Sven Hedin - Knowledge

3881: 2374: 2484: 234: 718: 1538: 2086:…It was wonderful to find out that our efforts were not in vain. In these difficult years we attempted to rescue over one hundred other unfortunate people who had been deported to Poland, but in most cases without success. We were however able to help a few Norwegians. My home in Stockholm was turned into something like an information and assistance office, and I was excellently supported by Dr. Paul Grassmann, press attaché in the German embassy in Stockholm. He too undertook everything possible to further this humanitarian work. But almost no case was as fortunate as yours, dear friend! And how wonderful, that you are back in Bonn…. 135: 406:

Buddhist cities in Chinese Central Asia. However, as his main interest in archaeology was finding ancient cities, he had little interest in gathering data thorough scientific excavations. Of small stature, with a bookish, bespectacled appearance, Hedin nevertheless proved himself a determined explorer, surviving several close brushes with death from hostile forces and the elements over his long career. His scientific documentation and popular travelogues, illustrated with his own photographs, watercolor paintings and drawings, his adventure stories for young readers and his lecture tours abroad made him world-famous.

793: 1382: 2645: 1831:. This book deeply influenced Hitler and reaffirmed his views on the origins of the war and who was responsible for it. In a letter to Hedin the following day Hitler wrote, "I thank you warmly for the attention you have shown me. I have already read the book and welcome in particular that you so explicitly detailed the offers I made to Poland at the beginning of the War". Hitler continued, "without question, the individual guilty of this war, as you correctly state at the end of your book, is exclusively the American President Roosevelt." 243: 1624: 601: 2144: 25: 251: 1525:, who thereupon became a patron of the expedition. The Sino-Swedish Expedition was honored with a Chinese postage stamp series which had a print run of 25,000. The four stamps show camels at a camp with the expedition flag and bear the Chinese text, "Postal Service of the Prosperous Middle Kingdom" and in Latin underneath, "Scientific Expedition to the Northwestern Province of China 1927–1933". A painting in the Beijing 3900: 656:, brought him in dangerous proximity to representatives of National Socialism, who exploited him as an author. This destroyed his reputation and put him into social and scientific isolation. However, in correspondence and personal conversations with leading Nazis, his successful intercessions achieved the pardoning of ten people condemned to death and the release or survival of Jews who had been deported to 1789:. He was not an entirely uncritical supporter of the Nazis, however. His own views were shaped by traditionalist, Christian and conservative values, while National Socialism was in part a modern revolutionary-populist movement. Hedin objected to some aspects of National Socialist rule, and occasionally attempted to convince the German government to relent in its anti-religious and anti-Semitic campaigns. 573:, was he able to make the expedition also a Chinese one by obtaining Chinese research commissions and the participation of Chinese scientists. He also concluded a contract which guaranteed freedom of travel for this expedition which, because of its arms, 300 camels, and activities in a war theater, resembled an invading army. However, the financing remained Hedin's private responsibility. 1182:

his urge to carry out his research, Hedin deserted the caravan and proceeded alone on horseback with his servant. When that escort also collapsed from thirst, Hedin left him behind as well, but managed to reach a water source at the last desperate moment. He did, however, return to his servant with water and rescued him. Nevertheless, his ruthless behavior earned him massive criticism.

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longitude data. At the same time he combined his field maps with panoramic drawings. He drafted the first precise maps of areas unresearched until that date: the Pamir mountains, the Taklamakan desert, Tibet, the Silk Road and the Himalayas. He was, as far as can be scientifically confirmed, the first European to recognize that the Himalayas were a continuous mountain range.

1749:, whom he even visited in exile in the Netherlands. Influenced by imperial Russian and later the Soviet union's attempts to dominate and control territories outside its borders, especially in Central Asia and Turkestan, Hedin felt that Soviet Russia posed a great threat to the West, which may be part of the reason why he supported Germany during both World Wars. 3483: 1110:

invited him to give numerous lectures, and hoped to obtain from him in return topographic, economic and strategic information about inner Asia, which they considered part of their sphere of influence. As the era of discovery came to a close around 1920, Hedin contented himself with organizing the Sino-Swedish Expedition for qualified scientific explorers.

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the night rapidly and apparently without effort rapidly created awe inspiring works. The discipline of geography, at least in Germany, has so far only concerned itself with his popularized reports. The consistent inclusion of the enormous, still unmined treasures in his scientific work are yet to be incorporated in the regional geography of Asia.

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camp, at my age a veritable wonder. You will have learned that we few survivors were finally liberated just a few days before our intended gassing. We, my wife, daughter and I, were then brought on 9–10 July 1945 in a bus of the city of Bonn here to our home town, almost half of which is now destroyed….

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to Adolf Hitler for their reprieve. Their death sentences were converted on 17 June 1941 by Adolf Hitler to ten years of forced labor. The Norwegians Carl W. Mueller, Knud Naerum, Peder Fagerland, Ottar Ryan, Tor Gerrard Rydland, Hans Bernhard Risanger and Arne Sørvag who had been condemned to forced

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Hedin was a monarchist. From 1905 onwards he took a stand against the move toward democracy in his Swedish homeland. He warned of the dangers he assumed to be coming from Czarist Russia, and called for an alliance with the German Empire. Therefore, he advocated a strengthened national defence, with a

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According to other sources, Hedin had neglected to completely fill the drinking water containers for his caravan at the beginning of the expedition and set out for the desert with only half as much water as could actually be carried. When he noticed the mistake, it was too late to return. Obsessed by

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Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen not only encouraged Hedin to absolve cursory studies, but also to become thoroughly acquainted with all branches of geographic science and the methodologies of the salient research work, so that he could later work as an explorer. Hedin abstained from doing this with

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During his expeditions Hedin saw the focus of his work as being in field research. He recorded routes by plotting many thousands of kilometers of his caravan itinerary with the detail of a high resolution topographical map and supplemented them with innumerable altitude measurements and latitude and

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in Koblenz, at the Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography in Leipzig, and above all in the Ethnographic Museum and in the National Archives in Stockholm. Most of the correspondence in Hedin's estate is in the National Archives and accessible to researchers and the general public. It includes about

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in 1902, the last time any Swede was to receive a charter of nobility. Oskar II suggested that he prefix the name Hedin with one of the two common predicates of nobility in Sweden, "af" or "von", but Hedin abstained from doing so in his written response to the king. In many noble families in Sweden,

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At the end of the expedition, Hedin was in a difficult financial situation. He had considerable debts at the German-Asian Bank in Beijing, which he repaid with the royalties and fees received for his books and lectures. In the months after his return, he held 111 lectures in 91 German cities as well

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served as model for the series. Of the 25,000 sets, 4,000 were sold across the counter and 21,500 came into the possession of the expedition. Hedin used them to finance the expedition, selling them for a price of five dollars per set. The stamps were unwelcome at the time due to the high price Hedin

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I was not up to this challenge. I had gotten out onto the wild routes of Asia too early, I had perceived too much of the splendor and magnificence of the Orient, the silence of the deserts and the loneliness of long journeys. I could not get used to the idea of spending a long period of time back in

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As a renowned expert on Turkestan and Tibet, he was able to obtain unrestricted access to European and Asian monarchs and politicians as well as to their geographical societies and scholarly associations. They all sought to purchase his exclusive knowledge about the power vacuum in Central Asia with

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Hedin's expedition notes laid the foundations for a precise mapping of Central Asia. He was one of the first European scientific explorers to employ indigenous scientists and research assistants on his expeditions. Although primarily an explorer, he was also the first to unearth the ruins of ancient

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amusing to listen to his outspoken but untruthful conversation... he said ...The whole country in that quarter, Tian-shan-nan-lu, acknowledged the rule of General Ma Chung-yin. General Ma Yung-chu had ten thousand cavalry under his orders, and the total strength of the Tungan cavalry was twice that

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He was a pioneer and pathfinder in the transitional period to a century of specialized research. No other single person illuminated and represented unknown territories more extensively than he. His maps alone are a unique creation. And the artist did not take second place to the savant, who deep in

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Hedin did not himself subject his documentation to scientific evaluation, but rather handed it over to other scientists for the purpose. Since he shared his experiences during his expeditions as popular science and incorporated them in a large number of lectures, travelogues, books for young people

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This documentation was splendidly produced, which made the price so high that only a few libraries and institutes were able to purchase it. The immense printing costs had to be borne for the most part by Hedin himself, as was also true for the cost of the expeditions. He used the fees and royalties

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traveled on this route in April 2000 with a camel caravan and ascertained that at least one of the escorts who, according to Hedin, had died of thirst had survived, and that it is impossible for a camel caravan traveling in springtime on this route to carry enough drinking water for both camels and

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which had been unexplored by Europeans until then. Upon his return to Stockholm in 1909 he was received as triumphantly as Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. In 1902, he became the last Swede (to date) to be raised to the untitled nobility and was considered one of Sweden's most important personalities. As a

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Most German publications on Hedin were translated by F.A. Brockhaus Verlag from Swedish into German. To this extent Swedish editions are the original text. Often after the first edition appeared, F.A. Brockhaus Verlag published abridged versions with the same title. Hedin had not only an important

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When we first discussed my plan to write a book, I stated that I only wanted to write objectively, scientifically, possibly critically, according to my conscience, and you considered that to be completely acceptable and natural. Now I emphasized in a very friendly and mild form that the removal of

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After the third senate of the highest German military court (Reichskriegsgericht) in Berlin condemned to death for alleged espionage the ten Norwegians Sigurd Jakobsen, Gunnar Hellesen, Helge Børseth, Siegmund Brommeland, Peter Andree Hjelmervik, Siegmund Rasmussen, Gunnar Carlsen, Knud Gjerstad,

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My dear Hedin! Now that letters can be sent abroad I have the opportunity to write to you…. We frequently think with deep gratitude of our rescuer, who alone is responsible for our being able to survive the horrible period of three years of incarceration and hunger in Theresienstadt concentration

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leaders repeatedly and was in regular correspondence with them. The politely-worded correspondence usually concerned scheduling matters, birthday congratulations, Hedin's planned or completed publications, and requests by Hedin for pardons for people condemned to death, and for mercy, release and

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He systematically studied the lakes of inner Asia, made careful climatological observations over many years, and started extensive collections of rocks, plants, animals and antiquities. Underway he prepared watercolor paintings, sketches, drawings and photographs, which he later published in his

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Hedin had therewith decided to become an explorer. He was attracted to the idea of traveling to the last mysterious portions of Asia and filling in the gaps by mapping an area completely unknown in Europe. As an explorer, Hedin became important for the Asian and European powers, who courted him,

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in 1935, the routes he selected were used to construct streets and train tracks, as well as dams and canals to irrigate new farms being established in the Tarim and Yanji basins in Xinjiang and the deposits of iron, manganese, oil, coal and gold discovered during the Sino-Swedish Expedition were

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cf. Christian Thorén: Upptäcktsresanden Sven Hedins ordenstecken i Kungliga Livrustkammarens samlingar. In: Livrust Kammaren. Journal of the Royal Armoury 1997–98. Stockholm. pp. 91–128. ISSN 0024-5372. (Swedish text with English picture captions and English summary, color illustrations of Sven

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Ma Zhongying's adjutant claimed to Hedin that Ma Zhongying had the entire region of Tian-shan-nan-lu (southern Xinjiang) under his control and Sven could pass through safely without any trouble. Hedin did not believe his assertions. Some of Ma Zhongying's Tungan (Chinese speaking Muslim) troops

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on the castle. Amidst this sea of light the famous ship glided into the harbor. I was standing on the Södermalm heights with my parents and siblings, from which we had a superb view. I was gripped by great nervous tension. I will remember this day until I die, as it was decisive for my future.

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Starting in 1937, the scientific material assembled during the expedition was published in over 50 volumes by Hedin and other expedition participants, thereby making it available for worldwide research on eastern Asia. When he ran out of money to pay printing costs, he pawned his extensive and

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With financial support from the governments of Sweden and Germany, he led, between 1927 and 1935, an international and interdisciplinary Sino-Swedish Expedition to carry out scientific investigations in Mongolia and Chinese Turkestan, with the participation of 37 scientists from six countries.

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their object had been to cut us off. A month had not passed since our motor convoy had been cut off by Tungan cavalry, who had fired on it with their carbines. Were we now to be stopped and fired at on the river too? They might be marauders from Big Horse's broken army, out looting,

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and the Kum-Darja to Lop Nur, which had been filled with water since 1921. After the lake dried out in 1971 as a consequence of irrigation activities, the above-mentioned transportation link enabled the People's Republic of China to construct a nuclear weapon test site at Lop Nur.

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After a less-than-successful lecture tour in 1923 through North America and Japan, he traveled on to Beijing to carry out an expedition to Chinese Turkestan (modern Xinjiang), but the region's unstable political situation thwarted this intention. He instead traveled through

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in collaboration with the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda and other government agencies and to publish it in Germany in 1942. In return, the Nazis classified Alfred Philippson as "A-prominent" and granted his family privileges which enabled them to survive.

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A survey of the extensive sources for Hedin research shows that it would be difficult at present to come to a fair assessment of the personality and achievements of Hedin. Most of the source material has not yet been subjected to scientific scrutiny. Even the DFG project

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Hedin supported the Nazis in his journalistic activities. After the collapse of Nazi Germany, he did not regret his collaboration with the Nazis because this cooperation had made it possible to rescue numerous Nazi victims from execution, or death in extermination camps.

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Hedin was, and remained, a figure of the 19th century who clung to its visions and methods also in the 20th century. This prevented him from discerning the fundamental social and political upheavals of the 20th century and aligning his thinking and actions accordingly.

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opened up for mining. Among the discoveries of this expedition should also be counted the many Asian plants and animals unheard of until that date, as well as fossil remains of dinosaurs and other extinct animals. Many were named after Hedin, the species-level

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A scientific assessment of Hedin's character and his relationship to National Socialism was undertaken in the late 1990s and early 2000s at Bonn University by Professor Hans Böhm, Dipl.-Geogr. Astrid Mehmel and Christoph Sieker M.A. as part of the DFG Project

378:, awakened a love of Germany in Hedin and strengthened his resolve to undertake expeditions to Central Asia to explore the last uncharted areas of Asia. After obtaining a doctorate, learning several languages and dialects, and undertaking two trips through 382:, he ignored the advice of Ferdinand von Richthofen to continue his geographic studies to acquaint himself with geographical research methodology; the result was that Hedin had to leave the evaluation of his expedition results later to other scientists. 1686:

and to Nanjing to Chiang Kai-shek. He celebrated his 70th birthday on 19 February 1935 in the presence of 250 members of the Kuomintang government, to whom he reported interesting facts about the Sino-Swedish Expedition. On this day, he was awarded the

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as 19 lectures in neighboring countries. To accomplish this lecture tour, he covered a stretch as long as the equator, 23,000 kilometres (14,000 mi) by train and 17,000 kilometres (11,000 mi) by car—in a time period of five months. He met

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See letter from Hans Draeger dated 17 January 1942 to Sven Hedin from the Riksarkivet in Stockholm, file: Sven Hedins Arkiv, Korrespondens, Tyskland, 457 and the book by Michael H. Kater: Das "Ahnenerbe" der SS 1935–1945. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2001,

1205:. He mapped Lake Kara-Koshun and returned on 27 May to Khotan. On 29 June, he started out from there with his caravan across northern Tibet and China to Beijing, where he arrived on 2 March 1897. He returned to Stockholm via Mongolia and Russia. 2044:

and his family in 1938 to prevent their intended departure to American exile and retain them in Germany as a bargaining chip when dealing with Hedin. The consequence was that Hedin expressed himself more favorably about Nazi Germany in his book

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From 1931 until his death in 1952, Hedin lived in Stockholm in a modern high-rise in a preferred location, the address being Norr Mälarstrand 66. He lived with his siblings in the upper three stories and from the balcony he had a wide view over

2131:. Hedin intervened on his behalf on 4 December 1946, arguing that Falkenhorst had likewise striven to pardon the ten Norwegians condemned to death. Falkenhorst's death sentence was commuted to 20 years in prison. He was released early from 632:

In 1935, Hedin made his exclusive knowledge about Central Asia available, not only to the Swedish government, but also to foreign governments such as China and Germany, in lectures and personal discussions with political representatives of

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in which the participating scientists worked almost independently, while he—like a local manager—negotiated with local authorities, made decisions, organized whatever was necessary, raised funds and recorded the route followed. He gave

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distinguished Jewish professors who have performed great services for mankind is detrimental to Germany and that this has given rise to many agitators against Germany abroad. So I took this position only in the interest of Germany.

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raising the money required for the expedition, the logistics for assuring the supplying of the expedition in an active war zone, and obtaining access for the expedition's participants to a research area intensely contested by local

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For a long time Hedin was in correspondence with Alfred Philippson and regularly sent food parcels to him in Theresienstadt concentration camp. On 29 May 1946, Alfred Philippson wrote to him (translation, abbreviated quotation):

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I can only come to the conclusion that Sven received his doctorate when he was 27 years old after studying for a grand total of only eight months and collecting primary material for one-and-a-half days on the snow-clad peak of

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Although Hedin's research was taboo in Germany and Sweden because of his conduct relating to Nazi Germany, and stagnated for decades in Germany, the scientific documentation of his expeditions was translated into Chinese by the

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Hedin prepared a scientific publication for each of his expeditions. The extent of documentation increased dramatically from expedition to expedition. His research report about the first expedition was published in 1900 as

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Hedin died at Stockholm in 1952. The memorial service was attended by representatives of the Swedish royal household, the Swedish government, the Swedish Academy, and the diplomatic service. He is buried in the cemetery of

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was responsible for the outbreak of war in 1939 and that Hitler had done everything in his power to prevent war. Moreover, Hedin argued that the origins of the Second World War lay not in German belligerence but in the

1142:. He covered 26,000 kilometres (16,000 mi) on this journey and mapped 10,498 kilometres (6,523 mi) of them on 552 sheets. Approximately 3,600 kilometres (2,200 mi) led through previously uncharted areas. 2012:

My worry that the education of German youth, which I otherwise praise and admire everywhere, is deficient in questions of religion and the hereafter comes from my love and sympathy for the German nation, and as a

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The Nazis attempted to achieve a close connection to Hedin by bestowing awards upon him—later scholars have noted that "honors were heaped upon this prominent sympathizer." They asked him to present an address on

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He was an honorary member of numerous Swedish and foreign scientific societies and institutions which honored him with some 40 gold medals; 27 of these medals can be viewed in Stockholm in a display case in the

841:. Afterward he attended a course in topography for general staff officers for one month in summer 1885 and took a few weeks of instruction in portrait drawing; this comprised his entire training in those areas. 2429:

The finds from Tibet, Mongolia and Xinjiang are, among other places, in Stockholm in the Ethnographic Museum (some 8,000 individual items), in the Institutes of Geology, Minearology and Paleontology of the

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had been an early admirer of Hedin, who was in turn impressed with Hitler's nationalism. He saw the German leader's rise to power as a revival of German fortunes, and welcomed its challenge against Soviet

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member of two scientific academies, he had a voice in the selection of Nobel Prize winners for both science and literature. Hedin never married and had no children, rendering his family line now extinct.

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promised to strengthen the country's defenses. The speech led to a political crisis that ended with Staaff and his government resigning and being replaced by a non-party, more conservative government.

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Falkenhorst was sentenced by a joint British-Norwegian military tribunal to be executed by firing squad on 2 August 1946 due to his role in the summary execution of British prisoners of war during

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business relationship with the publisher Albert Brockhaus, but also a close friendship. Their correspondence can be found in the Riksarkivet in Stockholm. There is a publication on this subject:

1229:. Near Lop Nur, he discovered the ruins of the 340 by 310 metres (1,120 by 1,020 ft) former walled royal city and later Chinese garrison town of Loulan, containing the brick building of the 706:. But one discovery remained unknown to Chinese researchers until the turn of the millennium: in the Lop Nur desert, Hedin discovered in 1933 and 1934 ruins of signal towers which prove that the 593:(C.C. Shen), who was the administrative officer for the Sino-Swedish Expedition Council, and drafted the contract), after which they were returned to China under the terms of the contract. 4113: 589:. Nevertheless, the expedition was a scientific success. The archaeological artifacts which had been sent to Sweden were scientifically assessed for three years (or four years according to 2472:, the scientific publication on the third expedition, totalled twelve volumes, three of which were atlases. The results of the Sino-Swedish Expedition were published under the title of 2156:

it was customary to do without the title of nobility. The coat of arms of Hedin, together with those of some two thousand noble families, is to be found on a wall of the Great Hall in

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Much of what happened in the early days of Nazi rule had his approval. However, he did not hesitate to criticize whenever he considered this to be necessary, particularly in cases of

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As yet unpublished letters from the Riksarkivet in Stockholm, file of Heinrich Himmler: Sven Hedins Arkiv, Korrespondens, Tyskland, 470. The orthography and punctuation were updated

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gold medals, diamond-encrusted grand crosses, honorary doctorates and splendid receptions, as well as with logistic and financial support for his expeditions. Hedin, in addition to

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The sources for Hedin research are located in numerous archives (and include primary literature, correspondence, newspaper articles, obituaries and secondary literature).

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Verified sources: Sven Hedins in the Stockholm Riksarkivet archived correspondence with Hans Draeger, Wilhelm Frick, Joseph Goebbels, Paul Grassmann and Heinrich Himmler

2110:. He achieved the release of Didrik Arup Seip, but his efforts to free Arnulf Øverland were unsuccessful. Nevertheless, Arnulf Øverland survived the concentration camp. 2396:

To this should be added 25 volumes with travel and expedition notes and 145 volumes of the diaries he regularly maintained between 1930 and 1952, totaling 8,257 pages.

1173:. Since their water supply was insufficient, seven camels died of thirst, as did two of his escorts (according to Hedin's dramatized and probably inaccurate account). 778:

Sven Hedin was born in Stockholm, the son of Ludwig Hedin, Chief Architect of Stockholm. When he was 15 years old Hedin witnessed the triumphal return of the Swedish

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In May 1885, Hedin graduated from Beskowska secondary school in Stockholm. He then accepted an offer to accompany the student Erhard Sandgren as his private tutor to

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labor under the same charge received reduced sentences at Hedin's request. Unfortunately, Hans Bernhard Risanger died in prison just a few days before his release.

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He returned from this expedition with a collection of geological samples which are kept and studied in the Bavarian State Collection of Paleontology and Geology of

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from Beijing to Xinjiang. Following his plans, major irrigation facilities were constructed, settlements erected, and roads built on the Silk Road from Beijing to

2245:. As a foreigner, he was not authorized to use the associated title of Sir, but he could place the designation KCIE after his family name Hedin. Hedin was also a 1990: 1946:, "had been one of the companions of the Swedish explorer Sven Hedin on his excursions in the East, with archaeological and to some extent esoteric purposes". 1569:. The expedition had a wealth of scientific results which are being published up to the present time. For example, the discovery of specific deposits of iron, 2050: 4108: 4043: 1745:

He developed a lasting affinity for the German empire, with which he became acquainted during his formal studies. This is also shown in his admiration for

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On this matter there is a thorough investigation contained in the essay Sven Hedin und nationalsozialistische Expansionspolitik by Astrid Mehmel loc.cit.

2211: 1903:(Goldmedaille der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften). On 16 January 1943 he received an honorary doctorate from the faculty of natural sciences of 471: 2238: 1335:, the midpoint of the earth according to Buddhist and Hindu mythology. The most important goal of the expedition was the search for the sources of the 2422:

The scientific effects as well as a collection of newspaper articles about Hedin organized by year (1895–1952) in 60 bound folios can be found in the

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Reports from the scientific expedition to the north-western provinces of China under the leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. The sino-Swedish expedition

3188: 1970: 1174: 819:. The entire city was illuminated. The buildings around the harbor glowed in the light of innumerable lamps and torches. Gas flames depicted the 459: 2492:

and adventure books, he became known to the general public. He soon became famous as one of the most well-recognized personalities of his time.

1756:(A People in Arms. Dedicated to the German Soldier). As a consequence, he lost friends in France and England and was expelled from the British 203: 2583:

Reports from the scientific expedition to the north-western provinces of China under leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. The sino-Swedish expedition

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Reports from the scientific expedition to the north-western provinces of China under leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. The sino-Swedish expedition

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Thunderous jubilation resounded from quays, streets, windows and rooftops. "That is how I want to return home some day," I thought to myself.

4098: 1939: 549:, along with his memberships in their geographical societies and learned associations, as well as any support for his planned expeditions. 2333:. The plaque was installed in 1959. On it, a globe with Asia to the fore can be seen, crowned with a camel. It bears the Swedish epitaph: 1764:. Germany's defeat in World War I and the associated loss of its international reputation affected him deeply. That Sweden gave asylum to 1201:, one of the largest inland bodies of water in Central Asia. He reported that this lake is supplied by a single mighty feeder stream, the 1652: 1190: 844:

On 15 August 1885, he traveled to Baku with Erhard Sandgren and instructed him there for seven months, and he himself began to learn the

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had been unwilling to finance. In early 1914, when the Liberal government enacted cutbacks to the country's defenses, Hedin wrote the

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relief map of Hedin's research area in Central Asia and a relief of the Lama temple, a copy of which he had brought to Chicago for the

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Another expedition in Central Asia followed in 1899–1902 through the Tarim Basin, Tibet and Kashmir to Calcutta. Hedin navigated the

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The extensive holdings of the Hedin Foundation (Sven Hedins Stiftelse), which holds Hedin effects in trust, are to be found in the

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from Sweden, Germany and China an opportunity to participate in the expedition and carry out research in their areas of specialty.

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The explorations of Hedin 1886–1935. The routes of his colleagues during the Sino-Swedish Expedition of 1927–1935 are not included.

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were unsuccessful. He remained in Kashgar until April 1895 and then left on 10 April with three local escorts from the village of

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One aspect of the geography of central Asia which intensively occupied Hedin for decades was what he called the "wandering lake"

1316: 480: 3910: 2483: 315:), Hedin describes a journey through Asia and Europe between the late 1880s and the early 1900s. While traveling, Hedin visited 4168: 3980: 3126: 1347: 426:. Their travels were supported because they filled in the "white spaces" in contemporary maps, providing valuable information. 279:, explorer, photographer, travel writer and illustrator of his own works. During four expeditions to Central Asia, he made the 1291:

This expedition resulted in 1,149 pages of maps, on which Hedin depicted newly discovered lands. He was the first to describe

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dated 16 April 1937, it becomes clear what his criticism of National Socialism was in this time before the establishment of

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Envelope of a letter from Hedin to his sister Alma with Chinese stamps issued on the occasion of the Sino-Swedish Expedition

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50,000 letters organized alphabetically according to country and sender as well as some 30,000 additional unsorted letters.

374:. From that moment on, young Sven aspired to become an explorer. His studies under the German geographer and China expert, 233: 1812: 1712:

was one of his opponents on this issue, which divided Swedish politics at the time. In 1912 Hedin publicly supported the

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works. The photographs and maps with the highest quality printing are to be found in the original Swedish publications.

2312:; and streets and squares in the cities of various countries (for example, "Hedinsgatan" at Tessinparken in Stockholm). 717: 604:

A view of the entire area of Central Asia opened up for cartography and research by Hedin in his expeditions. Below the

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Elisabeth Kraus: Die Universität München im dritten Reich: Aufsätze. Herbert Utz Verlag GmbH, München 2006. pp. 494–502

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cf. Sven Hedin's German Diary 1935–1942, Dublin 1951, S. 204–217 und Eric Wennerholm, Sven Hedin 1865–1952, S. 229–230

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Bruno Baumann: Karawane ohne Wiederkehr. Das Drama in der Wüste Takla Makan. München 2000, pp. 113–121, 203, 303–307

2024:

So far I have never gone against my conscience and will not do it now either. Therefore, no deletions will be made.

3618: 3599:

As yet unpublished letters from the Riksarkivet in Stockholm, file: Sven Hedins Arkiv, Korrespondens, Tyskland, 487

3215: 2107: 1892: 545:

and its conduct of the war. Because of this political involvement, his scientific reputation was damaged among the

1752:

He viewed World War I as a struggle of the German race (particularly against Russia) and took sides in books like

978:

On 12 May 1890, he accompanied as interpreter and vice-consul a Swedish legation to Iran which was to present the

68: 3001:

Bd. 1 .1 1890 bis 1945 ed. by Irene Diekmann, Peter Krüger und Julius H. Schoeps, Potsdam 2000, pp. 189–238.

2090:

The names and fates of the over one hundred deported Jews whom Hedin tried to save have not yet been researched.

1768:

as a political refugee after the failure of the Kapp Putsch is said to be primarily attributable to his efforts.

1573:, oil, coal and gold reserves was of great economic relevance for China. In recognition of his achievements, the 3023: 1063: 46: 1797:

permission to leave the country for people interned in prisons or concentration camps. In correspondence with

4068: 2423: 2400: 2316: 3500:

fictional-novelist book, but he is the publisher of the '"Daurio 2018"'s reference, with a coherent content.

3332: 75: 4133: 4083: 4063: 3811: 1895:

at Hedin's request to obtain Hedin's agreement to accept additional honors during the 470th anniversary of

1761: 753:

On 29 October 1952, Hedin's will granted the rights to his books and his extensive personal effects to the

3305: 2119:

Christian Oftedahl and Frithiof Lund on 24 February 1941, Hedin successfully appealed via Colonel General

4153: 4078: 4033: 3948: 3543: 3416: 2404: 1656: 1612:

measures and draw up plans and maps for the construction of two roads suitable for automobiles along the

1574: 1237:, and 19 dwellings built of poplar wood. He also found a wooden wheel from a horse-drawn cart (called an 42: 3168:"Segments from C.C. Shen's Recollections about Sven Hedin: Lending Archaeological Collections to Sweden" 2601: 1958:

for having been gone where the Swedish explorer wasn't able to come, and thus was personally invited by

4163: 4138: 4058: 4023: 2750:

Auf großer Fahrt. Meine Expedition mit Schweden, Deutschen und Chinesen durch die Wüste Gobi 1927– 1928

1757: 217: 57: 3683: 3192: 3033: 2651:

Verwehte Spuren. Orientfahrten des Reise-Bengt und anderer Reisenden im 17. Jahrhundert, Leipzig 1923.

2064:. By doing so, they accomplished their goal of forcing Hedin against his conscience to write his book 782: 367: 3654: 3539: 2323: 2250: 1876: 1682:, where the expedition arrived on 7 February 1935. He continued on to Beijing to meet with President 699: 675:

later solicited Hedin's assistance and financed the printing and publication of his life's work, the

597:

valuable library, which filled several rooms, making possible the publication of additional volumes.

1927:(Forschungsgemeinschaft Deutsches Ahnenerbe e.V.). On 21 January 1943, he was requested to sign the 3905: 2435: 2434:, in the depots of the Bavarian State Collection of Paleontology and Geology in Munich, and in the 2411: 2199: 2120: 1185:

In January 1896, after a stopover in Kashgar, Hedin visited the 1,500-year-old abandoned cities of

1059: 998:

where he collected primary material for his dissertation. Starting in September he traveled on the

967: 657: 440: 422:, was an active player in the British-Russian struggle for influence in Central Asia, known as the 3925: 4038: 3083: 3028: 2415: 2230: 2226: 2195: 1844: 1811:, where Hitler claimed that there could be peace if the United Kingdom and France recognized the 1727: 1688: 1455: 1285: 987: 792: 262: 35: 1381: 3931: 3258:

Referred also as Konqi-, Kongque, Kontsche- or Konche-darja or Peacock River— see also note in

3006:

The Intellectual Unmasked: Sven Hedin's Political Life from Pan-Germanism to National Socialism

2225:

Numerous countries presented him with medals. In Sweden he became a Commander 1st Class of the

1443: 1359: 694: 562: 3939: 1915:, which was supposed to serve the long-term advancement of the scientific legacy of Hedin and 1343:

Rivers, both of which Hedin found. From India, he returned via Japan and Russia to Stockholm.

3127:"Book Review – Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia" 2644: 2628: 2367:

had to restrict itself to a small selection and a random examination of the source material.

2203: 1887:. On New Year's Day 1943 they released the Oslo professor of philology and university rector 1823: 1320: 1230: 983: 546: 446: 1378:—highlight the geological diversity of the regions visited by Hedin during this expedition. 4013: 4008: 3140: 3018: 2567: 2382: 2326: 2207: 2191: 1840: 1828: 1717: 762: 757:; the Sven Hedin Foundation established soon thereafter holds all the rights of ownership. 747: 415: 2756:

Rätsel der Gobi. Die Fortsetzung der Großen Fahrt durch Innerasien in den Jahren 1928–1930

8: 2896:

Sven Hedin und Albert Brockhaus. Eine Freundschaft in Briefen zwischen Autor und Verleger

2623: 2017:

I consider it my duty to state this openly, and, to be sure, in the firm conviction that

1994: 1635:. In May 1934, he began a river expedition to this lake. For two months he navigated the 1582: 1419: 1153:

to the Pamir Mountains. Several attempts to climb the 7,546 metres (24,757 ft) high

1031: 707: 504: 411: 300: 3177:(30): 109–130 – via Institute of History & Philology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. 2618: 2585:. Over 50 volumes to date, contains primary and secondary literature. Stockholm 1937 ff. 1807:

year after year. Hedin directly interviewed Hitler in October 1939, one month after the

1225:

rivers and found the dry riverbed of the Kum-darja as well as the dried out lake bed of

816: 722: 385:

Between 1894 and 1908, in three daring expeditions through the mountains and deserts of

82: 3918: 3131: 2480:

which he received from his popular science books and for his lectures for the purpose.

2431: 2315:

A permanent exhibition of articles found by Hedin on his expeditions is located in the

2257: 2219: 2215: 2184: 2152: 2128: 2001: 1978: 1808: 1739: 1664: 1486: 865: 786: 779: 721:

Hedin lived with family members in the upper three stories of this house in Stockholm,

693:

and incorporated into Chinese research. Following recommendations made by Hedin to the

681: 664: 498: 434: 371: 3167: 2577: 2099: 1776:

Hedin's conservative and pro-German views eventually translated into sympathy for the

3876: 3855: 3838: 3796: 3553: 3442: 3406: 3359: 3144: 3109: 3089: 3067: 2970: 2938: 2057: 2041: 1912: 1904: 1896: 1884: 1746: 1709: 1594: 1340: 1166: 1127: 625: 577: 210: 3915: 3466:

See file R 135 of the Bundesarchivs, located in the Dienststelle Berlin-Lichterfelde

2543:

Die geographisch-wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse meiner Reisen in Zentralasien 1894–97

2458:

Die geographisch-wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse meiner Reisen in Zentralasien 1894–97

1145:

He started out on this expedition on 16 October 1893, from Stockholm, traveling via

3885: 3715: 2266: 2103: 1920: 1916: 1888: 1803: 1780:, and this would draw him into increasing controversy towards the end of his life. 1735: 1586: 1351: 1328: 1238: 1146: 1071: 869: 857: 849: 590: 581: 336: 3152: 2869: 2660:

Durch Asiens Wüsten. Drei Jahre auf neuen Wegen in Pamir, Lop-nor, Tibet und China

2495:

D. Henze wrote the following about an exhibition at the Deutsches Museum entitled

2151:

Because of his outstanding services, Hedin was raised to the untitled nobility by

731: 3975: 3968: 3944: 3038: 2557: 2242: 2176: 1798: 1644: 1534:

was selling them at, but years later became valuable treasures among collectors.

1518: 1407: 1327:. Hedin was the first European to reach the Kailash region, including the sacred 1304: 1158: 1131: 1119: 861: 634: 613: 510: 364: 2487:

Hedin's Gravestone in the cemetery of Adolf Fredriks church in Stockholm, Sweden

1620:, which made it possible to completely bypass the rough terrain of Tarim Basin. 1608:

government under Chiang Kai-shek in Nanjing—a Chinese expedition to investigate

242: 3872: 2261: 2175:. From 1913 to 1952 he held the sixth of 18 chairs as an elected member of the 1993:

insisted on the deletion of Nazi-critical passages. In a letter Hedin wrote to

1459: 1246: 1092: 995: 959: 928: 912: 880: 853: 845: 617: 569:

Despite Chinese counter-demonstrations and after months of negotiations in the

452: 269: 3924: 1252:

During his travels in 1900 and 1901 he attempted in vain to reach the city of

1241:) as well as several hundred documents written on wood, paper and silk in the 4002: 3990: 3789:

Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia

3148: 2592:. Maps, Statens etnografiska museum. Stockholm 1966. (appeared in the series 2378: 2330: 2234: 2036:

After he refused to remove his criticism of National Socialism from his book

2018: 1943: 1765: 1720: 1598: 1526: 1507: 1491: 1399: 1371: 1332: 1312: 1214: 1067: 1030:

Desert. On the trip home, he visited the grave of the Russian Asian scholar,

609: 542: 332: 280: 265: 3940:

British Indian intelligence on Sven Hedin. National Archives of India (1928)

3249:

Bernd Liebner: Söhne der Wüste – Durch Gobi und Taklamakan, Documentary film

739: 2393:

There are about 2,500 drawings and watercolors, films and many photographs.

2307: 2179:. In this position, he had a vote in the selection of Nobel Prize winners. 1997: 1959: 1781: 1696: 1648: 1403: 1186: 1170: 1162: 904: 838: 653: 649: 638: 528: 516: 477: 386: 3093: 1545:

The first part of the expedition, from 1927 to 1932, led from Beijing via

837:, where Sandgren's father was working as an engineer in the oil fields of 3834: 3792: 3263: 3223: 2246: 2157: 2132: 1955: 1777: 1731: 1636: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1411: 1336: 1222: 1218: 1202: 1198: 1135: 1123: 1058:

On 27 April 1892, Hedin traveled to Berlin to continue his studies under

812: 621: 538: 419: 304: 284: 276: 3622: 3227: 1623: 1315:, which for a time was afterward called the Hedin Range. He visited the 3259: 3113: 2161: 2056:

On 8 June 1942, the Nazis increased the pressure on Hedin by deporting

2021:’s nation, which is religious through and through, will understand me. 2014: 1880: 1793: 1609: 1605: 1503: 1495: 1435: 1027: 951: 916: 465: 423: 272: 16:

Swedish geographer, explorer, photographer, and illustrator (1865–1952)

2082:

Hedin responded on 19 July 1946 (translation, abbreviated quotation):

735: 685:

of 1891 can appreciate what Hedin accomplished between 1893 and 1935.

667:

troops deliberately confiscated documents relating to Hedin's planned

2921:

Sven Anders Hedin 1865–1952 – eine Bibliografie der Sekundärliteratur

2916:, Vol. I. Stockholm 1962. likewise.: First Supplement. Stockholm 1965 2346: 2302: 2049:, subjugated himself against his conscience to the censorship of the 1962:

in Berlin and honoured by the Führer during his 75th birthday feast.

1786: 1674:

For the return trip, Hedin selected the southern Silk Road route via

1660: 1613: 1590: 1570: 1511: 1363: 1242: 1154: 1042:. On 29 March 1891, he was back in Stockholm. He published the books 1039: 1015: 999: 986:. As part of the Swedish legation, he was at an audience of the shah 924: 796: 600: 486: 390: 176: 159: 3890: 3402:

Travels in the Reich, 1933–1945: Foreign Authors Report from Germany

3358:(2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–14. 2160:, the assembly house of Swedish nobility in Stockholm's inner city, 2143: 1651:

who was retreating from northern Xinjiang along with his Kuomintang

1245:

script. These provided information about the history of the city of

24: 3911:

Excellent bibliography, listing publications and further literature

3894: 3853:

Sven Hedin institutet. En rasbiologisk upptäcksresa i Tredje riket.

1679: 1558: 1550: 1499: 1479: 1471: 1439: 1431: 1415: 1324: 1277: 1197:

in the Taklamakan Desert. At the beginning of March, he discovered

1150: 1019: 1007: 920: 711: 605: 554: 394: 320: 2983:. Norstedts, Stockholm 2008 (new biography in Swedish, 600 pages). 1875:). For his 75th birthday on 19 February 1940 they awarded him the 250: 2910:

Die Werke Sven Hedins. Versuch eines vollständigen Verzeichnisses

2666:

Im Herzen von Asien. Zehntausend Kilometer auf unbekannten Pfaden

1951: 1683: 1632: 1617: 1522: 1395: 1375: 1355: 1292: 1281: 1273: 1226: 1035: 1023: 1011: 1003: 955: 908: 900: 892: 586: 558: 296: 3809: 2619:

Central Asia and Tibet: Towards the Holy City of Lassa, Volume 1

2599: 2337:

Asia's unknown expanses were his world—Sweden remained his home.

2102:

and for the Oslo professor of philology and university director

931:. Hedin then returned to Sweden, arriving on 18 September 1886. 856:

languages. He later learned several Persian dialects as well as

363:

At 15 years of age, Hedin witnessed the triumphal return of the

2040:, the Nazis confiscated the passports of Hedin's Jewish friend 1801:

and Hans Dräger, Hedin was able to achieve the printing of the

1546: 1427: 1265: 1261: 1194: 991: 896: 888: 884: 743: 742:. In the entryway to the stairwell is to be found a decorative 645: 492: 379: 324: 316: 292: 1422:(called the "Duke of Mongolia") in November and December in a 990:

in Tehran. He spoke with him and later accompanied him to the

3733: 2564:

Trans-Himalaya: Discoveries and Adventures in Tibet, Volume 1

1981:, conflict with the churches and bars to freedom of science. 1716:. He helped collect public donations for the building of the 1675: 1423: 1367: 1308: 1253: 1234: 1139: 994:

Mountain Range. On 11 July 1890, he and three others climbed

966:. From October 1889 to March 1890 he studied in Berlin under 934:

In 1887, Hedin published a book about these travels entitled

398: 348: 344: 340: 288: 4114:

Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire

2684:

Zu Land nach Indien durch Persien. Seistan und Bclutschistan

2464:), Gotha 1900. The publication about the second expedition, 541:

he specifically allied himself in his publications with the

527:

Concerned about the security of Scandinavia, he favored the

254:

Sven Hedin signature on postcard to Johann Maria Farina 1935

3278:

The flight of "Big Horse": the trail of war in Central Asia

2872:

in commemoration of Hedin's 100th birthday, Wiesbaden 1965.

2113: 2093: 1671:

attacked Hedin's expedition by shooting at their vehicles.

1659:. While Hedin was detained by Ma Zhongying, he met General 1269: 979: 876: 834: 820: 328: 3828: 1954:

and reproached the Polish explorer and visiting professor

1082:. This dissertation is a summary of one part of his book, 3787:

Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen Blair (25 October 1999).

3621:. Swedish Heraldry Society. 23 March 2007. Archived from 1604:

From the end of 1933 to 1934, Hedin led—on behalf of the

1257: 2981:Äventyr på Riktigt Berättelsen om Upptäckaren Sven Hedin 2692:, 3 vol., Leipzig 1911–1912; new edition Wiesbaden 1980. 1925:

Research Association for German Genealogical Inheritance

1907:. On the same day, the Nazis founded in his absence the 1861:) In 1938, they presented him with the City of Berlin's 3759:"DFG - GEPRIS - Sven Hedin und die deutsche Geographie" 2995:

Sven Hedin und nationalsozialistische Expansionspolitik

2955:. Wilhelm Köhler Verlag, Minden 1954, pp. 317–378. 2949:

Abenteuerliche Lebensreise – Sieben biografische Essays

2410:

Hedin's correspondence is in the archive of the German

1950:

Hedin was trying to discover the mythological place of

1818:

On 29 October 1942, Hitler read Hedin's book entitled,

3831:

The Silk Road: Ten Thousand Miles through Central Asia

3816:. Stockholm: SLANDERS BOKTRYCKERI AKTIEBOL AG G6TEBORG 2606:. Stockholm: Göteborg, Elanders boktryckeri aktiebolag 1991:

Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda

4119:

Commanders First Class of the Order of the Polar Star

3405:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 203. 2390:

Hedin's own publications amount to some 30,000 pages.

2051:

Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda

2031: 1919:

as Asian experts. However, it was instead misused by

1822:. In the book Hedin promoted the view that President 1264:

district, India. From Leh, Hedin's route took him to

946:

From 1886 to 1888, Hedin studied under the geologist

4054:

Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences

3813:

History of the expedition in Asia, 1927-1935, Part 3

2744:

Gran Canon. Mein Besuch im amerikanischen Wunderland

2662:, 2 vol., Leipzig 1899; neue Ausgabe Wiesbaden 1981. 2603:

History of the expedition in Asia, 1927–1935, Part 3

1879:; shortly before that date it had been presented to 1256:, which was forbidden to Europeans. He continued to 4159:

Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala

4144:

Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin

4104:

Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni

3659:

Ostenf. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"

3475: 1754:

Ein Volk in Waffen. Den deutschen Soldaten gewidmet

1084:

King Oscar's Legation to the Shah of Persia in 1890

1074:. Yet in the same month, he received the degree of 1044:

King Oscar's Legation to the Shah of Persia in 1890

49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3191:. Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm. Archived from 2935:Sven Hedin mit Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten 2923:. Self-published Manfred Kleinert, Princeton 2001. 2732:Persien und Mesopotamien, zwei asiatische Probleme 2678:Transhimalaja. Entdeckungen und Abenteuer in Tibet 2576:. 11 text and 3 map volumes. Stockholm 1917–1922. 2556:. 10 text and 2 map volumes. Stockholm 1904–1907. 2239:Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 2098:Hedin supported the cause of the Norwegian author 1965: 1454:Between 1927 and 1935, Hedin led an international 950:in Stockholm and Uppsala the subjects of geology, 3688:Murb. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science" 3355:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 3303: 3274: 2167:In 1905, Hedin was admitted to membership in the 1989:(Germany and World Peace) in Germany because the 1565:, and into the northern and eastern parts of the 299:, and the remains of cities, grave sites and the 4129:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 4000: 2680:, Leipzig 1909–1912; new edition Wiesbaden 1985. 2987: 2960:Mein Bruder Sven. Nach Briefen und Erinnerungen 2554:Scientific results of a journey in Central-Asia 2468:, increased to six text and two atlas volumes. 2466:Scientific Results of a Journey in Central Asia 2329:can be found the Sven Hedin memorial plaque by 1699:in Berlin before his lecture on 14 April 1935. 652:would protect Scandinavia from invasion by the 3469: 1901:Gold Medal of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences 1303:Between 1905 and 1908, Hedin investigated the 1118:Between 1893 and 1897, Hedin investigated the 828: 268:, (19 February 1865 – 26 November 1952) was a 3538: 3509: 3392: 3058: 3056: 3054: 2850:, Buenos Aires 1949; Tübingen-Stuttgart 1950. 2476:. This publication went through 49 editions. 1909:Sven Hedin Institute for Inner Asian Research 283:known in the West and located sources of the 3104:Sven Anders Hedin; Nils Peter Ambolt (1966) 2256:In his honor have been named a glacier, the 1581:in 1933; the same honor was also awarded to 1053: 936:Through Persia, Mesopotamia and the Caucasus 389:, he mapped and researched parts of Chinese 4109:Recipients of the Cullum Geographical Medal 4044:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences 3917:, article on Sven Hedin, available also as 3829:Hedin, Sven; foreword by John Hare (2009). 3786: 3644:Hedin’s medals and decorations, literature) 3503: 3399:Lubrich, Oliver, ed. (2012). "Sven Hedin". 3124: 2937:. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1986, 1991. 2674:, Leipzig 1904; new edition Wiesbaden 1980. 2535: 2028:Hedin later published this book in Sweden. 1859:Deutsch-Schwedische Vereinigung Berlin e.V. 1653:36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) 1086:. Eric Wennerholm remarked on the subject: 3051: 2969:. F. A. Brockhaus Verlag, Wiesbaden 1978. 2953:Sven Hedin. Der letzte Entdeckungsreisende 2377:Memorial plaque with epitaph for Hedin by 2237:(RVO). In the United Kingdom he was named 1985:In 1937 Hedin refused to publish his book 1847:. They made him an honorary member of the 1157:—called the Father of the Glaciers—in the 355:marked the conclusion of his life's work. 133: 3810:Sven Anders Hedin, Folke Bergman (1944). 3383: 3108:, Statens etnografiska museum, Stockholm 3085:Från pol till pol: genom Asien och Europa 2600:Sven Anders Hedin, Folke Bergman (1944). 2508: 2214:Berlin (1931) (all Dr. phil. h.c.), from 1938:Senior Jewish German archeologist Werner 1792:Hedin met Adolf Hitler and other leading 1771: 883:over the Caspian Sea, riding through the 803:He describes this experience in his book 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 3351: 2643: 2482: 2442: 2372: 2142: 2114:Efforts on behalf of Norwegian activists 2094:Efforts on behalf of deported Norwegians 1622: 1536: 1380: 1307:desert basins, the western highlands of 791: 716: 599: 249: 241: 3398: 3281:. E. P. Dutton and co., inc. p. 84 3175:Disquisitions on the Past & Present 1820:America in the Battle of the Continents 1100:an explanation he supplied in old age: 773: 464:1903, 1914, 1917, 1926, 1936 by Kaiser 4001: 3572:In: Abenteuerliche Lebensreise, p. 367 3352:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (28 March 2005). 2516:Sven Hedin und die deutsche Geographie 2365:Sven Hedin und die deutsche Geographie 1899:. On 15 January 1943, he received the 973: 3720:United States Army Corps of Engineers 3520:from the original on 10 November 2018 3486:from the original on 10 November 2018 3379: 3377: 3375: 3213: 2648:Sven Hedin by Carl Emil Österman 1923 2190:He received honorary doctorates from 2173:Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences 2053:, and published the book in Germany. 1414:, he had to abandon an expedition to 1078:with a 28-page dissertation entitled 875:On 6 April 1886, Hedin left Baku for 725:66, from 1935 until his death in 1952 4099:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni 3945:Newspaper clippings about Sven Hedin 3731: 3165: 3118: 2352: 2270:; a species of the flowering plant, 1714:Swedish coastal defense ship Society 1449: 1412:political and social unrest in China 1208: 429:Hedin was honored in ceremonies in: 351:. The posthumous publication of his 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 3482:(in Spanish). Oscar Luis Rigiroli. 3479:Historias Secretas de Amor y Sangre 3345: 3220:Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) 2999:Geopolitik. Grenzgänge im Zeitgeist 2708:General Prschewalskij in Innerasien 1813:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 1298: 1288:, England's then Viceroy to India. 1113: 903:. From there he took a ship up the 879:(then called Persia), traveling by 679:. Whoever compares this atlas with 13: 3833:. London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks 3780: 3372: 2634: 2357: 2032:Efforts on behalf of deported Jews 1730:and anti-militarist government of 1702: 1689:Brilliant Jade Order, Second Class 919:, and then travelling through the 785:after his first navigation of the 691:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 531:'s construction of the battleship 370:after his first navigation of the 14: 4185: 4174:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal 3866: 3166:Shen, Yaming (28 December 2017). 2962:. Brockhaus Verlag, Leipzig 1925. 2854:Große Männer, denen ich begegnete 2210:(1943) universities and from the 2169:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2062:Theresienstadt concentration camp 1929:Golden Book of the city of Munich 1643:His caravan of truck lorries was 1193:, which are located northeast of 1080:Personal Observations of Damavand 1060:Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen 982:of Iran with the insignia of the 968:Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen 755:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 376:Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen 4074:Swedish people of Jewish descent 3898: 3008:. Dissertation, Minnesota, 2005. 2898:. F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1942. 2218:(1915, Dr. jur. h.c.), and from 2108:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 1942:, sent in the expedition by the 1893:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 1708:vigilant military preparedness. 1026:to the western outskirts of the 962:. In December 1888, he became a 232: 23: 3751: 3725: 3705: 3676: 3647: 3637: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3532: 3460: 3451: 3434: 3336: 3326: 3297: 3268: 3252: 2902: 2823:Amerika im Kampf der Kontinente 2520:Sven Hedin and German Geography 2264:; a genus of flowering plants, 2066:Amerika im Kampf der Kontinente 2038:Deutschland und der Weltfrieden 1987:Deutschland und der Weltfrieden 1966:Criticism of National Socialism 1442:, Russia and from there on the 1138:, proceeding to study northern 1126:in Xinjiang region, across the 1062:. Beginning of July he went to 576:Because of failing health, the 451:from 1898 frequently by Kaiser 34:needs additional citations for 4049:Members of the Swedish Academy 3243: 3234: 3226:Public Library. Archived from 3207: 3181: 3159: 3098: 3076: 3024:Swedish intervention in Persia 2927: 2894:Sven Hedin, Albert Brockhaus: 2817:Deutschland und der Weltfriede 2596:; Ausgabe 47. 1. Geography; 1) 1873:Ehrenplakette der Stadt Berlin 1647:by the Chinese Muslim General 1627:Sven Hedin at his desk in 1935 1579:Ferdinand von Richthofen Medal 1295:formations in the Lop Desert. 1064:University of Halle-Wittenberg 1048:Through Chorasan and Turkestan 695:Chinese Nationalist government 578:civil war in Chinese Turkestan 246:Dr. Sven Hedin at home in 1902 1: 4169:20th-century Swedish nobility 3545:Hitler and the magic Nazism ( 3044: 2914:Sven Hedin – Leben und Briefe 2768:Die Flucht des Großen Pferdes 2545:. Supplementary volume 28 to 2525: 2497:Sven Hedin, the last explorer 2317:Stockholm Ethnographic Museum 2227:Royal Order of the North Star 710:once extended as far west as 470:1906 by the Viceroy of India 458:1902 by the Viceroy of India 4124:Knights of the Order of Vasa 3882:Works by or about Sven Hedin 3476:Oscar Luis Rigiroli (1017). 2988:Hedin and National Socialism 2885:, 2 vol., Leipzig 1921–1923. 2856:, 2 volumes, Wiesbaden 1951. 1762:Russian Geographical Society 1418:. Instead, he traveled with 768: 515:1935, 1939, 1940 (twice) by 476:1907, 1926, 1933 by the 9th 295:Rivers. He also mapped lake 7: 4089:Stockholm University alumni 3949:20th Century Press Archives 3897:(public domain audiobooks) 3496:. The present source is an 3384:W. Ryback, Timothy (2010). 3189:"The Sven Hedin Foundation" 3012: 2720:An der Schwelle Innerasiens 2106:, who were interned in the 1973:wrote in 1954 about Hedin: 1849:German-Swedish Union Berlin 1657:Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang 1575:Berlin Geographical Society 1394:In 1923, Hedin traveled to 1389: 915:), returning to Tehran via 829:First trip to Iran (Persia) 358: 10: 4190: 3926:"Hedin, Sven Anders" 3692:Plants of the World Online 3663:Plants of the World Online 3547:Hitler e il Nazismo magico 3304:Sven Anders Hedin (1940). 3275:Sven Anders Hedin (1936). 3082:Hedin, Anders Sven (1911) 2530: 2305:(a "mammal-like reptile") 2297:; a fossil hoofed mammal, 1758:Royal Geographical Society 1319:in the cloistered city of 941: 612:ranges, in the middle the 4149:Victoria Medal recipients 4094:Uppsala University alumni 4029:Explorers of Central Asia 4019:Scientists from Stockholm 3987: 3973: 3965: 3960: 3528:– via PublishDrive. 3494:– via PublishDrive. 3125:David Nalle (June 2000). 2830:d) Autobiographical works 2696:Bagdad – Babylon – Ninive 2251:Order of the German Eagle 2138: 2047:Fünfzig Jahre Deutschland 1877:Order of the German Eagle 1122:, travelling through the 1054:Doctorate and career path 700:scientific classification 682:Adolf Stielers Hand Atlas 503:1915 and subsequently by 231: 226: 199: 191: 183: 166: 144: 132: 125: 3386:Hitler's Private Library 3064:Sven Hedin – En biografi 3062:Wennerholm, Eric (1978) 2836:Mein Leben als Entdecker 2536:Scientific documentation 2436:National Museum of China 2233:badge and Knight of the 2121:Nikolaus von Falkenhorst 1760:, and from the Imperial 1597:for his research on the 1485:Hedin described it as a 1070:, attending lectures by 658:Nazi concentration camps 3516:. Oscar Luis Rigiroli. 3388:. Vintage. p. 218. 3310:. Routledge. p. 24 3034:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld 3029:Sino-Swedish Expedition 2883:Tsangpo Lamas Wallfahrt 2866:Mein Leben als Zeichner 2842:Eroberungszüge in Tibet 2686:, 2 vol., Leipzig 1910. 2668:, 2 vol., Leipzig 1903. 2547:Petermanns Mitteilungen 2462:Petermanns Mitteilungen 2416:German Federal Archives 2222:(1919, Dr. med. h.c.). 1923:as an institute of the 1577:presented him with the 1458:which investigated the 1456:Sino-Swedish Expedition 1286:George Nathaniel Curzon 988:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar 964:Candidate in Philosophy 899:and the harbor city of 852:, Russian, English and 783:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld 663:At the end of the war, 497:1910 by U.S. President 368:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld 3932:Encyclopedia Americana 3851:Tommy Lundmark (2014) 3510:Cêdric Daurio (2018). 3139:(3). Washington, USA: 3066:, Bonniers, Stockholm 2848:Ohne Auftrag in Berlin 2762:Jehol, die Kaiserstadt 2738:Von Peking nach Moskau 2649: 2629:Through Asia, Volume 1 2509:Current Hedin research 2506: 2488: 2386: 2339: 2299:Tsaidamotherium hedini 2148: 2088: 2080: 2060:and his family to the 2026: 1983: 1872: 1858: 1772:Hedin and Nazi Germany 1628: 1542: 1487:peripatetic university 1444:Trans-Siberian Railway 1402:—where he visited the 1386: 1107: 1097: 826: 811:On 24 April 1880, the 805:My Life as an Explorer 800: 726: 644:Although he was not a 629: 563:Trans-Siberian Railway 303:in the deserts of the 255: 247: 3722:, Greenland 1:250,000 3088:, Bonnier, Stockholm 2647: 2501: 2486: 2443:Hedin's documentation 2376: 2349:was named after him. 2335: 2146: 2084: 2075: 2006: 1975: 1824:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1626: 1540: 1384: 1284:, meeting there with 1231:Imperial Chinese Army 1102: 1088: 1038:on the shore of Lake 984:Order of the Seraphim 821:constellation of Vega 809: 795: 720: 673:U.S. Army Map Service 616:, above which is the 603: 481:Thubten Choekyi Nyima 447:Nicholas II of Russia 253: 245: 139:Sven Hedin circa 1910 4069:Swedish topographers 3732:Wittmann, Dr Peter. 3155:on 29 November 2008. 3141:Blackwell Publishers 3019:List of explorations 2967:Sven Hedin 1865–1952 2860:Meine Hunde in Asien 2383:Adolf Fredrik church 2291:Fumea hedini Caradja 1841:1936 Summer Olympics 1829:Treaty of Versailles 1718:coastal defense ship 1531:Nomads in the Desert 1076:Doctor of Philosophy 1050:about this journey. 774:Childhood influences 763:Adolf Fredrik church 648:, Hedin's hope that 416:Francis Younghusband 43:improve this article 4134:Swedish monarchists 4084:Swedish sinologists 4064:Swedish geographers 3891:Works by Sven Hedin 3873:Works by Sven Hedin 3422:on 6 September 2019 2424:Ethnographic Museum 2401:Ethnographic Museum 2235:Royal Order of Vasa 2171:and in 1909 to the 2002:extermination camps 1583:Erich von Drygalski 1420:Frans August Larson 1032:Nikolai Przhevalsky 974:Second trip to Iran 708:Great Wall of China 557:by car and through 445:1896, 1909 by Czar 412:Nikolai Przhevalsky 301:Great Wall of China 4154:Explorers of India 4079:Swedish Christians 4034:Explorers of Tibet 3625:on 7 November 2009 3513:The mystic warrior 3307:The wandering lake 3214:Liukkonen, Petri. 3132:Middle East Policy 3106:Central Asia Atlas 3004:Danielsson, S.K.: 2933:Detlef Brennecke: 2805:Ein Volk in Waffen 2793:c) Political works 2786:Im Verbotenen Land 2672:Abenteuer in Tibet 2650: 2590:Central Asia atlas 2489: 2460:(Supplement 28 to 2432:Uppsala University 2387: 2283:Longitarsus hedini 2276:Comastoma falcatum 2274:(now a synonym of 2258:Sven Hedin Glacier 2220:Rostock University 2216:Breslau University 2185:Royal Coin Cabinet 2149: 2147:COA for Sven Hedin 2129:Operation Freshman 1979:Jewish persecution 1956:Antoni Ossendowski 1837:Sport as a Teacher 1809:invasion of Poland 1665:Kemal Kaya Effendi 1629: 1543: 1387: 1169:via Tusluk to the 872:and some Chinese. 848:, French, German, 801: 787:Northern Sea Route 727: 677:Central Asia Atlas 669:Central Asia Atlas 665:United States Army 646:National Socialist 630: 499:Theodore Roosevelt 455:of Austria-Hungary 441:Nāser ad-Dīn Schah 435:Oscar II of Sweden 372:Northern Sea Route 353:Central Asia Atlas 256: 248: 4164:Himalayan studies 4139:Explorers of Iran 4059:Swedish explorers 4024:Explorers of Asia 3997: 3996: 3988:Succeeded by 3961:Cultural offices 3877:Project Gutenberg 3844:978-1-84511-898-3 3802:978-1-58243-106-2 3619:"The Swedish Way" 3365:978-0-521-61826-7 3195:on 13 August 2010 3072:978-9-10043-621-6 2965:Eric Wennerholm: 2919:Manfred Kleiner: 2862:, Wiesbaden 1953. 2780:Der wandernde See 2714:Meine erste Reise 2655:b) Popular works 2405:National Archives 2353:Research on Hedin 2287:Coleoptera hedini 2260:; a lunar crater 2212:Handelshochschule 2135:on 13 July 1953. 2058:Alfred Philippson 2042:Alfred Philippson 1913:Mittersill Castle 1905:Munich University 1897:Munich University 1885:Charles Lindbergh 1747:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1710:August Strindberg 1595:Alfred Philippson 1450:Fourth expedition 1352:sedimentary rocks 1348:Munich University 1209:Second expedition 1167:Taklamakan Desert 1128:Taklamakan Desert 748:1933 World's Fair 738:to the island of 626:Taklamakan Desert 571:Republic of China 509:1929 and 1935 by 313:From Pole to Pole 309:Från pol till pol 259:Sven Anders Hedin 240: 239: 222: 215: 211:Livingstone Medal 208: 148:Sven Anders Hedin 119: 118: 111: 93: 4181: 3966:Preceded by 3958: 3957: 3936: 3928: 3902: 3901: 3886:Internet Archive 3848: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3806: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3716:Army Map Service 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3686:Gentiana hedinii 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3542:(13 June 2012). 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3507: 3501: 3498:historical-based 3495: 3493: 3491: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3421: 3415:. Archived from 3396: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3370: 3369: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3272: 3266: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3230:on 29 July 2014. 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3151:. Archived from 3122: 3116: 3102: 3096: 3080: 3074: 3060: 2993:Mehmel, Astrid: 2774:Die Seidenstraße 2615: 2613: 2611: 2414:in Bonn, in the 2280: 2229:(KNO1kl) with a 2104:Didrik Arup Seip 1921:Heinrich Himmler 1917:Wilhelm Filchner 1889:Didrik Arup Seip 1870: 1856: 1804:Daily Watchwords 1738:, in which King 1736:Courtyard Speech 1587:Gauss Expedition 1426:automobile from 1329:Lake Manasarovar 1317:9th Panchen Lama 1299:Third expedition 1147:Saint Petersburg 1132:Lake Kara-Koshun 1114:First expedition 1072:Alfred Kirchhoff 948:Waldemar Brøgger 817:Stockholms ström 799:on 24 April 1880 723:Norr Mälarstrand 591:Chung-Chang Shen 582:Great Depression 485:1908 by Emperor 337:Russian Far East 236: 220: 213: 206: 173: 170:26 November 1952 157:19 February 1865 156: 154: 137: 123: 122: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4178: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3984: 3979: 3976:Swedish Academy 3971: 3969:Hans Hildebrand 3923: 3899: 3869: 3845: 3819: 3817: 3803: 3783: 3781:Further reading 3778: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3730: 3726: 3712:Sven Hedin Firn 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3508: 3504: 3489: 3487: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3397: 3393: 3382: 3373: 3366: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3298: 3284: 3282: 3273: 3269: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3170: 3164: 3160: 3123: 3119: 3103: 3099: 3081: 3077: 3061: 3052: 3047: 3039:Vega expedition 3015: 2990: 2979:Axel Odelberg: 2947:Johannes Paul: 2930: 2905: 2868:, published by 2844:, Leipzig 1940. 2838:, Leipzig 1926. 2813:, Leipzig 1916. 2807:, Leipzig 1915. 2801:, Leipzig 1912. 2799:Ein Warnungsruf 2782:, Leipzig 1937. 2776:, Leipzig 1936. 2770:, Leipzig 1935. 2764:, Leipzig 1932. 2758:, Leipzig 1931. 2752:, Leipzig 1929. 2746:, Leipzig 1926. 2740:, Leipzig 1924. 2734:, Leipzig 1923. 2728:, Leipzig 1923. 2722:, Leipzig 1923. 2716:, Leipzig 1922. 2710:, Leipzig 1922. 2704:, Leipzig 1918. 2637: 2635:German editions 2609: 2607: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2511: 2445: 2360: 2358:Source material 2355: 2343:Sven Hedin Firn 2324:Adolf Frederick 2289:; a butterfly, 2281:); the beetles 2279:(Turcz.) Toyok. 2278: 2272:Gentiana hedini 2243:King Edward VII 2177:Swedish Academy 2141: 2116: 2100:Arnulf Øverland 2096: 2034: 1995:State Secretary 1968: 1947: 1866: 1852: 1845:Olympic Stadium 1799:Joseph Goebbels 1774: 1705: 1703:Political views 1519:Chiang Kai-shek 1452: 1408:Empire of Japan 1392: 1305:Central Iranian 1301: 1211: 1159:Pamir Mountains 1120:Pamir Mountains 1116: 1056: 976: 944: 831: 780:Arctic explorer 776: 771: 635:Chiang Kai-shek 620:range with the 614:Tibetan plateau 511:Chiang Kai-shek 365:Arctic explorer 361: 331:, lands of the 216: 209: 175: 171: 158: 152: 150: 149: 140: 128: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4187: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4039:Geopoliticians 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3986: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3942: 3937: 3921: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3888: 3879: 3868: 3867:External links 3865: 3864: 3863: 3849: 3843: 3826: 3807: 3801: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3750: 3738:leibniz-ifl.de 3724: 3704: 3675: 3646: 3636: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3558: 3531: 3502: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3433: 3412:978-0226006451 3411: 3391: 3371: 3364: 3344: 3335: 3325: 3296: 3267: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3206: 3180: 3158: 3117: 3097: 3075: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3002: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2963: 2956: 2945: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2917: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2887: 2886: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2825:, Leipzig 1942 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2788:, Leipzig 1937 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2698:, Leipzig 1918 2693: 2690:Von Pol zu Pol 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2653: 2652: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2597: 2586: 2580: 2574:Southern Tibet 2570: 2560: 2550: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2510: 2507: 2470:Southern Tibet 2444: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2427: 2420: 2412:Foreign Office 2408: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2381:(1959) in the 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2295:Dictyna hedini 2140: 2137: 2115: 2112: 2095: 2092: 2033: 2030: 1967: 1964: 1863:Badge of Honor 1773: 1770: 1704: 1701: 1508:meteorologists 1506:, geologists, 1492:archaeologists 1460:meteorological 1451: 1448: 1391: 1388: 1300: 1297: 1210: 1207: 1115: 1112: 1093:Mount Damavand 1055: 1052: 996:Mount Damavand 975: 972: 943: 940: 929:Constantinople 913:Ottoman Empire 881:paddle steamer 830: 827: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765:in Stockholm. 618:Pamir Mountain 521: 520: 513: 507: 501: 495: 489: 483: 474: 468: 462: 456: 453:Franz Joseph I 449: 443: 437: 360: 357: 307:. In his book 238: 237: 229: 228: 224: 223: 218:Victoria Medal 201: 200:Notable awards 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 174:(aged 87) 168: 164: 163: 146: 142: 141: 138: 130: 129: 126: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4186: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4004: 3992: 3991:Sten Selander 3983: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3906:Scanned works 3904: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3861: 3860:9789186621957 3857: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3815: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3784: 3764: 3763:gepris.dfg.de 3760: 3754: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3693: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3664: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3640: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3561: 3559:9788858628478 3555: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3540:Giorgio Galli 3535: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3499: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3448: 3447:3-486-56529-X 3444: 3437: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3395: 3387: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3348: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3309: 3308: 3300: 3293: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3246: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3176: 3169: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3050: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2975:3-7653-0302-X 2972: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2951:. including: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2943:3-499-50355-7 2940: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2870:Gösta Montell 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2726:Mount Everest 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639:a) Biography 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2605: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2549:. Gotha 1900. 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2407:in Stockholm. 2406: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379:Liss Eriksson 2375: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2331:Liss Eriksson 2328: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2153:King Oskar II 2145: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1971:Johannes Paul 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1944:Thule Society 1941: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1766:Wolfgang Kapp 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1700: 1698: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1599:Aegean Region 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1527:Palace Museum 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1470:situation in 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1410:. Because of 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:United States 1397: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1372:volcanic rock 1370:, as well as 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:Mount Kailash 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313:Transhimalaya 1310: 1306: 1296: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233:commander, a 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1175:Bruno Baumann 1172: 1168: 1165:to cross the 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 939: 937: 932: 930: 926: 923:and over the 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 825: 822: 818: 814: 808: 806: 798: 794: 790: 788: 784: 781: 766: 764: 758: 756: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 734:Bay and Lake 733: 732:Riddarfjärden 724: 719: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 692: 686: 684: 683: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 640: 636: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 610:Transhimalaya 607: 602: 598: 594: 592: 588: 583: 579: 574: 572: 566: 564: 560: 556: 550: 548: 547:Allied powers 544: 543:German Empire 540: 536: 535: 530: 525: 518: 514: 512: 508: 506: 502: 500: 496: 494: 491:1910 by Pope 490: 488: 484: 482: 479: 475: 473: 469: 467: 463: 461: 457: 454: 450: 448: 444: 442: 439:1890 by Shah 438: 436: 433:1890 by King 432: 431: 430: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 407: 403: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 366: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 333:Kyrgyz people 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 281:Transhimalaya 278: 274: 271: 267: 264: 260: 252: 244: 235: 230: 225: 219: 212: 205: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 169: 165: 161: 147: 143: 136: 131: 124: 121: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 3974: 3930: 3852: 3830: 3818:. 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