Tea in the United Kingdom

867: 361:, he claimed that "nothing is comparable to this plant" and that those who use it are "exempt from all maladies and reach an extreme old age". Dirx went into considerable detail on the specific merits of tea, such as curing "headaches, colds, ophthalmia, catarrh, asthma, sluggishness of the stomach, and intestinal troubles". Thomas Garway, the first English shopkeeper praised the medical benefits of tea in a broadsheet published in 1660 titled "An Exact Description of the Growth, Quality, and Vertues of the Leaf TEA". Garway claims that "the Drink is declared to be most wholesome, preserving in perfect health until extreme Old Age", as well as "maketh the body active and lusty", "helpeth the Headache", "taketh away the difficulty of breathing", "strengtheneth the Memory", and "expelleth infection". 591: 497:

aspect of the tea trade. Historians found that, regarding the British tea trade before 1784, the estimated quantity of tea smuggled was roughly 7,500,000 pounds (3,400,000 kg) per year, although some believe the amount to be between 4,000,000–6,000,000 pounds (1,800,000–2,700,000 kg). Faced with such levels of smuggling and unearned tax revenues, the British Parliament enacted the Commutation Act in 1784, slashing tea taxes from 119 percent to 12.5 percent, which effectively ended smuggling practices. The resulting reduction in tea prices allowed a larger population to purchase it, thereby spreading its use across social classes.

645:, beginning in 1840. Between 1872 and 1884, the supply of tea to the British Empire increased with the expansion of the railway to the east. The demand, however, was not proportional, which caused prices to rise. Nevertheless, starting in 1884, innovations in tea preparation caused the price of tea to drop and remained relatively low through the first half of the 20th century. Soon afterwards, London became the centre of the international tea trade. With high tea imports also came a large increase in the demand for porcelain. The demand for teacups, pots, and dishes increased to go along with the popular new drink. 569:

social reformer, observed the widespread consumption of tea by the poor in 1767. He described "a certain lane ... where beggars are often seen ... drinking their tea", as well as "labourers mending their roads drinking their tea" and tea "in the cups of haymakers". Just two centuries after the first appearance of tea in British society as a beverage for aristocrats, tea had become so widely popular and available that those at the absolute bottom of the social hierarchy were consuming it as their beverage of choice. It was at this point that tea became universal among all levels of society.

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antecedents. If one is seated at a table, the proper manner to drink tea is to raise the teacup only, placing it back into the saucer in between sips. When standing or sitting in a chair without a table, one holds the tea saucer with the off-hand and the teacup in the dominant hand. When not in use, the teacup is placed back in the tea saucer and held in one's lap or at waist height. In either event, the teacup should never be held or waved in the air. Fingers should be curled inwards; despite popular belief in the United States, no finger should extend away from the handle of the cup.

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upwardly mobile middle-class people. When people drank tea, they were expected to possess certain manners and behave in a particular way. Soon, drinking tea became a domestic ritual among families, colleagues, and friends who were just wealthy enough to afford it, which also increased demand. The association between tea and respectability became so ingrained in both British and Irish culture that it reached a point where it could not go out of fashion. Tea drinking among these groups was also soon considered patriotic.

410: 228: 481:. Because this tea was so expensive and difficult to get, there was very little demand for it, except among the elite who could afford it and made special orders. It was not until after 1700 that the East India Company began to trade regularly with China and ordered tea for export, though not in large quantities. Smith argues that the tea trade was actually a side effect of the silk and textile trade, the most desired Chinese commodities of the time. In 1720, however, 529: 4492: 837: 654: 541:

to consume sugar in a healthy way." Sugar also masked the bitterness of tea, and made it more desirable to drink; as the supply of both tea and sugar grew during the early 18th century, the combination of the two became more universal, and increased popularity and demand for both products. Black tea overtook green tea in popularity in the 1720s when it became more common for both sugar and milk to be added to tea, a practice originating outside of China.

470:, not only for its ease of cultivation but also its ease of preparation and its reputed medical benefits. Whatever the drink's supposed benefits, Francisca A. Antman has argued that the expansion of tea-drinking in eighteenth-century Britain meant that people were consuming more boiled water, which was less likely to carry pathogens, and that this explains a previously puzzling fall in mortality from the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries. 156:, agrees to an extent with Smith, acknowledging that sugar played a monumental role in the rise of tea, but he contradicts Smith's connection of tea to respectability. While Smith argues that tea first became popular in the home, Mintz claims that tea was drunk during the workday for its warm sweetness and stimulating properties, elaborating that it was later that tea entered the home and became an "integral part of the social fabric". 22: 41: 605:, tea had become cheaper than beer by the early 19th century. Furthermore, sugar had also become extremely cheap by this time, and the two were almost always consumed together. Though the price of coffee had decreased by this point, tea was the preferred drink because, unlike coffee, it still tasted good when diluted, which is often how the poor consumed it to save money. 486:

stability. Conversely, the price of coffee remained unpredictable and high, allowing tea to grow in popularity before coffee became more accessible. Furthermore, the rising demand for tea and sugar was easily met with increased supply as the tea industry grew in India, which prevented sharp price increases that would have discouraged people from buying it.

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and chocolate, which came from the colonies of Britain's rivals in various regions of the world, tea was produced in a single massive colony and served as a means of profit and colonial power. Mintz goes so far as to argue that the combination of ritualization and increased production in the British colonies was how tea became inherently British.

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flavour of other foods among the upper classes and had a reputation as an ostentatious luxury. Because both tea and sugar had status implications, it made sense to drink them together, and the growth in the import of tea parallels that of sugar in the 18th century, which itself was booming due to the growth of sugar plantations in the Americas.

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them to work, as opposed to the private, domestic ritual that had previously surrounded tea-drinking. Afternoon tea possibly became a way to increase the number of hours labourers could work; the stimulants in the tea, accompanied by the calorie boost from the sugar and accompanying snacks, would give workers energy to finish the day's work.

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reported that regular tea drinking in the United Kingdom was on the decline. There was a 10.25% decline in the purchase of normal teabags in Britain between 1997 and 2002. Sales of ground coffee also fell during the same period. Britons were instead drinking health-orientated beverages, like fruit or

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However, the upper classes of Britain began to care more about their health, and starting in the late 17th century, literature on the unhealthiness of sugar began to circulate. Adding sugar to tea, however, was seen as an acceptable way to consume sugar, as it suggested that "one had the self-control

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banned the importation of finished Asian textiles, and traders began to focus on tea instead. This new focus marked a turning point for the British tea trade and is arguably why tea became more popular than coffee. Once the East India company focused on tea as its main import, tea soon attained price

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Tea had other attractions as well. Drinking a hot, sweet beverage helped the meals of the lower classes, which generally consisted of dry bread and cheese, go down more easily. The warm beverage was especially appealing given Britain's cold and wet climate. Additionally, tea helped alleviate some of

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By the 1770s, all tea from foreign countries would first be imported and bought by London wholesalers or merchants before being exported by them. However, the taxes of importing tea to Britain were very high, resulting in tea being smuggled into Europe in significant quantities, forming an important

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The directions for the tea are: a quart of spring water just boiled, to which put a spoonful of tea, and sweeten to the palate with candy sugar. As soon as the tea and sugar are in, the steam must be kept in as much as may be, and let it lie half or quarter of an hour in the heat of the fire but not

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in Portsmouth during her wedding to Charles II in 1662 and made it fashionable among the ladies of the court as her temperance drink of choice. Catherine of Braganza's use of tea as a court beverage rather than a medicinal drink influenced its popularity in literary circles around 1685. Whenever it

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developed a fondness for tea after spending time with Dutch medical men in the 1680s. These men are the "virtuosi" referred to by Ellis, Coulton, and Mauger: scientists, philosophers, and doctors who first took an interest in tea and contributed to its early popularity as a pharmaceutical. However,

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and slower cooling while also increasing volume (which would slightly increase the surface area through which the tea could lose heat), one study noted that adding milk first leads to the tea retaining heat out of all proportion with these effects. The major mechanism by which hot tea cools is not

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wrote, "tea is one of the mainstays of civilisation in this country and causes violent disputes over how it should be made". Whether to put the tea in the cup first and add the milk after or do the opposite has split public opinion, with Orwell stating, "indeed in every family in Britain there are

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However, the poor consumed tea very differently from the well-mannered ritual adopted by the upper classes. According to Mintz, "tea-drinking among the poor probably began in connection with work, not in the home". Day labourers brewed their tea out in the open and brought their tea equipment with

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Because the East India Company had a monopoly over the tea industry in Britain, tea became more popular than coffee, chocolate, and alcohol. Tea was seen as inherently British, and its consumption was encouraged by the British government because of the revenue gained from taxing tea. Unlike coffee

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Accordingly, tea drinking became a central aspect of aristocratic society in England by the 1680s, particularly among women who drank it while visiting in the home. Catherine of Braganza's tea-drinking habit made tea an acceptable drink for both gentlemen and ladies. Wealthy ladies' desire to show

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As the British continued to import more and more tea throughout the 18th century, tea slowly went from a respectable commodity consumed by the well-mannered classes in domestic rituals to an absolute necessity in the British diet, even among the poor working classes. John Hanway, an 18th-century

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Though tea was gaining popularity on its own at the beginning of the 18th century, the addition of sugar to the drink aided its rise in popularity further, as the British began adding sugar to their tea between 1685 and the early 18th century. At this time, sugar was already used to enhance the

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Because tea began in Britain as a luxury for the upper classes, it had a reputation in the 18th century as a high-class commodity; however, as prices slowly fell, more people at the middle levels of society had access to it. Accordingly, drinking tea became associated with respectability among

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Tea would not have become a British staple if not for the increase in its supply that made it more accessible. Between 1720 and 1750, the imports of tea to Britain through the East India Company more than quadrupled. By 1766, exports from Canton stood at 6,000,000 pounds (2,700,000 kg) on

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Britons also hold opinions as to the proper manner in which to drink tea when using a cup and saucer. Historically, during the 1770s and 1780s, it was fashionable to drink tea from saucers. Saucers were deeper than is the current fashion, and therefore more similar to bowls like their Chinese

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According to Ellis, Coulton, and Mauger, "tea was six to ten times more expensive than coffee" in the 1660s, making it a costly and luxurious commodity. The proliferation of works on the health benefits of tea came at a time when people in the upper classes of English society began to take an

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off their luxurious commodities in front of other ladies also increased demand for tea and made it more popular. The addition of sugar was yet another factor that made tea desirable among the elite crowd, as it was another luxurious commodity already well-established among the upper classes.

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The pot will normally hold enough tea so that some remains after filling the cups of all the guests. If this is the case, the tea cosy is replaced after everyone has been served. Hot water may be provided in a separate pot and is used only for topping up the pot, never for individual cups.

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Smith, in his article "Complications of the Commonplace: Tea, Sugar, and Imperialism", differs from the beliefs of the previous writers. He argues that tea only became popular once sugar was added to the drink and that the combination became associated with a domestic ritual that indicated

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as with Dirx, some of these men may have been influenced by the Indies trading companies and merchants who wished to create a market for tea. Nevertheless, these writings about the perceived health benefits of tea contributed to the rise of the drink's popularity in England.

173:, a Venetian explorer, as Chai Catai, or "Tea of China", in 1559. Tea was mentioned several more times in various European countries afterwards, but Jan Hugo van Linschooten, a Dutch navigator, was the first to write a printed reference of tea in English in 1598 in his 79:

In Northern Ireland and in the rest of the United Kingdom, tea drinking blends and preferences vary. Although typically served with milk, it is also common to drink certain varieties black or with lemon. Sugar is a popular addition to any variety. Everyday tea, such as

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tea and coffee fell faster than the sale of more common varieties during this period. Declining tea sales were matched by an increase in espresso sales. Nevertheless, tea remains an extremely popular drink and is still ingrained in British culture and society.

890:. The idea came from a London-based "manageress" at ABC "who'd been serving gratis tea and snacks to customers of all classes, got permission to put a commercial public tea room on the premises". By 1923, the A.B.C. tea shops had 250 branches, second only to 462:; however, 1717 has also been given as the date for the first tea shop. In between tea's earliest mentions in Britain and its widespread popularity just over a century later, many factors contributed to the craze for this previously unknown foreign commodity. 917:, which featured a strikingly modern exterior and a series of interesting interior designs. Similar establishments became popular throughout Scotland. The Glasgow Willow Tearooms building was fully restored between 2014 and its reopening in July 2018. 148:, authors Ellis, Coulton and Mauger trace tea's popularity back to three distinct groups: virtuosi, merchants, and elite female aristocrats. They argue that the influence of these three groups combined launched tea as a popular beverage in Britain. 802:. Other studies argue that brewing time has a greater importance. In addition to considerations of flavour, the order of these steps is thought to have been, historically, an indication of class. Only those wealthy enough to afford good-quality 946:

Tea rooms of all kinds were widespread in Britain by the 1950s, but in the following decades cafés became more fashionable, and tea rooms became less common. Nonetheless, there are still plenty of places that offer the opportunity to enjoy

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in Exchange Alley in 1657. He had to explain the new beverage in a pamphlet. Immediately after Garway began selling it, the Sultaness Head Coffee House began selling tea as a beverage and posted the first newspaper advertisement for tea in

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A 2022 study found that rising tea consumption during the 18th century in England had the unintended impact of reducing mortality rates, as it led more people to boil their water, thus reducing their vulnerability to waterborne diseases.

909:, providing elegant, well-designed social venues which, for the first time, provided for well-to-do women socialising without male company. They proved to be widely popular. She engaged up-and-coming designers and became a patron of 991:

British workers, by law, have the right to a minimum of a twenty-minute break in a shift of six hours; government guidelines describe this as "a tea or lunch break". When taken in the morning, this may be informally referred to as

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Commercial Statistics. a Digest of the Productive Resources, Commercial Legislation, Customs Tariffs, Navigation, Port, and Quarantine Laws, and Charges, Shipping, Imports and Exports, and the Monies, Weights, and Measures of All

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A further point of discussion on when to add milk is how it affects the time taken for the liquid to reach a drinkable temperature. While adding milk first will cause an initial drop in temperature, which leads to a more shallow

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in 1625. Purchas described how the Chinese consumed tea as "the powder of a certaine herbe called chia of which they put as much as a walnut shell may contain, into a dish of Porcelane, and drink it with hot water". In 1637,

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and the Royal Society of Chemistry's "How to make a Perfect Cup of Tea"). Some studies suggest that heating milk above 75 °C (167 °F) when adding milk after the tea is poured does cause denaturation of the

308:, curious for every novelty, tasted the new drink on 25 September 1660 and recorded the experience in his diary, writing, "I did send for a cup of tee, (a China drink) of which I had never had drunk before". 348:

The first factor that contributed to the rise in popularity of tea was its reputation as a medicinal drink. Tea first became labelled as a medical drink in 1641 by the Dutch physician and director of the

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due to its reputation as a medicinal drink and its burgeoning presence in coffeehouses where elite men congregated. As for the popularity of tea among women, he briefly acknowledges that Princess

928:. Paul Chrystal characterises tea rooms as "popular and fashionable, especially with women", providing them with a dignified and safe place to meet, eat, and strategise on political campaigns. 692:

Even semi-formal events can be reason enough to use cups and saucers rather than mugs. A typical British tea ritual might run as follows (the host performing all actions unless noted):

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by supplying both the capital for factories and calories for labourers. It also demonstrated the power of globalisation and its ability to transform a country and reshape its society.

2611: 753:"By putting the tea in first and stirring as one pours, one can exactly regulate the amount of milk, whereas one is likely to put in too much milk if one does it the other way round" 4656: 4586: 1123:

In the United Kingdom, a number of varieties of loose tea sold in packets from the 1940s to the 1980s contained tea cards. These were illustrated cards roughly the same size as

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has been serving tea for over 170 years. Since the 1880s, fine hotels in both the UK and the US featured tea rooms and tea courts, and by 1910 they had begun to host afternoon

68:, tea gradually spread through all classes, eventually becoming a common drink. It is still considered an important part of the British identity and is a prominent feature of 975:, hot savoury food as the day's final (but relatively early) meal. There are plenty of regional variations. In Scotland, for instance, teas are usually served with scones, 4606: 2741:

Kyle, J. A.; Morrice, P. C.; McNeill, G.; Duthie, G. G. (2007). "Effects of Infusion Time and Addition of Milk on Content and Absorption of Polyphenols from Black Tea".

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Tea rooms were also significant since they provided a place where women in the Victorian era could take a meal without a male escort, without risk to their reputations.

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While tea slowly became more common in coffee houses during the second half of the 17th century, the first tea shop in London did not open until the early 18th century.

819:, which is affected by the physical properties of the milk. The study concluded that lipids in milk prevent water from evaporating rapidly, thus retaining heat longer. 489:

Because of the use of tea bowls, tea-drinking spurred the search for a European imitation of Chinese porcelain, which was first successfully produced in Britain at the

4854: 4631: 859:, which promoted tea as a healthful alternative to alcohol of any sort. From the 1830s many new cafes and coffeehouses opened, as a place to socialise that was not a 4869: 4821: 4718: 4713: 601:

By the 19th century, tea had reached the working class, and it was soon considered an everyday necessity among poor labourers. According to the Scottish historian

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However, it was several years later, in 1615, that the earliest known reference to tea by an Englishman took place. In a letter, Mr. R. Wickham, an agent for the

4826: 4678: 4831: 4778: 2336:"The Roast Beef of Old England. Henry Fielding (1707-1754). I. Patriotism. Bliss Carman, et al., eds. 1904. The World's Best Poetry. VIII. National Spirit" 4748: 4708: 4688: 4668: 4571: 240: 466:

British boats, compared with 4.5 on Dutch ships, 2.4 on Swedish, 2.1 on French. Veritable "tea fleets" grew up. Tea was particularly interesting to the

144:, made tea fashionable among aristocratic women, but largely attributes its popularity to its ubiquity in the medical discourse of the 17th century. In 4859: 4683: 4879: 4864: 4811: 4763: 4758: 4733: 4591: 4849: 866: 4788: 4738: 4698: 4651: 4646: 4636: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4596: 4581: 4576: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 855:

resulted from societal concerns about the working class's consumption of alcohol. One response to the perception of widespread dissolution was the

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argues that tea rooms benefitted women in that these neutral public spaces were instrumental in the "spread of independence" for women and their

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Whether to put milk into the cup before or after the tea has been a matter of debate since at least the mid-20th century; in his 1946 essay "

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The history of European interactions with tea dates back to the mid-16th century. The earliest mention of tea in European literature was by

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The popularity of tea occasioned the furtive export of slips, a small shoot for planting or twig for grafting to tea plants, from China to

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Thomas Garway, a tobacconist and coffee house owner, was the first person in England to sell tea as a leaf and beverage at his London

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Thomas Garway, "An Exact Description of the Growth, Quality, and Vertues of the Leaf TEA", 1660, preserved in the British Museum, in

553:" was written in 1731, it portrayed tea (as well as coffee) as foreign and un-English, noting that they were rare during the time of 2938: 2553: 887: 731:

placed over the top of the cup if loose tea is being used. Infusers or tea bags may be removed once desired strength is attained. A

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Tea or high tea can also refer to a savoury, hot, early evening meal. This usage is common in working-class British English and in

1037:, is credited with its creation, circa 1840. The notion of cakes or a light meal with tea passed to teahouses or tea rooms. In the 112:

The rise in popularity of tea between the 17th and 19th centuries had major social, political, and economic implications for the

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Another aspect of the debate is the claims that adding milk at different times alters the flavour of the tea (for instance, see

116:. Tea defined respectability and domestic rituals, supported the rise of the British Empire, and contributed to the rise of the 4905: 4530: 2839: 2422:

David MacPherson, The History of European Commerce with India (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown, 1812), 132, in

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Fresh boiling water is poured into the pot over the tea leaves, infuser, or bags, and allowed to brew for two to five minutes.

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White sugar and milk (in that order) may be added, usually by the guest, though milk may be put in the cup before the tea.

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Mintz, Sidney W. (1993). "The Changing Roles of Food in the Study of Consumption". In Brewer, John; Porter, Roy (eds.).

2813: 4900: 4413: 3046: 1702: 2036:'s figure, starting in 1693, is quoted, e.g., in Walvin, James. 1997. "A taste of empire, 1600-1800". (cover story). 1653: 894:

Lyons Corner Houses started in 1894 and soon became the leading chain of tea rooms; their waitresses were known as "

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In 1660, 2 pounds (0.91 kg) and 2 ounces (57 g) of tea bought from Portugal were formally presented to

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Though there were a number of early mentions, it was several more years before tea was actually sold in England.

2886: 3095: 1330: 590: 1226:, an iconic type of teapot made from British red clay, known for being rotund and glazed with brown manganese 550: 490: 428:

by the East India Company. The drink, already common in Europe, was a favourite of his new Portuguese bride,

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bodies". In 1667, Pepys noted that his wife was taking tea on medical advice – "a drink which Mr Pelling the

2870: 1254: 679:, consumption of which increased 50% from 1997 to 2002. A further unexpected statistic is that the sales of 4219: 4038: 2890: 602: 806:

would be confident of its being able to cope with being exposed to boiling water unadulterated with milk.

4053: 4020: 1268:, a daily spike in power consumption in the UK due to the use of electric kettles in TV commercial breaks 381: 2065:

Guerty, P. M.; Switaj, Kevin (1 April 2004). "Tea, porcelain, and sugar in the British Atlantic world".

1550: 315:, who then sent two canisters of tea weighing 143 pounds (2,290 oz) in 1669. In 1672, a servant of 4523: 3569: 1820: 1390: 1139:

cards, the last of whom also provided albums for collectors to keep their cards in. In the brand named

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on 30 September 1658. The announcement proclaimed, "That Excellent, and by all Physicians approved,

4164: 4048: 1238:, an English appliance that combines a kettle and a teapot to make tea automatically by alarm clock 350: 141: 113: 1815: 4408: 4134: 4043: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3860: 3742: 3385: 2237: 642: 384:

could debate whether any of the exotic new hot drinks would "agree with the Constitutions of our

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The East India Company made its first order for the importation of tea in 1667 to their agent in

4015: 3910: 1721:, University of Wales (1963), pp. 204–205 no. 353, John Read to Richard Herbert of Oakly Park, 1172: 282: 1588: 4910: 4516: 4229: 4129: 3997: 3915: 3900: 3880: 3875: 3865: 3855: 3774: 3769: 3759: 3600: 3590: 2894: 2779: 1691: 1534: 1177: 1061:, usually indicates a special occasion, perhaps in a hotel dining room, with savoury snacks ( 883: 501: 429: 425: 137: 117: 81: 2493:

Nguyen, D. T.; Rose, M. (1987). "Demand for tea in the UK 1874-1938: An econometric study".

2094:"For Want of a Cup: The Rise of Tea in England and the Impact of Water Quality on Mortality" 1876:"For Want of a Cup: The Rise of Tea in England and the Impact of Water Quality on Mortality" 152:

respectability. Mintz, in both "The Changing Roles of Food in the Story of Consumption" and

4374: 3990: 3890: 3850: 1223: 1023: 932: 170: 8: 3905: 3895: 3870: 3764: 3594: 3526: 3450: 2942: 2706:

Rowland, S. J. (December 1933). "The Heat Denaturation of Albumin and Globulin in Milk".

1220:, a water heater for use in cooking and preparing tea fitted to British Army battle tanks 1182: 1151: 1108: 925: 856: 257: 972: 613:, as drinking tea required boiling the water, thereby killing water-borne diseases like 192:, China, to send him "a pot of the best sort of chaw", phonetically an approximation of 4397: 4010: 3885: 3460: 3088: 2723: 2131: 1992: 1913: 1594: 1259: 902: 816: 474: 364:

There were many more published works on the health benefits of tea, including those by

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dialect word for tea. Another early reference to tea appears in the writings of trader

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Woodruff D. Smith, "Complications of the Commonplace: Tea, Sugar, and Imperialism".

458:'s tea shop has been claimed as the first, opening in 1706, where it remains at 216 4199: 4194: 3965: 3657: 3610: 3312: 3287: 3242: 2752: 2715: 2502: 2201: 2113: 2105: 2074: 1895: 1887: 1645: 1300: 1276: 1104: 1096: 1001: 936: 891: 875: 768: 532:

A modern British tea set, in which a sugar bowl and a milk jug accompany the teapot

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was consumed in the court, it was "conspicuously on display" so as to show it off.

414: 2689: 2592: 520:, a successful strategy resulting in significant sales to the British population. 319:

in London sent his instructions for tea making, and warming the delicate cups, to

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were used by the fashionable and were occasionally shipped with the tea itself.

69: 2464: 409: 4443: 4088: 3975: 3970: 3929: 3803: 3702: 3498: 3405: 3237: 3219: 3169: 3122: 2956: 1633: 1217: 1124: 1066: 467: 459: 365: 203: 53: 2719: 2506: 2227: 477:

was not directly trading with China, and merchants relied on tea imports from

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boil. The little cups must be held over the steam before the liquid be put in.

4894: 4783: 4743: 4626: 4078: 3824: 3697: 3692: 3579: 3536: 3390: 3322: 3262: 3081: 2213: 2127: 2078: 1909: 1168: 1074: 1054: 1050: 1046: 968: 964: 948: 921: 799: 782: 759: 680: 354: 133: 3066:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Huw Bowen, James Walvin & Amanda Vickery ( 3063: 3012: 2286: 1081:

in 1843 which allowed the sponge to rise higher in cakes, a patriotic cake,

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Thomas Povey, Esq., "A Famous Tea Manuscript of 1686", 20 October 1686, in

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Some renowned artists were commissioned to illustrate the cards, including

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uniform brings cakes to the table of customers enjoying afternoon tea at a

728: 610: 377: 373: 305: 297: 3073: 2205: 508:, with the intention of producing a number of varieties of tea, including 304:. However, tea was still mainly consumed by upper and mercantile classes. 227: 64:

supply of 1.9 kilograms (4.2 lb). Originally an upper-class drink in

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opened the first of what became a chain of Miss Cranston's Tea Rooms in

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often accompany tea, which gave rise to the prominent British custom of

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and intended to be collected by children. Some of the best known were

1088:

A social event to enjoy tea together, usually in a private home, is a

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The Complete Works of George Orwell: Smothered under journalism, 1946

2569: 2567: 1265: 1154:. Many of these card collections are now valuable collectors' items. 1112: 1089: 1042: 993: 956: 940: 845: 803: 614: 513: 509: 433: 392:

tells her is good for her colds and defluxions". English philosopher

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1746 map showing Exchange Alley, where tea was first sold in England

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is a common beverage seen in a quick tea break in the working day.

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Tea Culture: History, Traditions, Celebrations, Recipes & More

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is not only the name of the beverage but also of a light meal.

707: 697: 337: 312: 212: 65: 34: 30: 26: 1232:, a heavy-duty type of teapot invented for making tea on ships 3415: 1957:"A very Royal Wedding - Charles II and Catherine of Braganza" 895: 871: 421:

interest in their health, further bolstering its popularity.

189: 185: 93: 40: 3831: 2664: 2662: 1195:, a cocktail made of tea and rum served in the British Army 296:" were "sold in almost every street in 1659", according to 2984:

Ellis, Markman; Coulton, Richard; Mauger, Matthew (2015).

1303:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 188:, asked a Mr. Eaton, who was stationed in then-Portuguese 88:

with milk and sugar is a popular combination. Sandwiches,

3104: 2939:"Luxury Hotels - 5 Star Hotels and Resorts - Rocco Forte" 1331:"A very British beverage: Why us Brits just love a cuppa" 860: 574: 193: 85: 57: 2740: 2659: 1551:"The Different Types of Tea in Britain - There Are Many" 1244:, a set consisting of a tea pot, sugar bowl and milk jug 292:

In London, "offee, chocolate and a kind of drink called

2869:. October 17, 2002. (Retrieved 2009-05-08). See also: " 2986:

Empire of Tea: The Asian Leaf that Conquered the World

1640:

Empire: the rise and demise of the British world order

544: 219: – only water with a kind of herb boyled in it". 146:

Empire of Tea: The Asian Leaf that Conquered the World

1073:

with her afternoon tea – after the invention of

955:) and small pastries. A less formal alternative is a 493:, established around 1743–1745 and quickly imitated. 3039:

Seeds of Change: Six Plants that Transformed Mankind

713:

Tea leaves – usually black tea, loose or in an

380:

in the 1690s; one satirist of the time asked if the

2196:"Smuggling and the British Tea Trade before 1784". 1944:

The Diary and Correspondence of Samuel Pepys, F.R.S

886:opened the first of what would grow to be known as 2983: 2688:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2003. Archived from 2148: 2009: 1930: 1861: 1846: 1779: 1637: 1427: 585: 336:for making tea date to the 1660s. Small porcelain 211:, a traveller and merchant who came across tea in 2699: 2668:George Orwell, Ian Angus, Sheila Davison (1998). 2612:"How to make the perfect cup of tea – be patient" 786:probably two schools of thought on the subject". 727:The brewed tea is poured into the cup, through a 573:asked, "is it true to say the new drink replaced 523: 4892: 2642:"How to make a perfect cuppa: put milk in first" 1445: 1171:, a classic English blended tea, flavoured with 2900: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2371: 2369: 1433: 762:'s eleven rules for making tea from his essay " 404: 2897:. ACC/2910, 1869–1885. (Retrieved 2009-05-08). 2777: 1689: 1391:"The importance of tea in the British culture" 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 931:There is a long tradition of tea rooms within 735:may be placed on the pot to keep the tea warm. 473:When tea was first introduced to Britain, the 4524: 3089: 3017:. New York: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal. 2347: 2345: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2182: 2180: 2161: 2159: 2157: 1107:. Internationally, it has also seen usage in 3031:A Necessary Luxury: Tea in Victorian England 2988:. Islington, United Kingdom: Reaktion Books. 2474: 2458: 2456: 2381: 2366: 2064: 2060: 2058: 951:, a luxurious light meal of savoury snacks ( 353:Nikolas Dirx, who wrote under the pseudonym 239:exported from China was first introduced in 3103: 1616: 1614: 1496: 1494: 1362: 1255:List of tea companies in the United Kingdom 913:. He designed the complete building of the 549:When the popular English patriotic ballad " 504:exported Chinese tea plants to his farm in 343: 159: 4531: 4517: 3096: 3082: 2771: 2744:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2492: 2342: 2312: 2177: 2154: 1963: 1676:(Add MS 10116-10117); it was published as 1511: 1509: 1409: 29:on a metal trivet, a milk jug, and a full 4424: 4031: 2877:. August 8, 2007. (Retrieved 2009-05-08). 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2453: 2117: 2055: 1899: 1857: 1855: 449: 3036: 2922: 2784:. Charlesbridge Publishing. p. 24. 2486: 2407: 2046: 2027: 1936: 1662: 1632: 1626: 1611: 1532: 1526: 1491: 1421: 1017: 865: 835: 652: 589: 527: 408: 226: 39: 20: 2811: 2805: 2705: 2609: 2603: 1942:Richard, Lord Braybrooke, ed., note in 1745: 1743: 1586: 1506: 1312: 1310: 1147:("divvy") against the cost of the tea. 632: 4893: 2513: 2462: 2142: 2091: 2003: 1984: 1924: 1880:The Review of Economics and Statistics 1873: 1852: 1840: 1813: 1085:, was created, named after the Queen. 943:as dance crazes swept both countries. 48:, a box used to store loose tea leaves 4512: 3077: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2546: 2480: 2447: 2435: 2423: 2392: 2375: 2360: 2240:from the original on 21 December 2021 2021: 1978: 1792: 1767: 1754: 1734: 1678:The diurnal of Thomas Rugg, 1659-1661 1620: 1587:Mair, Victor H.; Hoh, Erling (2009). 1574: 1520: 1500: 1485: 1468: 1451: 1439: 1415: 1377: 822: 222: 3033:(Ohio University Press, 2008), 375pp 2229:A Mystery Drink – The History Of Tea 1740: 1318:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 1307: 500:In the late 1770s, the owner of the 277:, ...sold at the Sultaness-head, ye 56:has been one of the world's largest 2465:"Tea and the Industrial Revolution" 2279: 1990: 1680:, William Lewis Sachse ed., (1961). 1065:) as well as small sweet pastries. 545:Popularity among the middle classes 13: 4414:Tea Research and Extension Station 3022: 2995:Consumption and the World of Goods 2814:"Tea room outlaws biscuit dunking" 2683:"How to make a Perfect Cup of Tea" 2404:Jonas Hanway, 1767, in Mintz, 117. 2098:Review of Economics and Statistics 710:to warm it and is then poured out. 687: 594:Workers taking a tea break during 60:consumers, with an average annual 14: 4927: 4538: 3057: 2837: 2778:Beverly Dubrin (1 October 2010). 2610:Alleyne, Richard (15 June 2011). 986: 164: 123: 4491: 4490: 2812:Sapsted, David (8 August 2007). 2528:"Britons have less time for tea" 2149:Ellis, Coulton & Mauger 2015 2010:Ellis, Coulton & Mauger 2015 1931:Ellis, Coulton & Mauger 2015 1862:Ellis, Coulton & Mauger 2015 1847:Ellis, Coulton & Mauger 2015 1780:Ellis, Coulton & Mauger 2015 1428:Ellis, Coulton & Mauger 2015 1007: 16:Use of tea in the United Kingdom 3728:Afternoon/High tea/Evening meal 2949: 2931: 2916: 2880: 2853: 2831: 2734: 2675: 2634: 2585: 2441: 2429: 2416: 2398: 2354: 2328: 2303: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2220: 2189: 2168: 2085: 2015: 1972: 1949: 1867: 1814:Shapin, Steven (30 July 2015). 1807: 1798: 1785: 1773: 1760: 1728: 1711: 1683: 1580: 1568: 1543: 1474: 1457: 898:" for the speed of their work. 746: 609:the consequences of industrial 586:Adoption by the working classes 580: 444: 2941:. Browns Hotel. Archived from 2495:Journal of Development Studies 2198:The American Historical Review 1539:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 1383: 1345:"A History of Ireland and Tea" 1337: 1323: 1293: 1035:Anna Maria, Duchess of Bedford 959:, particularly popular in the 524:Introduction of milk and sugar 132:that tea gained popularity in 1: 4906:Culture of the United Kingdom 2887:"Aerated Bread Company (ABC)" 2672:. p. 34. Secker & Warburg 2092:Antman, Francisca M. (2023). 1874:Antman, Francisca M. (2022). 1519:, Vol. III, London, 1625, in 1333:. Express. 23 September 2016. 1287: 1211: 1053:and jam accompany the drink. 971:. Another possibility is the 878:Corner House in London, 1942. 815:conduction or radiation, but 551:The Roast Beef of Old England 491:Chelsea porcelain manufactory 2925:Tea: A Very British Beverage 2911:Tea: A Very British Beverage 2891:London Metropolitan Archives 2581:. Guide to British Tea Time. 2554:"Espresso cups outsell mugs" 1536:Tea: A Very British Beverage 1467:, Vol. II, Venice, 1559, in 1118: 831: 706:water is swirled around the 643:commercial cultivation there 405:Popularity among aristocrats 194: 52:Since the 17th century, the 7: 1157: 766:", appearing in the London 700:is boiled with fresh water. 382:Royal College of Physicians 281:in Sweetings-Rents, by the 10: 4932: 3011:Ukers, William H. (1935). 3006:. New York: Penguin Books. 2977: 2861:Tea for View, View for Tea 1821:The London Review of Books 1480:Jan Hugo Van Linschooten, 1011: 506:Charleston, South Carolina 241:the coffeehouses of London 107: 4901:Tea in the United Kingdom 4840: 4802: 4544: 4486: 4300: 4180: 4122: 4071: 3956: 3928: 3843: 3785: 3720: 3711: 3650: 3637:Strobilanthes tonkinensis 3568: 3535: 3512: 3484: 3336: 3228: 3140: 3131: 3118: 3002:Mintz, Sidney W. (1985). 2720:10.1017/S0022029900000911 2708:Journal of Dairy Research 2507:10.1080/00220388708422054 1188:Prince of Wales tea blend 1162: 911:Charles Rennie Mackintosh 502:Charleston Tea Plantation 4379:Teas of related species 4220:Hong Kong–style milk tea 4165:Epigallocatechin gallate 3037:Hobhouse, Henry (1987). 1248: 1022:A cream tea underway at 721:are added to the teapot. 648: 351:Dutch East India Company 344:Tea as a medicinal drink 243:shortly before the 1660 160:17th century and earlier 142:queen consort of England 114:Kingdom of Great Britain 4409:Lipton Institute of Tea 3743:East Asian tea ceremony 2923:Chrystal, Paul (2014). 2859:Brandt, Pamela Robin. " 2575:"All About British Tea" 2067:OAH Magazine of History 1690:John MacGregor (1850). 1644:. Basic Books. p. 1590:The True History of Tea 1533:Chrystal, Paul (2014). 1320:(Autumn 1992), 259–277. 1199: 432:. She introduced it at 130:All About Tea: Volume I 4916:Tea culture by country 4587:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4003:Consumption by country 2997:. New York: Routledge. 2913:by Paul Chrystal 2014. 2840:"Tea: A Brief History" 2079:10.1093/maghis/18.3.56 1993:"Tea Comes to England" 1991:Wilhelm, Kendra Hunt. 1816:"Pretence for Prattle" 1753:, Amsterdam, 1641, in 1719:Herbert Correspondence 1463:Giambattista Ramusio, 1282:Tea culture in Ireland 1173:bergamot essential oil 1141:Brooke Bond Dividend D 1027: 879: 849: 755: 665: 598: 533: 450:Continuing sale of tea 417: 330: 232: 49: 37: 3601:English afternoon tea 3014:All About Tea: Vol. I 2957:"Rest breaks at work" 2875:British Council China 1517:Purchas His Pilgrimes 1465:Navigatione et Viaggi 1301:"Food Balance Sheets" 1178:English breakfast tea 1021: 926:struggle for the vote 884:Aerated Bread Company 869: 839: 751: 656: 593: 531: 430:Catherine of Braganza 426:Charles II of England 413:Lady drinking tea by 412: 359:Observationes Medicae 332:The earliest English 325: 265:drink, called by the 230: 138:Catherine of Braganza 118:Industrial Revolution 82:English breakfast tea 43: 24: 4375:List of Chinese teas 2579:URBANARA Infographic 2110:10.1162/rest_a_01158 1892:10.1162/rest_a_01158 1751:Obersaciones Medicae 1672:is preserved in the 1024:Bourton-on-the-Water 633:Cultivation in India 171:Giambattista Ramusio 104:a biscuit into tea. 4803:States with limited 3798:Teahouse or tearoom 3004:Sweetness and Power 2945:on 28 October 2007. 2818:The Daily Telegraph 2616:The Daily Telegraph 2560:. 11 November 2011. 2338:. 9 September 2022. 2206:10.1086/ahr/74.1.44 2034:Sir George Staunton 1717:Smith, W. J., ed., 1595:Thames & Hudson 1484:, London, 1598, in 1482:Voyages and Travels 1183:Irish breakfast tea 1152:Charles Tunnicliffe 1069:was known to enjoy 983:, and other cakes. 857:temperance movement 273:, by other nations 258:Mercurius Politicus 175:Voyages and Travels 154:Sweetness and Power 4398:Camellia taliensis 2695:on 11 August 2014. 2463:Macfarlane, Alan. 1454:, pp. 110–117 1442:, pp. 261–270 1260:London Tea Auction 1057:, in contemporary 1045:are a speciality: 1028: 903:Catherine Cranston 880: 850: 840:Some tea rooms in 823:Drinking etiquette 772:, 12 January 1946. 666: 599: 534: 475:East India Company 418: 245:Stuart Restoration 233: 223:Sale of tea begins 182:East India Company 50: 38: 4888: 4887: 4504: 4503: 4482: 4481: 4391:Camellia sasanqua 4384:Camellia japonica 4067: 4066: 3924: 3923: 3646: 3645: 3621:Maghrebi mint tea 3411:Huangshan Maofeng 3110:Camellia sinensis 3029:Julie E. Fromer. 2895:National Archives 2791:978-1-60734-363-9 2757:10.1021/jf070351y 2751:(12): 4889–4894. 2593:"The perfect cup" 2413:Braudel 1981:252. 2295:. 29 April 2004. 2052:Braudel 1981:251. 1782:, pp. 32, 34 1604:978-0-500-25146-1 1397:. 4 November 2020 1143:, the card was a 779:A Nice Cup of Tea 764:A Nice Cup of Tea 370:Cornelis Bontekoe 215:, China, wrote, " 4923: 4841:Dependencies and 4545:Sovereign states 4533: 4526: 4519: 4510: 4509: 4494: 4493: 4422: 4421: 4200:Burmese milk tea 4135:Phenolic content 4029: 4028: 3718: 3717: 3611:Lapsang souchong 3386:Lu'an Melon Seed 3138: 3137: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3070:, 29 April 2004) 3052: 3018: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2920: 2914: 2909:1957, quoted in 2904: 2898: 2884: 2878: 2871:英格兰饮茶风俗由何而来？（二） 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2687: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2618:. Archived from 2607: 2601: 2600: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2571: 2562: 2561: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2532:Food & Drink 2524: 2511: 2510: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2460: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2379: 2373: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2340: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2200:. October 1968. 2193: 2187: 2184: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2121: 2104:(6): 1352–1365. 2089: 2083: 2082: 2062: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1953: 1947: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1903: 1886:(6): 1352–1365. 1871: 1865: 1859: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1770:, pp. 38–39 1764: 1758: 1757:, pp. 31–32 1747: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1687: 1681: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1643: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1609: 1608: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1530: 1524: 1515:Samuel Purchas, 1513: 1504: 1498: 1489: 1478: 1472: 1471:, pp. 23–24 1461: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1430:, pp. 31–76 1425: 1419: 1418:, pp. 23–46 1413: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1314: 1305: 1304: 1297: 1277:National Tea Day 1105:Northern Ireland 1097:Northern England 999: 996:, served around 892:J. Lyons and Co. 888:A.B.C. Tea Shops 870:A waitress in a 817:evaporative loss 773: 769:Evening Standard 603:David MacPherson 415:Niclas Lafrensen 197: 128:Ukers argues in 4931: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4842: 4836: 4822:Northern Cyprus 4804: 4798: 4719:North Macedonia 4540: 4537: 4505: 4500: 4478: 4420: 4296: 4262:Seven-color tea 4215:Doodh pati chai 4182: 4176: 4118: 4063: 4027: 3958: 3957:Production and 3952: 3920: 3839: 3781: 3707: 3642: 3631:Russian Caravan 3626:Prince of Wales 3589:Breakfast tea ( 3571: 3564: 3531: 3527:Huoshan Huangya 3522:Junshan Yinzhen 3508: 3480: 3332: 3268:Dongfang meiren 3224: 3133: 3127: 3114: 3102: 3060: 3055: 3049: 3025: 3023:Further reading 2980: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2921: 2917: 2907:Votes for Women 2905: 2901: 2885: 2881: 2866:Miami New Times 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2776: 2772: 2739: 2735: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2667: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2622:on 18 June 2011 2608: 2604: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2573: 2572: 2565: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2526: 2525: 2514: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2461: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2382: 2374: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2236:. 6 June 2016. 2226: 2225: 2221: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2090: 2086: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1946:., vol. I :109. 1941: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1790: 1786: 1778: 1774: 1765: 1761: 1748: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1725:, 29 June 1672. 1716: 1712: 1705: 1688: 1684: 1674:British Library 1667: 1663: 1656: 1634:Ferguson, Niall 1631: 1627: 1619: 1612: 1605: 1597:. p. 169. 1585: 1581: 1573: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1555:The Spruce Eats 1549: 1548: 1544: 1531: 1527: 1514: 1507: 1499: 1492: 1479: 1475: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1426: 1422: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1376: 1363: 1353: 1351: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1315: 1308: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1251: 1214: 1202: 1193:Gunfire (drink) 1165: 1160: 1125:cigarette cards 1121: 1083:Victoria sponge 1016: 1010: 997: 989: 935:. For example, 933:London's hotels 915:Willow Tearooms 834: 825: 775: 757: 749: 690: 688:Brewing the tea 659:Willow Tearooms 651: 635: 588: 583: 571:Fernand Braudel 547: 526: 452: 447: 407: 346: 225: 167: 162: 126: 110: 70:British culture 17: 12: 11: 5: 4929: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4843:other entities 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4794:United Kingdom 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4607:Czech Republic 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4513: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4150: 4145: 4137: 4132: 4130:Health effects 4126: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4089:Compressed tea 4086: 4081: 4079:Flowering teas 4075: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3976:Decaffeination 3968: 3962: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3807: 3804:Cha chaan teng 3800: 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3135: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3101: 3100: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3059: 3058:External links 3056: 3054: 3053: 3048:978-0060914400 3047: 3034: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2948: 2930: 2915: 2899: 2879: 2852: 2838:Titus, Susan. 2830: 2804: 2790: 2770: 2733: 2698: 2674: 2658: 2633: 2602: 2584: 2563: 2545: 2534:. 16 June 2003 2512: 2485: 2473: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2380: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2327: 2311: 2302: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2219: 2188: 2176: 2167: 2153: 2141: 2084: 2054: 2045: 2043:.1 (2001: 11). 2026: 2014: 2002: 1983: 1971: 1962: 1948: 1935: 1923: 1866: 1851: 1839: 1806: 1797: 1784: 1772: 1759: 1749:Nicolas Tulp, 1739: 1727: 1710: 1704:978-1130006230 1703: 1697:. p. 47. 1682: 1661: 1654: 1625: 1610: 1603: 1579: 1567: 1542: 1525: 1505: 1490: 1473: 1456: 1444: 1432: 1420: 1408: 1382: 1361: 1349:Irish at Heart 1336: 1322: 1306: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1218:Boiling vessel 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1120: 1117: 1067:Queen Victoria 1063:tea sandwiches 1012:Main article: 1009: 1006: 988: 987:Tea as a break 985: 963:, featuring a 953:tea sandwiches 833: 830: 824: 821: 750: 748: 745: 740: 739: 736: 725: 722: 711: 701: 689: 686: 650: 647: 634: 631: 587: 584: 582: 579: 546: 543: 525: 522: 468:Atlantic world 460:Strand, London 456:Thomas Twining 451: 448: 446: 443: 406: 403: 366:Samuel Hartlib 357:; in his book 345: 342: 283:Royal Exchange 224: 221: 204:Samuel Purchas 166: 165:Early mentions 163: 161: 158: 125: 124:Historiography 122: 109: 106: 84:, served in a 54:United Kingdom 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4928: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4855:Faroe Islands 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4827:South Ossetia 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 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4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4230:Arnold Palmer 4228: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4195:Builder's tea 4193: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4179: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4099:ISO procedure 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4059:United States 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3977: 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3537:Fermented tea 3534: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3180:Golden Monkey 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3112: 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2273: 2264: 2255: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2183: 2181: 2171: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2150: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2059: 2049: 2042: 2039: 2038:History Today 2035: 2030: 2023: 2018: 2011: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1981:, p. 110 1980: 1975: 1966: 1958: 1952: 1945: 1939: 1932: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1810: 1801: 1794: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1769: 1763: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1706: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1686: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1657: 1655:9780465023295 1651: 1647: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1606: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1576: 1571: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1488:, p. 501 1487: 1483: 1477: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1453: 1448: 1441: 1436: 1429: 1424: 1417: 1412: 1396: 1395:Breaking Blue 1392: 1386: 1380:, p. 266 1379: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1332: 1326: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1302: 1296: 1292: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1169:Earl Grey tea 1167: 1166: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:baking powder 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:British usage 1056: 1055:Afternoon tea 1052: 1051:clotted cream 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1008:Tea as a meal 1005: 1003: 1002:builder's tea 995: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 969:clotted cream 967:with jam and 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949:afternoon tea 944: 942: 938: 937:Brown's Hotel 934: 929: 927: 923: 922:Roger Fulford 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 882:In 1864, the 877: 873: 868: 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149: 147: 143: 140:, the future 139: 135: 134:Great Britain 131: 121: 119: 115: 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 77: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 47: 42: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 4911:Tea ceremony 4832:Transnistria 4793: 4506: 4459:Koththamalli 4434:Cannabis tea 4396: 4389: 4382: 4363:Tea classics 4267:Shahi haleeb 3987:Cultivation 3966:Leaf grading 3959:distribution 3830: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3738:Tasseography 3667: 3635: 3476:Tamaryokucha 3346:Anji bai cha 3313:Shui Jin Gui 3288:Huang Meigui 3283:Huangjin Gui 3243:Ban Tian Yao 3108: 3067: 3038: 3030: 3013: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2964:. 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Retrieved 1348: 1339: 1325: 1317: 1295: 1149: 1140: 1129:Red Rose Tea 1122: 1094: 1087: 1039:West Country 1030: 1029: 990: 961:West Country 945: 930: 919: 900: 881: 851: 826: 808: 788: 776: 767: 756: 752: 747:Milk and tea 741: 729:tea strainer 691: 669: 667: 636: 627: 611:urbanisation 607: 600: 581:19th century 567: 563: 559: 548: 539: 535: 499: 495: 488: 472: 464: 453: 445:18th century 439: 423: 419: 399: 385: 378:Thomas Tryon 374:Thomas Povey 363: 358: 347: 331: 326: 310: 306:Samuel Pepys 301: 298:Thomas Rugge 293: 291: 286: 279:Cophee-house 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 256: 249: 234: 216: 198:, the local 179: 174: 168: 153: 150: 145: 129: 127: 111: 78: 51: 18: 4870:Isle of Man 4805:recognition 4779:Switzerland 4714:Netherlands 4359:Literature 4272:Suutei tsai 4153:Flavan-3-ol 4072:Preparation 3861:Azerbaijani 3616:Masala chai 3606:Jasmine tea 3570:Blended or 3258:Da Hong Pao 3253:Bu Zhi Chun 3185:Jin Jun Mei 3068:In Our Time 2651:30 December 2351:Smith, 276. 2325:Smith, 277. 2309:Smith, 271. 2297:BBC Radio 4 2292:In Our Time 2276:Smith, 270. 2267:Smith, 266. 2258:Smith, 263. 2186:Smith, 275. 2174:Smith, 274. 2165:Smith, 273. 1969:Smith, 268. 1828:(15): 17–18 1804:Smith, 296. 1262:, 1679–1998 1230:Cube teapot 1224:Brown Betty 1137:Brooke Bond 1079:Alfred Bird 1071:sponge cake 863:or an inn. 796:lactalbumin 717: – or 677:herbal teas 671:DataMonitor 596:World War I 555:Elizabeth I 252:coffeehouse 209:Peter Mundy 96:, cake, or 44:An English 4895:Categories 4749:San Marino 4709:Montenegro 4689:Luxembourg 4669:Kazakhstan 4572:Azerbaijan 4444:Dried lime 4426:Herbal tea 4205:Butter tea 4190:Bubble tea 4181:Tea-based 4170:Theaflavin 4139:Compounds 4039:Bangladesh 4032:By country 4016:Chittagong 3971:Processing 3911:Senegalese 3844:By country 3793:Tea garden 3703:Vietnamese 3658:Australian 3514:Yellow tea 3426:Kamairicha 3356:Baimao Hou 3328:Tieguanyin 3238:Bai Jiguan 3230:Oolong tea 3220:Yingdehong 3170:Darjeeling 3041:. Harper. 2481:Mintz 1993 2448:Mintz 1985 2436:Mintz 1993 2424:Mintz 1993 2393:Mintz 1985 2376:Mintz 1985 2361:Mintz 1985 2234:History TV 2022:Ukers 1935 1979:Mintz 1993 1793:Ukers 1935 1768:Ukers 1935 1755:Ukers 1935 1735:Ukers 1935 1621:Ukers 1935 1575:Ukers 1935 1521:Ukers 1935 1501:Ukers 1935 1486:Ukers 1935 1469:Ukers 1935 1452:Mintz 1985 1440:Mintz 1993 1416:Ukers 1935 1378:Mintz 1993 1288:References 1212:Appliances 1133:Typhoo tea 1043:cream teas 1014:Tea (meal) 941:tea dances 781:", author 518:oolong tea 483:Parliament 394:John Locke 321:Shropshire 62:per capita 25:A ceramic 4860:Gibraltar 4684:Lithuania 4439:Chamomile 4292:Yuenyeung 4282:Teh tarik 4277:Sweet tea 4257:Noon chai 4094:Decoction 4054:Sri Lanka 4007:Auctions 3998:Companies 3916:Taiwanese 3901:Pakistani 3881:Hong Kong 3876:Dominican 3866:Brazilian 3856:Argentine 3811:Chashitsu 3770:Taiwanese 3733:Tea party 3693:Taiwanese 3584:Lady Grey 3580:Earl Grey 3494:Bai Mudan 3486:White tea 3421:Kabusecha 3391:Gunpowder 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