361:, ordered that the three men be taken back to their cells and that a plea of not guilty be entered on their behalf. One of the accomplices, Lillo Termine, pleaded guilty to the charges of conspiracy to rob the restaurant. Police said that he had been the one behind the robbery, and had planned it to pay off gambling debts. The trial ended on 30 June. Davies, Dick and Munroe were sentenced to 22, 18 and 17 years in prison respectively; Termine was given six years. One of the accomplices was acquitted and Addison, the getaway driver, was sent for re-trial as the jury could not reach a verdict. That November, following the second trial, Addison was found guilty and imprisoned for eleven years. Davies, Dick and Munroe died after being released from prison, two of them at relatively young ages; Dick changed his name to Shujaa Moshesh by the time of his death in Africa.
165:
149:, who arrived on the scene within minutes. The getaway driver, Samuel Addison, saw the plan had gone wrong, and drove off in a stolen Ford. When the police entered the ground floor of the restaurant, Davies and his colleagues forced the staff into a rear storeroom measuring 14 by 10 feet (4.3 by 3.0 m), locked the door, barricaded it with beer kegs and shouted to the police that they would shoot if they approached the door; the police surrounded the building and the
289:, gave advice about the mental state of the criminals throughout the siege. He told the police that the longer the siege went on, the more an emotional transference would take place, in which the gunmen would be less likely to kill the hostages. On his advice, the main strategy of the police was to wait as long as was needed, keep the situation calm and to talk to the hostage takers as long as possible. The siege saw an early use of
172:
145:. The three demanded the week's takings from the chain—between £11,000 and £13,000. In the dim lights of the closed restaurant, the staff were able to swiftly hide the two briefcases of money under the tables. The robbers forced the staff down into the basement; the company's general manager took the opportunity to escape out of a rear fire escape while they were being moved. He alerted the
37:, London, went wrong and the police were quickly on the scene. The three robbers took the staff down into a storeroom and barricaded themselves in. They released all the hostages unharmed after six days. Two of the gunmen gave themselves up; the ringleader, Franklin Davies, shot himself in the stomach. All three were later imprisoned, as were two of their accomplices.
315:
wrote the name of the person suspected of providing the arms. The following day, when two of the co-conspirators were arrested, police briefed the media about the arrests and stressed the criminal, not political, aspects of the case. The men heard the news on the radio that evening, which lowered their spirits. The following morning, the men decided to surrender.
445:
particularly with regard to their placement in ESN schools ... an independent enquiry into the degrading housing conditions in the black communities ... that the government commits itself to alleviating the high rates of unemployment among workers in general and the abnormally high rate among black youths in particular.
22:
444:
the social context within which these youths have had to exist ... normal avenues to other members of society were closed to them ... the action of the brothers symbolises the plight of the black community and suggests government action be taken on ... miseducation of black children
327:
Today I set out on a mission for the people. If things go wrong I shall pass over to the warrior's rest. So if this note reaches you, it would mean that I am dead. You must accept what happens to me as it should be accepted—with joy—because it is the most natural fate that awaits any of us blacks
74:
countries. These people were placed in low-pay, low-skill employment, which forced them to live in poor housing. Economic circumstances and what were seen by many in the black communities as racist policies applied by the
British government, led to a rise in militancy, particularly among the West
314:
under the door of the storeroom. It showed a photograph of Davies on the front page, describing him as the leader, and providing background information from his associates, making it look like the gang's associates were selling the information to the newspapers. Across the front page, the police
297:
technique. Two cameras were used to observe what was happening in the basement storeroom. One was threaded through the wall alongside a hot water pipe; the second way was through a vent, after acid was dripped onto the metal vent using an eyedropper, to make a small hole. The police were able to
356:
The trial opened on 8 June 1976. As well as Davies, Dick and Munroe, three accomplices were present, charged with different offences, including assisting the robbery (the getaway driver), supplying firearms, and conspiracy charges. Davies, Dick and Munroe refused to accept the legitimacy of the
318:
At 2:55 am the gunmen turned out the lights and began a discussion among themselves. At 3:40 am they told the police that they were giving up. After the hostages came out first—all unharmed—the police told the three men to come out one at a time. The first two threw their guns out and
269:
On the morning of 29 September—fifteen hours after the siege had begun—one of the hostages was released as a sign of good faith. He was a 59-year-old manager of one of the outlets. On the second day another hostage was released after he fell ill. During the course of the siege Mario Manca, the
118:; he regularly visited the offices of the Institute of Race Relations to volunteer and access their library. Sivanandan and the historian Rob Waters identify that the three men were attempting to obtain money to "finance black supplementary schools and support African liberation struggles".
194:
In the initial conversations the hostage-takers provided the police with the names of the hostages they held and Davies's identity and criminal record was established. By 7:00 am the police had sealed off the area and put a cordon in place; 400 police officers were involved—including
238:
Tony Soares, one of the founders of the BLF, told police he knew the three men, and offered to mediate, but his offer was turned down. He added that the BLF was a peaceful organisation, and that it did not know of or support the robbery. Jenny Bourne, the co-editor of
357:
court. When asked how they pleaded to the charges, Davies shouted "We've stopped pleading—we've been pleading for 500 years. This isn't a trial—it's a lynching party." The three men turned their backs on the court and talked between themselves. The judge,
341:
where he underwent an operation; the bullet was not removed during the process. The hostages were also taken to the same hospital for a check-up, but none needed treatment. They then gave preliminary statements to the police at Cannon Row police station.
440:
During the siege, a statement signed by the Black Unity and
Freedom party, Afro-Caribbean Group, Brixton-Croydon Collective and Fasimbas was released, providing the socio-political background into the motives of the three men. The statement identified:
55:, and monitored the actions and conversations of the gunmen from the audio and visual output. The feed was watched by a forensic psychiatrist who advised police on the state of the men's minds, and how to best manage the ongoing negotiations.
307:
not to publish a story about the arrest of one of the gang's associates. Using the information and advice from Scott, the police attempted to drive a wedge between Davies and his two colleagues. On the fourth day the police pushed a copy of
380:, in his study of policing, writes that the police's "reputation for restraint received dramatic vindication by the way in which two highly publicised sieges were handled by the Metropolitan Police". The police used the same tactics at the
349:, Davies went on hunger strike. He was visited regularly by Giovanni Scrano, one of the hostages from the siege, who had built up a relationship with Davies during the incident; the relationship was later identified as an example of
94:(later known as Shujaa Moshesh), a 24-year-old West Indian, and Anthony "Bonsu" Munroe, a 22-year-old Guyanese. All three had been involved in black liberation organisations. Davies had tried to enlist in the guerrilla armies of
233:
From the outset it was rightly assumed that this was a simple armed robbery that had gone wrong and any attempts by Davies, the
Nigerian, to represent it as a political act were received with the derision they clearly
375:
by police. The lessons learned from the
Spaghetti House siege, including the use of live surveillance and forensic psychologists, were put into use to bring the siege to a successful conclusion for the police.
217:
Initially the police considered that the siege may have been a terrorist incident, but were subsequently dismissive of any political motivation, and insisted that it was only ever a criminal action.
210:
splinter group. Davies made several demands to the police. He wanted two black prisoners released from prison, although he did not know that they had already been released. He also wanted the
500:
measure of inflation, ÂŁ11,000 in 1975 equates to approximately equivalent to ÂŁ120,000 in 2023, while ÂŁ13,000 the same year equates to approximately equivalent to ÂŁ140,000 in 2023.
214:
to visit the siege, an aircraft made available to fly to the West Indies and a radio for them to listen to the news broadcasts of the situation. Only the request for a radio was granted.
86:
The ringleader of the attempted robbery of a branch of the
Spaghetti House restaurant was Franklin Davies, a 28-year-old Nigerian student who had previously served time in prison for
44:
organisations and maintained consistently that they were acting for political reasons. The police did not believe them, and stated that this was a criminal act, not a political one.
125:
location, after closing their branches at the end of the evening's business. The managers deposited their week's takings at the
Knightsbridge restaurant, before it was paid into a
364:
The
Spaghetti House restaurant re-opened for business a week after the siege ended. In 2015 the Knightsbridge branch closed for business so the block could be redeveloped.
274:, attempted to liaise with the men, acting as a go-between. At one stage he offered to change places with one of the hostages who was unwell, but the offer was declined.
388:
to storm the building. Waddington considers "If there was criticism it was that the police showed an excessive disinclination to resort to force in such circumstances."
245:, knew all three men and thinks they "probably had very different motives" for the robbery. Overall she considers the three, particularly Wesley Dick were driven by
83:
in the mid-1970s, identifies that while the first generation had become partly assimilated into
British society, the second generation were increasingly rebellious.
111:
137:
At approximately 1:30 am on Sunday 28 September 1975 Davies, Moshesh and Munroe entered the
Knightsbridge branch of the Spaghetti House. One carried a
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Because it was considered a potential terrorist incident, in addition to their usual weapons, the officers from D11 were armed with
121:
In the mid-1970s the branch managers of the London-based
Spaghetti House restaurant chain met every Saturday night at the company's
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Davies informed police that he was a captain in the BLF, but in a subsequent message said that the men were members of the
164:
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followed; as police led them away there was a gunshot from the room, where Davies had shot himself in the stomach with a
275:
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1434:
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that honed the resistance: 'Seize the time', 'Off the pigs', 'Fuck the man' were the themes they transposed to Britain.
1254:
1080:
368:
1706:
Knewstub, Nikki; McHardy, Anne; Pallister, David (29 September 1975). "Siege Police Search for Freed West Indians".
1107:
456:
The Fasimba was a youth organisation involved in the black liberation movement. It was merged into the BLF in 1972.
185:
75:
Indian community; their feelings were exacerbated by police harassment and discrimination in the education sector.
63:
1861:
95:
1911:
1463:
Ochberg, Frank M. (1982). "The Victims of Terrorism: The Moluccan Train Incident". In Cowley, R. Adams (ed.).
384:
in 1980, until the terrorists killed one of the hostages, which led to a change in tactics and the use of the
33:
took place between 28 September and 3 October 1975. An attempted robbery of the Spaghetti House restaurant in
1906:
115:
1896:
196:
80:
776:
774:
1679:
Horsnell, Michael (29 September 1975a). "London Gunmen Take Hostages After Robbery That 'Went Wrong'".
1926:
1466:
Mass Casualties, a Lessons Learned Approach: Accidents, Civil Disorders, Natural Disasters, Terrorism
771:
254:
1469:. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
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738:
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revolver. In his pocket police found a note he had written to his brother just before the robbery:
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71:
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76:
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pistols. Explosives were later provided to be used to blow the hinges from the storeroom door.
1871:
540:
381:
372:
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who was West Indian-born, also attempted to negotiate with the men, but had limited success.
203:
1724:
Niesewand, Peter; Pallister, David (4 October 1975). "Radio Brought Down Spaghetti Gunmen".
1537:
1464:
1375:
249:
the actualities of racism on the ground in Britain ... It was essentially the words of
1891:
419:, an Italian comedy film, was produced which was loosely based on the events of the siege.
8:
536:
487:
states that it was ÂŁ11,000; a news report covering the trial reports that it was ÂŁ12,284.
474:
385:
226:
207:
146:
1377:
The Other Special Relationship: Race, Rights, and Riots in Britain and the United States
855:
1787:
Walker, Martin (1 July 1976c). "Four in Spaghetti Siege Trial Get 62 Years in Prison".
1565:
1423:
350:
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290:
48:
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310:
286:
66:
had a shortage of labour, which led to official policies to attract workers from the
1741:
1086:
1769:
Walker, Martin (9 June 1976a). "Spaghetti House Siege Trio Ordered Back to Cells".
1759:
1594:
1494:
1294:
1188:
1113:
906:
789:
399:, based on the events at the restaurant; the play was later broadcast on the BBC's
377:
138:
415:
241:
1697:
Jordan, Philip (4 October 1975). "Softly, Softly Tactics Win at Knightsbridge".
126:
1661:
Borrell, Clive (4 October 1975). "Hostages released Unharmed After Five Days".
1498:
1308:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
410:
401:
328:
conscious enough to try and do something about our pathetic state of existence.
320:
303:
271:
211:
107:
91:
67:
1485:(1 April 1976). "Race, Class and the State: the Black Experience in Britain".
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150:
122:
87:
34:
1527:
1307:
861:
392:
21:
483:
478:
294:
250:
52:
1688:
Horsnell, Michael (30 September 1975b). "Restaurant Gunmen Free Hostage".
1670:
Borrell, Clive (9 June 1976). "Accused Halt Spaghetti House Siege Trial".
1395:
1285:
Bourne, Jenny (2011). "Spaghetti House Siege: Making the Rhetoric Real".
466:
258:
218:
103:
41:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
465:
Sources differ as to the amount of money involved. The biography of Sir
371:(IRA) were cornered in a flat on Balcombe Street, London, leading to a
1528:
1732:
780:
676:
262:
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monitor the movement and conversations of the three hostage-takers.
983:
981:
142:
99:
1242:
1095:
1020:
1056:
759:
1778:
Walker, Martin (1 July 1976b). "Psychology of the Stake Out".
978:
828:
826:
824:
822:
1511:
Catching History on the Wing: Race, Culture and Globalisation
1425:
Policing Revolution: Police Technology and Liberty in Britain
1032:
1325:"Spaghetti House to Close Knightsbridge Site After 46 Years"
592:
568:
1232:
1230:
1068:
819:
720:
1599:
The Strong Arm of the Law: Armed and Public Order Policing
395:, a Trinidadian-born writer and filmmaker, wrote the play
301:
The police persuaded the media to assist them. They asked
926:
924:
896:
894:
867:
809:
807:
1705:
1227:
1139:
1137:
998:
996:
845:
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664:
1215:
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132:
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941:
939:
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804:
710:
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706:
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604:
1134:
1044:
993:
879:
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652:
1448:(Kindle ed.). Stroud, Glos: The History Press.
1161:
1149:
1008:
963:
616:
580:
556:
405:
series. Another fictionalised account of the crime,
199:, the Metropolitan Police's marksmen, was deployed.
1203:
951:
936:
699:
640:
25:
Police outside the Spaghetti House during the siege
1723:
1620:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Ltd.
1539:Children's Publishing and Black Britain, 1965–2015
1535:
1422:
1399:
1248:
1101:
1062:
156:
106:movement; Dick was an attendee at meetings of the
747:
1843:
1715:McHardy, Anne (2 October 1975). "Black Voices".
1580:
1194:
912:
795:
1639:. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
1618:Armed Police: Police Use of Firearms Since 1945
1446:Scotland Yard's History of Crime in 100 Objects
1420:
1278:
1026:
987:
1354:
1038:
477:at the time of the siege—and a history of the
522:Two days later he stated that he was a major.
1751:"Siege-Trial Jury Told of 'Death Lottery'".
1335:
1074:
873:
832:
765:
739:"Siege-Trial Jury Told of 'Death Lottery'".
285:Peter Scott, a forensic psychiatrist at the
1917:September 1975 events in the United Kingdom
1443:
726:
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1505:
1481:
1373:
1236:
670:
634:
598:
574:
1902:October 1975 events in the United Kingdom
1687:
1678:
930:
900:
813:
189:Spaghetti House restaurant, Knightsbridge
16:1975 hostage situation in London, England
1355:Keily, Jackie; Hoffbrand, Julia (2015).
1336:Gould, Robert; Waldren, Michael (1986).
20:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1714:
1669:
1660:
1615:
1462:
1322:
1209:
1170:
1155:
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1128:
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1002:
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885:
849:
496:According to calculations based on the
481:put the figure at ÂŁ13,000; a report in
422:
171:
40:The three robbers had been involved in
1844:
1696:
1634:
1284:
1182:
1014:
957:
945:
862:"Q&A: Armed police in the UK". BBC
694:Knewstub, McHardy & Pallister 1975
658:
646:
622:
586:
562:
367:In early December 1975 members of the
229:at the time of the siege—later wrote:
1374:Kelley, Robin; Tuck, Stephen (2016).
1305:
753:
1882:Hostage taking in the United Kingdom
1394:
1221:
714:
610:
133:Attempted robbery: 28 September 1975
1806:London's Spaghetti House siege ends
1601:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1444:Moss, Alan; Skinner, Keith (2015).
293:technology by the police as a live
102:in Africa; Munroe had links to the
13:
1637:Thinking Black: Britain, 1964–1985
14:
1938:
1852:1975 crimes in the United Kingdom
1797:
1760:"Spaghetti Man Fasts in Prison".
1529:"Q&A: Armed police in the UK"
1340:. London: Arms and Armour Press.
1323:Gerrard, Neil (12 January 2015).
1114:"Spaghetti Man Fasts in Prison".
369:Provisional Irish Republican Army
90:; he was accompanied by two men,
1867:1970s in the City of Westminster
1654:
170:
163:
1421:Manwaring-White, Sarah (1983).
525:
516:
511:do not routinely carry firearms
503:
490:
459:
157:Siege: 28 September – 3 October
96:Zimbabwe African National Union
1877:Metropolitan Police operations
1742:"Siege Man's Farewell Notes".
1737:. 12 November 1976. p. 3.
1536:Sands-O'Connor, Karen (2017).
1380:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
1102:Niesewand & Pallister 1975
1087:"Siege Man's Farewell Notes".
1063:Niesewand & Pallister 1975
450:
434:
1:
1429:. Brighton: Harvester Press.
550:
278:, the former chairman of the
116:Black Unity and Freedom Party
64:Post-Second World War Britain
58:
1922:Sieges in the United Kingdom
1279:Books, journals and websites
332:
141:, the others each carried a
114:(BLF), the Fasimba, and the
7:
81:Institute of Race Relations
10:
1943:
1764:. 7 March 1976. p. 3.
1755:. 10 June 1976. p. 3.
1746:. 16 June 1976. p. 6.
1499:10.1177/030639687601700401
1402:In the Office of Constable
1357:The Crime Museum Uncovered
1272:
1261:"Spaghetti House (1982)".
1039:Keily & Hoffbrand 2015
1616:Waldren, Michael (2007).
1581:"Spaghetti House Siege".
1558:"Spaghetti House (1982)"
1299:10.1177/0306396811414319
1075:Gould & Waldren 1986
874:Gould & Waldren 1986
833:Gould & Waldren 1986
766:Gould & Waldren 1986
533:Sterling submachine guns
509:British police officers
427:
1513:. London: Pluto Press.
1507:Sivanandan, Ambalavaner
1483:Sivanandan, Ambalavaner
1306:Clark, Gregory (2023).
727:Moss & Skinner 2015
1862:1970s crimes in London
1562:British Film Institute
1542:. New York: Springer.
1263:British Film Institute
635:Kelley & Tuck 2016
447:
330:
280:Greater London Council
267:
236:
112:Black Liberation Front
79:, the director of the
77:Ambalavaner Sivanandan
26:
1912:September 1975 events
1359:. London: IB Tauris.
1338:London's Armed Police
442:
382:Iranian Embassy siege
359:Mervyn Griffith-Jones
325:
247:
231:
204:Black Liberation Army
31:Spaghetti House siege
24:
1907:Robberies in England
1728:. pp. 1 and 20.
1635:Waters, Rob (2018).
1595:Waddington, P. A. J.
1589:(30): 662–667. 1993.
1027:Manwaring-White 1983
988:Manwaring-White 1983
537:pump action shotguns
498:Consumer Price Index
423:Notes and references
407:The Siege of Babylon
339:St George's Hospital
337:Davies was taken to
186:class=notpageimage|
51:technology for live
1897:October 1975 events
1824: /
1733:"Siege Man Loses".
1531:. BBC. 8 June 2010.
1406:. London: Collins.
1249:Sands-O'Connor 2017
1224:, pp. 182–183.
781:"Siege Man Loses".
768:, pp. 157–158.
613:, pp. 187–188.
601:, pp. 347–361.
577:, pp. 360–361.
475:Metropolitan Police
386:Special Air Service
227:Metropolitan Police
147:Metropolitan Police
1828:51.5021°N 0.1577°W
351:Stockholm syndrome
291:fibre optic camera
129:at a nearby bank.
49:fibre optic camera
27:
1646:978-0-5202-9385-4
1627:978-0-7509-4637-7
1608:978-0-1982-7359-2
1568:on 16 August 2018
1549:978-1-137-57904-1
1520:978-0-7453-2834-8
1455:978-0-7509-6655-9
1413:978-0-00-216032-2
1387:978-1-137-39270-1
1366:978-1-78130-041-1
1347:978-0-85368-880-8
1185:, pp. 2, 12.
1029:, pp. 98–99.
413:in 1978. In 1982
409:, was written by
397:A Hole in Babylon
311:The Daily Express
287:Maudsley Hospital
195:dog-handlers—and
1934:
1927:Trials in London
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:51.5021; -0.1577
1829:
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1583:Real-Life Crimes
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1564:. Archived from
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1487:Race & Class
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1459:
1440:
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1405:
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1315:
1310:. MeasuringWorth
1302:
1287:Race & Class
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1196:Real-Life Crimes
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914:Real-Life Crimes
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797:Real-Life Crimes
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1857:1975 in London
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1798:External links
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1872:1970s trials
1809:
1791:. p. 6.
1789:The Guardian
1788:
1780:The Guardian
1779:
1773:. p. 1.
1771:The Guardian
1770:
1762:The Observer
1761:
1752:
1744:The Guardian
1743:
1735:The Guardian
1734:
1726:The Guardian
1725:
1717:The Guardian
1716:
1710:. p. 1.
1708:The Guardian
1707:
1699:The Guardian
1698:
1689:
1683:. p. 1.
1680:
1674:. p. 3.
1671:
1665:. p. 1.
1662:
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1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:the original
1561:
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1490:
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1445:
1424:
1401:
1396:Mark, Robert
1376:
1356:
1337:
1328:
1314:28 September
1312:. Retrieved
1290:
1286:
1262:
1256:
1244:
1217:
1210:Gerrard 2015
1205:
1195:
1190:
1178:
1173:, p. 6.
1171:Walker 1976c
1158:, p. 3.
1156:Borrell 1976
1151:
1144:Walker 1976a
1129:Ochberg 1982
1124:
1119:, p. 3.
1116:The Observer
1115:
1109:
1097:
1092:, p. 6.
1089:The Guardian
1088:
1082:
1070:
1065:, p. 1.
1058:
1051:Waldren 2007
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
1003:Walker 1976b
975:, p. 1.
973:Borrell 1975
960:, p. 4.
953:
948:, p. 2.
933:, p. 2.
913:
908:
903:, p. 1.
886:McHardy 1975
881:
876:, p. 7.
869:
857:
850:Waldren 2007
816:, p. 1.
796:
791:
783:The Guardian
782:
761:
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696:, p. 1.
666:
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479:Black Museum
471:Commissioner
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248:
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216:
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72:Commonwealth
62:
53:surveillance
46:
39:
30:
28:
18:
1892:1975 crimes
1831: /
1329:The Caterer
1293:(2): 1–13.
1183:Bourne 2011
1015:Jordan 1975
958:Bourne 2011
946:Bourne 2011
659:Waters 2018
647:Bourne 2011
623:Bourne 2011
587:Bourne 2011
563:Waters 2018
467:Robert Mark
321:.22 rimfire
259:Bobby Seale
104:Black Power
92:Wesley Dick
1846:Categories
1816:51°30′08″N
754:Clark 2023
551:References
393:Horace Ové
127:night safe
59:Background
1819:0°09′28″W
1753:The Times
1690:The Times
1681:The Times
1672:The Times
1663:The Times
1572:13 August
1475:173447703
1222:Mark 1978
741:The Times
715:Mark 1978
611:Mark 1978
347:on remand
333:Aftermath
276:Lord Pitt
263:Malcolm X
234:deserved.
1597:(1991).
1509:(2008).
1398:(1978).
541:Browning
391:In 1976
270:Italian
1273:Sources
729:, 3081.
473:of the
225:of the
153:began.
143:handgun
100:FRELIMO
1643:
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1473:
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1384:
1363:
1344:
345:While
110:, the
469:—the
428:Notes
221:—the
151:siege
1641:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1574:2018
1544:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1471:OCLC
1450:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1316:2023
1198:1993
916:1993
799:1993
539:and
261:and
206:, a
98:and
70:and
29:The
1495:doi
1295:doi
197:D11
1848::
1585:.
1560:.
1491:17
1489:.
1327:.
1291:53
1289:.
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