History of the Soviet Union

4173: 4363:—an attempted coup d'état by hardline members of the government and the KGB who sought to reverse Gorbachev's reforms and reassert the central government's control over the republics. After the coup collapsed, Russian president Yeltsin was seen as a hero for his decisive actions, while Gorbachev's power was effectively ended. The balance of power tipped significantly towards the republics. In August 1991, Latvia and Estonia immediately declared the restoration of their full independence (following Lithuania's 1990 example). Gorbachev resigned as general secretary in late August, and soon afterwards, the party's activities were indefinitely suspended—effectively ending its rule. By the fall, Gorbachev could no longer influence events outside Moscow, and he was being challenged even there by Yeltsin, who had been elected 4798:"In War II Russia occupies a dominant position and is the decisive factor looking toward the defeat of the Axis in Europe. While in Sicily the forces of Great Britain and the United States are being opposed by 2 German divisions, the Russian front is receiving attention of approximately 200 German divisions. Whenever the Allies open a second front on the Continent, it will be decidedly a secondary front to that of Russia; theirs will continue to be the main effort. Without Russia in the war, the Axis cannot be defeated in Europe, and the position of the United Nations becomes precarious. Similarly, Russia's post-war position in Europe will be a dominant one. With Germany crushed, there is no power in Europe to oppose her tremendous military forces." 57: 2170: 4386: 2731: 2617: 3449: 4058:. They also sought to accelerate economic growth, which had slowed considerably during Khrushchev's final years in power. In 1965, Kosygin initiated several economic reforms aimed at decentralizing the Soviet economy. These reforms initially spurred economic growth, but hard-liners within the Party halted them, fearing that they would undermine the Party's prestige and power. As a result, no further radical economic reforms were implemented during the Brezhnev era, leading to economic stagnation by the early-to-mid-1970s. By Brezhnev's death in 1982, Soviet economic growth had nearly come to a standstill. 4218: 1000: 3819: 4518: 9498: 3966: 3524: 2946: 4565:

the USSR' that became widely accepted in the West, as well as constant pressure from the Western countries, allowed Russia to inherit Soviet state property abroad and conceal information about it. Due to that Ukraine never ratified 'zero option' agreement that Russian Federation had signed with other former Soviet republics, as it denied disclosing of information about Soviet Gold Reserves and its Diamond Fund. The dispute over former Soviet property and assets between the two former republics is still ongoing:

3249: 2594: 3985: 9372: 2409: 933: 4595: 3536: 9442: 9384: 3931:', a complex shift in political, cultural, and economic life in the country. This included some openness and contact with other nations and new social and economic policies with more emphasis on commodity goods, allowing a dramatic rise in living standards while maintaining high levels of economic growth. Censorship was relaxed as well. Khrushchev's reforms in agriculture and administration, however, were generally unproductive. In 1962, he precipitated a 4406: 3072: 3719: 3309:

Soviet Constitution of 1936 was adopted on the eve of the Great Terror of the late 1930s; the "thoroughly democratic" elections to the first Supreme Soviet permitted only uncontested candidates and took place at the height of the savage violence in 1937. The civil rights, personal freedoms, and democratic forms promised in the Stalin constitution were trampled almost immediately and remained dead letters until long after Stalin's death."

2106: 3516:, a close foreign policy advisor to Franklin D. Roosevelt, spoke on 10 August 1943 of the USSR's decisive role in the war, saying that "While in Sicily the forces of Great Britain and the United States are being opposed by 2 German divisions, the Russian front is receiving attention of approximately 200 German divisions." Up to 34 million soldiers served in the Red Army during World War II, 8 million of which were 3313: 4394: 4333: 4502:

was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological, and economic significance.' Before the dissolution, the country had maintained its status as one of the world's two superpowers for four decades after World War II through its hegemony in Eastern Europe, military strength, economic strength

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and on the 17th the Soviet Union invaded Poland as well. On 6 October, Poland fell and part of the Soviet occupation zone was then handed over to Germany. On 10 October, the Soviet Union and Lithuania signed an agreement whereby the Soviet Union transferred Polish sovereignty over the Vilna region to

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and the USSR. Soviet treaties laid groundwork for Ukraine's future foreign agreements as well as leading to the country agreeing to undertake 16.37% of debts of the Soviet Union for which it was going to receive its share of the USSR's foreign property. Russia's position as the 'only continuation of

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Roughly 17.5 million tons of military equipment, vehicles, industrial supplies, and food were shipped from the Western Hemisphere to the USSR, 94% coming from the US. For comparison, a total of 22 million tons landed in Europe to supply American forces from January 1942 to May 1945. It has been

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severe drought, contributed to a famine that caused between 3 and 10 million deaths. Coal production decreased from 27.5 million tons (1913) to 7 million tons (1920), while overall factory production also declined from 10,000 million roubles to 1,000 million roubles. According to the noted historian

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The conflict is unsolvable. We can continue to poke Kiev handouts in the calculation of 'solve the problem', only it won't be solved. Going to a trial is also pointless: for a number of European countries this is a political issue, and they will make a decision clearly in whose favor. What to do in

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as a functioning state, and the end of the Cold War. The Soviet Army initially remained under overall CIS command but was soon absorbed into the different military forces of the newly independent states. The few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased to function

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published an analysis of the former Soviet countries twenty years after the fall of the USSR. They found that "GDP fell as much as 50 percent in the 1990s in some republics... as capital flight, industrial collapse, hyperinflation and tax avoidance took their toll," but that there was a rebound in

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The long period of Brezhnev's rule culminated in his death on 10 November 1982. By this time, the Soviet Union had become increasingly stagnant, with an ageing leadership resistant to change and a deteriorating economy. Moreover, the Soviet Union's failure to modernize its economy, particularly in

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the constitution was never an accurate guide to political reality in the USSR. For example, the fact that the Party played the leading role in making and enforcing policy was not mentioned in it until 1977. The USSR was a federative entity of many constituent republics, each with its own political

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increasingly replacing money as a medium of exchange and, by 1921, heavy industry output had fallen to 20% of 1913 levels. 90% of wages were paid with goods rather than money. 70% of locomotives were in need of repair, and food requisitioning, combined with the effects of seven years of war and a

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over their territories, citing the freedom to secede in Article 72 of the USSR constitution. On 7 April 1990, a law was passed allowing a republic to secede if more than two-thirds of its residents voted for it in a referendum. Many held their first free elections in the Soviet era for their own

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units who committed the rapes. According to professor Oleg Rzheshevsky, "4,148 Red Army officers and many privates were punished for committing atrocities". The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their

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that was praised by supporters around the world as the most democratic constitution imaginable, though there was some skepticism. American historian J. Arch Getty concludes: "Many who lauded Stalin's Soviet Union as the most democratic country on earth lived to regret their words. After all, the

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using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. It also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of

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Moscow considered Eastern Europe to be a critically vital buffer zone for the forward defence of its western borders, in case of another major invasion such as the German invasion of 1941. For this reason, the USSR sought to cement its control of the region by transforming the Eastern European

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once remarked that "things are bad with bread. Give me 3 million tons over the plan." The revenue from oil exports helped to mitigate a growing food supply crisis, fund the import of equipment and consumer goods, and sustain the arms race with the US. It also underpinned risky foreign policy

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in August 1991 against Gorbachev by hardline communists hastened the collapse of the Soviet Union, which formally dissolved on December 26, 1991, ending nearly seven decades of Soviet rule. The legacy of the Soviet Union is complex, leaving behind significant industrial achievements, military

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arrested more than one and a half million people in 1937 and 1938, of whom 681,692 were shot. Over those two years, there were an average of over one thousand executions a day. Scholars estimate the total death toll for the Great Purge (1936–1938), including fatalities attributed to prison

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and the USSR were established when in November, the newly elected President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, chose to recognize Stalin's Communist government formally and negotiated a new trade agreement between the two countries. In September 1934, the country joined the

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was held on 17 March 1991 in nine republics (the remainder having boycotted the vote), with the majority of the population in those republics voting for preservation of the Union in the form of a new federation. The referendum gave Gorbachev a minor boost. In the summer of 1991, the

2550:. Despite efforts to maintain the Soviet Union's superpower status, the economy struggled due to its centralized nature, technological backwardness, and inefficiencies. The vast military expenditures and burdens of maintaining the Eastern Bloc, further strained the Soviet economy. 4452:, which confirmed the accords. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned as the President of the USSR, declaring the office extinct. He turned the powers that had been vested in the presidency over to Yeltsin. That night, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the 3140:

and administrative entities. However, the term 'Soviet Russia' – formally applicable only to the Russian Federative Socialist Republic – was often applied to the entire country by non-Soviet writers due to its domination by the Russian SFSR.

4012:(USSR). This period began with high economic growth and soaring prosperity but ended with a much weaker Soviet Union facing social, political, and economic stagnation. The average annual income stagnated because needed economic reforms were never fully carried out. 3770:

satellites, with the Pact's only direct military actions having been the invasions of its own member states to keep them from breaking away. The USSR concentrated on its own recovery, seizing and transferring most of Germany's industrial plants, and it exacted

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would be the most effective in representing the people's will in a practical manner. The debate over the future of the economy provided the background for a power struggle in the years after Lenin's death in 1924. Initially, Lenin was to be replaced by a

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the 2000s, and by 2010 "some economies were five times as big as they were in 1991." Life expectancy has grown since 1991 in some of the countries, but fallen in others; likewise, some held free and fair elections, while others remained authoritarian.

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asserts that around a million "purposive killings" can be attributed to the Stalinist regime, along with the premature deaths of roughly two million more amongst the repressed populations (i.e. in camps, prisons, exiles, etc.) through criminal

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Two developments dominated the decade that followed: the increasingly apparent crumbling of the Soviet Union's economic and political structures, and the patchwork attempts at reforms to reverse that process. Kenneth S. Deffeyes argued in

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resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $ 15 billion to $ 20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the

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in 1940. They maintain that the process by which they were incorporated into the Soviet Union violated both international law and their own law, and that in 1990–1991 they were reasserting an independence that still legally existed.

3508:, which lasted from late 1942 to early 1943, dealt a severe blow to Germany from which they never fully recovered and became a turning point in the war. After Stalingrad, Soviet forces drove through Eastern Europe to Berlin before 3800:, and its influence grew elsewhere in the world. Fearing its ambitions, the Soviet Union's wartime allies, the United Kingdom and the United States, became its enemies. In the ensuing Cold War, the two sides clashed indirectly in 4582:

Similar situation occurred with restitution of cultural property. Although on 14 February 1992 Russia and other former Soviet republics signed agreement 'On the return of cultural and historic property to the origin states' in

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In 1939, after attempts to form a military alliance with Britain and France against Germany failed, the Soviet Union made a dramatic shift towards Nazi Germany. Almost a year after Britain and France had concluded the

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this situation is an open question. Search for non-trivial solutions. But we must remember that in 2014, with the filing of the then Ukrainian Prime Minister Yatsenyuk, litigation with Russia resumed in 32 countries.

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party had risen from 24,000 members in February 1917 to 200,000 members by September 1917. 50,000 workers had passed a resolution in favour of the Bolshevik demand for the transfer of power to the Soviets.

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in Petrograd, arresting the Provisional Government leaders and Lenin declared that all power was now transferred to the Soviets. This event would later be officially known in Soviet bibliographies as the

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became increasingly prevalent. Despite this, Brezhnev never launched any large-scale anti-corruption campaigns. The Soviet Union, thanks to the military buildup of the 1960s, solidified its status as a

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Otmar Lahodynsky: Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall – German), in: Profil 9 August 2014.

4491:. Since its independence in 1991, Ukraine has continued to pursue claims against Russia in foreign courts, seeking to recover its share of the foreign property that was owned by the USSR. 7456: 5895:

The proletarian state must effect the transition to collective farming with extreme caution and only very gradually, by the force of example, without any coercion of the middle peasant.

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Stalin died on 5 March 1953. Without a mutually agreeable successor, the highest Communist Party officials initially opted to rule the Soviet Union jointly through a troika headed by

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and another rise in the late 1970s made the energy sector the chief driver of the Soviet economy. This revenue was used to offset multiple economic weaknesses. Former Soviet Premier

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During this period, Brezhnev consolidated power, and by the early 1970s, he had established himself as the preeminent Soviet leader. The stabilization policy established a ruling

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72 when they assumed power; both died in less than two years. In an attempt to avoid a third short-lived leader, in 1985, the Soviets turned to the next generation and selected

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An intensive restructuring of the economy, industry, and politics of the country began in the early days of Soviet power in 1917. A large part of this was done according to the

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prowess, cultural influence, and an impact on global politics, but also a record of repression, economic inefficiencies, and the suppression of political and personal freedoms.

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has refused to recognize exclusive Russian claims to succession of the USSR and claimed such status for Ukraine as well, which was codified in Articles 7 and 8 of its 1991 law

9420: 4591:' which made restitution currently impossible, effectively barring the return of looted cultural heritage by Soviet troops during the Second World War to its original owners. 3602:

by the Western world, the USSR had official relations with practically every country by the late 1940s. A member of the United Nations at its foundation in 1945, the country

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countries into satellite states, dependent upon and subservient to its leadership. As a result, Soviet military forces were used to suppress an anti-communist uprising in

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Lithuania, and on 28 October the boundary between the Soviet occupation zone and the new territory of Lithuania was officially demarcated. On 1 November, the Soviet Union

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in the Soviets and on the streets, adopting the slogan of "All Power to the Soviets" and urging the overthrow of the Provisional Government. On 7 November 1917, Bolshevik

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estimated that American deliveries to the USSR through the Persian Corridor alone were sufficient, by US Army standards, to maintain sixty combat divisions in the line.

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was unanimously adopted. One of the Soviet economy's key strengths during this period was its vast oil and gas reserves. The quadrupling of world oil prices during the

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Map showing the greatest territorial extent of the Soviet Union and the sovereign states that it dominated politically, economically and militarily in 1960, after the

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Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.

3241:. Social upheaval continued in the mid-1930s. Despite the turmoil of the mid-to-late 1930s, the country developed a robust industrial economy in the years preceding 2719: 6672: 4172: 7737: 7435: 3607: 3155: 8668: 5777: 4630:, he calculated that there were 3.4 million premature deaths in Russia from 1990 to 1998, which he partly blames on the "shock therapy" that came with the 4444:(CIS) in its place. While doubts remained over the authority of the accords to do this, on 21 December 1991, the representatives of all Soviet republics except 9188: 8688: 4475:

on the international stage. To that end, Russia voluntarily accepted all Soviet foreign debt and claimed Soviet overseas properties as its own. Under the 1992

4359:, which would have turned the country into a much looser Union, was agreed upon by eight republics. The signing of the treaty, however, was interrupted by the 3386: 2439: 961: 638: 572: 271: 8714: 8683: 7879: 5256: 4784:

claims that archival evidence suggests maximum excess mortality of nine million during the entire Stalin era. Australian historian and archival researcher

3579: 8673: 8625: 4410: 3226: 3122: 2990: 6825: 4479:, Russia also agreed to receive all nuclear weapons remaining in the territory of other former Soviet republics. Since then, the Russian Federation has 4241:. In addition to the failing economy, the prolonged war in Afghanistan led to increased public dissatisfaction with the Communist government. Also, the 9413: 2836: 5514: 4329:), as a result of which numerous civilians were killed or wounded. However, these actions only bolstered international support for the secessionists. 8922: 7571: 6161: 5633: 5107: 3466: 4972: 4101:, which stated that any threat to Soviet rule in a Warsaw Pact state was a threat to all Warsaw Pact states, thus justifying military intervention. 6406: 2360: 6895:

Television documentary from CC&C Ideacom Production, "Apocalypse Never-Ending War 1918–1926", part 2, aired at Danish DR K on 22 October 2018.

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Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation

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national legislatures in 1990. Many of these legislatures proceeded to produce legislation contradicting the Union laws in what was known as the '

7887: 6387: 4463:, the highest governmental body, voted both itself and the country out of existence. This is generally recognized as marking the official, final 3843: 1818: 365: 6364: 4541:

state and is for most purposes the heir to the Soviet Union. It retained ownership of all former Soviet embassy properties, inheriting the full

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The consolidation into a one-party state took place during the first three and a half years after the revolution, which included the period of

3571: 2565:(restructuring) aimed to revitalize the Soviet system but instead accelerated its unraveling. Nationalist movements gained momentum across the 1905: 1802: 388: 9406: 8620: 8233: 4611: 1810: 1792: 7363: 3951:, concluding the crisis. This event caused Khrushchev much embarrassment and loss of prestige, resulting in his removal from power in 1964. 9509: 8286: 7211:

James W. Cortada, "Public Policies and the Development of National Computer Industries in Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, 1940—80."

4302: 3562:(modern Russian sources put the number at 26.6 million). This includes 8.7 million military deaths. The majority of the losses were ethnic 3114: 2986: 2875: 5229: 4417:

The remaining 12 republics continued discussing new, increasingly looser, models of the Union. However, by December all except Russia and

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in August 1989 then set a peaceful chain reaction in motion, at the end of which the Eastern Bloc collapsed. With the tearing down of the

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Frank Cain, "Computers and the Cold War: United States restrictions on the export of computers to the Soviet Union and Communist China."

6476: 6101: 5940: 4163: 3960: 3813: 3559: 3439: 3149: 2938:. Additionally, the forced requisition of food by the Soviet government led to substantial resistance, of which the most notable was the 2134: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 590: 426: 331: 187: 7672: 6982: 9062: 9022: 8932: 8743: 8259: 7519: 4714: 1414: 577: 4922: 4895: 9451: 9050: 8945: 8817: 8603: 3874: 2432: 1982: 954: 174: 169: 5754: 2652:

was abolished in 1861, it was done on terms unfavourable to the peasants and served to encourage revolutionaries. A parliament, the

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Closer cooperation between the USSR and the West developed in the early 1930s. From 1932 to 1934, the country participated in the

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During this period of the late 1950s and early 1960s, the USSR continued to realize scientific and technological exploits in the

3621:, broke the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1945 which Japan had been honoring despite their alliance with Germany, and 3377:(signed on 23 August 1939), included a secret protocol that paved the way for the Soviet invasion of Eastern European states and 2483:

in the late 1920s ushered in an era of intense centralization and totalitarianism. Stalin's rule was characterized by the forced

1764: 1575: 288: 229: 5187: 3652:(Soviet secret police) files have revealed that the leadership knew what was happening, but did little to stop it. It was often 9551: 8593: 8438: 7319:"Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows" (German – 19 August 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009. 5900: 4542: 4426: 4090: 3575: 2998: 774: 769: 496: 86: 4421:

had formally declared independence. During this time, Yeltsin took over what remained of the Soviet government, including the

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There are additionally three states that claim independence from the other internationally recognized post-Soviet states but

4607: 3762:(EEC), from 1949 to 1991. Although nominally a "defensive" alliance, the Warsaw Pact's primary function was to safeguard the 3212: 2488: 1591: 643: 398: 224: 9007: 7549: 6442: 4360: 2570: 759: 9601: 9117: 8885: 6302: 4999: 4245:

in 1986 added motive force to Gorbachev's reforms. He made significant changes in the economy and party leadership, called

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died of starvation, mistreatment, or executions in just eight months of 1941–42. More than 2 million people were killed in

3397: 3220: 2890:, the party became centralized and the independent Soviet republics were subordinated to Soviet Russia. In March 1921, the 2484: 2425: 2220: 2091: 1961: 1768: 1721: 1259: 947: 200: 40: 5776:

Courtois, Stéphane; Werth, Nicolas; Panné, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartošek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis (1999).

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to the point where the Soviets could not make a profit selling their oil, and resulted in the depletion of the country's

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after decades of heavy government censorship. Gorbachev also moved to end the Cold War. In 1988, the USSR abandoned its

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Residents of Leningrad leave their homes destroyed by German bombing. About 1 million civilians died during the 871-day

9606: 9045: 9040: 8760: 8708: 8079: 6214: 5151: 4709: 4526: 4460: 4445: 4441: 4376: 2847:, though by February 1918, fighting had resumed. In March, the Soviets ended their involvement in the war and signed a 1756: 1746: 764: 682: 618: 164: 7082: 7079:"Main Intelligence Administration (GRU) Glavnoye Razvedovatel'noye Upravlenie – Russia / Soviet Intelligence Agencies" 9297: 9248: 9181: 8992: 8720: 8322: 8226: 7800: 7196: 5964: 5657: 5452: 5266: 4692: 3637: 2820:

was initiated to shut down all opposition, both perceived and real. The terror also arose in response to a number of

2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 1173: 598: 7542:"The Soviet Union and the United States – Revelations from the Russian Archives | Exhibitions – Library of Congress" 6741: 6714: 6236: 9456: 9327: 9315: 9139: 9129: 9085: 8900: 8576: 8525: 8408: 6549: 4418: 3788: 3517: 3238: 2385: 2003: 1549: 1537: 1438: 628: 6522: 6465:"The Executive of the Presidents Soviet Protocol Committee (Burns) to the President's Special Assistant (Hopkins)" 4078:, a period characterized by economic, political, and social decline, which persisted under Brezhnev's successors, 2460:

and ended in dissolution amidst economic collapse and political disintegration. Established in 1922 following the

9461: 9332: 9320: 9176: 9161: 9075: 8977: 8559: 8379: 4724: 4550: 4464: 4380: 4318: 4036: 3784: 3780: 3611: 3595: 3382: 3216: 3010: 2927: 2127: 1742: 699: 266: 5730: 5134: 3696:) and 1.75 million tons of food. As Soviet soldiers were bearing the brunt of the war, Roosevelt's advisor 3586:. During the war, the country together with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the 9497: 9471: 9273: 9253: 8950: 8564: 8389: 8317: 7851: 4488: 4385: 3734:

During the immediate post-war period, the Soviet Union rebuilt and expanded its economy, while maintaining its

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in Lithuania, that country declared its independence restored on 11 March 1990, citing the illegality of the

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and proceeded to pass laws that attempted to supersede some of the Soviet laws. After a landslide victory of

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with Germany, the Soviet Union made agreements with Germany as well, both militarily and economically during

3211:. In industry, the state assumed control over all existing enterprises and undertook an intensive program of 3076: 2883: 2805: 2566: 2213: 1696: 1526: 1241: 914: 884: 879: 17: 7023: 4521:

On 21 December 1991, the leaders of 11 former Soviet republics, including Russia and Ukraine, agreed to the

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Rosefielde, Steven (2001). "Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective".

7572:"INFCIRC/397 – Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation" 4676: 4413:(fifth in the second row) no longer exists as a political entity of any kind and the emblem is unofficial.) 4351: 3855: 3622: 3493: 3431: 3425: 3370: 3269: 3204: 3061: 2931: 2923: 2907: 2879: 2703: 2684: 2244: 2195: 1940: 1919: 1410: 899: 749: 565: 560: 540: 383: 378: 339: 293: 281: 256: 246: 215: 205: 7575: 7250:

Zimmerman, William; Axelrod, Robert (October 1981). "The "Lessons" of Vietnam and Soviet Foreign Policy".

6158: 4976: 4780:, "excess deaths during the 1930s as a whole were in the range of 10–11 million." American historian 4429:. Ukraine's secession ended any realistic chance of the country staying together even on a limited scale. 4229:

Brezhnev's next two successors, transitional figures with deep roots in his tradition, did not last long.

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The history of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, referred to as the Brezhnev Era, covers the period of

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In the late 1950s, a confrontation with China regarding the Soviet rapprochement with the West, and what

3759: 3416:. The pact ensured Japan would not enter the World War II against the USSR on the side of Germany later. 3408:

with Japan, which the Soviets would unilaterally break in 1945, recognizing the territorial integrity of

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was the only one that had passed laws, similar to Russia, claiming it is a state-successor of both the

4322: 3882: 3435: 2886:, which killed about five million people. Although Lenin had declared his support for the principle of 2323: 2120: 1706: 1641: 1279: 979: 739: 709: 5986:

República y Guerra Civil. Vol. 8 de la Historia de España, dirigida por Josep Fontana y Ramón Villares

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Political Power in the U.S.S.R., 1917–1947: The Theory and Structure of Government in the Soviet State

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The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State, First Phase 1917–1922

3092:. The stated purpose was to prevent the return of capitalist exploitation, and that the principles of 9258: 9231: 9134: 7481:"From Russianisation to legalisation: Russia and the question of successor state to the Soviet Union" 6941:

Hardesty, Von (1991). "Appendix 10: Lend-Lease Aircraft to USSR June 22, 1941 – September 20, 1945".

6356: 4719: 4623: 3390: 3041: 2919: 2344: 2313: 2305: 2295: 2252: 1834: 1826: 1351: 1121: 9226: 7695:"Ни по-честному, ни по-братски – Москва и Киев не могут поделить советскую собственность за рубежом" 7340: 6852: 6507:

Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study

3873:. This resulted in a break throughout the global Marxist–Leninist movement, with the governments in 9339: 8121: 6009:

Getty, J. Arch (1991). "State and Society Under Stalin: Constitutions and Elections in the 1930s".

4763: 4759: 4167: 4159: 4123: 3936: 3772: 3681: 3587: 3583: 3305: 3208: 3136: 3129: 3009:, forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. These two documents were confirmed by the first 2380: 1483: 528: 195: 7905:

The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933

4409:

Country emblems of the Soviet Republics before and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union (the

3448: 3170:

gradually consolidating his influence and isolating and outmaneuvering his rivals within the party

8588: 7994: 7360: 6472: 5617: 5055:

The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture

4321:. Soviet forces attempted to halt the secession by crushing popular demonstrations in Lithuania ( 3797: 3641: 3626: 3356:' who had participated in the October Revolution. According to declassified Soviet archives, the 3286: 3044:, government documents signed by Vladimir Lenin. One of the most prominent breakthroughs was the 2852: 2793:, not to Lenin's plan. The initial stage of the October Revolution which involved the assault on 2669: 2495:, which eliminated perceived enemies of the state. The Soviet Union played a crucial role in the 1798: 1780: 1760: 1647: 1619: 1111: 672: 349: 144: 5981: 4217: 2977:, the grain harvest was also slashed from 80.1 million tons (1913) to 46.5 million tons (1920). 2855:. After the defeat of the Germans in the war, Lenin sought the creation of formally independent 1013: 9268: 8860: 8798: 7104: 6931:, Section IIIB, Published by Office, Chief of Finance, War Department, December 31, 1946, p. 8. 5231:

Captives of Revolution: The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 1918–1923

4599: 3665: 3599: 2895: 2496: 2272: 1329: 1207: 1017: 7852:"End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on | Russia" 7617: 7186: 7124: 6766: 6464: 6135: 6085: 5924: 3912:, the first person to walk in space in 1965; the first soft landing on the Moon by spacecraft 2503:, but at a tremendous human cost, with millions of Soviet citizens perishing in the conflict. 9387: 8359: 8139: 7899: 7895: 7656: 6993: 6331:

Bringing Stalin Back In: Memory Politics and the Creation of a Useable Past in Putin's Russia

6060: 5910: 5357: 4785: 4729: 4537:

for the 15 post-Soviet states is complex. The Russian Federation is widely seen as the legal

4262: 4258: 4136: 4048: 3870: 3866: 3743: 3739: 3544: 3169: 3098: 3093: 2707: 2661: 2151: 1629: 545: 344: 9441: 7503: 7381: 6943: 6576:"The Treatment of Soviet POWs: Starvation, Disease, and Shootings, June 1941 – January 1942" 5488: 9149: 9012: 8832: 8630: 8344: 5683: 4631: 4534: 4472: 4425:. The final blow was struck on 1 December when Ukraine, the second-most powerful republic, 4234: 4083: 4066: 3932: 3905: 3878: 3505: 3489: 3453: 3341: 3196: 3030: 2839:

in November, not including the detached borderlands. In December, the Bolsheviks signed an

2809: 2757: 2457: 1603: 1406: 836: 692: 550: 523: 413: 408: 393: 261: 9236: 7292:

Andreas Rödder, Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009).

5384:

The Soviet Concept of 'Limited Sovereignty' from Lenin to Gorbachev: The Brezhnev Doctrine

3492:

on 22 June 1941 starting what is known in Russia and some other post-Soviet states as the

8: 9428: 9376: 9105: 8910: 8839: 8647: 8496: 8374: 8296: 8269: 8151: 8046: 8020: 7815: 7415: 6555:

2.8 million young, healthy Soviet POWs" killed by the Germans, "mainly by starvation

5746: 4668: 4364: 4292:

At the same time, the Soviet republics started legal moves towards potentially declaring

4274: 4270: 4222: 3693: 3685: 3257: 3200: 3065: 2774: 2761: 2711: 2688: 2473: 2413: 1571: 1516: 1384: 1169: 999: 937: 734: 687: 667: 662: 657: 474: 313: 159: 113: 7054: 5687: 4517: 4143:

the field of computerization, further hindered its competitiveness with Western powers.

4054:

The collective leadership initially focused on stabilizing the Soviet Union and calming

3373:. Unlike the case of Britain and France, the Soviet Union's agreement with Germany, the 3068:

in the 1920s, and total food requisition in the countryside was replaced by a food tax.

9243: 9154: 8471: 8384: 8274: 8264: 8168: 8093: 7987: 7909: 7832: 7275: 7267: 6658:

The New York Times Living History: World War II, 1942–1945: The Allied Counteroffensive

6283: 6052: 6034: 6026: 5707: 4512: 4242: 3818: 3689: 3630: 3528: 3461: 3325: 2887: 2786: 2770: 2746: 2657: 2630: 2288: 2190: 1885: 1849: 1788: 1776: 1684: 1637: 1377: 1275: 1263: 1177: 1165: 1085: 919: 623: 613: 533: 134: 30: 5863: 5824: 4089:

The Brezhnev Era also witnessed significant international actions, including the 1968

3657:

numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million.

9351: 9291: 9070: 8856: 8552: 8354: 8339: 8281: 8185: 8143: 8125: 8099: 8075: 8050: 8024: 7998: 7971: 7948: 7913: 7836: 7783: 7773: 7662: 7623: 7509: 7425: 7395: 7279: 7192: 7130: 6964: 6954: 6772: 6662: 6632: 6432: 6335: 6308: 6275: 6210: 6139: 6128: 6091: 6064: 6038: 5989: 5930: 5783: 5711: 5699: 5592: 5567: 5494: 5415: 5388: 5361: 5325: 5321: 5292: 5262: 5235: 5208: 5157: 5113: 5086: 5059: 5032: 5005: 4928: 4901: 4781: 4627: 4522: 4449: 4437: 4267:

Gorbachev refused to interfere in the internal affairs of the Soviet satellite states

4238: 4176: 4098: 4075: 4016: 3839: 3823: 3727: 3660:

The Soviet Union was greatly assisted in its wartime effort by the United States via

3551: 3548: 3482: 3443: 3282: 3278: 3026: 3018: 2949: 2911: 2863: 2798: 2692: 2665: 2649: 2645: 2554: 2543: 2527: 2461: 1772: 1736: 1732: 1625: 1452: 1434: 1422: 1297: 1283: 1267: 1234: 1187: 1040: 988: 909: 841: 821: 786: 781: 677: 513: 464: 439: 434: 403: 139: 6304:

Stalin and War, 1918-1953: Patterns of Repression, Mobilization, and External Threat

5350: 4051:, which contrasted in form with the autocracy that characterized Khrushchev's rule. 3965: 3943:. An agreement was made with the United States to remove nuclear missiles from both 3653: 3582:, almost a quarter of the region's population, including around 550,000 Jews in the 8160: 8038: 7824: 7387: 7259: 6652: 6544: 6503:Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование 6267: 6202: 6018: 5691: 5317: 4777: 4398: 4356: 4344: 4266: 4032: 3969: 3847: 3754:, in 1955, and an economic organization, Council for Mutual Economic Assistance or 3723: 3618: 3501: 3474: 3366: 3294: 3181: 3102: 2939: 2825: 2782: 2715: 2696: 2531: 1728: 1587: 1505: 1462: 1255: 1245: 754: 724: 373: 359: 276: 81: 7541: 7158: 6194: 5674:

Lapin, G. G. (2000). "70 Years of Gidroproekt and Hydroelectric Power in Russia".

3523: 3229:

ensued as a result, causing deaths estimated at three to seven million; surviving

3219:, rather than adhering to the 'lead by example' policy advocated by Lenin, forced 3128:

In February 1924, the USSR was recognized by the United Kingdom. The same year, a

2534:

process, leading to a period of liberalization and relative openness known as the

9263: 8476: 8428: 8334: 8144:"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45" 8065: 7603: 7464: 7383:

Chapter 3 The Baltic States Between 1940 and 1991: Illegality and/or Prescription

7367: 7335: 7011:

The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler

6753: 6745: 6726: 6718: 6626: 6426: 6413: 6206: 6165: 5968: 5734: 5661: 5640: 5409: 5382: 5286: 5202: 4684: 4495: 4476: 4127: 4028: 4005: 3989: 3928: 3835: 3827: 3747: 3738:. It took effective control over most of the countries of Eastern Europe (except 3735: 3673: 3469:, followed by Western Belarus on the 2nd. In late November, unable to coerce the 3401: 3333: 3321: 3290: 3253: 3177: 3085: 3049: 3034: 3014: 2856: 2813: 2607: 2539: 2535: 1868: 1402: 1340: 1318: 1197: 1090: 826: 816: 714: 354: 303: 7903: 7421:

Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis

6559:... in less than eight months" of 1941–42, before "the decimation of Soviet POWs 6271: 4856: 4556:

Of the two other co-founding states of the USSR at the time of the dissolution,

4139:

beginning in 1979, which effectively ended the period of détente with the West.

3664:. In total, the U.S. deliveries to the USSR through Lend-Lease amounted to $ 11 3473:

by diplomatic means into moving its border 25 kilometres (16 mi) back from

3248: 2945: 9283: 9211: 8491: 8481: 7759: 6749: 6722: 6694: 4471:

Following the dissolution, Russia was internationally recognized as the USSR's

4453: 4422: 4326: 4207: 4131: 4055: 4044: 4024: 3984: 3591: 3022: 2891: 2871: 2848: 2844: 2832: 2778: 2753: 2734: 2641: 2599: 2469: 2227: 1426: 1418: 1362: 1307: 1074: 1060: 1029: 806: 744: 486: 479: 469: 103: 8164: 7828: 7787: 7596: 7391: 6968: 6907:

The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949

5695: 4626:, with poverty increasing more than tenfold. In a 2001 study by the economist 3048:, which envisioned a major restructuring of the Soviet economy based on total 3033:, on 30 December 1922. The formal proclamation was made from the stage of the 9595: 9144: 7927: 6279: 5703: 5345: 4749: 4688: 4656: 4575: 4561: 4499: 4306: 4286: 4230: 4211: 4180: 4094: 4079: 3909: 3846:

and proceeded to ease controls over the party and society. This was known as

3793: 3763: 3697: 3645: 3540: 3513: 3353: 3273: 3118: 3071: 3057: 2965: 2765: 2480: 2206: 2110: 1806: 1494: 1444: 1131: 1101: 904: 831: 811: 719: 491: 239: 154: 3636:

Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially in

3512:. The German Army suffered 80% of its military deaths in the Eastern Front. 3066:

permitted some private enterprise to coexist alongside nationalized industry

2506:

The Soviet Union emerged as one of the world's two superpowers, leading the

9570: 9513: 9466: 9027: 8848: 8242: 7850:

Rice-Oxley, Mark; Sedghi, Ami; Ridley, Jenny; Magill, Sasha (17 Aug 2011).

7763: 6853:"Harrowing Memoir: German Woman Writes Ground-Breaking Account of WW2 Rape" 6605: 6392: 4660: 4639: 4594: 4314: 4282: 4203: 4062: 4009: 3993: 3901: 3776: 3456:, considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II 3413: 3396:

In the far east, the Soviet military won several decisive victories during

3298: 3242: 3185: 2957: 2790: 2738: 2622: 2603: 2547: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2453: 1673: 1662: 1579: 1251: 7505:

A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev

6877:

Bird, Nicky (October 2002). "Berlin: The Downfall 1945 by Antony Beevor".

5961: 5654: 3648:, whose books were banned in 2015 from some Russian schools and colleges, 3535: 3233:(wealthy or middle-class peasants) were persecuted, and many were sent to 2985:

On 28 December 1922, a conference of plenipotentiary delegations from the

2906:, and putting an end to Lenin's westward offensive against capitalism. In 2785:

agreed that Lenin's influence on the Bolshevik party was decisive but the

2593: 9575: 8890: 8852: 8844: 8466: 8450: 8364: 8306: 6738: 6711: 5486: 4855:

Dewdney, John C.; Conquest, Robert; Pipes, Richard E.; McCauley, Martin.

4298: 4293: 4278: 4247: 3767: 3751: 3700:

felt that American aid to the Soviets would hasten the war's conclusion.

3349: 3329: 3110: 2961: 2742: 2677: 2562: 2492: 1750: 1651: 1633: 1611: 1599: 1021: 729: 608: 459: 449: 234: 108: 7658:

International Law in the Relations of Ukraine and the Russian Federation

7229: 7078: 5538: 3892:, rivaling the United States: launching the first artificial satellite, 3842:

eventually won the ensuing power struggle by the mid-1950s. In 1956, he

3629:

ended with a decisive Soviet victory, contributing to the unconditional

8880: 7271: 6030: 4340: 4194: 4122:, while simultaneously building up Soviet military might. In 1977, the 4071: 3921: 3917: 3889: 3862: 3661: 3567: 3478: 3084:

From its creation, the government in the Soviet Union was based on the

2817: 2804:

Lenin's government instituted a number of progressive measures such as

2723: 2718:', sprang up across the country, and the most influential of them, the 2519: 2277: 1392: 633: 308: 149: 76: 8211: 8172: 8067:

Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence

6287: 6255: 5727: 4882:

Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography 1888–1938

4503:

and scientific research, especially in space technology and weaponry.

4405: 4106: 454: 9430: 9100: 9095: 8917: 8810: 8640: 8301: 8071: 7967: 7944: 7769: 6520: 5109:

After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists

4664: 4619: 3893: 3801: 3718: 3409: 2969: 2840: 2794: 2673: 2523: 1863: 1583: 1398: 704: 210: 71: 7263: 6022: 2546:, was marked by economic decline, political corruption, and a rigid 9090: 8635: 8369: 8329: 8184:. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave. 6521:Министерство обороны Российской Федерации, MOD Russian Federation. 5258:

The bolsheviks in power. The first year of Soviet rule in Petrograd

4680: 4672: 4652: 4253: 4097:

reforms. Brezhnev justified this and future interventions with the

3713: 3563: 3497: 3173: 2935: 2867: 2691:

and the abdication of Nicholas II and the imperial government. The

2626: 2558: 2515: 1880: 1784: 1607: 1430: 1050: 603: 298: 5178:"How Lenin's Red Terror set a macabre course for the Soviet Union" 4587:, it was halted by the Russian State Duma that eventually passed ' 3750:. The USSR bound its satellite states in a military alliance, the 3260:, on his lap. As head of the NKVD, Beria was responsible for many 2722:, shared power with the Provisional Government. Membership of the 9580: 8982: 8486: 7031: 6992:. US Army Center of Military History. p. 158. Archived from 5988:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica/Marcial Pons. pp. 271–274. 5153:

Lenin: A Political Life: Volume 1: The Strengths of Contradiction

4618:

Nearly all of the post-Soviet states suffered deep and prolonged

4557: 4484: 4433: 4115: 4074:

during Brezhnev's rule. However, this era was also marked by the

3977: 3973: 3755: 3617:

The USSR, in fulfillment of its agreement with the Allies at the

3598:. It emerged as a superpower in the post-war period. Once denied 3470: 3165: 3060:' during the Russian Civil War, as a prelude to fully developing 2903: 2899: 2526:

around the globe. The post-Stalin leadership, particularly under

1615: 8207:

An on-line archive of primary source materials on Soviet history

8206: 6563:... was stopped" and the Germans "began to use them as laborers. 6388:"Molotov-Ribbentrop: why is Moscow trying to justify Nazi pact?" 6175: 5971:. Holodomorct.org (28 November 2006). Retrieved on 29 July 2013. 5312:

Reese, Roger (6 February 2012). "Russian Civil War, 1918–1921".

4440:, which declared the Soviet Union dissolved and established the 3796:." Later, the Comecon supplied aid to the eventually victorious 3207:

expressed by Lenin throughout the revolution, it aimed to build

2472:

were marked by the implementation of socialist policies and the

7765:

How China escaped shock therapy : the market reform debate

7485:Журнал Сибирского Федерального Университета. Гуманитарные Науки 6795:"German women break their silence on horrors of Red Army rapes" 5864:"Joseph Stalin – Biography, World War II & Facts – History" 4494:

In summing up the international ramifications of these events,

4111: 3948: 3913: 3677: 3312: 3045: 2922:, the Reds were defeated, while the Red Army managed to occupy 2859:

in the territories that were being vacated by the German Army.

7240:

Kenneth S. Deffeyes, Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert's Peak.

7121:

Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe", in

3481:. On 14 December 1939, the Soviet Union was expelled from the 3404:

in 1938 and 1939. However, in April 1941, the USSR signed the

2569:, and the control of the Communist Party weakened. The failed 2464:, the Soviet Union quickly became a one-party state under the 8905: 8783: 8118:

A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin

4584: 4393: 3897: 3234: 3230: 1595: 1081: 7849: 6949:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 5775: 4389:

Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War

4332: 4281:

and with East and West Germany pursuing re-unification, the

3644:

were followed by decades of silence. According to historian

3162:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

9017: 8793: 7801:

Study Finds Poverty Deepening in Former Communist Countries

6826:"Raped by the Red Army: Two million German women speak out" 5589:

The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917–1991: 1917–1991

4336: 4273:. In particular, the standstill of the Soviet Union at the 4225:

took place in August 1989 on the Hungarian-Austrian border.

4110:

with the West, leading to treaties on arms control such as

3944: 3940: 3669: 3649: 3357: 3176:

of the country and, by the end of the 1920s, established a

5490:

The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945

5136:

Lenin's Plan for Building Socialism in the USSR, 1917–1925

5106:

Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (10 January 2014).

4432:

On 8 December 1991, the presidents of Russia, Ukraine and

3614:, which gave it the right to veto any of its resolutions. 2874:, ending in 1921–1922 with the Reds' victory. It included 9002: 8822: 7459:

Foreign & Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom.

5962:

Ukrainian 'Holodomor' (man-made famine) Facts and History

4265:

and began to withdraw its forces. In the following year,

3056:

and was fulfilled by 1931. After the economic policy of '

2956:

The civil war had a devastating impact on the economy. A

2584:

History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)

7474: 7472: 4854: 4752:

and an election in which multiple parties competed. See

4309:

was elected its chairman. On 12 June 1990, the Congress

4305:

convened a newly elected Congress of People's Deputies.

3623:

invaded Manchukuo and other Japan-controlled territories

3156:

Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin

3052:

of Russia. The plan became the prototype for subsequent

7361:

Origins of Moral-Ethical Crisis and Ways to Overcome it

6885:(4). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 914–916. 5779:

The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression

5440: 4953: 4695:

are other such cases which have already been resolved.

4146: 2680:

by military defeat and food shortages in major cities.

2518:. This period saw the USSR engage in an arms race, the 7730:Вестник Таганрогского института управления и экономики 6514: 5487:

R. W. Davies; Mark Harrison; S. G. Wheatcroft (1993).

4833: 4606:

Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania consider themselves as

4483:, and is widely viewed as the USSR's successor state. 4047:

as chief ideologue, this group formed a reinvigorated

9429:

Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their

7724:Николаевич, Касатенко Александр (21 September 2013). 7469: 5926:

Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression

5428: 4821: 2980: 272:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

7880:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

7478: 6945:

Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945

5194: 5139:. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 48. 5028:

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution

4941: 4924:

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution

3500:

stopped the seemingly invincible German Army at the

3132:

was approved, legitimizing the December 1922 union.

2683:

A spontaneous popular demonstration in Petrograd on

5922: 4411:

Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

4027:took over as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. 3285:broke out in 1936, the USSR actively supported the 2720:

Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies

2687:1917, demanding peace and bread, culminated in the 7986: 7726:"История и теория реституции культурных ценностей" 7616:Kaufman, Richard F.; Hardt, John P., eds. (1993). 7414: 7331:"National Review: The red blues - Soviet politics" 6942: 6793: 6624: 6237:"Certainty, Probability, and Stalin's Great Purge" 6201:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–9, 1985, 6127: 5480: 5349: 3676:(including 7,000 tanks, about 1,386 of which were 3381:. The pact made possible the Soviet occupation of 2837:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 2476:(NEP), which allowed for market-oriented reforms. 445:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests 29:"Soviet-era" redirects here. For the statues, see 6983:"World War II: The War Against Germany And Italy" 4481:assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations 3539:From left to right, the Soviet General Secretary 3352:resulted in the detainment or execution of many ' 9593: 9091:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 7941:The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925 7894: 7249: 7215:(2009) 44#3 pp: 493-512, especially page 509-10. 7188:Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia 6732: 6496: 6494: 5906: 5234:. University of Pittsburgh Pre. pp. 75–85. 4311:declared Russia's sovereignty over its territory 2001: 1694: 7888:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union 6818: 3954: 3361:conditions, to be roughly 700,000-1.2 million. 7884:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 5248: 4884:(Oxford University Press: London, 1980) p. 46. 3488:Germany broke the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and 2456:(USSR) (1922–91) began with the ideals of the 9414: 8227: 7597:"ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ Про правонаступництво України" 7379: 6850: 6844: 6491: 6256:"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments" 6057:Life and Terror in Stalin's Russia, 1934–1941 5718: 5280: 5278: 4612:occupation and annexation by the Soviet Union 4019:on 14 October 1964, Brezhnev replaced him as 3807: 3164:. Lenin had appointed Stalin the head of the 2702:, which intended to conduct elections to the 2433: 2128: 955: 8182:Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution 7615: 7508:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. ix. 7191:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 102. 7184: 6919:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) pp. 28, 30, 31. 6705: 5566:. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 236. 4370: 4179:in one-to-one discussions with US President 3272:. In 1933, diplomatic relations between the 3013:and signed by the heads of the delegations, 2706:and to continue fighting on the side of the 7654: 7097: 6385: 6195:"Introduction: the Great Purges as history" 5254: 4608:revivals of the three independent countries 4352:referendum for the preservation of the USSR 3440:World War II casualties of the Soviet Union 3168:, which gave Stalin considerable power. By 2880:murder of the former emperor and his family 2577: 9421: 9407: 8234: 8220: 8138: 7812: 7723: 7059:. Center of Military History. pp. 4–6 6791: 6357:"Why didn't the USSR join Allies in 1939?" 6181: 5515:"Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1921" 5275: 5105: 2745:celebrating the second anniversary of the 2440: 2426: 2135: 2121: 962: 948: 7938: 7370:by V.A.Drozhin Honoured Lawyer of Russia. 7157:. 6 December 2007. CBC-TV. Archived from 6701:. New York Review of Books, 16 July 1998. 5929:. Harvard University Press. p. 206. 5782:. Harvard University Press. p. 123. 5561: 5493:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. 5446: 5261:. Indiana University Press. p. 306. 5133:Ugri͡umov, Aleksandr Leontʹevich (1976). 5132: 4997: 4897:Evgeny Pashukanis: A Critical Reappraisal 4649:possess limited international recognition 3262:political repressions in the Soviet Union 2960:emerged in Russia, despite the threat of 8011: 7143: 6940: 6651: 6631:. Harvard University Press. p. 28. 6523:"On Question of war Losses (in Russian)" 6407:USSR expelled from the League of Nations 6121: 6119: 6051: 6045: 5980: 5923:Courtois, Stéphane; Mark Kramer (1999). 5344: 5078: 5058:. Oxford University Press. p. 224. 4839: 4827: 4753: 4593: 4516: 4404: 4392: 4384: 4331: 4216: 4171: 3983: 3964: 3817: 3717: 3684:); 11,400 aircraft (of which 4,719 were 3534: 3522: 3447: 3311: 3304:In December 1936, Stalin unveiled a new 3247: 3070: 2944: 2729: 8241: 8112: 8088: 7984: 7926: 7328: 7122: 7071: 6909:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 70. 6904: 6354: 6334:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7. 6301:Shearer, David R. (11 September 2023). 6300: 6125: 6083: 5611: 5539:"Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls" 5466: 5462: 5458: 5288:The Soviet Union: Federation Or Empire? 5284: 5200: 5149: 5051: 5024: 4959: 4920: 4397:Internally displaced Azerbaijanis from 4289:and Soviet-occupied regions came down. 4164:History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991) 3961:History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982) 3814:History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964) 3150:History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953) 3143: 3007:Declaration of the Creation of the USSR 2942:, ultimately put down by the Red Army. 14: 9594: 8260:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 7552:from the original on 15 September 2017 7155:The Nature of Things with David Suzuki 7056:The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia 7052: 7024:"The five Lend-Lease routes to Russia" 6424: 6327: 6253: 6234: 5870:from the original on 12 September 2018 5228:Smith, Scott Baldwin (15 April 2011). 5031:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 343. 4973:"The causes of the October Revolution" 4715:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 4319:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states 4091:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 3730:of 1961 (total area: c. 35,000,000 km) 3558:The USSR suffered greatly in the war, 3223:was implemented all over the country. 3160:On 3 April 1922, Stalin was named the 3064:in the country, the Soviet government 497:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 87:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 9402: 8215: 8179: 8017:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 7758: 7619:The Former Soviet Union in Transition 7534: 7501: 7438:from the original on 17 December 2020 7085:from the original on 26 December 2008 6543: 6500: 6307:. Taylor & Francis. p. vii. 6116: 6104:from the original on 5 September 2015 6008: 5673: 5586: 5470: 5380: 5311: 5227: 5082:The Russian Revolution: A New History 5001:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 4927:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 21. 4850: 4848: 4705:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 4506: 4427:voted overwhelmingly for independence 3079:killed an estimated 5 million people. 2640:Modern revolutionary activity in the 399:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 8063: 8037: 7843: 6876: 6870: 6806:from the original on 12 January 2022 6693: 6586:from the original on 6 November 2018 6367:from the original on 6 February 2022 6134:. Harvard University Press. p. 5757:from the original on 15 January 2019 5474: 5408:Lee, Stephen J. (12 November 2012). 4947: 4893: 3916:in 1966; and the first Moon rovers, 3590:Allied powers, and later became the 2676:continued and was aggravated during 2656:, was established in 1906 after the 2538:. However, the subsequent era under 7989:The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police 7961: 7675:from the original on 17 August 2021 7636:from the original on 19 August 2021 7450: 6712:Denunciation of the neutrality pact 6675:from the original on 15 August 2021 6611:Library of Congress Country Studies 6479:from the original on 21 August 2018 6355:Yegorov, Oleg (26 September 2019). 6328:Nelson, Todd H. (16 October 2019). 5751:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History 5434: 5407: 5025:Shukman, Harold (5 December 1994). 4998:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). 4965: 4921:Shukman, Harold (5 December 1994). 4894:Head, Michael (12 September 2007). 4792: 4770: 4436:(formerly Byelorussia), signed the 4104:Brezhnev presided over a period of 4010:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 3904:in 1961; the first woman in space, 3166:Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate 2797:occurred largely without any human 24: 7934:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 7803:, New York Times, October 12, 2000 7574:. 23 November 2003. Archived from 6929:Lend-Lease Shipments: World War II 6898: 6889: 6851:Susanne Beyer (26 February 2010). 6739:Soviet Declaration of War on Japan 6130:Russia and the Russians: a history 5728:On GOELRO Plan – at Kuzbassenergo. 5186:. 2 September 2020. Archived from 4845: 4710:Historiography in the Soviet Union 4527:Commonwealth of Independent States 4442:Commonwealth of Independent States 4377:Commonwealth of Independent States 3838:. This did not last, however, and 3003:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 2981:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 2771:Great October Socialist Revolution 2710:in World War I. At the same time, 2191:Great October Socialist Revolution 2168: 2008: 619:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 165:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 25: 9618: 8200: 7740:from the original on 16 July 2020 7705:from the original on 15 July 2020 7522:from the original on 9 March 2017 6771:. ABC-CLIO. 2006. pp. 480–. 6445:from the original on 22 June 2020 6431:. Wadsworth Pub Co. p. 128. 6159:Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse? 5943:from the original on 22 June 2020 5888: 5381:Jones, Robert A. (27 July 2016). 4693:Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic 4602:since the end of the Soviet Union 4549:, with its permanent seat on the 4043:as organisational secretary, and 3570:. Approximately 2.8 million 2835:of Russia was promulgated in the 2022: 9496: 9440: 9383: 9382: 9370: 7806: 7794: 7752: 7717: 7687: 7648: 7609: 7590: 7564: 7495: 7408: 7373: 7354: 7322: 7313: 7304: 7295: 7286: 7243: 7234: 7218: 7205: 7126:A Companion to Europe Since 1945 6090:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 373. 5634:Voted Unanimously for the Union. 5411:European Dictatorships 1918–1945 5207:. Merlin Press. pp. 1–348. 5150:Service, Robert (24 June 1985). 3900:in 1957; the first human being, 3726:of 1959 but before the official 2824:on Bolshevik senior leaders and 2615: 2592: 2407: 2104: 998: 931: 683:End of communist rule in Hungary 629:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration 55: 7655:Zadorozhnii, Oleksandr (2016). 7329:Crozier, Brian (25 June 1990). 7226:Journal of Contemporary History 7213:Journal of Contemporary History 7178: 7165: 7115: 7046: 7016: 7003: 6975: 6934: 6922: 6913: 6785: 6759: 6687: 6645: 6618: 6598: 6568: 6537: 6457: 6418: 6400: 6379: 6348: 6321: 6294: 6247: 6228: 6187: 6152: 6077: 6002: 5974: 5955: 5916: 5882: 5856: 5843: 5817: 5804:"Formation of the Soviet Union" 5796: 5769: 5739: 5667: 5645: 5624: 5605: 5591:. Routledge. pp. 140–143. 5580: 5555: 5531: 5507: 5401: 5374: 5338: 5305: 5255:Rabinowitch, Alexander (2007). 5221: 5170: 5143: 5126: 5099: 5085:. Basic Books. pp. 1–496. 5072: 5045: 5018: 4991: 4801: 4776:According to British historian 4742: 4725:List of Slavic studies journals 4465:dissolution of the Soviet Union 4381:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 4037:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 3612:United Nations Security Council 3596:United Nations Security Council 3560:losing around 20 million people 3419: 3406:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 3379:occupation of their territories 3320:in 1935. Only two of them— 3195:In 1928, Stalin introduced the 3011:Congress of Soviets of the USSR 2828:against the Soviet government. 2664:resisted attempts to move from 2485:collectivization of agriculture 2016:Not internationally recognized. 700:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 267:Occupation of the Baltic states 7964:Lenin and Revolutionary Russia 7661:. Yuri Marchenko. p. 98. 7491:(12). Cyberleninka: 1840–1855. 6792:Allan Hall (24 October 2008). 6386:Andrew Roth (23 August 2019). 6087:A companion to Russian history 5851:The rise and fall of Communism 5322:10.1093/OBO/9780199791279-0051 5079:McMeekin, Sean (30 May 2017). 4914: 4887: 4874: 4489:On Legal Succession of Ukraine 4269:, which paved the way for the 3998:SALT II arms limitation treaty 3935:over the Soviet deployment of 2952:in the European part of Russia 2700:Russian Provisional Government 2010: 1474:General Secretariat of Ukraine 519:Mozambican War of Independence 216:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933 13: 1: 8923:Political abuse of psychiatry 8715:Congress of People's Deputies 7479:Ojo Emmanuel Oladipo (2017). 6971:– via Internet Archive. 6550:Hitler's Willing Executioners 6126:Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2001). 5893:. pp. 152–164, Vol. 31. 5414:. Routledge. pp. 89–90. 5004:. Verso Books. p. 1283. 4900:. Routledge. pp. 1–288. 4814: 4498:stated: 'The collapse of the 4120:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 3933:crisis with the United States 3885:choosing to ally with China. 3633:and the end of World War II. 3594:that formed the basis of the 3387:Bessarabia, northern Bukovina 2789:was carried out according to 2773:". Bolshevik figures such as 2024: 1242:Great Stand on the Ugra River 578:Death and funeral of Brezhnev 7748:– via cyberleninka.ru. 7622:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 924. 7502:Zubok, Vladislav M. (2009). 7123:Larresm, Klaus, ed. (2014). 6207:10.1017/cbo9780511572616.002 6170:The New York Review of Books 5907:Davies & Wheatcroft 2004 4677:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 4610:that existed prior to their 4547:Soviet Union's UN membership 4525:, formally establishing the 3955:1964–1982: Era of Stagnation 3896:in 1957; a living dog named 3736:strictly centralized control 3432:Eastern Front (World War II) 3426:Soviet Union in World War II 3318:Marshals of the Soviet Union 3270:World Disarmament Conference 3090:Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 2704:Russian Constituent Assembly 384:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 379:1956 Georgian demonstrations 340:East German uprising of 1953 282:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 7: 9602:History of the Soviet Union 9086:Academy of Medical Sciences 6905:Naimark, Norman M. (1995). 6625:Waitman Wade Beorn (2014). 6425:Duiker, William J. (2009). 6272:10.1080/0966813022000017177 6199:Origins of the Great Purges 5676:Hydrotechnical Construction 5183:National Geographic Society 4698: 4691:separatist movement of the 4683:separatist movement of the 4675:separatist movement of the 4667:separatist movement of the 3760:European Economic Community 3707: 3668:in materials: over 400,000 3547:and British Prime Minister 3510:Germany surrendered in 1945 2898:, splitting territories in 2161:Culture of the Soviet Union 1538:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 509:Angolan War of Independence 366:"On the Cult of Personality 319:Death and funeral of Stalin 49:History of the Soviet Union 10: 9623: 7877: 7873: 7418:; Sullivan, Paige (1997). 7053:Motter, T.H. Vail (1952). 6428:Contemporary World History 5564:Imperial and Soviet Russia 5112:. McFarland. p. 109. 4754:Schapiro, Leonard (1955). 4510: 4374: 4157: 4000:in Vienna on 18 June 1979. 3958: 3865:perceived as Khrushchev's 3811: 3808:1953–1964: Khrushchev Thaw 3711: 3578:during the three years of 3436:Great Patriotic War (term) 3429: 3423: 3383:Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia 3153: 3147: 2964:against profiteering. The 2658:Russian Revolution of 1905 2581: 710:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 294:Soviet famine of 1946–1947 206:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 175:Death and funeral of Lenin 28: 9607:Modern history by country 9566: 9547: 9505: 9494: 9447: 9438: 9364: 9308: 9282: 9202: 9125: 9116: 9061: 8968: 8931: 8871: 8774: 8736: 8656: 8518: 8509: 8459: 8407: 8398: 8250: 8165:10.1080/09668139608412415 7829:10.1080/09668130120093174 7530:– via Google Books. 7392:10.1163/9789004464896_005 7366:28 September 2007 at the 7228:(2005) 40#1 pp: 131-147. 6990:American Military History 6412:14 September 2021 at the 5562:Christian, David (1997). 5356:. Pegasus Books. p. 5291:. Routledge. p. 64. 4720:Islam in the Soviet Union 4545:, and also inherited the 4456:was raised in its place. 4371:Dissolution and aftermath 4124:third Soviet Constitution 4035:, became Chairmen of the 4015:Following the ousting of 3988:Soviet general secretary 3826:(left) with US President 3531:, mostly from starvation. 3221:collectivization of farms 3077:Russian famine of 1921–22 3042:Bolshevik Initial Decrees 2816:. Conversely, the bloody 1980: 1959: 1941:Luhansk People's Republic 1938: 1920:Donetsk People's Republic 1917: 1896: 1879: 1862: 1683: 1672: 1536: 1515: 1504: 1493: 1472: 1361: 1350: 1339: 1328: 1317: 1122:Principality of Chernigov 8180:White, James D. (2001). 8122:Harvard University Press 7985:Leggett, George (1981). 7962:Lee, Stephen J. (2003). 7939:Goldstein, Erik (2013). 7602:23 November 2019 at the 6606:"Belarus – World War II" 6525:. MOD Russian Federation 6254:Ellman, Michael (2002). 6084:Gleason, Abbott (2009). 5825:"Recognition of Britain" 5733:26 December 2008 at the 5612:Towster, Julian (1948). 5387:. Springer. p. 42. 5201:Liebman, Marcel (1985). 5156:. Springer. p. 98. 4764:Harvard University Press 4760:Cambridge, Massachusetts 4735: 4168:1991 Soviet coup attempt 3490:invaded the Soviet Union 3460:On 1 September, Germany 3293:, who were supported by 3256:with Stalin's daughter, 3209:Socialism in One Country 2629:and a key figure in the 2578:1917–1927: Establishment 2468:. Its early years under 1547: 1217: 1141: 1059: 1049: 1039: 770:independence declaration 541:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 529:South African Border War 196:Socialism in one country 9377:Soviet Union portal 7995:Oxford University Press 7457:Country Profile: Russia 7416:Brzezinski, Zbigniew K. 7028:Engines of the Red Army 6699:Looking for the Sheriff 6473:Office of the Historian 6241:McNair Scholars Journal 6164:12 October 2017 at the 5696:10.1023/A:1004107617449 5639:4 December 2009 at the 5618:Oxford University Press 5587:Sakwa, Richard (1999). 5285:Raffass, Tania (2012). 4861:Encyclopædia Britannica 4459:The following day, the 3844:denounced Joseph Stalin 3798:Chinese Communist Party 3764:Soviet Union's hegemony 3758:, a counterpart to the 3467:annexed Western Ukraine 3375:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 3192:and forced into exile. 3188:were expelled from the 3180:rule. In October 1927, 2853:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2826:organized insurrections 2752:The Bolsheviks, led by 2714:, known in Russian as ' 2670:constitutional monarchy 2414:Soviet Union portal 1799:Eurasian Economic Union 1648:Parade of sovereignties 1112:Principality of Polotsk 938:Soviet Union portal 673:Fall of the Berlin Wall 639:Lithuanian independence 350:1954 transfer of Crimea 252:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 145:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 9269:Stalinist architecture 9023:Science and technology 8933:Ideological repression 8861:Soviet Airborne Forces 8799:Destruction battalions 7380:Lauri Mälksoo (2022). 6628:Marching into Darkness 6580:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 6235:Homkes, Brett (2004). 6184:, pp. 1334, 1348. 4603: 4580: 4543:Soviet nuclear arsenal 4530: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4347: 4226: 4208:lower the price of oil 4188: 4001: 3981: 3927:Khrushchev initiated ' 3831: 3830:in Vienna, 3 June 1961 3731: 3608:five permanent members 3600:diplomatic recognition 3555: 3532: 3485:for invading Finland. 3457: 3345: 3265: 3081: 2953: 2822:assassination attempts 2814:equal rights for women 2749: 2606:and the leader of the 2173: 1389:Provisional Government 1330:Grand Duchy of Finland 1208:Principality of Moscow 593:: Decline and collapse 9051:List of metro systems 8604:Collective leadership 8098:. London: Macmillan. 7463:11 March 2008 at the 7185:Yegor Gaidar (2007). 7129:. Wiley. p. 79. 6879:International Affairs 6469:www.history.state.gov 6061:Yale University Press 5967:24 April 2013 at the 5352:The Russian Civil War 5052:Bergman, Jay (2019). 4975:. BBC. Archived from 4786:Stephen G. Wheatcroft 4730:Ukrainian nationalism 4597: 4567: 4520: 4408: 4396: 4388: 4335: 4259:access to information 4233:was 68 years old and 4220: 4200:Reagan administration 4175: 4135:actions, such as the 4049:collective leadership 3987: 3968: 3821: 3746:), turning them into 3721: 3566:, followed by ethnic 3545:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3538: 3526: 3518:non-Slavic minorities 3477:, Stalin ordered the 3451: 3430:Further information: 3315: 3251: 3094:democratic centralism 3074: 2948: 2733: 2542:, referred to as the 2510:in opposition to the 2172: 2030:Not fully controlled. 1864:Republic of Tatarstan 1757:Constitutional crisis 345:Virgin Lands campaign 170:National delimitation 9013:Net material product 8956:Censorship of images 8873:Political repression 8833:Soviet Border Troops 8766:First Deputy Premier 8350:1965 economic reform 8345:Soviet space program 8064:Ryan, James (2012). 8047:Taylor & Francis 8043:From Tsar to Soviets 8021:Taylor & Francis 7161:on 26 December 2008. 7034:on December 12, 2003 5866:. 12 November 2009. 5655:Creation of the USSR 5519:publishing.cdlib.org 5469:, pp. 423–424; 5465:, pp. 330–333; 5204:Leninism Under Lenin 5190:on 22 February 2021. 4632:Washington Consensus 4535:succession of states 4533:The analysis of the 4468:by the end of 1991. 4235:Konstantin Chernenko 4160:Cold War (1985–1991) 4084:Konstantin Chernenko 4067:political corruption 3906:Valentina Tereshkova 3694:Bell P-63 Kingcobras 3686:Bell P-39 Airacobras 3584:Holocaust in Belarus 3506:Battle of Stalingrad 3454:Battle of Stalingrad 3197:first five-year plan 3172:, Stalin became the 3144:1927–1953: Stalinism 3031:Alexander Chervyakov 2894:was signed with the 2876:foreign intervention 2810:universal healthcare 2787:October insurrection 2758:communist revolution 2695:was replaced by the 2644:began with the 1825 2458:Bolshevik Revolution 2361:World Heritage Sites 1803:Annexation of Crimea 1411:Constituent Assembly 1288:Second Patriotic War 765:Ukrainian revolution 693:German reunification 651:Latvian independence 566:1984 Olympic boycott 561:1980 Olympic boycott 551:1980 Summer Olympics 524:Mozambican Civil War 414:Cuban Missile Crisis 394:Peaceful coexistence 262:Operation Barbarossa 9081:Academy of Sciences 8896:Population transfer 8840:Soviet Armed Forces 8703:Congress of Soviets 8684:Presidium/Politburo 8648:Soviet anti-Zionism 8497:West Siberian Plain 8375:Revolutions of 1989 8312:Great Patriotic War 8297:New Economic Policy 8152:Europe-Asia Studies 8140:Wheatcroft, Stephen 7900:Wheatcroft, Stephen 7816:Europe-Asia Studies 7578:on 23 November 2003 6744:20 May 2011 at the 6717:20 May 2011 at the 6260:Europe-Asia Studies 6053:Thurston, Robert W. 5747:"Famine of 1921–22" 5688:2000PTE....34..374L 5660:29 May 2007 at the 5477:, pp. 154–155. 4669:Republic of Artsakh 4365:President of Russia 4275:Pan-European Picnic 4271:Revolutions of 1989 4223:Pan-European Picnic 3690:Douglas A-20 Havocs 3672:and trucks; 12,000 3494:Great Patriotic War 3479:invasion of Finland 3471:Republic of Finland 3130:Soviet Constitution 3123:Transcaucasian SFSR 2991:Transcaucasian SFSR 2884:famine of 1921–1922 2866:ensued between the 2806:universal education 2775:Anatoly Lunacharsky 2689:February Revolution 2662:Emperor Nicholas II 2474:New Economic Policy 2452:The history of the 2196:Great Patriotic War 1983:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 1815:Invasion of Ukraine 1604:Great Patriotic War 1576:Cultural revolution 1517:Transcaucasian SFSR 1385:February Revolution 1272:Emancipation reform 1170:Council of Uvetichi 1020: • 1016: • 688:Romanian Revolution 668:Peaceful Revolution 663:Pan-European Picnic 658:Revolutions of 1989 599:Invasion of Grenada 475:Cambodian Civil War 429:: Era of Stagnation 314:First Indochina War 289:Soviet deportations 257:Great Patriotic War 230:Cultural Revolution 160:New Economic Policy 114:February Revolution 8726:Military Collegium 8594:Capital punishment 8472:Caucasus Mountains 8385:Post-Soviet states 8265:Russian Revolution 8095:Lenin: A Biography 7910:Palgrave Macmillan 7768:. Abingdon, Oxon: 7151:"Tank on the Moon" 7105:"Warsaw Pact ends" 7009:David Roll (2012) 6748:, 8 August 1945. ( 6509:] (in Russian) 5437:, pp. 84, 88. 4604: 4531: 4523:Alma-Ata Protocols 4513:Post-Soviet states 4507:Post-Soviet states 4415: 4403: 4391: 4348: 4263:war in Afghanistan 4243:Chernobyl disaster 4227: 4189: 4002: 3982: 3980:on 16 October 1969 3832: 3732: 3631:surrender of Japan 3625:on 9 August 1945. 3556: 3533: 3529:Siege of Leningrad 3458: 3346: 3266: 3203:. In place of the 3082: 2954: 2896:Republic of Poland 2888:self-determination 2862:A long and bloody 2750: 2747:October Revolution 2631:October Revolution 2174: 1899:Republic of Crimea 1850:Russian Federation 1793:Presidential terms 1685:Karelo-Finnish SSR 1638:Chernobyl disaster 1378:Russian Revolution 1276:Russo-Japanese War 1264:1812 Patriotic War 1178:Battle of Kulikovo 1166:Council of Liubech 920:Post-Soviet states 624:Singing Revolution 614:Chernobyl disaster 534:Rhodesian Bush War 135:October Revolution 31:Soviet-era statues 9589: 9588: 9396: 9395: 9360: 9359: 9352:Hammer and sickle 9294:and their groups 9292:Soviet dissidents 9071:Communist Academy 8988:Economic planning 8964: 8963: 8857:Soviet Air Forces 8776:Security services 8696:General Secretary 8679:Central Committee 8621:Political parties 8553:Brezhnev Doctrine 8548:Foreign relations 8505: 8504: 8446:Autonomous okrugs 8360:Soviet–Afghan War 8340:Sino-Soviet split 8282:Russian Civil War 8191:978-0-333-72157-5 8131:978-0-674-01801-3 8105:978-0-333-72625-9 8056:978-1-135-36625-4 8039:Read, Christopher 8030:978-1-317-86783-8 8004:978-0-19-822552-2 7977:978-0-415-28718-0 7954:978-1-31-7883-678 7932:The Life of Lenin 7919:978-0-230-23855-8 7779:978-0-429-49012-5 7668:978-617-684-146-3 7629:978-1-56324-318-9 7515:978-0-8078-9905-2 7431:978-1-56324-637-1 7401:978-90-04-46489-6 7136:978-1-118-89024-0 6960:978-1-56098-071-1 6778:978-1-85109-770-8 6668:978-0-8050-7247-1 6653:Brinkley, Douglas 6638:978-0-674-72660-4 6545:Goldhagen, Daniel 6438:978-0-495-57271-8 6341:978-1-4985-9153-9 6314:978-1-000-95544-6 6172:, 27 January 2011 6145:978-0-674-00473-3 6097:978-1-4051-3560-3 6070:978-0-300-07442-0 5995:978-84-8432-878-0 5936:978-0-674-07608-2 5831:. 4 February 1924 5789:978-0-674-07608-2 5598:978-0-415-12290-0 5573:978-0-333-66294-6 5500:978-0-521-45770-5 5421:978-1-135-69011-3 5394:978-1-349-20491-5 5367:978-1-933648-15-6 5331:978-0-19-979127-9 5298:978-0-415-68833-8 5241:978-0-8229-7779-7 5214:978-0-85036-261-9 5163:978-1-349-05591-3 5119:978-0-7864-5647-5 5092:978-0-465-09497-4 5065:978-0-19-884270-5 5038:978-0-631-19525-2 5011:978-1-78168-721-5 4962:, pp. 47–49. 4950:, pp. 82–85. 4934:978-0-631-19525-2 4907:978-1-135-30787-5 4782:Timothy D. Snyder 4628:Steven Rosefielde 4454:Russian tricolour 4450:Alma-Ata Protocol 4438:Belavezha Accords 4239:Mikhail Gorbachev 4177:Mikhail Gorbachev 4137:Soviet–Afghan War 4099:Brezhnev Doctrine 4076:Era of Stagnation 4017:Nikita Khrushchev 3992:and US President 3871:Sino–Soviet split 3840:Nikita Khrushchev 3824:Nikita Khrushchev 3728:Sino-Soviet split 3580:German occupation 3549:Winston Churchill 3483:League of Nations 3444:Soviet war crimes 3287:Republican forces 3283:Spanish Civil War 3279:League of Nations 3213:industrialization 3201:socialist economy 3190:Central Committee 3174:undisputed leader 3027:Grigory Petrovsky 3019:Mikhail Tskhakaya 2950:Russian Civil War 2712:workers' councils 2697:social-democratic 2693:tsarist autocracy 2646:Decembrist revolt 2625:, founder of the 2602:, founder of the 2555:Mikhail Gorbachev 2544:Era of Stagnation 2528:Nikita Khrushchev 2489:industrialization 2462:Russian Civil War 2450: 2449: 2145: 2144: 2111:Russia portal 2039: 2038: 1733:Belavezha Accords 1715: 1714: 1626:Era of Stagnation 1592:Industrialization 1558: 1557: 1435:Soviet-Polish War 1371: 1370: 1352:Russian Manchuria 1298:Tsardom of Russia 1284:October Manifesto 1268:Decembrist Revolt 1260:Petrovian reforms 1228: 1227: 1188:Novgorod Republic 1152: 1151: 1068: 1067: 972: 971: 801:Soviet leadership 787:Alma-Ata Protocol 782:Belovezha Accords 678:Velvet Revolution 644:Economic blockade 546:Soviet–Afghan War 514:Angolan Civil War 465:Laotian Civil War 440:Era of Stagnation 435:Brezhnev Doctrine 404:Sino-Soviet split 334:: Khrushchev Thaw 225:Industrialization 140:Russian Civil War 16:(Redirected from 9614: 9500: 9444: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9400: 9399: 9386: 9385: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9123: 9122: 9031: 8886:Collectivization 8631:Marxism–Leninism 8516: 8515: 8405: 8404: 8236: 8229: 8222: 8213: 8212: 8195: 8176: 8159:(8): 1319–1353. 8148: 8135: 8109: 8085: 8060: 8034: 8013:Mccauley, Martin 8008: 7992: 7981: 7958: 7935: 7923: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7823:(8): 1159–1176. 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7701:. 9 March 2020. 7691: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7613: 7607: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7548:. 15 June 1992. 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7476: 7467: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7377: 7371: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7339:. 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In 1989, the 4251:. His policy of 4093:to suppress the 4041:Andrei Kirilenko 4033:Nikolai Podgorny 3970:Nikolai Podgorny 3937:nuclear missiles 3848:de-Stalinization 3768:Eastern European 3748:satellite states 3724:Cuban Revolution 3674:armored vehicles 3619:Yalta Conference 3502:Battle of Moscow 3367:Munich Agreement 3205:internationalism 3103:Grigory Zinoviev 3101:' consisting of 2999:Byelorussian SSR 2968:collapsed, with 2940:Tambov Rebellion 2857:Soviet republics 2783:Dmitry Manuilsky 2619: 2596: 2567:Soviet republics 2532:de-Stalinization 2442: 2435: 2428: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2171: 2163: 2147: 2146: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2095: 2033: 2032: 2019: 2018: 1995: 1974: 1953: 1932: 1911: 1891: 1881:Chechen Republic 1874: 1857: 1846: 1845: 1743:USSR dissolution 1659: 1658: 1588:Collectivization 1506:Byelorussian SSR 1463:Russian Republic 1459: 1458: 1294: 1293: 1256:Treaty of Nystad 1184: 1183: 1098: 1097: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1002: 992: 974: 973: 964: 957: 950: 936: 935: 934: 915:Soviet republics 755:New Union Treaty 556:Olympic boycotts 374:We will bury you 360:De-Stalinization 277:Battle of Berlin 201:Collectivization 82:World revolution 59: 36: 35: 21: 9622: 9621: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9585: 9562: 9559: 9543: 9540: 9501: 9492: 9489: 9445: 9434: 9427: 9397: 9392: 9371: 9369: 9356: 9304: 9278: 9198: 9112: 9057: 9029: 9003:Internet domain 8998:Five-year plans 8960: 8927: 8867: 8770: 8732: 8664:Communist Party 8652: 8611:Passport system 8501: 8477:European Russia 8455: 8394: 8335:Khrushchev Thaw 8314:(World War II) 8292:Creation treaty 8246: 8240: 8203: 8198: 8192: 8146: 8132: 8114:Service, Robert 8106: 8090:Service, Robert 8082: 8057: 8031: 8005: 7978: 7955: 7920: 7890: 7876: 7871: 7870: 7860: 7858: 7848: 7844: 7811: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7780: 7760:Weber, Isabella 7757: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7722: 7718: 7708: 7706: 7699:Рамблер/новости 7693: 7692: 7688: 7678: 7676: 7669: 7653: 7649: 7639: 7637: 7630: 7614: 7610: 7606:(in Ukrainian). 7604:Wayback Machine 7595: 7591: 7581: 7579: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7553: 7540: 7539: 7535: 7525: 7523: 7516: 7500: 7496: 7477: 7470: 7465:Wayback Machine 7455: 7451: 7441: 7439: 7432: 7424:. M.E. Sharpe. 7413: 7409: 7402: 7378: 7374: 7368:Wayback Machine 7359: 7355: 7346: 7344: 7336:National Review 7327: 7323: 7318: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7264:10.2307/2010148 7248: 7244: 7239: 7235: 7223: 7219: 7210: 7206: 7199: 7183: 7179: 7170: 7166: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7120: 7116: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7088: 7086: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7060: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6961: 6939: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6890: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6859: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6833: 6832:. 15 April 2009 6830:The Independent 6824: 6823: 6819: 6809: 6807: 6800:Telegraph.co.uk 6790: 6786: 6779: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6754:Yale University 6746:Wayback Machine 6737: 6733: 6727:Yale University 6721:5 April 1945. ( 6719:Wayback Machine 6710: 6706: 6695:Urquhart, Brian 6692: 6688: 6678: 6676: 6669: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6623: 6619: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6587: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6560: 6556: 6553:. p. 290. 6542: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6519: 6515: 6501:Кривошеев, ГФ, 6499: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6439: 6423: 6419: 6414:Wayback Machine 6405: 6401: 6384: 6380: 6370: 6368: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6299: 6295: 6252: 6248: 6233: 6229: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6182:Wheatcroft 1996 6180: 6176: 6166:Wayback Machine 6157: 6153: 6146: 6124: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6098: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6063:. p. 139. 6050: 6046: 6023:10.2307/2500596 6007: 6003: 5996: 5979: 5975: 5969:Wayback Machine 5960: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5937: 5921: 5917: 5905: 5901: 5891:Collected Works 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5735:Wayback Machine 5724: 5723: 5719: 5672: 5668: 5662:Wayback Machine 5651: 5650: 5646: 5641:Wayback Machine 5630: 5629: 5625: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5560: 5556: 5547: 5545: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5523: 5521: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5485: 5481: 5473:, p. 168; 5461:, p. 459; 5457: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5199: 5195: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5148: 5144: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5023: 5019: 5012: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4880:Stephen Cohen, 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4775: 4771: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4701: 4685:Gagauz Republic 4579: 4574: 4515: 4509: 4496:Vladislav Zubok 4477:Lisbon Protocol 4473:legal successor 4383: 4375:Main articles: 4373: 4170: 4158:Main articles: 4156: 4128:1973 oil crisis 4029:Anastas Mikoyan 4021:First Secretary 4008:'s rule of the 4006:Leonid Brezhnev 3990:Leonid Brezhnev 3963: 3957: 3836:Georgy Malenkov 3828:John F. Kennedy 3816: 3810: 3773:war reparations 3716: 3710: 3692:and 2,397 were 3554:in Tehran, 1943 3543:, US President 3446: 3428: 3422: 3402:Empire of Japan 3371:extensive talks 3254:Lavrentiy Beria 3199:for building a 3158: 3152: 3146: 3080: 3054:Five-Year Plans 3050:electrification 3035:Bolshoi Theatre 3015:Mikhail Kalinin 2983: 2975:David Christian 2638: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2620: 2612: 2611: 2608:Bolshevik party 2597: 2586: 2580: 2561:(openness) and 2557:'s policies of 2540:Leonid Brezhnev 2536:Khrushchev Thaw 2466:Communist Party 2446: 2408: 2406: 2399: 2398: 2391:National anthem 2376: 2375: 2366: 2365: 2356: 2355: 2339: 2338: 2309: 2308: 2283: 2282: 2268: 2267: 2258: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2201: 2200: 2186: 2185: 2169: 2159: 2141: 2105: 2103: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2049: 2041: 2040: 2021: 2020: 2007: 1993: 1972: 1951: 1930: 1909: 1889: 1872: 1855: 1844: 1839:2022 annexation 1823:Mass emigration 1811:2020 amendments 1794: 1752: 1738: 1725: 1724: 1716: 1657: 1643: 1621: 1568: 1567: 1559: 1457: 1440: 1403:Kornilov affair 1381: 1380: 1372: 1341:Congress Poland 1319:Russian America 1292: 1280:1905 Revolution 1247: 1238: 1237: 1229: 1198:Vladimir-Suzdal 1182: 1174:Mongol conquest 1162: 1161: 1153: 1096: 1091:Russkaya Pravda 1086:Baptism of Rus' 1078: 1077: 1069: 1034:pre-9th century 1012: 1010: 990: 983: 968: 932: 930: 925: 924: 865: 857: 856: 802: 794: 793: 715:April 9 tragedy 594: 583: 582: 430: 419: 418: 355:Khrushchev Thaw 335: 324: 323: 304:Berlin Blockade 191: 180: 179: 130: 129:: Establishment 119: 118: 97:Bolshevik Party 92:Bolshevik split 67: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9620: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9554: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9490: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9462:Czechoslovakia 9459: 9454: 9448: 9446: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9426: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9403: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9390: 9380: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9288: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9208: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9179: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9158: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9137: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9067: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9046:Rail transport 9043: 9041:Railway system 9033: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8974: 8972: 8966: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8937: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8877: 8875: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8863: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8820: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8803: 8802: 8801: 8791: 8786: 8780: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8763: 8761:Deputy Premier 8758: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8744:Heads of state 8740: 8738: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8718: 8712: 8709:Supreme Soviet 8706: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8676: 8671: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8626:State ideology 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8585: 8584: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8562: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8545: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8533: 8522: 8520: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8499: 8494: 8492:Ural Mountains 8489: 8484: 8482:North Caucasus 8479: 8474: 8469: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8431: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8413: 8411: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8239: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8202: 8201:External links 8199: 8197: 8196: 8190: 8177: 8136: 8130: 8110: 8104: 8086: 8081:978-1138815681 8080: 8061: 8055: 8035: 8029: 8009: 8003: 7982: 7976: 7959: 7953: 7936: 7928:Fischer, Louis 7924: 7918: 7896:Davies, Robert 7891: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7842: 7805: 7793: 7778: 7751: 7716: 7686: 7667: 7647: 7628: 7608: 7589: 7563: 7533: 7514: 7494: 7468: 7449: 7430: 7407: 7400: 7372: 7353: 7321: 7312: 7303: 7294: 7285: 7252:World Politics 7242: 7233: 7217: 7204: 7197: 7177: 7164: 7142: 7135: 7114: 7096: 7070: 7045: 7015: 7002: 6999:on 6 May 2017. 6974: 6959: 6933: 6921: 6912: 6897: 6888: 6869: 6843: 6817: 6784: 6777: 6758: 6750:Avalon Project 6731: 6723:Avalon Project 6704: 6686: 6667: 6644: 6637: 6617: 6597: 6567: 6536: 6513: 6490: 6456: 6437: 6417: 6399: 6378: 6347: 6340: 6320: 6313: 6293: 6246: 6227: 6216:978-0521259217 6215: 6186: 6174: 6151: 6144: 6115: 6096: 6076: 6069: 6044: 6001: 5994: 5973: 5954: 5935: 5915: 5899: 5881: 5855: 5853:(2009) p, 518. 5849:Archie Brown, 5842: 5816: 5795: 5788: 5768: 5738: 5717: 5666: 5664:at Khronos.ru. 5644: 5623: 5620:. p. 106. 5604: 5597: 5579: 5572: 5554: 5530: 5506: 5499: 5479: 5451: 5447:Goldstein 2013 5439: 5427: 5420: 5400: 5393: 5373: 5366: 5346:Mawdsley, Evan 5337: 5330: 5304: 5297: 5274: 5267: 5247: 5240: 5220: 5213: 5193: 5169: 5162: 5142: 5125: 5118: 5098: 5091: 5071: 5064: 5044: 5037: 5017: 5010: 4990: 4964: 4952: 4940: 4933: 4913: 4906: 4886: 4873: 4857:"Soviet Union" 4844: 4842:, p. 487. 4832: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4800: 4791: 4769: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4697: 4572: 4511:Main article: 4508: 4505: 4461:Supreme Soviet 4423:Moscow Kremlin 4372: 4369: 4367:in July 1991. 4327:The Barricades 4325:) and Latvia ( 4155: 4145: 4132:Alexei Kosygin 4056:Soviet society 4045:Mikhail Suslov 4025:Alexei Kosygin 3959:Main article: 3956: 3953: 3822:Soviet leader 3812:Main article: 3809: 3806: 3712:Main article: 3709: 3706: 3592:Four Policemen 3462:invaded Poland 3424:Main article: 3421: 3418: 3398:border clashes 3391:eastern Poland 3354:Old Bolsheviks 3344:were executed. 3328:—survived the 3148:Main article: 3145: 3142: 3086:one-party rule 3023:Mikhail Frunze 2982: 2979: 2892:Treaty of Riga 2849:separate peace 2845:Central Powers 2833:federalization 2779:Moisei Uritsky 2754:Vladimir Lenin 2642:Russian Empire 2621: 2614: 2613: 2600:Vladimir Lenin 2598: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2582:Main article: 2579: 2576: 2553:In the 1980s, 2530:, initiated a 2497:Allied victory 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2395:Cultural icons 2393: 2388: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2165: 2164: 2156: 2155: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2125: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2100: 2099: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2036: 2034: 1998: 1997: 1986: 1977: 1976: 1965: 1962:Kherson Oblast 1956: 1955: 1944: 1935: 1934: 1923: 1914: 1913: 1902: 1893: 1892: 1883: 1876: 1875: 1866: 1859: 1858: 1852: 1843: 1842: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1656: 1655: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1456: 1455: 1419:Bolshevik Coup 1375: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1363:Uryankhay Krai 1358: 1357: 1354: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1308:Russian Empire 1304: 1303: 1300: 1291: 1290: 1235:Tsarist Russia 1232: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1223: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1181: 1180: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1147: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1095: 1094: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1041:Rus' Khaganate 1036: 1035: 1032: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 995: 994: 985: 984: 977: 970: 969: 967: 966: 959: 952: 944: 941: 940: 927: 926: 923: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 866: 864:Related topics 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 853: 852: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 790: 789: 784: 779: 778: 777: 772: 762: 757: 752: 747: 745:The Barricades 742: 740:January Events 737: 735:Dushanbe riots 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 697: 696: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 655: 654: 653: 648: 647: 646: 636: 631: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 595: 589: 588: 585: 584: 581: 580: 575: 570: 569: 568: 563: 553: 548: 543: 538: 537: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 504:Wars in Africa 501: 500: 499: 489: 487:Yom Kippur War 484: 483: 482: 480:Fall of Saigon 477: 472: 470:Operation Menu 467: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 431: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 370: 369: 357: 352: 347: 342: 336: 330: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 285: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 244: 243: 242: 232: 227: 222: 221: 220: 219: 218: 213: 198: 192: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 131: 125: 124: 121: 120: 117: 116: 111: 106: 104:Russian Empire 101: 100: 99: 94: 89: 79: 74: 68: 65: 64: 61: 60: 52: 51: 45: 44: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9619: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9546: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9510:Soviet Russia 9508: 9507: 9504: 9499: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9432: 9424: 9419: 9417: 9412: 9410: 9405: 9404: 9401: 9389: 9381: 9379: 9378: 9367: 9366: 9363: 9353: 9350: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9307: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9249:Printed media 9247: 9245: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9182:Cyrillisation 9180: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9150:Working class 9148: 9146: 9145:Soviet people 9143: 9142: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9115: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9060: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8993:Energy policy 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8930: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8870: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8838: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8804: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8773: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8721:Supreme Court 8719: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8646: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8323:The Holocaust 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8249: 8244: 8237: 8232: 8230: 8225: 8223: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8193: 8187: 8183: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8068: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7996: 7991: 7990: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7857: 7853: 7846: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7809: 7802: 7797: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7772:. p. 6. 7771: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7755: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7720: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7651: 7635: 7631: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7612: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7593: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7473: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7453: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7411: 7403: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7384: 7376: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7357: 7343:on 2005-03-24 7342: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7325: 7316: 7307: 7298: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7237: 7231: 7227: 7221: 7214: 7208: 7200: 7198:9780815731153 7194: 7190: 7189: 7181: 7174: 7168: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7138: 7132: 7128: 7127: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7058: 7057: 7049: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7012: 7006: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6946: 6937: 6930: 6925: 6916: 6908: 6901: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6788: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6768:Women and War 6762: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6735: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6661:. Macmillan. 6660: 6659: 6654: 6648: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6621: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6601: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6564: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6540: 6524: 6517: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6495: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6421: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6403: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6366: 6362: 6361:Russia Beyond 6358: 6351: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6324: 6316: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6218: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6183: 6178: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6155: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6122: 6120: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6080: 6072: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6011:Slavic Review 6005: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5958: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5919: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5852: 5846: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5805: 5799: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5772: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5575: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5502: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5483: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5449:, p. 50. 5448: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5423: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5404: 5396: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5377: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5333: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5300: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5281: 5279: 5270: 5268:9780253349439 5264: 5260: 5259: 5251: 5243: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5224: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5173: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5146: 5138: 5137: 5129: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5102: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5048: 5040: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5021: 5013: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4994: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4936: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4917: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4883: 4877: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4840:Mccauley 2014 4836: 4830:, p. 83. 4829: 4828:Mccauley 2014 4824: 4820: 4807:34,374,483 km 4804: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4750:War communism 4745: 4741: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4657:South Ossetia 4654: 4650: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4624:shock therapy 4621: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4577: 4576:Sergei Markov 4571: 4566: 4563: 4562:Ukrainian SSR 4559: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4504: 4501: 4500:Soviet empire 4497: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4323:Bloody Sunday 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4307:Boris Yeltsin 4304: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4257:freed public 4256: 4255: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4231:Yuri Andropov 4224: 4219: 4215: 4213: 4212:hard currency 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4186: 4182: 4181:Ronald Reagan 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4095:Prague Spring 4092: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4080:Yuri Andropov 4077: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3910:Alexei Leonov 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3869:, led to the 3868: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794:Marshall Plan 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3698:Harry Hopkins 3695: 3691: 3688:, 3,414 were 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3646:Antony Beevor 3643: 3642:wartime rapes 3639: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3627:This conflict 3624: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3541:Joseph Stalin 3537: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3514:Harry Hopkins 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3412:, a Japanese 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3295:Fascist Italy 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3274:United States 3271: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3141: 3138: 3135:According to 3133: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3119:Joseph Stalin 3116: 3112: 3108: 3107:Ukrainian SSR 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3058:War communism 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3001:approved the 3000: 2996: 2995:Ukrainian SSR 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2766:Winter Palace 2763: 2759: 2756:, pushed for 2755: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2674:Social unrest 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2585: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481:Joseph Stalin 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2370: 2369: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2261: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2044: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:War in Donbas 1804: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1789:Five-Days War 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761:Privatization 1758: 1754: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722:Modern Russia 1710: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1554: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1527:Russian State 1525: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1495:Ukrainian SSR 1492: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445:War Communism 1442: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1394:Dvoyevlastiye 1390: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1132:Rostov-Suzdal 1130: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1102:Novgorod Land 1100: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1006: 1005: 1001: 997: 996: 993: 987: 986: 981: 976: 975: 965: 960: 958: 953: 951: 946: 945: 943: 942: 939: 929: 928: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 905:Soviet Empire 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 867: 861: 860: 851: 850: 845: 844: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 804: 798: 797: 788: 785: 783: 780: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 720:Black January 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 702: 701: 698: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 660: 659: 656: 652: 649: 645: 642: 641: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 626: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 592: 587: 586: 579: 576: 574: 573:Polish strike 571: 567: 564: 562: 559: 558: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 505: 502: 498: 495: 494: 493: 492:Prague Spring 490: 488: 485: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 428: 423: 422: 415: 412: 410: 409:Space program 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 367: 363: 362: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 333: 328: 327: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 248: 245: 241: 240:Moscow trials 238: 237: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 207: 204: 203: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 189: 184: 183: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 155:War communism 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 128: 123: 122: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 84: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 50: 47: 46: 42: 38: 37: 32: 27: 19: 18:Soviet period 9571:Eastern Bloc 9514:Soviet Union 9467:East Germany 9368: 9140:Demographics 9130:Antisemitism 8983:Central Bank 8901:Forced labor 8849:Spetsnaz GRU 8669:organisation 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Retrieved 5518: 5509: 5489: 5482: 5467:Service 2000 5463:Leggett 1981 5459:Fischer 1964 5454: 5442: 5430: 5410: 5403: 5383: 5376: 5351: 5340: 5313: 5307: 5287: 5257: 5250: 5230: 5223: 5203: 5196: 5188:the original 5181: 5172: 5152: 5145: 5135: 5128: 5108: 5101: 5081: 5074: 5054: 5047: 5027: 5020: 5000: 4993: 4981:. Retrieved 4977:the original 4967: 4960:Service 2005 4955: 4943: 4923: 4916: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4876: 4864:. Retrieved 4860: 4835: 4823: 4803: 4794: 4772: 4755: 4744: 4661:Transnistria 4646: 4640:The Guardian 4638: 4636: 4617: 4605: 4581: 4568: 4555: 4538: 4532: 4493: 4470: 4458: 4431: 4416: 4349: 4303:Russian SFSR 4291: 4283:Iron Curtain 4252: 4246: 4228: 4204:Saudi Arabia 4193: 4190: 4184: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4105: 4103: 4088: 4063:gerontocracy 4060: 4053: 4039:. 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After the 3267: 3243:World War II 3239:forced labor 3225: 3194: 3186:Leon Trotsky 3178:totalitarian 3159: 3137:Archie Brown 3134: 3127: 3115:Russian SFSR 3083: 3039: 2987:Russian SFSR 2984: 2958:black market 2955: 2861: 2851:treaty, the 2830: 2803: 2764:stormed the 2751: 2682: 2639: 2623:Leon Trotsky 2604:Soviet Union 2571:coup attempt 2552: 2548:gerontocracy 2512:Western Bloc 2508:Eastern Bloc 2505: 2501:World War II 2479:The rise of 2478: 2454:Soviet Union 2451: 2386:Coat of arms 2273:Architecture 2182: 2029: 2023: 2015: 2009: 2004:full list... 2002: 1988: 1981: 1967: 1960: 1946: 1939: 1925: 1918: 1904: 1897: 1835:Mobilization 1827:Debt default 1769:Chechen wars 1720:since 1991: 1697:full list... 1695: 1674:Russian SFSR 1663:Soviet Union 1580:Korenization 1564: 1550:full list... 1548: 1484:Russian SFSR 1393: 1252:Zemsky Sobor 1220:full list... 1218: 1144:full list... 1142: 1089: 1075:Ancient Rus' 889: 848: 389:Wage reforms 247:World War II 48: 26: 9576:Warsaw Pact 9552:Byelorussia 9244:Phraseology 9189:Prohibition 9177:Linguistics 9162:Drug policy 9155:1989 census 9076:Cybernetics 8978:Agriculture 8891:Great Purge 8853:Soviet Navy 8845:Soviet Army 8717:(1989–1991) 8711:(1938–1991) 8705:(1922–1936) 8689:Secretariat 8560:Gun control 8467:Caspian Sea 8451:Closed city 8380:Dissolution 8365:Perestroika 8307:Great Purge 7679:28 November 7640:28 November 7556:12 November 7546:www.loc.gov 7258:(1): 1–24. 7175:(2011) p 23 7089:24 November 7081:. Fas.org. 6862:10 December 6857:Der Spiegel 6836:10 December 6810:10 December 6529:12 November 5909:, pp. 4983:31 December 4866:27 December 4789:negligence. 4539:continuator 4448:signed the 4361:August Coup 4345:August Coup 4343:during the 4299:War of Laws 4294:sovereignty 4279:Berlin Wall 4248:perestroika 4202:encouraged 4154:(1985–1991) 4148:Perestroika 3867:revisionism 3752:Warsaw Pact 3682:M4 Shermans 3606:one of the 3572:Soviet POWs 3350:Great Purge 3330:Great Purge 3252:Stalin and 3217:agriculture 3111:Lev Kamenev 3046:GOELRO plan 3037:in Moscow. 2962:martial law 2678:World War I 2648:. Although 2563:Perestroika 2514:during the 2493:Great Purge 1729:August Coup 1652:War of Laws 1634:Perestroika 1612:Warsaw Pact 1600:Great Purge 1563:1923–1991: 1427:White Guard 1407:Directorate 1376:1917–1923: 1233:1480–1917: 1159:Feudal Rus' 1157:1240–1480: 1030:Rus' people 1022:Early Slavs 989:History of 760:August Coup 730:War of Laws 609:Perestroika 460:Vietnam War 450:Six-Day War 235:Great Purge 190:: Stalinism 109:World War I 9596:Categories 9487:Yugoslavia 9284:Opposition 9274:Television 9254:Propaganda 9227:Literature 9101:Naukograds 9096:Sharashkas 9030:(currency) 9008:Inventions 8951:Censorship 8881:Red Terror 8565:Government 8439:Autonomous 8422:Autonomous 8355:Stagnation 8318:Evacuation 8070:. London: 7993:. Oxford: 7966:. London: 7943:. London: 7878:See also: 7861:21 January 7788:1228187814 7582:7 February 7526:1 December 7442:15 October 7347:2023-10-03 6969:1319584971 6679:15 October 6371:5 February 6222:2021-12-02 5913:, 401 441. 5874:6 December 5548:2017-12-12 5524:2021-10-27 5471:White 2001 4815:References 4620:recessions 4419:Kazakhstan 4341:Red Square 4214:reserves. 4195:Beyond Oil 4118:, and the 4072:superpower 3922:Lunokhod 2 3918:Lunokhod 1 3890:Space Race 3863:Mao Zedong 3802:proxy wars 3742:and later 3740:Yugoslavia 3680:and 4,102 3662:Lend-Lease 3568:Ukrainians 3326:Voroshilov 3154:See also: 2997:, and the 2928:Azerbaijan 2882:, and the 2818:Red Terror 2799:casualties 2762:Red Guards 2654:State Duma 2524:proxy wars 2520:Space Race 2491:, and the 2334:Propaganda 2329:Censorship 2319:Television 2289:Literature 2221:Traditions 1795:amendments 1707:Tannu Tuva 1630:Afghan War 1565:Soviet Era 1073:879–1240: 1014:Prehistory 895:Leadership 822:Khrushchev 775:referendum 750:Referendum 634:Baltic Way 309:Korean War 150:Red Terror 77:Bolshevism 66:Background 9538:1982–1991 9533:1964–1982 9528:1953–1964 9523:1927–1953 9518:1917–1927 9431:Communist 9345:Republics 9333:Republics 9321:Republics 9172:Languages 9036:Transport 8918:Holodomor 8811:Militsiya 8749:President 8641:Stalinism 8543:Elections 8417:Republics 8400:Geography 8390:Nostalgia 8302:Stalinism 8072:Routledge 7968:Routledge 7945:Routledge 7837:145733112 7770:Routledge 7386:. Brill. 7280:155025896 7173:The Quest 6483:21 August 6280:0966-8136 6039:163479192 5712:107814516 5704:0018-8220 5475:Ryan 2012 4948:Read 2005 4637:In 2011, 4198:that the 3996:sign the 3972:visiting 3908:in 1963; 3894:Sputnik 1 3858:in 1956. 3766:over its 3475:Leningrad 3410:Manchukuo 3400:with the 3348:Stalin's 3121:, of the 3113:, of the 3062:socialism 2920:Lithuania 2864:civil war 2843:with the 2841:armistice 2795:Petrograd 2791:Trotsky's 2724:Bolshevik 2354:Monuments 2235:Festivals 2214:Languages 2088:1982–1991 2084:1964–1982 2080:1953–1964 2076:1927–1953 2072:1917–1927 2068:1894–1917 2064:1855–1894 2060:1796–1855 2056:1721–1796 1831:Sanctions 1781:Oligarchy 1711:1921–1944 1689:1940–1956 1678:1922–1991 1667:1922–1991 1584:Stalinism 1542:1921–1923 1531:1918–1920 1521:1922–1922 1510:1920–1922 1499:1919–1922 1488:1917–1922 1478:1917–1918 1467:1917–1918 1453:Emigrants 1439:Priamurye 1423:Civil War 1399:July Days 1367:1914–1921 1356:1900–1905 1345:1867–1915 1334:1809–1917 1323:1799–1867 1312:1721–1917 1302:1547–1721 1212:1263–1547 1202:1157–1331 1192:1136–1478 1136:1093–1157 1061:Garðaríki 1018:Antiquity 885:Geography 880:Education 842:Gorbachev 837:Chernenko 725:Osh riots 705:Jeltoqsan 591:1982–1991 427:1964–1982 332:1953–1964 211:Holodomor 188:1927–1953 127:1917–1927 72:Communism 9457:Bulgaria 9388:Category 8941:Religion 8828:Chairmen 8674:Congress 8636:Leninism 8616:Propiska 8511:Politics 8370:Glasnost 8330:Cold War 8270:February 8142:(1996). 8116:(2005). 8092:(2000). 8041:(2005). 8015:(2014). 7930:(1964). 7902:(2004). 7762:(2021). 7738:Archived 7703:Archived 7673:Archived 7634:Archived 7600:Archived 7550:Archived 7520:Archived 7461:Archived 7436:Archived 7364:Archived 7230:in JSTOR 7171:Yergin, 7083:Archived 7063:July 12, 7038:July 12, 7013:, ch. 6. 6804:Archived 6742:Archived 6715:Archived 6673:Archived 6655:(2003). 6584:Archived 6477:Archived 6443:Archived 6410:Archived 6365:Archived 6162:Archived 6102:Archived 6055:(1998). 5984:(2007). 5965:Archived 5941:Archived 5868:Archived 5829:Advocate 5755:Archived 5731:Archived 5658:Archived 5637:Archived 5435:Lee 2003 5348:(2007). 4699:See also 4687:and the 4665:Armenian 4653:Abkhazia 4598:Russian 4573:— 4339:tank on 4287:the West 4285:between 4254:glasnost 4152:Glasnost 3929:The Thaw 3879:Cambodia 3789:Bulgaria 3714:Cold War 3708:Cold War 3588:Big Four 3564:Russians 3498:Red Army 3334:Blyukher 3322:Budyonny 3258:Svetlana 3182:Zinoviev 3005:and the 2936:Caucasus 2870:and the 2666:absolute 2627:Red Army 2559:Glasnost 2516:Cold War 2487:, rapid 2245:Religion 2152:a series 2150:Part of 2052:860–1721 2048:Timeline 1785:Putinism 1739:Protocol 1737:Alma-Ata 1642:Karabakh 1622:transfer 1608:Cold War 1431:Red Army 1415:election 1248:Troubles 1126:988–1402 1116:987–1397 1106:882–1136 1051:Arthania 980:a series 978:Part of 900:Politics 847:List of 832:Andropov 827:Brezhnev 817:Malenkov 604:Glasnost 299:Cold War 41:a series 39:Part of 9581:Comecon 9557:Ukraine 9482:Romania 9472:Hungary 9452:Albania 9309:Symbols 9222:Fashion 9204:Culture 9118:Society 9063:Science 9028:Rouble 8970:Economy 8946:Science 8756:Premier 8737:Offices 8599:Leaders 8519:General 8487:Siberia 8460:Regions 8434:Oblasts 8275:October 8252:History 7874:Sources 7744:14 July 7709:14 July 7272:2010148 7109:HISTORY 6590:9 March 6031:2500596 5761:20 July 5684:Bibcode 4673:Chechen 4558:Ukraine 4485:Ukraine 4446:Georgia 4434:Belarus 4315:Sąjūdis 4187:), 1985 4116:SALT II 4107:détente 3978:Finland 3974:Tampere 3883:Somalia 3875:Albania 3856:Hungary 3785:Romania 3781:Hungary 3756:Comecon 3744:Albania 3678:M3 Lees 3666:billion 3638:Germany 3610:of the 3576:Belarus 3338:Yegorov 3227:Famines 3105:of the 3088:of the 2934:in the 2932:Georgia 2924:Armenia 2912:Finland 2908:Estonia 2904:Ukraine 2900:Belarus 2743:Kamenev 2739:Trotsky 2716:Soviets 2708:Entente 2685:8 March 2650:serfdom 2374:Symbols 2228:Cuisine 2183:History 2094:present 1994:present 1973:present 1952:present 1931:present 1910:present 1890:present 1873:present 1856:present 1819:Prelude 1616:Comecon 1246:Time of 1009:Periods 890:History 875:Economy 870:Culture 849:troikas 455:Détente 9477:Poland 9433:period 9328:Emblem 9316:Anthem 9264:Sports 9217:Cinema 9212:Ballet 9194:Racism 9167:Family 8657:Bodies 8245:topics 8188: 8173:152781 8171: 8128: 8102: 8078: 8053: 8027: 8001: 7974: 7951: 7916: 7886:, and 7835: 7786: 7776: 7736:(17). 7665: 7626: 7512: 7428: 7398: 7278: 7270: 7195: 7133: 6967: 6957: 6775: 6665: 6635: 6561: 6557: 6449:25 May 6435: 6338: 6311: 6288:826310 6286: 6278: 6213: 6142: 6108:25 May 6094: 6067: 6037: 6029: 5992: 5947:25 May 5933: 5835:30 May 5809:30 May 5786: 5710: 5702: 5595: 5570: 5497: 5418: 5391: 5364: 5328: 5295: 5265: 5238: 5211: 5160: 5116: 5089: 5062: 5035: 5008: 4931: 4904: 4689:Talysh 4681:Gagauz 4679:, the 4663:. 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