Philippines: Institute for Marine and Ocean Affairs.
5550:
Bonnet, F.X. (2004). "The Spratlys: a past revisited".
614:
Islands, reefs, banks and shoals in the South China Sea
9665:
8876:"MMEA scuttled 446 foreign fishing vessels since 2008"
7924:
7369:"China lands more civilian planes on Fiery Cross reef"
5955:"Declaration by the Government of the French Republic"
5881:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China (Taiwan)
5715:"Tribunal Rejects Beijing's Claims in South China Sea"
4604:"An interactive look at claims on the South China Sea"
4084:
Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China
3932:
passed resolution 524, initially sponsored by Senator
3769:
corvettes were sent to the area with support from the
3555:
and overflight and unimpeded lawful commerce in these
3398:
other great powers have repeatedly done for decades."
661:
Maritime boundary, land territory, and the islands of
198:
involve conflicting island and maritime claims in the
9825:
9823:
6769:
No. 143 China: Maritime Claims in the South China Sea
6750:"ANALYSIS: The most complicated dispute in the world"
4976:"ANALYSIS: The most complicated dispute in the world"
3908:
Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum
3716:(foreground). These ships are often stationed in the
3466:, meaning full sovereign authority, is invalid. U.S.
10767:
10703:"US military proposes challenge to China sea claims"
10627:"Dragon Breathes Fire Over S. China Sea, Worries US"
10180:
9991:"The sleepy island Indonesia is guarding from China"
9552:
9407:"HISTORICAL FICTION: China's South China Sea Claims"
8939:
8101:"China fired at Filipino fishermen in Jackson atoll"
7488:. Center for Strategic & International Studies.
7211:"U.S. sees crisis fears easing over South China Sea"
6293:"China fired at Filipino fishermen in Jackson atoll"
6068:"The 1974 Paracels Sea Battle: A Campaign Appraisal"
5291:"The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline"
5052:
Aegean Review of the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law
5000:
4875:"China has backed Philippine maritime zone – Carpio"
3736:, defining its widely disputed claim to most of the
3420:
Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific
11363:
Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History
11255:Morley, James W.; Nishihara, Masashi, eds. (1997).
9100:
8837:
7001:
6999:
6767:Baumert, Kevin; Melchior, Brian (5 December 2014).
6357:"Taiwan mulls extending runway in Spratlys: report"
5931:. Vietnam: National Defence Journal. Archived from
5522:"Justice Carpio tears down China's historical lies"
5383:
5104:
4576:
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
4252:"The Paracels: The "Other" South China Sea Dispute"
2881:, a reef claimed by the Philippines as part of its
2595:. The island is also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam.
669:, between Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
10992:"US challenges China in South China Sea. Finally!"
10871:Blanchard, Ben; Shalal, Andrea (28 October 2015).
10794:
10021:"Indonesia deploys warships, jets amid China spat"
9820:
8229:"Việt Nam protests Indonesian attack on fishermen"
8223:
8221:
6855:Morales, Neil Jerome; Cash, Joe (31 August 2024).
6518:"Aquino: The president who brought China to court"
5909:Morley, James William; Nishihara, Masashi (1997).
4153:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
4105:
4103:
3127:for oil in 1970. Exploration in the area began in
3123:The Philippines began exploring the areas west of
2711:the PRC used military force in the Paracel Islands
10635:. Mumbai, India. 28 February 2015. Archived from
9558:"Cambodia 'blocking' Asean sea dispute consensus"
9381:
8984:
7054:
7052:
7007:"India-China face-off in South China Sea: Report"
6061:
6059:
5658:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
5558:. University of the Philippines Law Center: 1–13.
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5235:"Justice Carpio debunks China's historical claim"
5025:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
4930:"1901 U.S. War Department Map of the Philippines"
4845:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
4814:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
3525:in Cambodia during French colonial rule, and the
3060:United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Seas
2730:to take control of the South Vietnamese islands.
14261:
13608:List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands
13365:List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands
11283:Nordquist, Myron H.; Moore, John Norton (1998).
9589:"Cambodia Wants China as Its Neighborhood Bully"
7735:
7170:
6996:
6530:
5681:
5679:
5618:"Fact checking the claim of the Chinese Embassy"
5228:
5226:
5224:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5108:Sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands
4949:"Carpio debunks China lie about owning Spratlys"
4506:"Wider connotations of Chinese 'salami slicing'"
3559:, in accordance with international law, notably
3519:Vietnam's conquest of previously Cambodian lands
3214:
2705:In 1974, when a North Vietnamese victory in the
2486:In 1734, the Spanish colonial government in the
2418:, potentially preventing the article from being
11568:Regional Disorder: The South China Sea Disputes
11360:Wortzel, Larry M.; Higham, Robin D. S. (1999).
11254:
10960:Wong, Edward; Crowley, Michael (13 July 2020).
10870:
10732:
10730:
10728:
9766:"Indonesia 'speaks Chinese' in South China Sea"
9695:
9693:
8909:Abdullah, Sharifah Mahsinah (2 November 2023).
8218:
6879:
6877:
6766:
6423:"Law of the Sea of Vietnam (No. 18/2012/Q1113)"
5908:
5853:. International Crisis Group. Note 373, p. 36.
5569:
5567:
5565:
5495:
5493:
4100:
4032:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
3662:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2982:Yu, without referring to India by name, stated:
2506:in the indigenous language in the map) and the
647:between the PRC, Indonesia, Taiwan and Vietnam.
321:. The ruling was rejected by China and Taiwan.
13636:
11282:
11183:(illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis.
11053:Center for Strategic and International Studies
9923:
9634:
9094:
8948:
8487:Syed Azahedi Syed Abdul Aziz (28 March 2016).
8098:
7209:Phil Stewart; John Ruwitch (12 October 2010).
7060:"China paper warns India off Vietnam oil deal"
7049:
6946:"China rebukes accusation of militarizing SCS"
6823:
6821:
6290:
6204:
6202:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6056:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5268:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
4708:
4706:
4632:
4446:Center for Strategic and International Studies
4119:Center for Strategic and International Studies
4111:"How much trade transits the South China Sea?"
3901:The 1995 policy was changed in 2010, when the
3848:General Secretary of the United National Party
3371:
3199:(5%). It began operation on 9 May 2012 in the
258:the exploration and potential exploitation of
13411:
12807:
11778:
11565:
11359:
11176:
10295:S. Rajanatnam School of International Studies
9954:
8455:
8127:
7033:"INS Airavat Incident: What does it Portend?"
5676:
5221:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5141:
4868:
4866:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
3454:According to Mohan Malik, a professor at the
3383:based on China's land reclamation projects.
3178:
2591:South-east facing aerial view of PRC-settled
2526:republished depictions from the Velarde map.
676:between the PRC, the Philippines, and Taiwan.
658:between the PRC, the Philippines, and Taiwan.
10725:
9690:
9519:
9357:Parameswaran, Prashanth (18 February 2016).
9356:
8706:
7576:
7574:
6874:
6482:
5562:
5490:
4677:Braid, Florangel Rosario (9 February 2024).
2793:600 km south of China's Hainan island.
2537:, Spain lost and ceded the territory of the
13380:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
11400:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
11048:"DEVELOPING A SCARBOROUGH CONTINGENCY PLAN"
10959:
10797:"In South China Sea, a Tougher U.S. Stance"
10795:De Luce, D.; McLeary, P. (2 October 2015).
10474:"China, U.S. square off on South China Sea"
9384:"US seeking stronger trade ties with Asean"
8615:
8258:
8256:
7991:(in Chinese). 5 August 2012. Archived from
7925:Bac Pham; Bennett Murray (4 January 2021).
7139:
7112:
7110:
6854:
6818:
6436:
6253:
6199:
6174:
6172:
6096:
5817:People´s Republic of China Foreign Ministry
5706:
5508:
5333:
5070:
4703:
3640:winning the war without shaming the enemies
3309:patrol boat about 40 miles off the city of
3084:Ministry of Geological Resources and Mining
3035:In July 2014, Professor Alan Dupont of the
2904:traded accusations over a collision in the
2332:Learn how and when to remove these messages
196:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
13418:
13404:
12814:
12800:
11785:
11771:
11566:Raine, Sarah; Le Miere, Christian (2013).
11423:
10768:PRC Foreign Ministry (18 September 2015).
10502:
9241:"5 highlights of Shangri-La Dialogue 2016"
7079:
7077:
6760:
6741:
6721:
6719:
5358:Center for International Maritime Security
5181:
4863:
4659:
3479:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
3228:which is adjacent to the South China Sea.
3069:
2747:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
2438:reliable, independent, third-party sources
278:features and Taiwan occupies the largest,
99:. Please do not remove this message until
11746:
11685:
11541:Bonnet, Francois-Xavier (November 2012).
11523:JATI – Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
11177:Bateman, Sam; Emmers, Ralf, eds. (2008).
10673:
10412:
10343:
8237:. Vietnam News Agency. 11 November 2016.
7673:"CMOL – Camago-Malampaya Oil Leg Project"
7571:
6153:. Chan Robles Law Library. 11 June 1978.
6065:
6021:
5897:十一段線係出現於民國36年（1947年）12月1日由內政部公布之「南海諸島位置圖」
5757:"China´s Strategy in the South China Sea"
5285:
4899:
4503:
4249:
3252:In the spring of 2014, China and Vietnam
2745:. The PRC had obtained a permit from the
2690:during a time of rising tensions between
2474:Learn how and when to remove this message
2456:Learn how and when to remove this message
2386:Learn how and when to remove this message
643:Maritime boundary in waters north of the
173:Learn how and when to remove this message
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
11624:. The National Bureau of Asian Research.
11513:
11331:
11218:
10533:
9730:
9666:Prashanth Parameswaran (26 March 2015).
8908:
8786:
8253:
7894:"Vietnam halts South China Sea drilling"
7858:
7116:
7107:
6576:China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment
6444:"Scarborough shoal standoff: A timeline"
6169:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5685:
5232:
5154:
5049:
4296:"China Primer: South China Sea Disputes"
3984:
3976:claims of the island's territorial limit
3884:
3720:to protect Indonesian territory and its
3700:
3598:on the disputed waters off the coast of
3580:
3499:
3484:According to Bill Hayton, an analyst at
3456:Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
2770:being transformed by the PRC in May 2015
2762:
2586:
2432:by replacing them with more appropriate
1904:area contains many other reefs. Legend:
253:An estimated US$ 3.37 trillion worth of
186:
95:Relevant discussion may be found on the
14305:Territorial disputes of the Philippines
13628:List of airports in the Spratly Islands
13360:List of airports in the Spratly Islands
11484:
11456:
10658:. Taiwan. 28 March 2015. Archived from
10447:. University of Virginia. 23 May 2012.
10055:
9988:
9706:Indonesian Journal of International Law
9699:
9448:"China Is Rewriting the Law of the Sea"
9023:Report of International Arbitral Awards
8870:
8328:
7612:
7074:
7027:
6883:
6805:
6748:Carpio, Antonio T. (11 November 2023).
6716:
6325:"Vietnam accuses China in seas dispute"
5573:
5499:
5301:(1). Cambridge University Press: 1–57.
5233:Avendaño, Christine O. (10 June 2014).
4974:Carpio, Antonio T. (11 November 2023).
4470:
3264:became President of the country in 2014
3224:incident. The incident occurred in the
2734:Island Group) as Philippine territory.
2524:Carita General del Archipelago Filipino
2520:Carita General del Archipelago Filipino
2415:too closely associated with the subject
2293:Timeline of the South China Sea dispute
14:
14270:Disputed territories in Southeast Asia
14262:
14152:Designation of the West Philippine Sea
11540:
11487:Canadian Yearbook of International Law
11093:from the original on 28 September 2020
11078:
10931:
10736:
10701:Entous, A.; Lubold, G.; Barnes, J. E.
10566:
10534:Williams, Carol J. (10 January 2014).
10515:from the original on 12 September 2012
10292:
10229:
9568:from the original on 15 September 2016
9478:
9445:
9394:from the original on 17 February 2016.
9371:from the original on 18 February 2016.
9338:from the original on 23 September 2015
9302:from the original on 23 September 2015
9274:from the original on 16 February 2017.
9251:from the original on 16 February 2017.
9101:David Tweed; Ting Shi (12 July 2016).
8838:Azlinariah Abdullah (28 August 2019).
8812:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)
8787:Villamor, Felipe (25 September 2017).
8198:from the original on 24 September 2016
8049:from the original on 24 September 2015
7891:
7587:U.S. Energy Information Administration
7302:
6827:
6785:from the original on 20 February 2020.
6747:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6467:
6208:
6107:
5988:Journal of East Asia International Law
5985:
5751:
5712:
5612:
5549:
5519:
5350:
5006:
4973:
4946:
4768:
4733:
4712:
4025:
3961:on May 30, 2015, Secretary of Defense
3439:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
3245:was killed by machine gun fire from a
2832:international case under the rules of
325:Disputes in the South China Sea region
13399:
12795:
12245:South Tibet/Part of Arunachal Pradesh
12224:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
11766:
11648:
11635:The National Bureau of Asian Research
11574:
11514:Bautista, Lowell B. (December 2011).
11430:American Journal of International Law
11060:from the original on 11 February 2017
10852:from the original on 17 November 2015
10813:
10749:from the original on 27 February 2024
10713:from the original on 17 December 2023
10575:from the original on 14 February 2014
10244:
10001:from the original on 13 February 2020
9989:Vaswani, Karishma (19 October 2014).
9586:
9404:
9115:from the original on 20 November 2016
9073:from the original on 14 February 2018
8999:from the original on 13 December 2023
8765:from the original on 12 December 2015
8535:from the original on 11 November 2016
8499:from the original on 11 November 2016
8375:
8276:from the original on 14 November 2016
8241:from the original on 11 November 2016
8172:from the original on 11 November 2016
8142:from the original on 11 November 2016
7906:from the original on 23 December 2020
7873:from the original on 11 February 2021
7814:from the original on 10 November 2017
7594:from the original on 24 December 2016
7480:
7253:from the original on 11 December 2022
7187:from the original on 5 September 2012
7117:Krishnan, Ananth (17 November 2011).
7017:from the original on 12 January 2012.
6926:from the original on 12 November 2020
6808:"China's New Map: Just Another Dash?"
6640:from the original on 26 December 2020
6516:II, Paterno Esmaquel (29 June 2016).
6403:from the original on 1 September 2022
6397:Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative
5998:
5913:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 124.
5651:
5422:
5395:from the original on 26 February 2023
5194:
5105:Chemillier-Gendreau, Monique (2000).
5018:
4872:
4838:
4807:
4676:
4442:Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative
3993:underway in the South China Sea, 2017
3910:meeting in Hanoi, Secretary of State
3903:administration of the President Obama
3444:
3322:Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3231:In May 2013 a Taiwanese fisherman on
3005:Chinese policy on the South China Sea
2739:the PRC and Vietnam fought each other
672:Maritime boundary and islands in the
11628:
11556:
11222:War Or Peace in the South China Sea?
10913:from the original on 2 February 2017
10883:from the original on 31 October 2015
10776:from the original on 22 October 2021
10548:from the original on 11 January 2014
10274:from the original on 5 November 2018
10162:from the original on 1 December 2021
10132:from the original on 1 December 2021
10037:from the original on 12 January 2020
9427:from the original on 26 January 2021
9261:
9238:
9133:
8966:from the original on 28 October 2020
8663:from the original on 19 August 2022.
8630:from the original on 28 October 2016
7756:from the original on 19 October 2012
7613:Trajano, Julius Cesar (March 2019).
7513:
7399:
7349:from the original on 18 January 2021
7173:"Armed Clash in the South China Sea"
6725:
6672:from the original on 28 January 2021
6483:Torres-Tupas, Tetch (24 June 2021).
6305:from the original on 6 December 2013
6235:from the original on 5 December 2023
6157:from the original on 26 October 2013
6025:
5887:from the original on 1 November 2021
5504:. London: Routledge. pp. 55–65.
5464:Journal of Chinese Political Science
4955:from the original on 26 October 2023
4905:
4538:"China's Expanding Cabbage Strategy"
4518:from the original on 1 November 2020
4415:from the original on 29 October 2020
4289:
4287:
4285:
4245:
4243:
4212:
4210:
3344:
3330:Malaysia Maritime Enforcement Agency
3237:operating 43 nautical miles east of
2397:
2338:
2297:
474:Sea area north of the Natuna Islands
130:
69:
28:
14117:Philippines and the Spratly Islands
13618:Royal Malaysian Navy Offshore Bases
13425:
13370:Philippines and the Spratly Islands
12821:
12782:1: Divided among multiple claimants
11728:
11303:
10567:Mogato, Manuel (13 February 2014).
10425:from the original on 24 August 2014
10259:
10198:from the original on 19 August 2022
9194:. 18 September 2020. Archived from
9025:. United Nations. 2006. p. 845
8468:from the original on 1 October 2016
8406:
8310:from the original on 21 August 2022
8067:
7939:from the original on 4 January 2021
7221:from the original on 28 August 2013
7083:
6799:
6612:. 28 September 2018. Archived from
6562:
6373:from the original on 19 August 2022
6178:
5842:international Crisis Group (2012).
5461:
5019:Chang, Teh-Kuang (1 January 1991).
4145:"Review of Maritime Transport 2018"
4002:US Ambassador to the United Nations
3460:United States Department of Defense
3408:
2563:In 1930, the United States and the
2490:published the first edition of the
650:Maritime boundary off the coast of
24:
11735:Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
11543:"Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal"
11388:
11366:(illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO.
11123:from the original on 14 March 2021
10816:"What Lies in the South China Sea"
10682:from the original on 25 March 2015
10674:Alexander, David (25 March 2015).
10603:. 16 February 2014. Archived from
10388:"Press Statement: South China Sea"
10332:from the original on 29 April 2016
9970:from the original on 22 March 2017
9960:"China's nine-dash line revisited"
9601:from the original on 7 April 2017.
9479:Kardon, Isaac B. (28 March 2023).
8923:from the original on 31 March 2024
8886:from the original on 31 March 2024
8852:from the original on 31 March 2024
8819:from the original on 31 March 2024
8715:from the original on 30 April 2017
8688:from the original on 31 March 2024
8489:"Heat rises over maritime dispute"
8186:"Sabah is being robbed of seafood"
8115:from the original on 12 March 2016
6726:Mori, Hiroshi (5 September 2023).
6573:
6515:
6337:from the original on 6 August 2022
6040:10.1093/oso/9780197757505.001.0001
5195:Diola, Camille (24 October 2014).
5169:from the original on 11 April 2024
4947:Bondoc, Jarius (18 October 2023).
4774:
4739:
4647:from the original on 9 August 2022
4633:Randy Mulyanto (2 November 2020).
4614:from the original on 10 March 2016
4568:
4485:from the original on 27 March 2021
4351:from the original on 14 March 2024
4338:
3591:flying over what appeared to be a
2845:People's Liberation Army Air Force
496:Sea area west of Palawan and Luzon
25:
14321:
14310:Territorial disputes of Indonesia
13375:Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads
11155:from the original on 7 April 2024
11002:from the original on 14 July 2020
10972:from the original on 17 June 2021
10932:Larter, David (5 February 2020).
10848:. The Diplomat. 27 October 2015.
10826:from the original on 4 March 2016
10454:from the original on 4 March 2016
10064:(1). Stockholm, Sweden: 117–134.
9936:from the original on 17 July 2016
9905:from the original on 16 July 2016
9873:from the original on 18 July 2016
9843:from the original on 18 July 2016
9808:from the original on 17 June 2017
9776:from the original on 19 July 2016
9745:from the original on 27 July 2016
9678:from the original on 15 July 2016
9647:from the original on 24 July 2016
9534:from the original on 26 July 2020
9460:from the original on 11 June 2023
9446:Dutton, Peter A. (10 June 2023).
9166:from the original on 6 March 2023
9067:LII / Legal Information Institute
8597:from the original on 18 June 2016
8388:from the original on 15 July 2024
8357:from the original on 15 July 2024
7859:Chandran, Nyshka (24 July 2017).
7840:from the original on 2 March 2014
7657:. 12 January 2012. Archived from
7631:from the original on 9 March 2021
7495:from the original on 31 July 2019
7470:– via The Associated Press.
7462:from the original on 15 July 2024
7432:from the original on 6 March 2023
7381:from the original on 15 July 2024
7317:from the original on 29 July 2014
7152:from the original on 29 June 2012
7066:. 16 October 2011. Archived from
6984:from the original on 15 July 2024
6952:from the original on 3 March 2020
6896:from the original on 20 July 2011
6884:Martina, Michael (20 July 2011).
6836:from the original on 18 June 2024
6704:from the original on 15 July 2024
6550:from the original on 13 July 2016
6497:from the original on 17 June 2024
6084:from the original on 15 July 2024
5823:from the original on 2 March 2020
5733:from the original on 13 July 2016
5624:from the original on 18 June 2024
5365:from the original on 18 June 2024
5247:from the original on 15 July 2024
5209:from the original on 18 June 2024
5129:from the original on 15 July 2024
4988:from the original on 15 June 2024
4789:from the original on 15 July 2024
4721:from the original on 18 June 2024
4691:from the original on 18 June 2024
4504:Chatterji, SK (22 October 2020).
4383:from the original on 15 July 2024
4320:from the original on 21 June 2024
4282:
4240:
4228:from the original on 19 June 2024
4207:
4191:International Chamber of Shipping
4163:from the original on 12 June 2019
3858:Thailand as one of the member of
3429:initiated the US-ASEAN Summit at
3425:In February 2016, U.S. President
3032:dispute through peaceful means."
2922:
2313:This section has multiple issues.
1896:Location of the major islands in
246:. The waters near the Indonesian
44:This article has multiple issues.
14295:Territorial disputes of Malaysia
14242:
13147:
13117:
13042:
12992:
12937:
12912:
12760:
12753:
12746:
12732:
12725:
12711:
12704:
12697:
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12583:
12576:
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12555:
12535:
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12507:
12500:
12486:
12479:
12472:
12458:
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12409:
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12388:
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12360:
12353:
12339:
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12305:
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12256:
12249:
12235:
12228:
12214:
12207:
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12186:
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12098:
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12077:
12070:
12050:
12043:
12029:
12022:
12008:
12001:
11987:
11980:
11966:
11959:
11945:
11938:
11922:
11915:
11901:
11894:
11887:
11873:
11866:
11848:
11841:
11834:
11135:
11105:
11079:Morris, Lyle J. (27 June 2019).
11072:
11040:
11014:
10984:
10953:
10925:
10895:
10864:
10838:
10807:
10788:
10761:
10694:
10619:
10587:
10560:
10527:
10496:
10484:from the original on 30 May 2012
10466:
10445:Center for Oceans Law and Policy
10421:. Center for American Progress.
10413:Hachigian, Nina (12 June 2012).
10406:
10380:
10368:from the original on 20 May 2016
10301:
10286:
10253:
10238:
10223:
10210:
10174:
10144:
10114:
10084:
10049:
10013:
9982:
9948:
9917:
9885:
9855:
9788:
9757:
9724:
9659:
9628:
9605:
9587:Greer, Tanner (5 January 2017).
9580:
9546:
9513:
9472:
9439:
9398:
9375:
9350:
9322:"Regional Security Outlook 2015"
9314:
9286:"Regional Security Outlook 2014"
9278:
9255:
9232:
9210:
9178:
9127:
9085:
9055:
9046:
9037:
9011:
8978:
8902:
8864:
8831:
8799:
8780:
8707:Trung Nguyen (1 December 2015).
8700:
8667:
8642:
8609:
8577:
8547:
8511:
8480:
8449:
8400:
8369:
8322:
8296:
8092:
8061:
8031:
8019:from the original on 14 May 2014
7999:
7977:
7951:
7918:
7885:
7852:
7826:
7794:
7768:
7736:Leszek Buszynski (Spring 2012).
7729:
7702:
7691:
7665:
7643:
7606:
7540:
7507:
7474:
7444:
7393:
7361:
7329:
7296:
7265:
7233:
7202:
7164:
6828:Magramo, Kathleen; Gan, Nectar.
6787:
5967:from the original on 31 May 2019
5793:from the original on 31 May 2019
4887:from the original on 7 June 2024
4756:from the original on 29 May 2019
4713:Bondoc, Jarius (27 March 2024).
4584:from the original on 4 June 2019
4550:from the original on 19 May 2022
4471:Johnson, William (11 May 2016).
4452:from the original on 4 June 2019
4125:from the original on 8 June 2019
3870:
3677:Indonesian National Armed Forces
2885:. Philippines Defense Secretary
2413:may rely excessively on sources
2402:
2343:
2302:
2266:
2225:
2043:
1982:
1937:
1912:
1882:
1870:
1863:
1851:
1844:
1832:
1825:
1813:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1775:
1763:
1756:
1744:
1737:
1725:
1718:
1706:
1699:
1687:
1680:
1668:
1661:
1649:
1642:
1630:
1623:
1611:
1604:
1592:
1585:
1573:
1566:
1554:
1547:
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1528:
1516:
1509:
1497:
1490:
1478:
1471:
1459:
1452:
1440:
1433:
1421:
1414:
1402:
1395:
1383:
1376:
1364:
1357:
1345:
1338:
1326:
1319:
1307:
1300:
1288:
1281:
1269:
1262:
1250:
1243:
1231:
1224:
1212:
1205:
1193:
1186:
1174:
1167:
1155:
1148:
1136:
1129:
1117:
1110:
1098:
1091:
1079:
1072:
1060:
1053:
1041:
1034:
1022:
1015:
1003:
996:
984:
977:
965:
958:
946:
939:
927:
920:
908:
901:
889:
882:
870:
863:
851:
697:
690:
683:
311:freedom of navigation operations
242:, and various boundaries in the
135:
74:
33:
14300:Territorial disputes of Vietnam
11460:Lawfare: Law as a Weapon of War
11442:10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.1.0124
11289:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
9924:Liza Yosephine (13 July 2016).
9635:Liza Yosephine (21 June 2016).
8565:from the original on 5 May 2016
8456:Lindsey Bever (15 March 2016).
8128:Jeremy Lanson (15 March 2016).
7171:Bonnie S. Glaser (April 2012).
7133:
7021:
6964:
6938:
6908:
6848:
6684:
6652:
6620:
6596:
6509:
6476:
6461:
6415:
6385:
6349:
6317:
6284:
6247:
5979:
5947:
5917:
5902:
5869:
5835:
5805:
5745:
5645:
5636:
5606:
5543:
5520:Collas, Solita (23 June 2014).
5502:Contest For the South China Sea
5455:
5416:
5407:
5377:
5259:
5043:
5012:
4967:
4940:
4922:
4832:
4801:
4626:
4596:
4562:
4530:
4497:
4464:
4395:
3978:. On 8–9 November 2015, two US
3889:SOUTH CHINA SEA: UP FOR GRABS (
3437:for closer engagement with the
3074:The area is said to be rich in
2975:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
2900:On 17 June 2024, China and the
2849:Air Defense Identification Zone
2368:check for citation inaccuracies
2321:or discuss these issues on the
2291:For a chronological guide, see
52:or discuss these issues on the
14102:History of the Spratly Islands
11649:Tupaz, Edsel (27 April 2012).
9700:Agusman, Damos Dumoli (2023).
9239:Hwai, Lee Seok (6 June 2016).
8099:Tessa Jamandre (3 June 2011).
7776:"Joint Venture "Vietsovpetro""
6291:Tessa Jamandre (3 June 2011).
5391:. Middle East Policy Council.
5155:Regencia, Ted (16 July 2020).
4906:Paez, Patrick (12 June 2024).
4363:
4332:
4306:
4300:Congressional Research Service
4175:
4137:
3632:Permanent Court of Arbitration
3183:). The major shareholders are
3179:
3118:
313:(FONOP) in the region. A 2016
13:
1:
14290:Territorial disputes of China
14158:Hai Yang Shi You 981 standoff
14128:Battle of the Paracel Islands
13348:Free Territory of Freedomland
12837:Southwest Cay incident (1975)
12196:Parigas region/Demchok sector
10814:Feith, D. (13 October 2015).
10070:10.1080/18692729.2018.1422913
9731:Miles Yu (19 November 2015).
9520:Eryk Bagshaw (25 July 2020).
9224:. 1 June 2016. Archived from
8427:10.1080/09512748.2016.1201132
8329:P. Chow (11 September 2014).
8211:heavy pollution of its waters
7892:Hayton, Bill (24 July 2017).
7303:Pasick, Adam (29 July 2014).
7140:Edward Wong (30 March 2011).
6948:. NP news 24. 2 August 2019.
6752:. rappler.com. Archived from
6026:Wang, Frances Yaping (2024).
5713:Perlez, Jane (12 July 2016).
4873:Mateo, Janvic (7 June 2024).
4089:
3877:China–United States relations
3684:applicable international laws
3215:Incidents involving fishermen
3037:University of New South Wales
2784:an ally of the United States.
2728:People's Liberation Army Navy
2700:People's Liberation Army Navy
594:Republic of China (1912–1949)
226:(Republic of China/ROC), and
13302:Northeast Investigator Shoal
11759:44:1 (Summer 2019): 117–159.
11677:Cogent Arts & Humanities
11414:Resources in other libraries
11219:Kivimäki, Timo, ed. (2002).
11204:
10344:Denny Roy (20 August 2013).
10216:Kaewkamol Pitakdumrongkit. “
8616:Trefor Moss (5 April 2016).
8376:Patag, Kristine Joy (2019).
7582:"South China Sea – Analysis"
7181:Council on Foreign Relations
6257:Journal of Contemporary Asia
5883:(in Chinese). 8 April 2016.
5351:Hayton, Bill (16 May 2018).
5093:
4094:
3838:
3820:
3566:
3495:
2897:inside the South China Sea.
7:
14140:Johnson South Reef skirmish
12848:Johnson South Reef Skirmish
11561:. US Naval Institute Press.
10737:Wagner, Benjamin K (2016).
10503:John Kerry (23 July 2012).
9487:(published 2023). Preface.
8681:Tempo (Indonesian magazine)
8068:Zhu, Ningzhu (7 May 2014).
7278:Uyghur American Association
5877:"外交部「南海議題及南海和平倡議」講習會媒體提問紀要"
5764:Contemporary Southeast Asia
5580:Contemporary Southeast Asia
4052:
3853:
3792:Boeing 737-2x9 Surveillance
3596:Type 903 replenishment ship
3512:
3449:
3393:In response to the ruling,
3378:South China Sea Arbitration
3372:South China Sea Arbitration
3241:on the eastern side of the
2843:Beginning in 2015, China's
2775:territory south of Hainan.
606:Maritime boundary north of
101:conditions to do so are met
10:
14326:
14146:Scarborough Shoal standoff
11976:Jiangxinpo/Northern Kachin
11748:10.1177/186810261104000207
11686:Weissmann, Mikael (2010).
11629:Cook, Tim (17 June 2011).
11332:Severino, Rodolfo (2011).
11170:
10678:. United States: Reuters.
10230:Fravel, M. Taylor (2014).
8015:. Singapore. 10 May 2014.
6215:Princeton University Press
6209:Fravel, M. Taylor (2008).
6118:Cambridge University Press
4371:"Statement of david shear"
4339:Xu, Qinduo (20 May 2015).
4069:Scarborough Shoal standoff
4029:
3874:
3570:
3541:
3375:
3134:
3053:told Philippine President
2950:
2822:Scarborough Shoal standoff
2778:In 1994, the PRC occupied
2657:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
2518:during a survey. The 1808
2290:
2286:
1945:People's Republic of China
220:People's Republic of China
14237:
14194:Paracel Islands Airports
14167:
14089:
14056:
14033:
14017:
13987:
13966:
13908:
13836:
13800:
13769:
13647:
13598:
13565:
13540:
13512:
13474:
13465:
13433:
13335:
13279:
13145:
13115:
13040:
12990:
12935:
12910:
12903:
12857:
12829:
12778:
12551:Parangcho / Dingyan Islet
11934:Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island
11820:
11817:
11812:
11575:Rowan, Joshua P. (2005).
11550:Irasec's Discussion Paper
11409:Resources in your library
10745:. JE Asia & Int'l L.
10352:Columbia University Press
9262:Zhen, Liu (3 June 2016).
9142:Stanford University Press
8524:Philippine Daily Inquirer
8286:The ministry's spokesman
7408:Stanford University Press
7038:South Asia Analysis Group
6543:Philippine Daily Inquirer
6490:Philippine Daily Inquirer
6448:Philippine Daily Inquirer
6432:(481–482). 6 August 2012.
6393:"Vietnam Island Building"
6270:10.1080/00472330180000061
6126:10.1017/S0305741000045513
6066:Yoshihara, Toshi (2016).
5864:South China Sea: A Note'.
5652:Chang, Teh-Kuang (1991).
5530:Philippine Daily Inquirer
5476:10.1007/s11366-007-9002-6
5307:10.1017/S0026749X06001727
5240:Philippine Daily Inquirer
5064:10.1007/s12180-009-0003-5
4839:Chang, Teh-Kuang (1991).
4808:Chang, Teh-Kuang (1991).
4250:Tønnesson, Stein (2002).
4187:Witherby Publishing Group
4040:, Philippines, remarked:
3573:China–Indonesia relations
3529:after the ousting of the
3435:Rancho Mirage, California
3296:Filipino and Moro pirates
2670:of 1954, which ended the
2551:1900 Treaty of Washington
144:This article needs to be
14205:Spratly Islands Airports
12621:Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai
11598:10.1525/as.2005.45.3.414
10996:The Independent of India
9268:South China Morning Post
9140:. Stanford, California:
7932:South China Morning Post
7746:The Washington Quarterly
7406:. Stanford, California:
6073:Naval War College Review
5574:Furtado, Xavier (1999).
5500:Samuels, Marwyn (2013).
5441:10.1177/0097700415598538
5113:Kluwer Law International
4640:South China Morning Post
4578:, Harvard Kennedy School
3808:
3706:KRI Sutedi Senoputra 378
3668:naval base in the area.
3537:
3475:Johns Hopkins University
3166:
3046:In August 2019, China's
3026:Chinese Foreign Ministry
2953:Look East policy (India)
2709:began to seem probable,
2510:(referred in the map as
426:Sea area north of Borneo
14112:Spratly Islands dispute
13343:Spratly Islands dispute
11529:: 35–53. Archived from
11258:Vietnam Joins the World
10820:The Wall Street Journal
10316:Edward Elgar Publishing
10245:Bader, Jeffrey (2012).
10191:Business Standard India
9134:Zhao, Suisheng (2023).
9019:"Island of Palmas Case"
8623:The Wall Street Journal
7400:Zhao, Suisheng (2023).
6580:Leiden University Press
6032:Oxford University Press
5960:Office of the Historian
5911:Vietnam joins the World
4951:. The Philippine Star.
4717:. The Philippine Star.
4074:Spratly Islands dispute
3764:Kapitan Pattimura-class
3620:exclusive economic zone
3557:international waterways
3360:Under the principle of
3070:Oil and gas development
3015:Chinese Communist Party
2992:Indian foreign ministry
2883:exclusive economic zone
2853:United States Air Force
2625:Treaty of San Francisco
628:and the Vereker Banks,
598:exclusive economic zone
450:South China Sea islands
18:South China Sea dispute
14134:Southwest Cay incident
11757:International Security
11679:10.1 (2023): 2231697.
11457:Kittrie, Orde (2016).
11304:Pak, Hŭi-gwŏn (2000).
10511:. Civic Impulse, LLC.
9063:"uti possidetis juris"
7985:"南海钻井平台上工人直升机上下班_网易新闻"
7481:Cordesman, Anthony H.
6810:. RUSI. Archived from
4438:"China Island Tracker"
4047:
4038:De La Salle University
3994:
3894:
3725:
3636:menang tanpa ngasorake
3606:
3527:occupation of Cambodia
3505:
3247:Philippine Coast Guard
2988:
2771:
2605:Imperial Japanese Navy
2596:
192:
13876:Cornwallis South Reef
13192:Cornwallis South Reef
12294:Trans-Karakoram Tract
11707:10.1353/apr.2010.0013
11570:. Routledge for IISS.
11557:Corr, Anders (2017).
10392:U.S. State Department
10267:U.S. State Department
9617:4 August 2020 at the
9485:Yale University Press
9405:Malik, Mohan (2013).
8007:"Not the usual drill"
7514:Strangio, Sebastian.
7129:on 24 September 2011.
6814:on 29 September 2013.
6179:Koo, Min Gyo (2009).
5433:University of Toronto
4910:. The Philippine Star
4042:
3988:
3951:freedom of navigation
3888:
3742:Indonesian government
3704:
3584:
3553:freedom of navigation
3544:China–India relations
3503:
3351:Island of Palmas Case
3013:In October 2011, the
2984:
2968:freedom of navigation
2957:On 22 July 2011, the
2951:Further information:
2858:In September 2018, a
2766:
2590:
2119:Cornwallis South Reef
190:
14122:Battle of Leyte Gulf
14097:Territorial disputes
14081:Tambelan Archipelago
13197:Discovery Great Reef
11794:Territorial disputes
10909:. 12 November 2015.
10182:Press Trust of India
9804:. 11 November 2015.
9554:Agence France Presse
9483:. New Haven London:
9144:. pp. 109–110.
8934:Thailand," he added.
8711:. Voice of America.
8529:Agence France-Presse
8419:Princeton University
8272:. 11 November 2016.
7836:. RevenueWatch.org.
7807:World Energy Council
7661:on 9 September 2011.
7528:on 24 September 2020
7458:. 1 September 2019.
7095:on 24 September 2011
7031:(2 September 2011).
7013:. 2 September 2011.
6756:on 11 November 2023.
6668:. 23 December 2020.
6636:. 22 December 2020.
6366:Agence France Presse
5819:. 4 September 1958.
5295:Modern Asian Studies
4936:on 16 February 2023.
4193:. 2021. p. 13.
4079:Chinese expansionism
4059:North Borneo dispute
3930:United States Senate
3784:Indonesian Air Force
3618:overlap Indonesia's
3589:F-16 Fighting Falcon
3586:Indonesian Air Force
3362:Uti possidetis juris
3291:MT Zafirah hijacking
3234:Guang Da Xing No. 28
2830:Philippines vs China
2724:détente with the PRC
2547:1898 Treaty of Paris
2535:Spanish-American War
2512:Los Bajos de Paragua
2143:Prince of Wales Bank
2103:Discovery Great Reef
592:area claimed by the
330:Summary of disputes
315:arbitration tribunal
14285:Chinese irredentism
13974:Royal Captain Shoal
13921:Central London Reef
13828:Second Thomas Shoal
13623:Vietnamese DK1 rigs
13307:Royal Captain Shoal
13280:Unoccupied features
13182:Central London Reef
13097:Second Thomas Shoal
12398:Ieodo / Suyan Islet
12349:Bạch Long Vĩ Island
11426:Dupuy, Pierre-Marie
10707:Wall Street Journal
10607:on 21 February 2014
10102:on 24 February 2017
9228:on 20 October 2017.
8952:(28 October 2020).
8761:. 2 December 2015.
8739:on 14 November 2016
8462:The Washington Post
8382:The Philippine Star
8306:. 17 January 2006.
7590:. 7 February 2013.
7249:. 25 October 2011.
7045:on 15 October 2011.
6922:. 4 November 2002.
6217:. pp. 183–185.
6110:The China Quarterly
5385:Chas W. Freeman Jr.
5202:The Philippine Star
4880:The Philippine Star
4775:Carpio, Antonio T.
4610:. 21 October 2015.
4546:. 29 October 2014.
4026:Disputes vs. UNCLOS
3959:Shangri-La Dialogue
3803:Chinese Coast Guard
3523:Vietnamese settlers
3415:Shangri-La Dialogue
2941:transnational crime
2672:First Indochina War
2165:Prince Consort Bank
2083:Central London Reef
2034:Second Thomas Shoal
331:
88:of this article is
14058:Tudjuh Archipelago
13891:Investigator Shoal
13859:Johnson South Reef
13813:First Thomas Shoal
13792:Third Thomas Shoal
13613:Great Wall of Sand
13456:South Vereker Bank
13449:North Vereker Bank
13354:Great Wall of Sand
13317:Third Thomas Shoal
13287:First Thomas Shoal
13172:Barque Canada Reef
13022:Investigator Shoal
12972:Johnson South Reef
11883:Bhutanese exclaves
11821:Islands and waters
11729:Yea, Andy (2011).
11695:Asian Perspectives
11618:NBR Special Report
11607:on 16 August 2010.
11499:10.1017/cyl.2018.6
10966:The New York Times
10632:Free Press Journal
10260:Clinton, Hillary.
10058:Contemporary Japan
10033:. 9 January 2020.
8793:The New York Times
8590:The New York Times
8410:The Pacific Review
8337:Palgrave Macmillan
8194:. 21 August 2016.
7558:on 28 January 2022
7377:. 7 January 2016.
7342:The Economic Times
6776:Limits in the Seas
6633:The Economic Times
5719:The New York Times
5616:(16 August 2023).
5614:Carpio, Antonio T.
4741:Carpio, Antonio T.
3995:
3895:
3726:
3714:KRI Teuku Umar 385
3607:
3506:
3445:Non-claimant views
3336:Teodoro Locsin Jr.
3298:arriving from the
3283:Indonesian pirates
2772:
2597:
2253:Investigator Shoal
2091:Barque Canada Reef
329:
287:artificial islands
193:
14257:
14256:
14249:Oceans portal
14013:
14012:
13904:
13903:
13655:North Danger Reef
13590:Scarborough Shoal
13578:Macclesfield Bank
13561:
13560:
13393:
13392:
13275:
13274:
12904:Occupied features
12880:North Danger Reef
12842:East Sea Campaign
12789:
12788:
12773:
12772:
12593:Scarborough Shoal
12468:Macclesfield Bank
12370:Dokdo / Takeshima
11931:Part of Heixiazi/
11858:Jammu and Kashmir
11395:Library resources
11373:978-0-313-29337-5
11296:978-90-411-1056-5
11268:978-0-7656-3306-4
11190:978-0-203-88524-6
11117:Stars and Stripes
11056:. 30 March 2016.
10541:Los Angeles Times
10361:978-0-231-52815-3
10325:978-1-78100-462-3
10096:Channel News Asia
9869:. 24 March 2016.
9839:. 21 March 2016.
9733:"Et tu, Jakarta?"
9494:978-0-300-25647-5
9421:SAGE Publications
9245:The Straits Times
9151:978-1-5036-3088-8
8916:New Straits Times
8880:New Straits Times
8684:(in Indonesian).
8659:(in Indonesian).
8593:. 22 March 2016.
8561:. 21 March 2016.
8493:New Straits Times
8350:978-1-137-36077-9
7965:on 6 October 2014
7651:"South China Sea"
7552:Thesis for M.S.Sc
7417:978-1-5036-3088-8
7281:. 25 October 2011
6700:. 21 March 2021.
6189:Springer New York
5753:Fravel, M. Taylor
5620:. verafiles.org.
5387:(13 April 2015).
4608:The Straits Times
4569:Freund, Eleanor.
4256:Asian Perspective
4121:. 2 August 2017.
3998:President Trump's
3946:Jonathan Greenert
3468:Naval War College
3345:International Law
3268:China Coast Guard
3243:Balintang Channel
3189:Commonwealth Bank
2814:Scarborough Shoal
2692:China and Vietnam
2641:Chinese Civil War
2632:Republic of China
2500:Scarborough Shoal
2484:
2483:
2476:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2336:
1920:Republic of China
634:Scarborough Shoal
630:Macclesfield Bank
582:
581:
562:Taiwan and China
272:Maritime security
240:Scarborough Shoal
183:
182:
175:
165:
164:
129:
128:
121:
67:
16:(Redirected from
14317:
14247:
14246:
14179:Coconut Princess
14018:Southeastern SCS
13948:Fiery Cross Reef
13936:West London Reef
13931:East London Reef
13749:West York Island
13645:
13644:
13634:
13633:
13573:Zhongsha Islands
13566:Northeastern SCS
13476:Amphitrite Group
13472:
13471:
13420:
13413:
13406:
13397:
13396:
13336:Related articles
13267:West London Reef
13202:East London Reef
13152:
13151:
13122:
13121:
13107:West York Island
13047:
13046:
12997:
12996:
12957:Fiery Cross Reef
12942:
12941:
12917:
12916:
12908:
12907:
12865:Dangerous Ground
12816:
12809:
12802:
12793:
12792:
12765:
12764:
12758:
12757:
12751:
12750:
12742:Tsushima/Daemado
12737:
12736:
12730:
12729:
12716:
12715:
12709:
12708:
12702:
12701:
12695:
12694:
12688:
12687:
12681:
12680:
12667:
12666:
12660:
12659:
12646:
12645:
12639:
12638:
12632:
12631:
12616:
12615:
12609:
12608:
12602:
12601:
12588:
12587:
12581:
12580:
12567:
12566:
12560:
12559:
12540:
12539:
12533:
12532:
12526:
12525:
12512:
12511:
12505:
12504:
12491:
12490:
12484:
12483:
12477:
12476:
12463:
12462:
12456:
12455:
12442:
12441:
12435:
12434:
12428:
12427:
12414:
12413:
12407:
12406:
12393:
12392:
12386:
12385:
12379:
12378:
12365:
12364:
12358:
12357:
12344:
12343:
12337:
12336:
12317:
12316:
12310:
12309:
12303:
12302:
12289:
12288:
12282:
12281:
12268:
12267:
12261:
12260:
12254:
12253:
12240:
12239:
12233:
12232:
12219:
12218:
12212:
12211:
12205:
12204:
12191:
12190:
12184:
12183:
12166:
12165:
12159:
12158:
12145:
12144:
12138:
12137:
12124:
12123:
12117:
12116:
12108:Limbang District
12103:
12102:
12096:
12095:
12082:
12081:
12075:
12074:
12066:Gilgit-Baltistan
12055:
12054:
12048:
12047:
12034:
12033:
12027:
12026:
12013:
12012:
12006:
12005:
11992:
11991:
11985:
11984:
11971:
11970:
11964:
11963:
11950:
11949:
11943:
11942:
11927:
11926:
11920:
11919:
11906:
11905:
11899:
11898:
11892:
11891:
11878:
11877:
11871:
11870:
11853:
11852:
11846:
11845:
11839:
11838:
11815:
11814:
11787:
11780:
11773:
11764:
11763:
11752:
11750:
11725:
11724:on 28 July 2014.
11723:
11717:. Archived from
11692:
11672:
11670:
11668:
11659:. Archived from
11645:
11643:
11641:
11625:
11608:
11606:
11600:. Archived from
11581:
11571:
11562:
11553:
11547:
11537:
11536:on 30 July 2013.
11535:
11520:
11510:
11481:
11479:
11477:
11453:
11424:Dupuy, Florian;
11384:
11382:
11380:
11356:
11354:
11352:
11328:
11326:
11324:
11300:
11279:
11277:
11275:
11251:
11249:
11247:
11215:
11201:
11199:
11197:
11165:
11164:
11162:
11160:
11139:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11109:
11103:
11102:
11100:
11098:
11086:RAND Corporation
11076:
11070:
11069:
11067:
11065:
11044:
11038:
11037:
11035:
11033:
11028:. 27 August 2020
11018:
11012:
11011:
11009:
11007:
10998:. 14 July 2020.
10988:
10982:
10981:
10979:
10977:
10957:
10951:
10950:
10948:
10946:
10929:
10923:
10922:
10920:
10918:
10899:
10893:
10892:
10890:
10888:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10857:
10842:
10836:
10835:
10833:
10831:
10811:
10805:
10804:
10792:
10786:
10785:
10783:
10781:
10765:
10759:
10758:
10756:
10754:
10734:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10718:
10698:
10692:
10691:
10689:
10687:
10671:
10669:
10667:
10656:Want China Times
10648:
10646:
10644:
10623:
10617:
10616:
10614:
10612:
10600:Want China Times
10591:
10585:
10584:
10582:
10580:
10564:
10558:
10557:
10555:
10553:
10531:
10525:
10524:
10522:
10520:
10500:
10494:
10493:
10491:
10489:
10470:
10464:
10463:
10461:
10459:
10453:
10442:
10434:
10432:
10430:
10410:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10399:
10384:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10373:
10341:
10339:
10337:
10305:
10299:
10298:
10290:
10284:
10283:
10281:
10279:
10257:
10251:
10250:
10242:
10236:
10235:
10227:
10221:
10214:
10208:
10207:
10205:
10203:
10178:
10172:
10171:
10169:
10167:
10156:www.fmprc.gov.cn
10148:
10142:
10141:
10139:
10137:
10118:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10107:
10098:. Archived from
10088:
10082:
10081:
10053:
10047:
10046:
10044:
10042:
10017:
10011:
10010:
10008:
10006:
9986:
9980:
9979:
9977:
9975:
9964:The Jakarta Post
9958:(12 July 2016).
9952:
9946:
9945:
9943:
9941:
9930:The Jakarta Post
9921:
9915:
9914:
9912:
9910:
9901:. 23 June 2016.
9889:
9883:
9882:
9880:
9878:
9859:
9853:
9852:
9850:
9848:
9827:
9818:
9817:
9815:
9813:
9792:
9786:
9785:
9783:
9781:
9770:The Jakarta Post
9761:
9755:
9754:
9752:
9750:
9738:Washington Times
9728:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9717:
9697:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9683:
9663:
9657:
9656:
9654:
9652:
9641:The Jakarta Post
9632:
9626:
9609:
9603:
9602:
9584:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9573:
9556:(23 July 2016).
9550:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9517:
9511:
9510:
9476:
9470:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9443:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9432:
9402:
9396:
9395:
9379:
9373:
9372:
9354:
9348:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9337:
9326:
9318:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9301:
9290:
9282:
9276:
9275:
9259:
9253:
9252:
9236:
9230:
9229:
9214:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9182:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9171:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9098:
9092:
9089:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9078:
9059:
9053:
9050:
9044:
9041:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9030:
9015:
9009:
9008:
9006:
9004:
8982:
8976:
8975:
8973:
8971:
8946:
8937:
8936:
8930:
8928:
8906:
8900:
8899:
8893:
8891:
8874:(22 June 2023).
8868:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8835:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8803:
8797:
8796:
8784:
8778:
8777:
8772:
8770:
8748:
8746:
8744:
8728:
8722:
8720:
8704:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8671:
8665:
8664:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8613:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8581:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8551:
8545:
8544:
8542:
8540:
8515:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8484:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8453:
8447:
8446:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8393:
8373:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8362:
8326:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8300:
8294:
8293:
8283:
8281:
8260:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8225:
8216:
8215:
8205:
8203:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8151:
8149:
8147:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8096:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8085:
8076:. Archived from
8065:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8054:
8035:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7981:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7970:
7961:. Archived from
7955:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7922:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7830:
7824:
7823:
7821:
7819:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7778:. Archived from
7772:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7755:
7742:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7715:Voice of America
7706:
7700:
7695:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7679:on 19 March 2008
7675:. Archived from
7669:
7663:
7662:
7647:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7630:
7619:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7578:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7544:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7524:. Archived from
7511:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7500:
7494:
7487:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7397:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7300:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7286:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7194:
7192:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7125:. Archived from
7114:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7091:. Archived from
7081:
7072:
7071:
7070:on 25 July 2012.
7056:
7047:
7046:
7041:. Archived from
7025:
7019:
7018:
7003:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6980:. 31 July 2019.
6968:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6881:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6825:
6816:
6815:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6784:
6773:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6723:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6571:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6546:. 12 July 2016.
6534:
6528:
6527:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6427:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6369:. 16 July 2012.
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6206:
6197:
6196:
6186:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6147:
6138:
6137:
6105:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6063:
6054:
6053:
6023:
5996:
5995:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5892:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5848:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5792:
5761:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5683:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5571:
5560:
5559:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5517:
5506:
5505:
5497:
5488:
5487:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5420:
5414:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5348:
5331:
5330:
5287:Tønnesson, Stein
5283:
5266:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5230:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5192:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5152:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5102:
5096:
5091:
5068:
5067:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4932:. Archived from
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4870:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4788:
4781:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4748:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4710:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4674:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4408:Voice of America
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4375:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4345:The Conversation
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4291:
4280:
4279:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4222:www.iseas.edu.sg
4214:
4205:
4204:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4149:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4107:
3750:Ahmad Yani-class
3710:KRI Tjiptadi 381
3657:Susi Pudjiastuti
3653:Foreign Ministry
3628:Luhut Pandjaitan
3577:North Natuna Sea
3409:Security summits
3326:Mahathir Mohamad
3287:MT Orkim Harmony
3239:Balintang Island
3182:
3181:
3048:paramount leader
2913:Gilberto Teodoro
2887:Delfin Lorenzana
2768:Fiery Cross Reef
2752:Fiery Cross Reef
2682:North Vietnam's
2479:
2472:
2461:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2406:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2328:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2217:
2206:
2195:
2184:
2173:
2162:
2151:
2111:East London Reef
2095:West London Reef
2049:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2022:West York Island
1988:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1902:Dangerous Ground
1892:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1798:
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1779:
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1760:
1753:
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1729:
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1722:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1544:
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1538:
1532:
1525:
1520:
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1513:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1494:
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1475:
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1463:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1444:
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1437:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1197:
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1190:
1183:
1178:
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1171:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1000:
993:
988:
987:
981:
974:
969:
968:
962:
955:
950:
949:
943:
936:
931:
930:
924:
917:
912:
911:
905:
898:
893:
892:
886:
879:
874:
873:
867:
860:
855:
854:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
701:
700:
694:
687:
616:, including the
404:Vietnamese coast
335:Area of dispute
332:
328:
299:cabbage wrapping
178:
171:
160:
157:
151:
139:
138:
131:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
78:
77:
70:
59:
37:
36:
29:
21:
14325:
14324:
14320:
14319:
14318:
14316:
14315:
14314:
14280:Spratly Islands
14275:South China Sea
14260:
14259:
14258:
14253:
14241:
14233:
14163:
14085:
14071:Anambas Islands
14052:
14029:
14025:Palawan Passage
14009:
13983:
13979:Half Moon Shoal
13962:
13900:
13864:Sin Cowe Island
13832:
13796:
13787:Reed Tablemount
13765:
13639:
13632:
13600:Spratly Islands
13594:
13557:
13536:
13508:
13467:Paracel Islands
13461:
13429:
13427:South China Sea
13424:
13394:
13389:
13331:
13292:Half Moon Shoal
13271:
13242:Sin Cowe Island
13146:
13141:
13116:
13111:
13041:
13036:
12991:
12986:
12936:
12931:
12911:
12899:
12885:Reed Tablemount
12853:
12825:
12823:Spratly Islands
12820:
12790:
12785:
12774:
12769:
12759:
12752:
12745:
12731:
12724:
12710:
12703:
12696:
12689:
12682:
12675:
12672:Spratly Islands
12661:
12654:
12640:
12633:
12626:
12622:
12610:
12603:
12596:
12582:
12575:
12561:
12554:
12544:
12534:
12527:
12520:
12517:Paracel Islands
12506:
12499:
12485:
12478:
12471:
12457:
12450:
12436:
12429:
12422:
12408:
12401:
12387:
12380:
12373:
12359:
12352:
12338:
12331:
12321:
12311:
12304:
12297:
12283:
12276:
12262:
12255:
12248:
12234:
12227:
12213:
12206:
12199:
12185:
12178:
12160:
12153:
12139:
12132:
12118:
12111:
12097:
12090:
12076:
12069:
12059:
12049:
12042:
12028:
12021:
12018:Khao Phra Wihan
12007:
12000:
11986:
11979:
11965:
11958:
11944:
11937:
11932:
11921:
11914:
11911:Doi Pha Hom Pok
11900:
11893:
11886:
11872:
11865:
11847:
11840:
11833:
11808:
11791:
11721:
11690:
11666:
11664:
11663:on 15 June 2018
11639:
11637:
11604:
11579:
11545:
11533:
11518:
11475:
11473:
11471:
11420:
11419:
11418:
11403:
11402:
11398:
11391:
11389:Further reading
11378:
11376:
11374:
11350:
11348:
11346:
11322:
11320:
11318:
11297:
11273:
11271:
11269:
11261:. M.E. Sharpe.
11245:
11243:
11233:
11208:(24 May 2024).
11195:
11193:
11191:
11173:
11168:
11158:
11156:
11141:
11140:
11136:
11126:
11124:
11111:
11110:
11106:
11096:
11094:
11077:
11073:
11063:
11061:
11046:
11045:
11041:
11031:
11029:
11020:
11019:
11015:
11005:
11003:
10990:
10989:
10985:
10975:
10973:
10958:
10954:
10944:
10942:
10930:
10926:
10916:
10914:
10901:
10900:
10896:
10886:
10884:
10869:
10865:
10855:
10853:
10844:
10843:
10839:
10829:
10827:
10812:
10808:
10793:
10789:
10779:
10777:
10766:
10762:
10752:
10750:
10735:
10726:
10716:
10714:
10699:
10695:
10685:
10683:
10672:
10665:
10663:
10662:on 1 April 2015
10650:
10649:
10642:
10640:
10639:on 2 April 2015
10625:
10624:
10620:
10610:
10608:
10593:
10592:
10588:
10578:
10576:
10565:
10561:
10551:
10549:
10532:
10528:
10518:
10516:
10501:
10497:
10487:
10485:
10480:. 29 May 2012.
10472:
10471:
10467:
10457:
10455:
10451:
10440:
10436:
10435:
10428:
10426:
10411:
10407:
10397:
10395:
10394:. 2 August 2012
10386:
10385:
10381:
10371:
10369:
10362:
10354:. p. 219.
10342:
10335:
10333:
10326:
10306:
10302:
10291:
10287:
10277:
10275:
10258:
10254:
10243:
10239:
10228:
10224:
10215:
10211:
10201:
10199:
10184:(31 May 2016).
10179:
10175:
10165:
10163:
10150:
10149:
10145:
10135:
10133:
10120:
10119:
10115:
10105:
10103:
10090:
10089:
10085:
10054:
10050:
10040:
10038:
10019:
10018:
10014:
10004:
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9987:
9983:
9973:
9971:
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9949:
9939:
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9922:
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9908:
9906:
9891:
9890:
9886:
9876:
9874:
9861:
9860:
9856:
9846:
9844:
9829:
9828:
9821:
9811:
9809:
9794:
9793:
9789:
9779:
9777:
9762:
9758:
9748:
9746:
9729:
9725:
9715:
9713:
9698:
9691:
9681:
9679:
9664:
9660:
9650:
9648:
9633:
9629:
9619:Wayback Machine
9610:
9606:
9585:
9581:
9571:
9569:
9551:
9547:
9537:
9535:
9518:
9514:
9495:
9477:
9473:
9463:
9461:
9444:
9440:
9430:
9428:
9403:
9399:
9380:
9376:
9355:
9351:
9341:
9339:
9335:
9324:
9320:
9319:
9315:
9305:
9303:
9299:
9288:
9284:
9283:
9279:
9260:
9256:
9237:
9233:
9216:
9215:
9211:
9201:
9199:
9198:on 6 April 2022
9191:CNN Philippines
9184:
9183:
9179:
9169:
9167:
9152:
9132:
9128:
9118:
9116:
9099:
9095:
9090:
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9076:
9074:
9061:
9060:
9056:
9051:
9047:
9042:
9038:
9028:
9026:
9017:
9016:
9012:
9002:
9000:
8983:
8979:
8969:
8967:
8947:
8940:
8926:
8924:
8907:
8903:
8889:
8887:
8869:
8865:
8855:
8853:
8836:
8832:
8822:
8820:
8805:
8804:
8800:
8785:
8781:
8768:
8766:
8751:
8749:
8742:
8740:
8731:
8729:
8718:
8716:
8705:
8701:
8691:
8689:
8672:
8668:
8647:
8643:
8633:
8631:
8614:
8610:
8600:
8598:
8583:
8582:
8578:
8568:
8566:
8553:
8552:
8548:
8538:
8536:
8531:. 21 May 2015.
8517:
8516:
8512:
8502:
8500:
8485:
8481:
8471:
8469:
8454:
8450:
8405:
8401:
8391:
8389:
8374:
8370:
8360:
8358:
8351:
8327:
8323:
8313:
8311:
8302:
8301:
8297:
8279:
8277:
8262:
8261:
8254:
8244:
8242:
8227:
8226:
8219:
8201:
8199:
8184:
8182:
8175:
8173:
8168:. 23 May 2016.
8154:
8152:
8145:
8143:
8135:The Borneo Post
8125:
8118:
8116:
8097:
8093:
8083:
8081:
8066:
8062:
8052:
8050:
8037:
8036:
8032:
8022:
8020:
8005:
8004:
8000:
7995:on 13 May 2012.
7983:
7982:
7978:
7968:
7966:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7942:
7940:
7923:
7919:
7909:
7907:
7890:
7886:
7876:
7874:
7857:
7853:
7843:
7841:
7832:
7831:
7827:
7817:
7815:
7800:
7799:
7795:
7785:
7783:
7782:on 2 March 2014
7774:
7773:
7769:
7759:
7757:
7753:
7740:
7734:
7730:
7720:
7718:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7696:
7692:
7682:
7680:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7649:
7648:
7644:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7617:
7611:
7607:
7597:
7595:
7580:
7579:
7572:
7561:
7559:
7546:
7545:
7541:
7531:
7529:
7512:
7508:
7498:
7496:
7492:
7485:
7479:
7475:
7465:
7463:
7450:
7449:
7445:
7435:
7433:
7418:
7410:. p. 109.
7398:
7394:
7384:
7382:
7367:
7366:
7362:
7352:
7350:
7335:
7334:
7330:
7320:
7318:
7301:
7297:
7284:
7282:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7256:
7254:
7239:
7238:
7234:
7224:
7222:
7207:
7203:
7190:
7188:
7169:
7165:
7155:
7153:
7138:
7134:
7115:
7108:
7098:
7096:
7082:
7075:
7058:
7057:
7050:
7026:
7022:
7005:
7004:
6997:
6987:
6985:
6970:
6969:
6965:
6955:
6953:
6944:
6943:
6939:
6929:
6927:
6914:
6913:
6909:
6899:
6897:
6882:
6875:
6865:
6863:
6853:
6849:
6839:
6837:
6826:
6819:
6804:
6800:
6788:
6782:
6771:
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6761:
6746:
6742:
6732:
6730:
6724:
6717:
6707:
6705:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6675:
6673:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6643:
6641:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6616:on 14 May 2021.
6602:
6601:
6597:
6590:
6572:
6563:
6553:
6551:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6514:
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6477:
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6442:
6441:
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6425:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6376:
6374:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6340:
6338:
6333:. 30 May 2011.
6323:
6322:
6318:
6308:
6306:
6289:
6285:
6252:
6248:
6238:
6236:
6227:
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5870:
5846:
5840:
5836:
5826:
5824:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5776:10.1355/cs33-3b
5759:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5711:
5707:
5684:
5677:
5667:
5665:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5637:
5627:
5625:
5611:
5607:
5592:10.1355/CS21-3D
5572:
5563:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5518:
5509:
5498:
5491:
5460:
5456:
5421:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5398:
5396:
5382:
5378:
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5334:
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5142:
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5001:
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4972:
4968:
4958:
4956:
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4928:
4927:
4923:
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4911:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4888:
4871:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4837:
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4823:
4821:
4806:
4802:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4779:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4711:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4684:Manila Bulletin
4675:
4660:
4650:
4648:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4567:
4563:
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4551:
4536:
4535:
4531:
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4502:
4498:
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4453:
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4428:
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4400:
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4380:
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4364:
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4337:
4333:
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4321:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4292:
4283:
4248:
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4229:
4216:
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4208:
4201:
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4176:
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4143:
4142:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4055:
4034:
4028:
3991:USS Carl Vinson
3938:Western Pacific
3912:Hillary Clinton
3883:
3873:
3856:
3841:
3828:Lee Hsien Loong
3823:
3811:
3771:Indonesian Navy
3757:Bung Tomo-class
3746:Indonesian Navy
3738:South China Sea
3648:illegal fishing
3579:
3569:
3546:
3540:
3515:
3498:
3490:Stein Tønnesson
3452:
3447:
3411:
3380:
3374:
3347:
3307:Philippine Navy
3217:
3205:Paracel Islands
3201:South China Sea
3169:
3141:South China Sea
3137:
3121:
3072:
3055:Rodrigo Duterte
3007:
2955:
2949:
2932:Member States.
2925:
2906:South China Sea
2879:Spratly Islands
2818:Philippine Navy
2601:Empire of Japan
2508:Spratly Islands
2480:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2427:
2407:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2365:
2348:
2344:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2211:
2200:
2189:
2178:
2167:
2156:
2145:
2067:Sin Cowe Island
2044:
2042:
2038:
2036:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1898:Spratly Islands
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:
994:
991:
989:
985:
982:
975:
972:
970:
966:
963:
956:
953:
951:
947:
944:
937:
934:
932:
928:
925:
918:
915:
913:
909:
906:
899:
896:
894:
890:
887:
880:
877:
875:
871:
868:
861:
858:
856:
852:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
702:
698:
695:
688:
638:Spratly Islands
618:Paracel Islands
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
327:
309:have conducted
236:Paracel Islands
232:Spratly Islands
200:South China Sea
179:
168:
167:
166:
161:
155:
152:
149:
140:
136:
125:
114:
108:
105:
94:
79:
75:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14323:
14313:
14312:
14307:
14302:
14297:
14292:
14287:
14282:
14277:
14272:
14255:
14254:
14252:
14251:
14238:
14235:
14234:
14232:
14231:
14230:
14229:
14228:
14227:
14222:
14217:
14212:
14202:
14201:
14200:
14192:
14184:
14183:
14182:
14171:
14169:
14165:
14164:
14162:
14161:
14155:
14149:
14143:
14137:
14131:
14125:
14119:
14114:
14109:
14107:Nine-dash line
14104:
14099:
14093:
14091:
14087:
14086:
14084:
14083:
14078:
14073:
14068:
14066:Natuna Islands
14062:
14060:
14054:
14053:
14051:
14050:
14048:Luconia Shoals
14045:
14037:
14035:
14031:
14030:
14028:
14027:
14021:
14019:
14015:
14014:
14011:
14010:
14008:
14007:
14002:
13997:
13991:
13989:
13985:
13984:
13982:
13981:
13976:
13970:
13968:
13964:
13963:
13961:
13960:
13958:Spratly Island
13955:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13939:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13926:Cuarteron Reef
13923:
13912:
13910:
13906:
13905:
13902:
13901:
13899:
13898:
13896:Mariveles Reef
13893:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13873:
13868:
13867:
13866:
13861:
13856:
13851:
13840:
13838:
13834:
13833:
13831:
13830:
13825:
13820:
13815:
13810:
13808:Commodore Reef
13804:
13802:
13798:
13797:
13795:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13782:Nanshan Island
13779:
13773:
13771:
13767:
13766:
13764:
13763:
13762:
13761:
13753:
13752:
13751:
13746:
13738:
13737:
13736:
13734:Zhongzhou Reef
13731:
13729:Taiping Island
13726:
13721:
13716:
13706:
13705:
13704:
13699:
13694:
13684:
13683:
13682:
13677:
13669:
13668:
13667:
13662:
13651:
13649:
13642:
13631:
13630:
13625:
13620:
13615:
13610:
13604:
13602:
13596:
13595:
13593:
13592:
13587:
13586:
13585:
13575:
13569:
13567:
13563:
13562:
13559:
13558:
13556:
13555:
13550:
13544:
13542:
13541:Other features
13538:
13537:
13535:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13518:
13516:
13514:Crescent Group
13510:
13509:
13507:
13506:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13480:
13478:
13469:
13463:
13462:
13460:
13459:
13452:
13445:
13439:
13437:
13431:
13430:
13423:
13422:
13415:
13408:
13400:
13391:
13390:
13388:
13387:
13385:Nine-dash line
13382:
13377:
13372:
13367:
13362:
13357:
13350:
13345:
13339:
13337:
13333:
13332:
13330:
13329:
13324:
13319:
13314:
13309:
13304:
13299:
13297:Luconia Shoals
13294:
13289:
13283:
13281:
13277:
13276:
13273:
13272:
13270:
13269:
13264:
13259:
13257:Spratly Island
13254:
13249:
13244:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13219:
13217:Lansdowne Reef
13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13158:
13156:
13143:
13142:
13140:
13139:
13137:Zhongzhou Reef
13134:
13132:Taiping Island
13128:
13126:
13113:
13112:
13110:
13109:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13089:
13087:Nanshan Island
13084:
13079:
13074:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13057:Commodore Reef
13053:
13051:
13038:
13037:
13035:
13034:
13029:
13027:Mariveles Reef
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13003:
13001:
12988:
12987:
12985:
12984:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12952:Cuarteron Reef
12948:
12946:
12933:
12932:
12930:
12929:
12923:
12921:
12905:
12901:
12900:
12898:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12861:
12859:
12855:
12854:
12852:
12851:
12845:
12839:
12833:
12831:
12830:Confrontations
12827:
12826:
12819:
12818:
12811:
12804:
12796:
12787:
12786:
12784:
12783:
12779:
12776:
12775:
12771:
12770:
12768:
12767:
12739:
12718:
12669:
12648:
12618:
12590:
12569:
12547:
12545:
12543:
12542:
12514:
12493:
12465:
12444:
12416:
12395:
12367:
12346:
12324:
12322:
12320:
12319:
12291:
12270:
12242:
12221:
12193:
12168:
12150:Mainland China
12147:
12126:
12105:
12084:
12062:
12060:
12058:
12057:
12036:
12015:
11994:
11973:
11952:
11929:
11908:
11880:
11855:
11826:
11823:
11822:
11819:
11813:
11810:
11809:
11806:Southeast Asia
11790:
11789:
11782:
11775:
11767:
11761:
11760:
11753:
11741:(2): 165–193.
11726:
11683:
11673:
11646:
11626:
11609:
11592:(3): 414–436.
11572:
11563:
11554:
11538:
11511:
11482:
11469:
11454:
11436:(1): 121–141.
11417:
11416:
11411:
11405:
11404:
11393:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11386:
11385:
11372:
11357:
11345:978-9814311717
11344:
11329:
11317:978-9041114075
11316:
11301:
11295:
11280:
11267:
11252:
11232:978-8791114014
11231:
11216:
11206:Antonio Carpio
11202:
11189:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11166:
11134:
11104:
11071:
11039:
11013:
10983:
10952:
10924:
10894:
10863:
10837:
10806:
10801:Foreign Policy
10787:
10760:
10724:
10693:
10618:
10586:
10559:
10526:
10495:
10465:
10405:
10379:
10360:
10324:
10318:. p. 57.
10300:
10285:
10252:
10237:
10222:
10209:
10173:
10143:
10113:
10083:
10048:
10012:
9981:
9947:
9916:
9884:
9854:
9819:
9787:
9756:
9723:
9689:
9658:
9627:
9604:
9594:Foreign Policy
9579:
9545:
9512:
9493:
9471:
9453:Foreign Policy
9438:
9397:
9374:
9349:
9313:
9277:
9254:
9231:
9209:
9177:
9150:
9126:
9093:
9084:
9054:
9045:
9036:
9010:
8977:
8950:Bloomberg News
8938:
8901:
8863:
8830:
8815:. 8 May 2019.
8798:
8779:
8699:
8666:
8641:
8608:
8576:
8546:
8510:
8479:
8448:
8399:
8368:
8349:
8321:
8295:
8252:
8234:Vietnamnews.vn
8217:
8091:
8080:on 11 May 2014
8060:
8045:. 5 May 2014.
8030:
7998:
7976:
7950:
7917:
7884:
7851:
7825:
7793:
7767:
7728:
7701:
7690:
7664:
7642:
7605:
7570:
7539:
7506:
7473:
7443:
7416:
7392:
7360:
7328:
7310:Defenseone.com
7295:
7264:
7232:
7201:
7163:
7146:New York Times
7132:
7106:
7073:
7048:
7020:
6995:
6963:
6937:
6907:
6873:
6847:
6817:
6798:
6759:
6740:
6715:
6683:
6651:
6619:
6595:
6588:
6561:
6529:
6508:
6475:
6460:
6435:
6414:
6399:. 7 May 2015.
6384:
6348:
6316:
6283:
6246:
6220:
6198:
6168:
6139:
6095:
6055:
6048:
5997:
5978:
5946:
5916:
5901:
5868:
5859:resrep32231.11
5834:
5804:
5744:
5705:
5694:(1): 153–181.
5675:
5644:
5635:
5605:
5586:(3): 386–404.
5561:
5552:World Bulletin
5542:
5507:
5489:
5454:
5415:
5406:
5376:
5332:
5267:
5258:
5220:
5180:
5140:
5121:
5097:
5069:
5042:
5011:
4999:
4966:
4939:
4921:
4898:
4862:
4831:
4800:
4782:. p. 54.
4767:
4749:. p. 45.
4732:
4702:
4658:
4625:
4595:
4561:
4529:
4496:
4463:
4426:
4411:. April 2019.
4394:
4362:
4331:
4305:
4281:
4262:(4): 145–169.
4239:
4206:
4199:
4185:. Livingston:
4174:
4136:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4054:
4051:
4030:Main article:
4027:
4024:
3872:
3869:
3855:
3852:
3840:
3837:
3822:
3819:
3810:
3807:
3774:Naval Aviation
3734:nine-dash line
3718:Natuna Regency
3712:(centre), and
3708:(background),
3624:Natuna islands
3616:nine-dash line
3600:Natuna Islands
3568:
3565:
3539:
3536:
3514:
3511:
3497:
3494:
3477:professor and
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3410:
3407:
3395:Graham Allison
3376:Main article:
3373:
3370:
3346:
3343:
3216:
3213:
3185:JPMorgan Chase
3168:
3165:
3136:
3133:
3120:
3117:
3071:
3068:
3006:
3003:
2948:
2945:
2924:
2923:2011 agreement
2921:
2838:Antonio Carpio
2798:Taiping island
2668:Geneva Accords
2645:nine-dash line
2565:United Kingdom
2496:Antonio Carpio
2482:
2481:
2464:
2463:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2351:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2301:
2288:
2285:
2260:
2257:Mariveles Reef
2219:
2209:Kingston Shoal
2187:Alexandra Bank
2135:Lansdowne Reef
2071:Spratly Island
2037:
2026:Commodore Reef
2010:Nanshan Island
1976:
1931:
1906:
1900:. The eastern
1895:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1002:
995:
990:
983:
976:
971:
964:
957:
952:
945:
938:
933:
926:
919:
914:
907:
900:
895:
888:
881:
876:
869:
862:
857:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
681:
680:
679:
678:
677:
670:
659:
648:
645:Natuna Islands
641:
611:
604:
601:
590:nine-dash line
580:
579:
577:
574:
572:
570:
568:
565:
563:
559:
558:
556:
553:
550:
548:
546:
543:
541:
537:
536:
534:
532:
529:
526:
523:
521:
519:
515:
514:
512:
509:
506:
504:
502:
499:
497:
493:
492:
490:
487:
485:
483:
480:
477:
475:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
447:
446:
444:
441:
438:
435:
433:
430:
427:
423:
422:
419:
416:
414:
412:
410:
407:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
377:nine-dash line
372:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
326:
323:
319:nine-dash line
307:United Kingdom
295:salami slicing
280:Taiping Island
268:shipping lanes
248:Natuna Islands
244:Gulf of Tonkin
181:
180:
163:
162:
143:
141:
134:
127:
126:
82:
80:
73:
68:
42:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14322:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14267:
14265:
14250:
14245:
14240:
14239:
14236:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
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14079:
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14076:Badas Islands
14074:
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14069:
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14059:
14055:
14049:
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14044:
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13998:
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13986:
13980:
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13969:
13965:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
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13944:
13943:Bombay Castle
13941:
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13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
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13914:
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13911:
13907:
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13892:
13889:
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13879:
13877:
13874:
13872:
13871:Ardasier Reef
13869:
13865:
13862:
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13857:
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13850:
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13846:
13845:
13842:
13841:
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13818:Mischief Reef
13816:
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13793:
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13745:
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13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13719:Namyit Island
13717:
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13712:
13711:
13710:
13707:
13703:
13702:Loaita Island
13700:
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13695:
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13690:
13689:
13688:
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13681:
13678:
13676:
13673:
13672:
13670:
13666:
13665:Southwest Cay
13663:
13661:
13660:Northeast Cay
13658:
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13652:
13650:
13646:
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13641:
13635:
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13584:
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13579:
13576:
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13571:
13570:
13568:
13564:
13554:
13553:Triton Island
13551:
13549:
13546:
13545:
13543:
13539:
13533:
13532:Yagong Island
13530:
13528:
13527:Robert Island
13525:
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13515:
13511:
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13497:
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13473:
13470:
13468:
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13458:
13457:
13453:
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13450:
13446:
13444:
13443:Pratas Island
13441:
13440:
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13435:Pratas Island
13432:
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13285:
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13282:
13278:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
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13252:Southwest Cay
13250:
13248:
13245:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13222:Namyit Island
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13207:Grierson Reef
13205:
13203:
13200:
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13177:Bombay Castle
13175:
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13108:
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13103:
13100:
13098:
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13092:Northeast Cay
13090:
13088:
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13083:
13082:Loaita Island
13080:
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13073:
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13007:Ardasier Reef
13005:
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12977:Mischief Reef
12975:
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12572:Pratas Island
12570:
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12503:
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12447:Kuril Islands
12445:
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10000:
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9956:Siswo Pramono
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9412:World Affairs
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8191:Daily Express
8187:
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8034:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8012:The Economist
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6806:Euan Graham.
6802:
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6794:public domain
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6264:(1): 86–103.
6263:
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6213:. Princeton:
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3257:
3255:
3254:clashed again
3250:
3248:
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3240:
3236:
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3229:
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3226:Bashi Channel
3221:
3212:
3210:
3206:
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3198:
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3174:Ocean Oil 981
3164:
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3158:
3154:
3149:
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3142:
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3130:
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3002:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2987:
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2898:
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2869:
2868:John S McCain
2864:
2861:
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2854:
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2819:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:Mischief Reef
2776:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:terra nullius
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2715:Yagong Island
2712:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2684:Phạm Văn Đồng
2680:
2677:
2676:South Vietnam
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:North Vietnam
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2630:In 1947, the
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
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2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:United States
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2522:and the 1875
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2478:
2475:
2460:
2457:
2449:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2411:This article
2409:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2390:
2387:
2379:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2352:This article
2350:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2279:
2275:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2241:Ardasier Reef
2238:
2234:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2198:Orleana Shoal
2193:
2188:
2182:
2177:
2176:Grainger Bank
2171:
2166:
2160:
2155:
2154:Vanguard Bank
2149:
2144:
2140:
2139:Bombay Castle
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:Grierson Reef
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:Namyit Island
2060:
2056:
2055:Southwest Cay
2052:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:Northeast Cay
2011:
2007:
2006:Loaita Island
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1929:
1925:
1922:(Taiwan): 1:
1921:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1866:
1847:
1828:
1809:
1778:
1759:
1740:
1721:
1702:
1683:
1664:
1645:
1626:
1607:
1588:
1569:
1550:
1531:
1512:
1493:
1474:
1455:
1436:
1417:
1398:
1379:
1360:
1341:
1322:
1303:
1284:
1265:
1246:
1227:
1208:
1189:
1170:
1151:
1132:
1113:
1094:
1075:
1056:
1037:
1018:
999:
980:
961:
942:
923:
904:
885:
866:
693:
686:
675:
671:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:Pratas Island
619:
615:
612:
609:
605:
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:
585:
578:
575:
573:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
557:
554:
551:
549:
547:
544:
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539:
538:
535:
533:
530:
527:
524:
522:
520:
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516:
513:
510:
507:
505:
503:
500:
498:
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491:
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481:
478:
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468:
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462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
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436:
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428:
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402:
398:
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389:
386:
383:
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367:
362:
357:
352:
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342:
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334:
333:
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312:
308:
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296:
291:
288:
283:
281:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
185:
177:
174:
159:
147:
142:
133:
132:
123:
120:
112:
102:
98:
92:
91:
87:
81:
72:
71:
66:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
14220:Swallow Reef
14177:
14096:
14040:
14034:Southern SCS
14005:Swallow Reef
13916:London Reefs
13849:Collins Reef
13823:Sabina Shoal
13759:Western Reef
13675:Thitu Island
13671:Thitu Reefs
13583:Walker Shoal
13522:Money Island
13499:Woody Island
13484:Rocky Island
13454:
13447:
13379:
13327:Whitsun Reef
13322:Western Reef
13312:Sabina Shoal
13262:Tennent Reef
13227:Pearson Reef
13187:Collins Reef
13102:Thitu Island
13032:Swallow Reef
12875:London Reefs
12171:North Borneo
11862:Azad Kashmir
11756:
11738:
11734:
11719:the original
11701:(3): 35–69.
11698:
11694:
11676:
11665:. Retrieved
11661:the original
11654:
11638:. Retrieved
11634:
11621:
11617:
11602:the original
11589:
11585:Asian Survey
11583:
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11558:
11549:
11531:the original
11526:
11522:
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11486:
11474:. Retrieved
11459:
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11377:. Retrieved
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10965:
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10939:Defense News
10937:
10927:
10915:. Retrieved
10907:The Guardian
10906:
10897:
10885:. Retrieved
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10840:
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10664:. Retrieved
10660:the original
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10637:the original
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10468:
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10276:. Retrieved
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10155:
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10134:. Retrieved
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10100:the original
10095:
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10039:. Retrieved
10024:
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10003:. Retrieved
9994:
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9972:. Retrieved
9963:
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9938:. Retrieved
9929:
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9907:. Retrieved
9896:
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9875:. Retrieved
9867:The Guardian
9866:
9857:
9845:. Retrieved
9836:The Guardian
9834:
9810:. Retrieved
9799:
9790:
9778:. Retrieved
9769:
9759:
9747:. Retrieved
9736:
9726:
9714:. Retrieved
9712:(4): 551–562
9709:
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9680:. Retrieved
9672:The Diplomat
9671:
9661:
9649:. Retrieved
9640:
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9582:
9570:. Retrieved
9562:Bangkok Post
9561:
9548:
9536:. Retrieved
9525:
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9480:
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9462:. Retrieved
9451:
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9429:. Retrieved
9416:
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9388:INQUIRER.net
9387:
9377:
9364:The Diplomat
9362:
9352:
9340:. Retrieved
9328:
9316:
9304:. Retrieved
9292:
9280:
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9244:
9234:
9226:the original
9221:
9212:
9202:21 September
9200:. Retrieved
9196:the original
9189:
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9106:
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9066:
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9039:
9027:. Retrieved
9022:
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8990:
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8959:Bangkok Post
8957:
8932:
8925:. Retrieved
8914:
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8895:
8888:. Retrieved
8879:
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8843:
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8810:
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8756:
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8737:the original
8724:
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8702:
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8679:
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8621:
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8599:. Retrieved
8588:
8579:
8567:. Retrieved
8558:
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8522:
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8461:
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8381:
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8331:
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8267:
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8232:
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8200:. Retrieved
8189:
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8159:
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8133:
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8109:ABS-CBN News
8104:
8094:
8082:. Retrieved
8078:the original
8063:
8051:. Retrieved
8042:
8033:
8021:. Retrieved
8010:
8001:
7993:the original
7989:news.163.com
7988:
7979:
7967:. Retrieved
7963:the original
7953:
7941:. Retrieved
7930:
7920:
7908:. Retrieved
7897:
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7875:. Retrieved
7864:
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7828:
7816:. Retrieved
7805:
7796:
7784:. Retrieved
7780:the original
7770:
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7744:
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7719:. Retrieved
7713:
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7693:
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7677:the original
7667:
7659:the original
7654:
7645:
7635:18 September
7633:. Retrieved
7621:
7608:
7596:. Retrieved
7585:
7560:. Retrieved
7556:the original
7551:
7542:
7532:27 September
7530:. Retrieved
7526:the original
7521:The Diplomat
7519:
7509:
7499:18 September
7497:. Retrieved
7476:
7464:. Retrieved
7455:
7446:
7434:. Retrieved
7402:
7395:
7383:. Retrieved
7372:
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7351:. Retrieved
7340:
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7319:. Retrieved
7308:
7298:
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7283:. Retrieved
7276:
7267:
7255:. Retrieved
7244:
7235:
7223:. Retrieved
7214:
7204:
7196:
7189:. Retrieved
7176:
7166:
7154:. Retrieved
7145:
7135:
7127:the original
7123:thehindu.com
7122:
7097:. Retrieved
7093:the original
7068:the original
7063:
7043:the original
7036:
7023:
7010:
6986:. Retrieved
6975:
6966:
6954:. Retrieved
6940:
6928:. Retrieved
6919:
6910:
6898:. Retrieved
6889:
6864:. Retrieved
6860:
6850:
6838:. Retrieved
6812:the original
6801:
6775:
6762:
6754:the original
6743:
6731:. Retrieved
6706:. Retrieved
6695:
6686:
6674:. Retrieved
6665:Military.com
6663:
6654:
6642:. Retrieved
6631:
6622:
6614:the original
6607:
6598:
6575:
6552:. Retrieved
6541:
6532:
6521:
6511:
6499:. Retrieved
6488:
6478:
6469:
6463:
6451:. Retrieved
6447:
6438:
6429:
6417:
6405:. Retrieved
6396:
6387:
6375:. Retrieved
6362:ABS-CBN News
6360:
6351:
6339:. Retrieved
6328:
6319:
6307:. Retrieved
6298:ABS-CBN News
6296:
6286:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6237:. Retrieved
6223:
6210:
6182:
6159:. Retrieved
6113:
6109:
6086:. Retrieved
6080:(2): 41–65.
6077:
6071:
6027:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5969:. Retrieved
5958:
5949:
5937:. Retrieved
5933:the original
5928:
5919:
5910:
5904:
5896:
5889:. Retrieved
5880:
5871:
5862:
5850:
5844:"Appendix B"
5837:
5825:. Retrieved
5816:
5807:
5795:. Retrieved
5767:
5763:
5747:
5735:. Retrieved
5718:
5708:
5691:
5688:China Review
5687:
5666:. Retrieved
5664:(3): 399–420
5661:
5657:
5647:
5638:
5626:. Retrieved
5608:
5583:
5579:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5533:. Retrieved
5525:
5501:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5428:
5425:Modern China
5424:
5418:
5409:
5397:. Retrieved
5379:
5367:. Retrieved
5356:
5325:– via
5298:
5294:
5261:
5249:. Retrieved
5238:
5211:. Retrieved
5200:
5171:. Retrieved
5160:
5131:. Retrieved
5107:
5100:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5002:
4990:. Retrieved
4979:
4969:
4957:. Retrieved
4942:
4934:the original
4924:
4912:. Retrieved
4901:
4889:. Retrieved
4878:
4853:. Retrieved
4851:(3): 399–420
4848:
4844:
4834:
4822:. Retrieved
4820:(3): 399–420
4817:
4813:
4803:
4791:. Retrieved
4770:
4758:. Retrieved
4735:
4723:. Retrieved
4693:. Retrieved
4682:
4649:. Retrieved
4638:
4628:
4616:. Retrieved
4607:
4598:
4586:. Retrieved
4574:
4564:
4552:. Retrieved
4543:The Diplomat
4541:
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4509:
4499:
4487:. Retrieved
4476:
4466:
4454:. Retrieved
4441:
4417:. Retrieved
4406:
4397:
4385:. Retrieved
4365:
4353:. Retrieved
4344:
4334:
4322:. Retrieved
4308:
4299:
4259:
4255:
4230:. Retrieved
4221:
4182:
4177:
4165:. Retrieved
4156:. New York.
4151:
4139:
4127:. Retrieved
4114:
4048:
4043:
4035:
4020:
4013:
4010:
3996:
3955:
3942:
3921:
3900:
3896:
3857:
3844:Kabir Hashim
3842:
3832:Hua Chunying
3824:
3812:
3786:also sent 4
3728:Indonesia's
3727:
3688:
3681:
3670:
3644:
3639:
3638:which means
3635:
3612:unilaterally
3608:
3604:Riau Islands
3547:
3516:
3507:
3483:
3472:
3453:
3427:Barack Obama
3424:
3412:
3403:note verbale
3400:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3366:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3334:
3319:
3304:
3277:
3273:
3258:
3251:
3233:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3193:T Rowe Price
3172:
3170:
3161:Petrovietnam
3150:
3138:
3122:
3097:
3073:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3020:Global Times
3018:
3012:
3008:
2998:Global Times
2996:
2989:
2985:
2979:PetroVietnam
2972:
2956:
2934:
2926:
2917:
2910:
2899:
2891:
2875:Whitsun Reef
2872:
2865:
2860:South Korean
2857:
2851:(ADIZ). The
2842:
2828:to file the
2812:Tensions at
2811:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2773:
2755:
2743:Johnson Reef
2736:
2732:
2720:Soviet Union
2704:
2696:
2681:
2665:
2661:
2629:
2617:
2598:
2593:Woody Island
2582:
2578:
2562:
2555:
2545:through the
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2485:
2470:
2452:
2443:
2428:Please help
2412:
2382:
2373:
2358:that do not
2354:may contain
2353:
2329:
2322:
2316:
2315:Please help
2312:
2237:Swallow Reef
2131:Collins Reef
2087:Pearson Reef
2018:Thitu Island
674:Luzon Strait
665:, including
583:
540:Luzon Strait
292:
284:
276:
255:global trade
252:
195:
194:
184:
169:
153:
145:
115:
106:
84:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
14042:James Shoal
14000:Louisa Reef
13995:Amboyna Cay
13881:Dallas Reef
13854:Hughes Reef
13844:Union Banks
13777:Flat Island
13744:Irving Reef
13714:Gaven Reefs
13709:Tizard Bank
13692:Lankiam Cay
13687:Loaita Bank
13548:Bombay Reef
13489:Tree Island
13232:Petley Reef
13167:Amboyna Cay
13162:Alison Reef
13072:Lankiam Cay
13067:Irving Reef
13062:Flat Island
13049:Philippines
13012:Dallas Reef
12967:Hughes Reef
12962:Gaven Reefs
12927:Louisa Reef
12895:Union Banks
12890:Tizard Bank
12870:Loaita Bank
12721:Taiwan Area
12419:James Shoal
11127:24 February
10917:17 December
10887:26 November
10856:13 November
10830:25 February
10780:29 November
10753:29 November
10611:15 February
10579:13 February
10571:. Reuters.
10519:3 September
10509:govtrack.us
10372:16 December
10336:16 December
10126:TODAYonline
9966:. Jakarta.
9932:. Jakarta.
9643:. Jakarta.
9572:11 December
9342:26 November
9306:26 November
9119:11 December
9003:15 December
8845:Astro Awani
8769:11 November
8743:11 November
8719:11 November
8634:11 November
8539:11 November
8503:11 November
8472:11 November
8421:: 169–187.
8288:Le Hai Binh
8280:14 November
8245:11 November
8202:11 November
8176:11 November
8161:GMA Network
8146:11 November
8119:11 November
7760:24 December
7655:eoearth.org
7622:NTS Insight
7598:11 December
7466:3 September
7285:4 September
7225:1 September
7191:1 September
7156:1 September
6988:12 November
6930:12 November
6866:1 September
6676:18 February
6644:18 February
6609:Nikkei Asia
6191:. pp.
5399:27 February
5094:Carpio 2024
5058:: 111–139.
5007:Bonnet 2012
4618:29 February
4489:22 November
4419:22 November
4115:China Power
4005:Kelly Craft
3917:Yang Jiechi
3815:rule of law
3673:Joko Widodo
3531:Khmer Rouge
3261:Joko Widodo
3119:Philippines
3100:Philippines
3080:natural gas
2963:Indian Navy
2959:INS Airavat
2902:Philippines
2826:Philippines
2707:Vietnam War
2649:Ho Chi Minh
2613:Philippines
2539:Philippines
2492:Velarde map
2488:Philippines
2446:August 2024
2278:Louisa Reef
2245:Dallas Reef
2212: [
2201: [
2190: [
2179: [
2168: [
2157: [
2146: [
2123:Petley Reef
2115:Alison Reef
2107:Pigeon Reef
2075:Amboyna Cay
2030:Irving Reef
1998:Lankiam Cay
1994:Flat Island
1990:Philippines
626:James Shoal
359:Philippines
264:natural gas
216:Philippines
14264:Categories
14215:Spratly Is
13886:Erica Reef
13697:Loaita Cay
13247:South Reef
13077:Loaita Cay
13017:Erica Reef
11830:Aksai Chin
11640:5 February
10945:16 October
10743:HeinOnline
10552:12 January
10166:1 December
10136:1 December
10041:21 January
10005:21 January
9503:1369646711
9431:2 December
9160:1331741429
8970:29 October
8339:. p.
8105:VERA Files
7818:9 November
7721:14 January
7456:Navy Times
7426:1331741429
7385:14 January
7353:14 January
7313:. Quartz.
7257:16 October
6977:Kyodo News
6161:5 February
6088:8 November
5891:31 October
5770:(3): 298.
5122:9041113819
5031:(3): 399.
4522:25 January
4511:Asia Times
4090:References
3968:USS Lassen
3963:Ash Carter
3934:John Kerry
3875:See also:
3794:, and put
3748:including
3571:See also:
3542:See also:
3431:Sunnylands
3315:Pangasinan
3195:(6%), and
3051:Xi Jinping
2894:ten dashes
2688:Li Xiannan
2636:Kuomintang
2621:Zhou Enlai
2533:After the
2430:improve it
2420:verifiable
2318:improve it
2249:Erica Reef
2127:South Reef
2002:Loaita Cay
518:Sabah area
86:neutrality
49:improve it
14190:Pratas Is
14186:Airports
14168:Transport
13953:Ladd Reef
13680:Subi Reef
13638:Dangerous
13504:Qilian Yu
13494:West Sand
13212:Ladd Reef
12982:Subi Reef
12651:Sir Creek
11955:Hong Kong
11507:158337369
11493:: 79–99.
11241:0904-597X
11148:France 24
11032:27 August
10202:19 August
10078:158918216
9716:27 August
9423:: 83–90.
9170:7 January
9108:Bloomberg
9029:11 August
8443:156373670
8435:0951-2748
8314:21 August
8269:VnExpress
8074:Xinhuanet
7969:4 October
7943:4 January
7910:4 January
7877:4 January
7834:"Vietnam"
7802:"Vietnam"
7562:10 August
7436:7 January
7217:. Hanoi.
7177:East Asia
7099:3 January
7011:DNA India
6733:17 August
6377:19 August
6309:10 August
6278:154141550
6134:154266861
5784:155011636
5727:0362-4331
5668:11 August
5484:153668477
5470:(1): 72.
5449:147173788
5435:: 38–72.
5315:0026-749X
5162:Aljazeera
5037:0008-7254
4855:11 August
4824:11 August
4651:19 August
4268:0258-9184
4095:Citations
4018:islands.
3972:Subi Reef
3839:Sri Lanka
3821:Singapore
3817:at sea."
3760:corvettes
3698:empires.
3696:Majapahit
3692:Srivijaya
3622:near the
3567:Indonesia
3496:Australia
3207:, a move
3197:BlackRock
3145:crude oil
3129:Reed Bank
3093:Reed Bank
2806:West Reef
2741:near the
2737:In 1988,
2713:and took
2434:citations
2376:July 2024
2356:citations
2324:talk page
2099:Ladd Reef
1928:Zhongzhou
349:Indonesia
260:crude oil
208:Indonesia
156:June 2024
109:June 2024
97:talk page
55:talk page
14225:Thitu Is
14198:Woody Is
13724:Sand Cay
13237:Sand Cay
12999:Malaysia
12496:Noktundo
11997:Kalapani
11715:54492222
11450:55162381
11379:10 March
11351:10 March
11323:10 March
11274:10 March
11246:10 March
11196:10 March
11153:Archived
11121:Archived
11091:Archived
11064:30 March
11058:Archived
11000:Archived
10970:Archived
10911:Archived
10881:Archived
10850:Archived
10824:Archived
10774:Archived
10747:Archived
10711:Archived
10686:27 March
10680:Archived
10666:27 March
10643:27 March
10573:Archived
10546:Archived
10513:Archived
10482:Archived
10458:13 March
10449:Archived
10429:13 March
10423:Archived
10366:Archived
10330:Archived
10272:Archived
10196:Archived
10160:Archived
10130:Archived
10035:Archived
10031:AFP News
9999:Archived
9995:BBC News
9974:21 March
9968:Archived
9934:Archived
9903:Archived
9898:ABC News
9871:Archived
9841:Archived
9806:Archived
9774:Archived
9743:Archived
9676:Archived
9645:Archived
9623:Livemint
9615:Archived
9599:Archived
9566:Archived
9532:Archived
9458:Archived
9425:Archived
9392:Archived
9369:Archived
9333:Archived
9297:Archived
9272:Archived
9249:Archived
9164:Archived
9113:Archived
9071:Archived
8997:Archived
8964:Archived
8927:31 March
8921:Archived
8897:fishing.
8890:31 March
8884:Archived
8856:31 March
8850:Archived
8823:31 March
8817:Archived
8763:Archived
8758:Tuổi Trẻ
8713:Archived
8692:31 March
8686:Archived
8661:Archived
8628:Archived
8595:Archived
8563:Archived
8559:BBC News
8533:Archived
8497:Archived
8466:Archived
8386:Archived
8355:Archived
8308:Archived
8274:Archived
8239:Archived
8196:Archived
8170:Archived
8140:Archived
8113:Archived
8047:Archived
8017:Archived
7937:Archived
7904:Archived
7871:Archived
7838:Archived
7812:Archived
7751:Archived
7683:15 March
7626:Archived
7592:Archived
7490:Archived
7460:Archived
7430:Archived
7379:Archived
7347:Archived
7315:Archived
7251:Archived
7219:Archived
7185:Archived
7150:Archived
7015:Archived
6982:Archived
6956:4 August
6950:Archived
6924:Archived
6894:Archived
6834:Archived
6780:Archived
6702:Archived
6670:Archived
6638:Archived
6548:Archived
6495:Archived
6430:Công Báo
6407:6 August
6401:Archived
6371:Archived
6341:6 August
6335:Archived
6303:Archived
6233:Archived
6155:Archived
6120:: 1001.
6082:Archived
5965:Archived
5885:Archived
5821:Archived
5788:Archived
5755:(2011).
5731:Archived
5700:23462012
5622:Archived
5600:25798466
5393:Archived
5363:Archived
5289:(2006).
5245:Archived
5207:Archived
5167:Archived
5127:Archived
4986:Archived
4953:Archived
4885:Archived
4784:Archived
4751:Archived
4719:Archived
4689:Archived
4645:Archived
4612:Archived
4582:Archived
4548:Archived
4516:Archived
4483:Archived
4450:Archived
4413:Archived
4387:14 March
4378:Archived
4355:14 March
4349:Archived
4318:Archived
4276:42704389
4226:Archived
4189:and the
4158:Archived
4123:Archived
4053:See also
3854:Thailand
3753:frigates
3614:claimed
3513:Cambodia
3450:Analysis
3300:Sulu Sea
3113:Thailand
3105:Malaysia
3030:maritime
2802:Sand Cay
2570:Malaysia
2516:Basinloc
2502:(called
2362:the text
2233:Malaysia
2059:Sand Cay
707:124miles
636:and the
354:Malaysia
305:and the
212:Malaysia
202:made by
90:disputed
14210:Itu Aba
14090:History
13154:Vietnam
12858:Regions
12623:Islands
12328:Ambalat
11667:31 July
11171:Sources
11159:7 April
11097:30 July
11026:Reuters
11006:14 July
10976:25 June
10877:Reuters
10106:1 March
9940:18 July
9909:18 July
9877:18 July
9847:18 July
9801:Reuters
9780:18 July
9749:25 July
9682:18 July
9651:18 July
9538:26 July
9527:The Age
9508:claims.
9464:11 June
9222:Reuters
9077:15 July
8992:Reuters
8872:Bernama
8392:21 June
8335:. USA:
8166:Reuters
8043:Reuters
7844:2 March
7786:2 March
7321:29 July
7246:Reuters
7215:Reuters
7085:B Raman
7064:Reuters
7029:B Raman
6900:20 July
6890:Reuters
6861:Reuters
6840:18 June
6832:. CNN.
6554:17 June
6523:Rappler
6501:17 June
6239:19 June
5737:12 July
5628:19 June
5535:19 June
5369:15 July
5323:3876599
5251:19 June
5213:19 June
5173:19 June
5133:15 July
4992:19 June
4981:Rappler
4959:19 June
4914:19 June
4891:19 June
4793:19 June
4760:19 June
4725:19 June
4695:19 June
4478:Reuters
4324:15 July
4232:19 June
4016:Côn Đảo
3893:, 1971)
3865:Wang Yi
3458:of the
3311:Bolinao
3209:Vietnam
3191:(14%),
3187:(19%),
3180:海洋石油981
3135:Vietnam
3125:Palawan
3109:Vietnam
3064:Beijing
3017:-owned
2877:in the
2674:, gave
2541:to the
2504:Panacot
2424:neutral
2366:Please
2287:History
2051:Vietnam
1973:Dongmen
1961:Huayang
1949:Yongshu
1924:Taiping
667:Ambalat
652:Palawan
369:Vietnam
228:Vietnam
222:(PRC),
146:updated
14174:Ships
14160:(2014)
14154:(2012)
14148:(2012)
14142:(1988)
14136:(1975)
14130:(1974)
14124:(1944)
13640:Ground
13124:Taiwan
12919:Brunei
12850:(1988)
12844:(1975)
12087:Ladakh
11804:, and
11713:
11681:online
11656:JURIST
11505:
11476:31 May
11467:
11448:
11397:about
11370:
11342:
11314:
11293:
11265:
11239:
11229:
11187:
10488:30 May
10419:Issues
10398:30 May
10358:
10322:
10278:30 May
10076:
9812:2 July
9501:
9491:
9158:
9148:
8726:known.
8656:Kompas
8601:15 May
8569:15 May
8441:
8433:
8361:29 May
8347:
8291:later.
8084:16 May
8053:2 July
8023:14 May
7424:
7414:
6708:9 June
6586:
6453:15 May
6276:
6132:
6046:
5971:30 May
5857:
5827:30 May
5797:12 May
5782:
5725:
5698:
5598:
5526:Per SE
5482:
5447:
5321:
5313:
5119:
5035:
4588:30 May
4554:1 July
4456:30 May
4274:
4266:
4197:
4167:30 May
4129:30 May
3790:and a
3782:, the
3777:CN-235
3762:, and
3561:UNCLOS
3153:Repsol
3088:Kuwait
2834:UNCLOS
2609:France
2574:Brunei
2360:verify
2276:: 56:
2274:Brunei
2271:
2264:
2262:
2235:: 50:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2053:: 21:
2048:
2041:
2039:
1992:: 10:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1969:Chiguo
1965:Nanxun
1942:
1935:
1933:
1917:
1910:
1908:
608:Borneo
364:Taiwan
339:Brunei
303:France
224:Taiwan
218:, the
214:, the
204:Brunei
13988:South
12944:China
12273:Susta
12175:Sabah
12129:Macau
12039:Korea
11802:South
11722:(PDF)
11711:S2CID
11691:(PDF)
11605:(PDF)
11580:(PDF)
11546:(PDF)
11534:(PDF)
11519:(PDF)
11503:S2CID
11446:S2CID
10717:5 May
10452:(PDF)
10441:(PDF)
10074:S2CID
9419:(1).
9336:(PDF)
9329:CSCAP
9325:(PDF)
9300:(PDF)
9293:CSCAP
9289:(PDF)
8439:S2CID
8417:(2).
7754:(PDF)
7741:(PDF)
7629:(PDF)
7618:(PDF)
7493:(PDF)
7486:(PDF)
6920:ASEAN
6783:(PDF)
6772:(PDF)
6426:(PDF)
6274:S2CID
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