Boxer Rebellion - Knowledge

3078:", and he also states that "while peasant rebellion was nothing new in Chinese history, a war against the world's most powerful states was." Other recent Western works refer to the uprising as the "Boxer Movement", the "Boxer War" or the Yihetuan Movement, while Chinese studies refer to it as the 义和团运动 (Yihetuan yundong), that is, the "Yihetuan Movement". In his discussion of the general and legal implications of the terminology involved, the German scholar Thoralf Klein notes that all of the terms, including the Chinese terms, are "posthumous interpretations of the conflict". He argues that each term, whether it be "uprising", "rebellion" or "movement" implies a different definition of the conflict. Even the term "Boxer War", which has frequently been used by scholars in the West, raises questions. Neither side made a formal declaration of war. The imperial edicts on June 21 said that hostilities had begun and directed the regular Chinese army to join the Boxers against the Allied armies. This was a de facto declaration of war. The Allied troops behaved like soldiers who were mounting a punitive expedition in colonial style, rather than soldiers who were waging a declared war with legal constraints. The Allies took advantage of the fact that China had not signed "The Laws and Customs of War on Land", a key document signed at the 1899 3119: 2775: 2877: 3066:, a contemporary historian, is truly a "misnomer", for the Boxers "never rebelled against the Manchu rulers of China and their Qing dynasty" and the "most common Boxer slogan, throughout the history of the movement, was 'support the Qing, destroy the Foreign,' where 'foreign' clearly meant the foreign religion, Christianity, and its Chinese converts as much as the foreigners themselves". He adds that only after the movement was suppressed by the Allied Intervention did the foreign powers and influential Chinese officials both realise that the Qing would have to remain as the government of China to maintain order and collect taxes to pay the indemnity. Therefore, to save face for the Empress Dowager and the members of the imperial court, all argued that the Boxers were rebels and that the only support which the Boxers received from the imperial court came from a few Manchu princes. Esherick concludes that the origin of the term "rebellion" was "purely political and opportunistic", but it has had a remarkable staying power, particularly in popular accounts. 2484:, in addition to burning and looting, Germans "cut off the heads of many Chinese within their jurisdiction, many of them for absolutely trivial offenses". US Army Lieutenant C. D. Rhodes reported that German and French soldiers set fire to buildings where innocent peasants were sheltering and would shoot and bayonet peasants who fled the burning buildings. According to Australian soldiers, Germans extorted ransom payments from villages in exchange for not torching their homes and crops. British journalist George Lynch wrote that German and Italian soldiers engaged in a practice of raping Chinese women and girls before burning their villages. According to Lynch, German soldiers would attempt to cover up these atrocities by throwing rape victims into wells as staged suicides. Lynch said, "There are things that I must not write, and that may not be printed in England, which would seem to show that this Western civilisation of ours is merely a veneer over savagery". 1904:, was infuriated with the actions of the Chinese army troops and determined to take his complaints to the royal court. Against the advice of the fellow foreigners, the baron left the legations with a single aide and a team of porters to carry his sedan chair. On his way to the palace, von Ketteler was killed on the streets of Beijing by a Manchu captain. His aide managed to escape the attack and carried word of the baron's death back to the diplomatic compound. At this news, the other diplomats feared they also would be murdered if they left the legation quarter and they chose to continue to defy the Chinese order to depart Beijing. The legations were hurriedly fortified. Most of the foreign civilians, which included a large number of missionaries and businessmen, took refuge in the British legation, the largest of the diplomatic compounds. Chinese Christians were primarily housed in the adjacent palace (Fu) of 2904:, considered the founding father of modern China, at the time worked to overthrow the Qing but believed that government spread rumours that "caused confusion among the populace" and stirred up the Boxer Movement. He delivered "scathing criticism" of the Boxers' "anti-foreignism and obscurantism". Sun praised the Boxers for their "spirit of resistance" but called them "bandits". Students studying in Japan were ambivalent. Some stated that while the uprising originated from the ignorant and stubborn people, their beliefs were brave and righteous and could be transformed into a force for independence. After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, nationalistic Chinese became more sympathetic to the Boxers. In 1918, Sun praised their fighting spirit and said that the Boxers were courageous and fearless in fighting to the death against the Alliance armies, specifically the 437: 1685:

knowledge of strategy and tactics, and even those with training had not actively commanded troops in the field. In addition, the regular soldiers were noted for their poor marksmanship and inaccuracy, while cavalry was ill-organised and was not used to its full extent. Tactically, the Chinese still retained their belief in the superiority of defence, often withdrawing as soon as they were flanked, a tendency attributable to their lack of combat experience and training as well as a lack of initiative from commanders who would rather retreat than counterattack. However, accusations of cowardice were minimal; this was a marked improvement from the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, as Chinese troops did not flee en masse as before. If led by courageous officers, the troops would often fight to the death as occurred under Nie Shicheng and Ma Yukun.

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Boxers, wished to press the siege, Ronglu's imperial forces seem to have largely attempted to follow Cixi's decree and protect the legations. However, to satisfy the conservatives in the imperial court, Ronglu's men also fired on the legations and let off firecrackers to give the impression that they, too, were attacking the foreigners. Inside the legations and out of communication with the outside world, the foreigners simply fired on any targets that presented themselves, including messengers from the imperial court, civilians and besiegers of all persuasions. Dong Fuxiang was denied artillery held by Ronglu which stopped him from levelling the legations, and when he complained to Empress Dowager Cixi on 23 June, she dismissively said that "Your tail is becoming too heavy to wag." The Alliance discovered large amounts of unused Chinese

173: 2081:. The Decree ordered him to stop fighting the Boxers because of the foreign invasion, and also because the population was suffering. Due to Ronglu's actions, Nie continued to fight the Boxers and killed many of them even as the foreign troops were making their way into China. Ronglu also ordered Nie to protect foreigners and save the railway from the Boxers. Because parts of the railway were saved under Ronglu's orders, the foreign invasion army was able to transport itself into China quickly. Nie committed thousands of troops against the Boxers instead of against the foreigners, but was already outnumbered by the Allies by 4,000 men. He was blamed for attacking the Boxers, and decided to sacrifice his life at Tietsin by walking into the range of Allied guns. 425: 413: 267: 2456:) to help the Eight Nation Alliance suppress the Boxers. Yuan Shikai's forces killed tens of thousands of people in their anti-Boxer campaign in Zhili Province and Shandong after the Alliance captured Beijing. The majority of the hundreds of thousands of people living in inner Beijing during the Qing were Manchus and Mongol bannermen from the Eight Banners after they were moved there in 1644, when Han Chinese were expelled. Sawara Tokusuke, a Japanese journalist, wrote in "Miscellaneous Notes about the Boxers" about the rapes of Manchu and Mongol banner girls. He alleged that soldiers of the Eight-Nation Alliance raped a large number of women in Peking, including all seven daughters of 2975:"patriotic movement to expel the 'foreign devils' – just that – the foreign devils". "Suppose", he said, "the great nations of Europe were to put their fleets together, came over here, seize Portland, move on down to Boston, then New York, then Philadelphia, and so on down the Atlantic Coast and around the Gulf of Galveston? Suppose they took possession of these port cities, drove our people into the hinterland, built great warehouses and factories, brought in a body of dissolute agents, and calmly notified our people that henceforward they would manage the commerce of the country? Would we not have a Boxer movement to drive those foreign European Christian devils out of our country?" 449: 2015:

especially used in the Fu, defended by Japanese and Italian sailors and soldiers, and inhabited by most of the Chinese Christians. Fusillades of bullets, artillery and firecrackers were directed against the Legations almost every night—but did little damage. Sniper fire took its toll among the foreign defenders. Despite their numerical advantage, the Chinese did not attempt a direct assault on the Legation Quarter although in the words of one of the besieged, "it would have been easy by a strong, swift movement on the part of the numerous Chinese troops to have annihilated the whole body of foreigners ... in an hour". American missionary

2087:, who had served as the envoy to many of the same states under siege in the Legation Quarter, argued that "the evasion of extraterritorial rights and the killing of foreign diplomats are unprecedented in China and abroad". Xu and five other officials urged Empress Dowager Cixi to order the repression of Boxers, the execution of their leaders, and a diplomatic settlement with foreign armies. The Empress Dowager was outraged, and sentenced Xu and the five others to death for "willfully and absurdly petitioning the imperial court" and "building subversive thought". They were executed on 28 July 1900 and their severed heads placed on display at 203: 1588:

the Qing. In 1899, the French minister in Beijing helped the missionaries to obtain an edict granting official status to every order in the Roman Catholic hierarchy, enabling local priests to support their people in legal or family disputes and bypass the local officials. After the German government took over Shandong, many Chinese feared that the foreign missionaries and possibly all Christian activities were imperialist attempts at "carving the melon", i.e., to colonise China piece by piece. A Chinese official expressed the animosity towards foreigners succinctly, "Take away your missionaries and your opium and you will be welcome."

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his troops to pull back from completing the siege and destroying the legations, thereby saving the foreigners and making diplomatic concessions. Ronglu and Prince Qing sent food to the legations and used their bannermen to attack the Gansu Braves of Dong Fuxiang and the Boxers who were besieging the foreigners. They issued edicts ordering the foreigners to be protected, but the Gansu warriors ignored it, and fought against bannermen who tried to force them away from the legations. The Boxers also took commands from Dong Fuxiang. Ronglu also deliberately hid an Imperial Decree from

683: 668: 645: 630: 615: 556: 544: 532: 520: 298: 188: 595: 584: 573: 218: 158: 2576: 326: 1996: 1953:(illegitimate order) and withheld knowledge of it from the public in the south. Yuan Shikai used his own forces to suppress Boxers in Shandong, and Zhang entered into negotiations with the foreigners in Shanghai to keep his army out of the conflict. The neutrality of these provincial and regional governors left the majority of Chinese military forces out of the conflict. The republican revolutionary Sun Yat-sen even took the opportunity to submit a proposal to Li Hongzhang to declare an independent democratic republic, although nothing came of the suggestion. 2424: 389: 374: 359: 1844:

The Eight Powers sent a relief column from Tianjin of 1,800 men (900 Russian troops from Port Arthur, 500 British seamen, and other assorted troops). On 25 June the relief column reached Seymour. The Seymour force destroyed the Arsenal: they spiked the captured field guns and set fire to any munitions that they could not take (an estimated £3 million worth). The Seymour force and the relief column marched back to Tientsin, unopposed, on 26 June. Seymour's casualties during the expedition were 62 killed and 228 wounded.

1607:. The Qing political elite struggled with the question of how to retain its power. The Qing government came to view the Boxers as a means to help oppose foreign powers. The national crisis was widely perceived as caused by "foreign aggression" inside, even though afterwards a majority of Chinese were grateful for the actions of the alliance. The Qing government was corrupt, common people often faced extortions from government officials and the government offered no protection from the violent actions of the Boxers. 3018:

sources have led historians in China to take a more nuanced view. Some non-Chinese scholars, such as Joseph Esherick, have seen the movement as anti-imperialist, but others hold that the concept "nationalistic" is anachronistic because the Chinese nation had not been formed, and the Boxers were more concerned with regional issues. Paul Cohen's recent study includes a survey of "the Boxers as myth", which shows how their memory was used in changing ways in 20th-century China from the New Culture Movement to the

282: 2820: 2943: 129: 504: 1417: 252: 11827: 1797:, the largest contingent being British. The force moved by train from Dagu to Tianjin with the agreement of the Chinese government, but the railway had been severed between Tianjin and Beijing. Seymour resolved to continue forward by rail to the break and repair the railway, or progress on foot from there, if necessary, as it was only 120 km from Tianjin to Beijing. The court then replaced Prince Qing at the Zongli Yamen with Manchu Prince Duan, a member of the imperial 604: 2220:

disciplined", were armed with modern weapons but were not trained according to Western drill and wore traditional Chinese uniforms. They led the defeat of the Alliance at Langfang in the Seymour Expedition and were the most ferocious in besieging the Legations in Beijing. The British won the race among the international forces to be the first to reach the besieged Legation Quarter. The US was able to play a role due to the presence of UD ships and troops stationed in

16419: 1892:, which began the siege. Cixi stated that "I have always been of the opinion, that the allied armies had been permitted to escape too easily in 1860. Only a united effort was then necessary to have given China the victory. Today, at last, the opportunity for revenge has come", and said that millions of Chinese would join the cause of fighting the foreigners since the Manchus had provided "great benefits" on China. On receipt of the news of the attack on the 2735: 16439: 5966: 492: 479: 401: 2351: 3134: 1323: 3109:), in apparent allusion to the strength of the united force which was to be put forth. As the Chinese phrase "fists and feet" signifies boxing and wrestling, there appeared to be no more suitable term for the adherents of the sect than "Boxers," a designation first used by one or two missionary correspondents of foreign journals in China, and later universally accepted on account of the difficulty of coining a better one. 1981:) of the Catholic Church. The cathedral was defended by 43 French and Italian soldiers, 33 Catholic foreign priests and nuns, and about 3,200 Chinese Catholics. The defenders suffered heavy casualties from lack of food and from mines which the Chinese exploded in tunnels dug beneath the compound. The number of Chinese soldiers and Boxers besieging the Legation Quarter and the Beitang is unknown. Zaiyi's bannermen in the 315: 143: 59: 2065: 1132: 16429: 1706: 2215:, or "Tiger Spirit Division", which had joined the Gansu Braves and Boxers in attacking the foreigners. It was a Hushenying captain who had assassinated the German diplomat, Ketteler. The Tenacious Army under Nie Shicheng received Western style training under German and Russian officers in addition to their modernised weapons and uniforms. They effectively resisted the Alliance at the 1912: 2939:

those who hid at our place, who sought our protection.'" He also saw the Boxer Rebellion as one of the first tries of the Working class and a Chinese Proletariat to overthrow the foreign imperialistic oppressors and saw them as one of the avant-garde Proletarian forces in fighting for their freedom against imperialism (Like it was viewed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels).

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when the Alliance demanded him executed and Dong was only cashiered and sent back home. Instead, Dong lived a life of luxury and power in "exile" in his home province of Gansu. Upon Dong's death in 1908, all honours which had been stripped from him were restored and he was given a full military burial. The indemnity was never fully paid and was lifted during World War II.

2026:. Holding the top of the 45 ft (14 m) tall and 40 ft (12 m) wide wall was vital. The German barricades faced east on top of the wall and 400 yd (370 m) west were the west-facing American positions. The Chinese advanced toward both positions by building barricades even closer. "The men all feel they are in a trap", said the US commander Capt. 2762:'s Muslim troops allegedly threatened Catholics. It turned out that Bermyn had created the incident as a hoax. Western Catholic missionaries forced Mongols to give up their land to Han Chinese Catholics as part of the Boxer indemnities according to Mongol historian Shirnut Sodbilig. Mongols had participated in attacks against Catholic missions in the Boxer rebellion. 2095:

to loot his enemies within the imperial court and the foreigners, although imperial authorities expelled Boxers after they were let into the city and went on a looting rampage against both the foreign and the Qing imperial forces. Older Boxers were sent outside Beijing to halt the approaching foreign armies, while younger men were absorbed into the Muslim Gansu army.

1338:, a region which had long been plagued by social unrest, religious sects, and martial societies. American Christian missionaries were probably the first people who referred to the well-trained, athletic young men as the "Boxers", because of the martial arts which they practised and the weapons training which they underwent. Their primary practice was a type of 2629:) were both attacked by Manchu bannermen. Manchu bannermen were slaughtered by the Eight Nation Alliance all over Manchuria and Beijing because most of the Manchu bannermen supported the Boxers.The clan system of the Manchus in Aigun was obliterated by the despoliation of the area at the hands of the Russian invaders. There were 1,266 households including 900 2168:. With Tianjin as a base, the international force marched from Tianjin to Beijing (about 120 km (75 mi)), with 20,000 allied troops. On 4 August, there were approximately 70,000 Qing imperial troops and anywhere from 50,000 to 100,000 Boxers along the way. The allies only encountered minor resistance, fighting battles at 1389:, the Boxers of Shandong were more concerned with traditional social and moral values, such as filial piety, than with foreign influences. One leader, Zhu Hongdeng (Red Lantern Zhu), started as a wandering healer, specialising in skin ulcers, and gained wide respect by refusing payment for his treatments. Zhu claimed descent from 2716:

newly taxed, to help meet these indemnity demands. The sum of reparations was estimated by the Chinese population size (roughly 450 million in 1900) at one tael per person. Chinese customs income and salt taxes guaranteed the reparation. China paid 668,661,220 taels of silver from 1901 to 1939 – equivalent in 2010 to

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interior of China was impenetrable. They also recommended that Dong Fuxiang continue fighting. The Empress Dowager Cixi was practical however, and decided that the terms were generous enough for her to acquiesce when she was assured of her continued reign after the war and that China would not be forced to cede any territory.

1888:, "Now they have started the aggression, and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death. If we must perish, why don't we fight to the death?" It was at this point that Cixi began to blockade the legations with the armies of the 1778:

in the Methodist Mission, and an attack there was repulsed by US Marines. The soldiers at the British Embassy and German legations shot and killed several Boxers. The Kansu Braves and Boxers, along with other Chinese, then attacked and killed Chinese Christians around the legations in revenge for foreign attacks on Chinese.

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effort supported over 1300 missionaries, mainly British and American, and maintained some 500 stations-each with a church, residences, street chapels, and usually a small school and possibly a hospital or dispensary-in about 350 different cities and towns. Yet they had made fewer than 60,000 Chinese Christian converts.

6670: 3033:. Both events had the external goal of "liquidating all harmful pests" and the domestic goal of "eliminating bad elements of all descriptions" and that the relation was rooted in "cultural obscurantism". Wang explained to his readers the changes in attitudes towards the Boxers from the condemnation of the 3049:

in Guangzhou, wrote that the Boxers by their "criminal actions brought unspeakable suffering to the nation and its people! These are all facts that everybody knows, and it is a national shame that the Chinese people cannot forget." Yuan charged that history textbooks had been lacking in neutrality by

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have described the Boxer movement as an anti-imperialist, patriotic peasant movement that failed by the lack of leadership from the modern working class—and the international army as an invading force. In recent decades, however, large-scale projects of village interviews and explorations of archival

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criticised the killing of innocent civilians and charged that restraint would have been more becoming of a "civilized Christian nation", asking: "What shall we tell civilized people? We shall have to say to them: 'Do not consider us as brothers anymore. We are mean and terrible people; we have killed

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While one historical account reported that Japanese troops were astonished by other Alliance troops raping civilians, others noted that Japanese troops were "looting and burning without mercy", and that Chinese "women and girls by hundreds have committed suicide to escape a worse fate at the hands of

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During attacks on suspected Boxer areas from September 1900 to March 1901, European and American forces engaged in tactics which included public decapitations of Chinese with suspected Boxer sympathies, systematic looting, routine shooting of farm animals and crop destruction, destruction of religion

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A total of 136 Protestant missionaries, 53 children, 47 Catholic priests and nuns, 30,000 Chinese Catholics, 2,000 Chinese Protestants, and 200–400 of the 700 Russian Orthodox Christians in Beijing are estimated to have been killed during the uprising. The Protestant dead were collectively termed the

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and German soldiers captured a Boxer boy and inexplicably executed him. In response, thousands of Boxers burst into the walled city of Beijing that afternoon and burned many of the Christian churches and cathedrals in the city, burning some victims alive. American and British missionaries took refuge

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The Qing government did not capitulate to all the foreign demands. The Manchu governor Yuxian, was executed, but the imperial court refused to execute the Han Chinese General Dong Fuxiang, although he had also encouraged the killing of foreigners during the rebellion. Empress Dowager Cixi intervened

2668:'s execution was demanded, but he already died. Japanese soldiers arrested Qixiu before he was executed. Zaixun, Prince Zhuang was forced to commit suicide on 21 February 1901. They executed Yuxian on 22 February 1901. On 31 December 1900 German soldiers beheaded the Manchu captain Enhai for killing 2374:

Orthodox, Protestant, and Catholic missionaries and their Chinese parishioners were massacred throughout northern China, some by Boxers and others by government troops and authorities. After the declaration of war on Western powers in June 1900, Yuxian, who had been named governor of Shanxi in March

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to prevent the Eight-Nation Alliance from sending ships to attack. With a difficult military situation in Tianjin and a total breakdown of communications between Tianjin and Beijing, the allied nations took steps to reinforce their military presence significantly. On 17 June they took the Dagu Forts

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On the other hand, Chinese artillery was well-regarded, and caused far more casualties than the infantry at Tientsin, and proving themselves superior to Allied artillery in counter-battery fire. The infantry, for their part, were commended for their good usage of cover and concealment in addition to

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also used their privileges to intervene in lawsuits. The Big Swords responded by attacking Catholic properties and burning them. As a result of diplomatic pressure in the capital, Yuxian executed several Big Sword leaders but did not punish anyone else. More martial secret societies started emerging

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The occupation of Beijing by foreign powers and the failure of the rebellion further eroded support for the Qing state. Support for reforms decreased, while support for revolution increased. In the ten years after the Boxer Rebellion, uprisings in China increased, particularly in the south. Support

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opened its mission in Shanxi in 1877. In 1900, all its missionaries there were killed, along with all 120 converts. By the summer's end, more foreigners and as many as 2,000 Chinese Christians had been put to death in the province. Journalist and historical writer Nat Brandt has called the massacre

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Reflecting this vacillation, some Chinese soldiers were quite liberally firing at foreigners under siege from its very onset. Cixi did not personally order imperial troops to conduct a siege, and on the contrary had ordered them to protect the foreigners in the legations. Prince Duan led the Boxers

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Sir Claude MacDonald said 13 July was the "most harassing day" of the siege. The Japanese and Italians in the Fu were driven back to their last defence line. The Chinese detonated a mine beneath the French Legation pushing the French and Austrians out of most of the French Legation. On 16 July, the

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At the same time, a Chinese barricade was advanced to within a few feet of the American positions, and it became clear that the Americans had to abandon the wall or force the Chinese to retreat. At 2 am on 3 July 56 British, Russian and American marines and sailors, under the command of Myers,

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There they dug in and awaited rescue. A Chinese servant slipped through the Boxer and Imperial lines, reached Tianjin, and informed the Eight Powers of Seymour's predicament. His force was surrounded by Imperial troops and Boxers, attacked nearly around the clock, and at the point of being overrun.

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In January 1900, with a majority of conservatives in the imperial court, Cixi changed her position on the Boxers and issued edicts in their defence, causing protests from foreign powers. Cixi urged provincial authorities to support the Boxers, although few did so. In spring 1900, the Boxer movement

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had built up their presence in the area, partially by taking in a significant portion of converts who were "in need of protection from the law". On one occasion in 1895, a large bandit gang defeated by the Big Swords Society claimed to be Catholics to avoid prosecution. "The line between Christians

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There was limited success in terms of converts and establishing schools in a nation of about 400 million people. The missions faced escalating anger directed at the threat of cultural imperialism. The main result was the Boxer Rebellion, in which missions were attacked and thousands of Chinese

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Contemporary British and American observers levelled their greatest criticism at German, Russian, and Japanese troops for their ruthlessness and willingness to execute Chinese of all ages and backgrounds, sometimes burning villages and killing their entire populations. The German force arrived too

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As the foreign armies reached Beijing, the Qing court fled to Xi'an, with Cixi disguised as a Buddhist nun. The journey was made all the more arduous by the lack of preparation, but the Empress Dowager insisted this was not a retreat, rather a "tour of inspection". After weeks of travel, the party

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of the US and British troops in the assault. The weather was a major obstacle. Conditions were extremely humid with temperatures sometimes reaching 42 °C (108 °F). These high temperatures and insects plagued the Allies. Soldiers became dehydrated and horses died. Chinese villagers killed

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Foreign navies started building up their presence along the northern China coast from the end of April 1900. Several international forces were sent to the capital, with varying success, and the Chinese forces were ultimately defeated by the Alliance. Independently, the Netherlands dispatched three

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concluded that it was futile to fight all of the powers simultaneously and declined to press home the siege. Zaiyi wanted artillery for Dong's troops to destroy the legations. Ronglu blocked the transfer of artillery to Zaiyi and Dong, preventing them from attacking. Ronglu forced Dong Fuxiang and

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Their yells were deafening, while the roar of gongs, drums, and horns sounded like thunder…. They waved their swords and stamped on the ground with their feet. They wore red turbans, sashes, and garters over blue cloth…. They were now only twenty yards from our gate. Three or four volleys from the

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Meanwhile, in Beijing, on 16 June, Empress Dowager Cixi summoned the imperial court for a mass audience and addressed the choice between using the Boxers to evict the foreigners from the city, and seeking a diplomatic solution. In response to a high official who doubted the efficacy of the Boxers,

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Violence toward missionaries and Christians drew sharp responses from diplomats protecting their nationals, including Western seizure of harbors and forts and the moving in of troops in preparation for all-out war, as well as taking control of more land by force or by coerced long-term leases from

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There is also a difference in terms referring to the combatants. The first reports which came from China in 1898 referred to the village activists as the "Yihequan", (Wade–Giles: I Ho Ch'uan). The earliest use of the term "Boxer" is contained in a letter which was written in Shandong in September

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The international force reached Beijing on 14 August. Following Beiyang army's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese government had invested heavily in modernising the imperial army, which was equipped with modern Mauser repeater rifles and Krupp artillery. Three modernised divisions

1964:. The Chinese army and Boxer irregulars besieged the Legation Quarter from 20 June to 14 August 1900. A total of 473 foreign civilians, 409 soldiers, marines and sailors from eight countries, and about 3,000 Chinese Christians took refuge there. Under the command of the British minister to China, 1684:

The failure of the Qing forces to withstand the Allied forces was not surprising given the limited time for reform and the fact that the best troops of China were not committed to the fight, remaining instead in Huguang and Shandong. The officer corps was particularly deficient; many lacked basic

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valley (defined as all provinces adjoining the Yangtze, as well as Henan and Zhejiang), parts of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces and part of Tibet. Only Italy's request for Zhejiang was declined by the Chinese government. These do not include the lease and concession territories where the foreign

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The opening of the country in the 1860s facilitated the great effort to Christianize China. Building on old foundations, the Roman Catholic establishment totaled by 1894 some 750 European missionaries, 400 native priests, and over half a million communicants. By 1894 the newer Protestant mission

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mocked the Russian government's claim that it was protecting Christian civilisation: "Poor Imperial Government! So Christianly unselfish, and yet so unjustly maligned! Several years ago it unselfishly seized Port Arthur, and now it is unselfishly seizing Manchuria; it has unselfishly flooded the

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McKinley took a historic step in creating a new, 20th century presidential power. He dispatched the five thousand troops without consulting Congress, let alone obtaining a declaration of war, to fight the Boxers who were supported by the Chinese government.... Presidents had previously used such

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540,000,000 troy ounces (17,000 t)) for the loss that it caused. The reparation was to be paid by 1940, within 39 years, and would be 982,238,150 taels with interest (4 per cent per year) included. The existing tariff increased from 3.18 to 5 per cent, and formerly duty-free merchandise was

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during the fighting in 1900, their cattle and horses were stolen by Russian Cossacks who then burned their villages and homes to ashes. Manchu Banner armies were destroyed while resisting the invasion, many annihilated by Russians. Manchu Shoufu killed himself during the battle of Peking and the

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One newspaper called the aftermath of the siege a "carnival of ancient loot", and others called it "an orgy of looting" by soldiers, civilians and missionaries. These characterisations called to mind the sacking of the Summer Palace in 1860. Each nationality accused the others of being the worst

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After the failure to burn out the foreigners, the Chinese army adopted an anaconda-like strategy. The Chinese built barricades surrounding the Legation Quarter and advanced, brick by brick, on the foreign lines, forcing the foreign legation guards to retreat a few feet at a time. This tactic was

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The opportunities to fight against Western encroachment were especially attractive to unemployed village men, many of whom were teenagers. The tradition of possession and invulnerability went back several hundred years but took on special meaning against the powerful new weapons of the West. The

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After the capture of Peking by the foreign armies, some of Cixi's advisers advocated that the war be carried on, arguing that China could have defeated the foreigners as it was disloyal and traitorous people within China who allowed Beijing and Tianjin to be captured by the Allies, and that the

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By 1900, many new forms of media had matured, including illustrated newspapers and magazines, postcards, broadsides, and advertisements, all of which presented images of the Boxers and the invading armies. The rebellion was covered in the foreign illustrated press by artists and photographers.

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The intervention in China marked the start of a crucial shift in the presidential employment of armed force overseas. In the 19th century, military force committed without congressional authorisation had been typically used against nongovernmental organisations. Now it was beginning to be used

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With conflicting allegiances and priorities motivating the various forces inside Beijing, the situation in the city became increasingly confused. The foreign legations continued to be surrounded by both Qing imperial and Gansu forces. While Dong's Gansu army, now swollen by the addition of the

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in 1905 and sought to gradually introduce consultative assemblies. Along with the formation of new military and police organisations, the reforms also simplified central bureaucracy and made a start at revamping taxation policies. These efforts failed to maintain the Qing dynasty, which was

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read of this expedition, he wrote a scathing essay, "To the Person Sitting in Darkness", that attacked the "Reverend bandits of the American Board," especially targeting Ament, one of the most respected missionaries in China. The controversy was front-page news during much of 1901. Ament's

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before retreating and astounded the Alliance forces with the accuracy of their artillery during the siege of the Tianjin concessions (the artillery shells failed to explode upon impact due to corrupt manufacturing). The Gansu Braves under Dong Fuxiang, which some sources described as "ill

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that refused to obey the declaration of war and kept their armies and provinces out of the war. Zhang Zhidong told Everard Fraser, the Hankou-based British consul general, that he despised Manchus so that the Eight Nation Alliance would not occupy provinces under the Mutual Defense Pact.

1884:

commanding the approaches to Tianjin, and from there brought increasing numbers of troops on shore. When Cixi received an ultimatum that same day demanding that China surrender total control over all its military and financial affairs to foreigners, she defiantly stated before the entire

1812:, but the railway was destroyed there. Seymour's engineers tried to repair the line, but the force found itself surrounded, as the railway in both behind directions was destroyed. They were attacked from all sides by Chinese irregulars and imperial troops. Five thousand of Dong Fuxiang's 2044:

launched an assault against the Chinese barricade on the wall. The attack caught the Chinese sleeping, killed about 20 of them, and expelled the rest of them from the barricades. The Chinese did not attempt to advance their positions on the Tartar Wall for the remainder of the siege.

2727:. To prepare the students chosen for this program, an institute was established to teach the English language and to serve as a preparatory school. When the first of these students returned to China, they undertook the teaching of subsequent students; from this institute was born 2518:, filled several railway carriages with loot and artefacts. The British Legation held loot auctions every afternoon and proclaimed, "Looting on the part of British troops was carried out in the most orderly manner." However, one British officer noted, "It is one of the unwritten 6952:(1963) in seeing a shift from an early anti-dynastic movement to pro-dynastic, but that the "flood of publications" from Taiwan and the People's Republic (including both documents from the time and oral histories conducted in the 1950s) has shown this not to be the case. xv–xvi. 1899:

The next morning, diplomats from the besieged legations met to discuss the Empress's offer. The majority quickly agreed that they could not trust the Chinese army. Fearing that they would be killed, they agreed to refuse the Empress's demand. The German Imperial Envoy, Baron

1476:, had granted foreign missionaries the freedom to preach anywhere in China and to buy land on which to build churches. There was strong public indignation over the dispossession of Chinese temples that were replaced by Catholic churches which were viewed as deliberately anti- 1836:, 25 km (16 mi) from Beijing. By 19 June, the force was halted by progressively stiffening resistance and started to retreat southward along the river with over 200 wounded. The force was now very low on food, ammunition, and medical supplies. They happened upon 1566:

had been converted into a Catholic church. Disputes had surrounded the church since 1869, when the temple had been granted to the Christian residents of the village. This incident marked the first time the Boxers used the slogan "Support the Qing, destroy the foreigners"

1346:

Boxers, armed with rifles and swords, claimed supernatural invulnerability against cannons, rifle shots, and knife attacks. The Boxer groups popularly claimed that millions of soldiers would descend out of heaven to assist them in purifying China of foreign oppression.

1456:

in the late 19th century. The Western success at controlling China, growing anti-imperialist sentiment, and extreme weather conditions sparked the movement. A drought followed by floods in Shandong province in 1897–98 forced farmers to flee to cities and seek food.

1853:

Cixi replied that both sides of the debate at the imperial court realised that popular support for the Boxers in the countryside was almost universal and that suppression would be both difficult and unpopular, especially when foreign troops were on the march.

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were reported to have killed Chinese civilians almost automatically and Japanese kicked a Chinese soldier to death. The Chinese responded to the Alliance's atrocities with similar acts of violence and cruelty, especially towards captured Russians. Lieutenant

1732:, requested that foreign soldiers come to Beijing to defend the legations. The Chinese government reluctantly acquiesced, and the next day a multinational force of 435 navy troops from eight countries debarked from warships and travelled by train from the 1266:

The Eight-Nation Alliance, after initially being turned back by the Imperial Chinese military and Boxer militia, brought 20,000 armed troops to China. They defeated the Imperial Army in Tianjin and arrived in Beijing on 14 August, relieving the 55-day

2375:

of that year, implemented a brutal anti-foreign and anti-Christian policy. On 9 July, reports circulated that he had executed forty-four foreigners (including women and children) from missionary families whom he had invited to the provincial capital

2188:

The heat killed Allied soldiers, who foamed at the mouth. The tactics along the way were gruesome on either side. Allied soldiers beheaded already dead Chinese corpses, bayoneted or beheaded live Chinese civilians, and raped Chinese girls and women.

2688:, also known as Peace Agreement between the Eight-Nation Alliance and China. The protocol ordered the execution of 10 high-ranking officials linked to the outbreak and other officials who were found guilty for the slaughter of foreigners in China. 2522:

that a city which does not surrender at the last and is taken by storm is looted." For the rest of 1900 and 1901, the British held loot auctions every day except Sunday in front of the main-gate to the British Legation. Many foreigners, including

1584:, a clash between Boxers and Qing government troops. By using the word "Militia" rather than "Boxers", they distanced themselves from forbidden martial arts sects and tried to give their movement the legitimacy of a group that defended orthodoxy. 1559:

powers had full authority. The Russian government militarily occupied their zone, imposed their law and schools, seized mining and logging privileges, settled their citizens, and even established their municipal administration on several cities.

2545:

banned looting by American soldiers, but the ban was ineffectual. According to Chaffee, "it is safe to say that where one real Boxer has been killed, fifty harmless coolies or laborers, including not a few women and children, have been slain".

1992:, a complex of courtyards and buildings that housed "the quintessence of Chinese scholarship ... the oldest and richest library in the world", caught fire. Each side blamed the other for the destruction of the invaluable books it contained. 1972:

because the barrel was British, the carriage Italian, the shells Russian and the crew American. Chinese Christians in the legations led the foreigners to the cannon and it proved important in the defence. Also under siege in Beijing was the

1480:. A further cause of discontent among Chinese people were the destruction of Chinese burial sites to make way for German railroads and telegraph lines. In response to Chinese protests against German railroads, Germans shot the protestors. 2592:

stated that he witnessed the mutilated corpses of Chinese women who were raped and killed by the Alliance troops. The French commander dismissed the rapes, attributing them to "gallantry of the French soldier". According to U.S. Captain

1407:

The enemy was seen as foreign influence. They decided the "primary devils" were the Christian missionaries while the "secondary devils" were the Chinese converts to Christianity, which both had either to repent, be driven out or killed.

2030:, "and simply await the hour of execution". On 30 June, the Chinese forced the Germans off the Wall, leaving the American Marines alone in its defence. In June 1900, one American described the scene of 20,000 Boxers storming the walls: 2928:

also praised the Boxers and accused Nicholas II of Russia and Wilhelm II of Germany of being chiefly responsible for the lootings, rapes, murders, and "Christian brutality" of the Russian and Western troops. The Russian revolutionary

2253:

arrived in Xi'an, beyond protective mountain passes where the foreigners could not reach, deep in Chinese Muslim territory and protected by the Gansu Braves. The foreigners had no orders to pursue Cixi, so they decided to stay put.

3073:

of London used the term "rebellion" in quotation marks, presumably to indicate its view that the rising was actually instigated by Empress Dowager Cixi. The historian Lanxin Xiang refers to the uprising as the "so called 'Boxer

2923:

In other countries, views of the Boxers were complex and contentious. Mark Twain said that "the Boxer is a patriot. He loves his country better than he does the countries of other people. I wish him success." The Russian writer

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comments that "confusion about the Boxer Uprising is not simply a matter of popular misconceptions" since "there is no major incident in China's modern history on which the range of professional interpretation is as great".

1820:

on 18 June. The Seymour force could not locate the Chinese artillery, which was raining shells upon their positions. Chinese troops employed mining, engineering, flooding, and simultaneous attacks. The Chinese also employed

2427:

The Russian empire occupied Manchuria while the Eight Nation Alliance jointly occupied Zhili province. The rest of China outside of Manchuria and Zhili were unaffected due to the governor generals who participated in the

1792:

As the situation grew more violent, the Eight Powers authorities at Dagu dispatched a second multinational force to Beijing on 10 June 1900. This force of 2,000 sailors and marines was under the command of Vice Admiral

1235:, which the Boxers besieged. The Eight-Nation Alliance—comprising American, Austro-Hungarian, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Russian troops—moved into China to lift the siege and on 17 June stormed the 2742:

The US China Inland Mission lost more members than any other missionary agency: 58 adults and 21 children were killed. However, in 1901, when the allied nations were demanding compensation from the Chinese government,

2500:

made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a

14623: 1228:. The events came to a head in June 1900, when Boxer fighters, convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on Beijing with the slogan "Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners." 2243:

The British Army reached the legation quarter on the afternoon of 14 August and relieved the Legation Quarter. The Beitang was relieved on 16 August, first by Japanese soldiers and then, officially, by the French.

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and this had prompted military reform that was still in its early stages when the Boxer rebellion occurred and they were expected to fight. The bulk of the fighting was conducted by the forces already around

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Should you encounter the enemy, he will be defeated! No quarter will be given! Prisoners will not be taken! Whoever falls into your hands is forfeited. Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King

1483:

Economic conditions in Shandong also contributed to rebellion. Northern Shandong's economy focused significantly on cotton production and was hampered by the importation of foreign cotton. Traffic along the

14269: 2448:, who had initially been appointed commander of the Eight-Nation Alliance during the rebellion but did not arrive in China until after most of the fighting had ended. The Americans and British paid General 2198:

saw the remains of two Japanese soldiers nailed to a wall, who had their tongues cut off and their eyes gouged. Lieutenant Butler was wounded during the expedition in the leg and chest, later receiving the

1721:

spread rapidly north from Shandong into the countryside near Beijing. Boxers burned Christian churches, killed Chinese Christians and intimidated Chinese officials who stood in their way. American Minister

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Indiscreet Letters from Peking: Being the Notes of an Eyewitness, Which Set Forth in Some Detail, from Day to Day, the Real Story of the Siege and Sack of a Distressed Capital in 1900 – The Year of Great

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clan (foreigners called him a "Blood Royal"), who was anti-foreigner and pro-Boxer. He soon ordered the Imperial army to attack the foreign forces. Confused by conflicting orders from Beijing, General

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Ordered to China: Letters of Wilbur J. Chamberlin: Written from China While Under Commission from the New York Sun During the Boxer Uprising of 1900 and the International Complications Which Followed

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Points out that the widely circulated accounts were by people who could not have seen the events, and that these accounts closely followed (often word for word) well-known earlier martyr literature.

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frontier provinces of China with hordes of contractors, engineers, and officers, who, by their conduct, have roused to indignation even the Chinese, known for their docility." The Russian newspaper

2920:, forgave the "barbarism of the Boxer ... given the crime foreigners committed in China", and contended that it was those "subservient to the foreigners" that truly "deserved our resentment". 2472:

were allegedly gang-raped by soldiers of the Eight-Nation Alliance. Chongqi killed himself on 26 August 1900, and some other relatives, including his son, Baochu, did likewise shortly afterward.

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under the promise to protect them. Although the purported eyewitness accounts have recently been questioned as improbable, this event became a notorious symbol of Chinese anger, known as the

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and accompanied the Gaselee Expedition, noted that the Japanese had brought their own "regimental wives" (prostitutes) to the front to keep their soldiers from raping Chinese civilians.

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Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Furstenburg, Francois; Cline Cohen, Patricia; Hartmann, Susan M.; Stage, Sarah; Igo, Sarah E. (2020). "Dissent, Depression, and War: 1890–1900".

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A major precipitating incident was anger at the German Catholic Priest Georg Stenz, who had allegedly serially raped Chinese women in Juye County, Shandong. In an attack known as the

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The Eight Nation Alliance occupied Zhili province while Russia occupied Manchuria, but the rest of China was not occupied due to the actions of several Han governors who formed the

1896:

on 19 June, Empress Dowager Cixi immediately sent an order to the legations that the diplomats and other foreigners depart Beijing under escort of the Chinese army within 24 hours.

2549:

A few Western missionaries took an active part in calling for retribution. To provide restitution to missionaries and Chinese Christian families whose property had been destroyed,

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over the course of the next 39 years to the eight invading nations. The Qing dynasty's handling of the Boxer Rebellion further weakened their control over China, and led to the

1988:

On 22 and 23 June, Chinese soldiers and Boxers set fire to areas north and west of the British Legation, using it as a "frightening tactic" to attack the defenders. The nearby

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presenting the Boxer Uprising as a "magnificent feat of patriotism" and not the view that most Boxer rebels were violent. In response, some labelled Yuan Weishi a "traitor" (

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in China. Germany gained exclusive control of developmental loans, mining, and railway ownership in Shandong province. Russia gained influence of all territory north of the

1275:

of 7 September 1901 provided for the execution of government officials who had supported the Boxers, for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and for 450 million

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The Boxers also targeted Jewish groups in the region destroying their reputation and leading to Britain temporarily vacating their civilian workers from the front lines.

1251:

that was a de facto declaration of war on the invading powers. Chinese officialdom was split between those supporting the Boxers and those favouring conciliation, led by

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peninsula. The rise of Japan as an Asian power provoked Russia's anxiety, especially in light of expanding Japanese influence in Korea. Following Japan's victory in the

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China, 1900: the eyewitnesses speak: the experience of Westerners in China during the Boxer Rebellion, as described by participants in letters, diaries and photographs

1956:

The legations of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States, Russia and Japan were located in the

3142:

Paintings and prints were also published including Japanese woodblocks. In the following decades, the Boxers were a constant subject of comment. A sampling includes:

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force against non-governmental groups that threatened U.S. interests and citizens. It was now used, however, against recognised governments, and without obeying the

2812:

In October 1900, Russia occupied the provinces of Manchuria, a move that threatened Anglo-American hopes of maintaining the country's openness to commerce under the

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declaration of war, but the Allies also made no formal declaration of war. Regional governors in the south, who commanded substantial modernised armies, such as

1271:. Plunder and looting of the capital and the surrounding countryside ensued, along with summary execution of those suspected of being Boxers in retribution. The 5193: 3928:"Tibet Justice Center – Legal Materials on Tibet – Treaties and Conventions Relating to Tibet – Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet (1904) [385]" 15670: 2796:

Cixi was returned to Beijing, the foreign powers believing that maintaining the Qing government was the best way to control China. The Qing state made further

3086:

1899 by missionary Grace Newton. The context of the letter makes it clear that when it was written, "Boxer" was already a well-known term, probably coined by

2876: 1968:, the legation staff and military guards defended the compound with small arms, three machine guns, and one old muzzle-loaded cannon, which was nicknamed the 15999: 15630: 15625: 14318: 1751:

rifles but wearing traditional uniforms, Dong's troops had threatened the foreign legations in the fall of 1898 soon after arriving in Beijing, so much that

800: 5038: 2444:

Beijing, Tianjin and Zhili province were occupied for more than one year by the international expeditionary force under the command of German Field Marshal

2019:

and his crew of "fighting parsons" fortified the Legation Quarter, but impressed Chinese Christians to do most of the physical labour of building defences.

15148: 12267: 11774: 11228: 9660: 8712: 2554: 1460:

A major source of discontent in northern China was missionary activity. The Boxers opposed German missionaries in Shandong and in the German concession in

6249:

World Views and Worldly Wisdom · Visions et expériences du monde: Religion, Ideology and Politics, 1750–2000 · Religion, idéologie et politique, 1750–2000

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The Belgian Catholic vicar apostolic of Ordos wanted foreign troops garrisoned in Inner Mongolia, but the Governor refused. Bermyn petitioned the Manchu

1393:

emperors, since his surname was the surname of the Ming imperial family. He announced that his goal was to "Revive the Qing and destroy the foreigners" (

2145:) which was praised for its performance, consisted of Chinese collaborators serving in the British military. Notable events included the seizure of the 15705: 15503: 4773:"Destruction of Chinese Books in the Peking Siege of 1900. Donald G. Davis, Jr. University of Texas at Austin, Cheng Huanwen Zhongshan University, PRC" 2987:

sympathised with the cause of the Boxers, and in 1994 the Indian military returned a bell looted by British soldiers in the Temple of Heaven to China.

5951: 15536: 15012: 1946: 1260: 5496:[Canonization of Saints by the Russian Orthodox Church – 5. Canonization of Saints from 1894–1917] (in Russian). Азбука веры (ABC of Faith). 2723:

A large portion of the reparations paid to the United States was diverted to pay for the education of Chinese students in US universities under the

1762:

to find a way to stop the Muslim troops from fighting. Abdul Hamid agreed to the Kaiser's request and sent Enver Pasha (not to be confused with the

16513: 15740: 14333: 13663: 12871: 11103: 9058: 4438: 1495:, Chinese rebels attempted to kill Stenz in his missionary quarters, but failed to find him and killed two other missionaries. The German Navy's 16404: 16399: 16161: 16014: 15458: 14452: 13053: 12909: 11801: 8798: 11360: 10310: 6708: 1923:

stating that hostilities had begun and ordering the regular Chinese army to join the Boxers in their attacks on the invading troops. This was a

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On 27 July, during departure ceremonies for the German relief force, Kaiser Wilhelm II included an impromptu but intemperate reference to the

1381:

The early years saw a variety of village activities, not a broad movement with a united purpose. Martial folk-religious societies such as the

16593: 16181: 15665: 15402: 15060: 14306: 9203: 9174: 8793: 8249: 6326: 5585:(Quanshi zaji), in Compiled Materials on the Boxers (Yihetuan wenxian huibian), ed. Zhongguo shixue hui (Taipei: Dingwen, 1973), 1: 266–268. 15994: 15989: 15710: 14917: 14547: 12967: 12743: 8875: 7445: 1507: 10949: 10939: 16256: 15308: 14259: 14254: 13514: 12962: 12876: 12257: 12188: 8414: 388: 373: 358: 15551: 15473: 16603: 16598: 16503: 16432: 16239: 15080: 15070: 14175: 13575: 7432: 2562:

counterpart on the distaff side was British missionary Georgina Smith, who presided over a neighbourhood in Beijing as judge and jury.

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Local Chinese in Manchuria were incensed at these Russian advances and began to harass Russians and Russian institutions, such as the

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20. Introduction to a special issue of the journal devoted to translations of recent research on the Boxers in the People's Republic.

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committed by Russian Cossack soldiers. Many Manchu villages were burned by Cossacks in the massacre according to Victor Zatsepine.

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On 18 June, Seymour learned of attacks on the Legation Quarter in Beijing, and decided to continue advancing, this time along the

16553: 16136: 15340: 15304: 15017: 13656: 13641: 12918: 10872: 6589:

Sun Yat-sen, A Letter to the Governor of Hong Kong", quoted in Li Weichao, "Modern Chinese Nationalism and the Boxer Movement",

2315:

of Russia, Germany and France forced Japan to return the territory won in Liaodong, leading to a de facto Sino-Russian alliance.

11779: 7697: 2338:

into the area to crush the Boxers. The Chinese used arson to destroy a bridge carrying a railway and a barracks on 27 July. The

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in the Metropolitan banners were slaughtered by the western soldiers. The Inner-city Legation Quarters and Catholic cathedral (

2207:

consisting of Manchu bannermen protected the Beijing Metropolitan region. Two of them were under the command of the anti-Boxer

2181: 11218: 8173: 7785: 3579: 2617:'s father was killed by Western soldiers in the battle as the Manchu banner armies of the Center Division of the Guards Army, 2133:

and numbering over 20,840 men, made up the majority of the expeditionary force. French forces in the campaign, led by general

16543: 16166: 16141: 16061: 15095: 15075: 14691: 13935: 13258: 12733: 10076: 9617: 8858: 8033: 8007: 7945: 7926: 7898: 7872: 7853: 7837: 7813: 7765: 7683: 7632: 7613: 7574: 7551: 7532: 7513: 7421: 7377: 7252: 7211: 7146: 7081: 7022: 6968: 6923: 6786: 6653: 6605: 6498: 6449: 6366: 6256: 6158: 6057: 5877: 5795: 5566: 5203: 5176: 5094: 5067: 4693: 4656: 4549: 4448: 4329: 4087: 3886: 3851: 3685: 3497: 3414: 3363: 2747:

refused to accept payment for loss of property or life, to demonstrate the meekness and gentleness of Christ to the Chinese.

2634: 2480:

late to take part in the fighting but undertook punitive expeditions to villages in the countryside. According to missionary

1216:

flooding and droughts, which Boxers blamed on foreign and Christian influence. Beginning in 1899, the movement spread across

9750: 7016: 1452:. The rebellion had multiple causes. Escalating tensions caused Chinese to turn against "foreign devils" who engaged in the 16176: 16151: 16131: 16101: 16056: 15725: 15202: 15172: 14286: 14276: 13570: 12561: 12317: 12193: 12093: 12078: 11989: 11949: 11365: 10833: 10106: 9919: 9087: 8838: 8751: 8475: 3320: 2828: 2557:, guided American troops through villages to punish those he suspected of being Boxers and confiscate their property. When 2437: 2429: 2287:

of 1860 which ceded formerly Chinese territory in Manchuria to Russia, much of which is held by Russia to the present day (

1862: 1739:

On 5 June 1900, the railway line to Tianjin was cut by Boxers in the countryside, and Beijing was isolated. On 11 June, at

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History textbooks in Taiwan and Hong Kong often present the Boxer as irrational, but the central government textbooks in

2724: 1149: 378: 17: 6901: 5289: 2912:, who called on China to modernise, still condemned the Boxers for their irrationality and barbarity. The leader of the 2842:'s decision to send 5,000 American troops to quell the rebellion marks "the origins of modern presidential war powers": 2125:

acted as the commanding officer of the Eight-Nation Alliance, which eventually numbered 55,000. Japanese forces, led by

16548: 16422: 16329: 16211: 16191: 16186: 16081: 15526: 15463: 15435: 15333: 15262: 15022: 14987: 14907: 14525: 14357: 14244: 13723: 13339: 13215: 12428: 12423: 12322: 12262: 12053: 12043: 11734: 11233: 11036: 10865: 9961: 9303: 8672: 8545: 8369: 6251:. KADOC-Studies on Religion, Culture and Society. Vol. 17 (Repr. ed.). Leuven University Press. p. 211. 6026: 5042: 4772: 1444:

The Boxer Rebellion was an anti-imperialist movement which sought to expel foreigners from China and end the system of

6860:

Wang Yi, "The Cultural Origins of the Boxer Movement's Obscurantism and Its Influence on the Cultural Revolution", in

3025:

In recent years, the Boxer question has been debated in the People's Republic of China. In 1998, the critical scholar

2597:, French forces burned each village they encountered during a 99-mile march and planted the French flag in the ruins. 16508: 16116: 16111: 15735: 14947: 14882: 14467: 14086: 14032: 14027: 13975: 13970: 13960: 13925: 13920: 13910: 13900: 13878: 13873: 13850: 13845: 13820: 13796: 13791: 13776: 13636: 13394: 13322: 13288: 11744: 11739: 11462: 11260: 10562: 9907: 9756: 9592: 9433: 9308: 8665: 8242: 7651: 7494: 7396: 7358: 7333: 7310: 7287: 7052: 6833: 6574: 6310: 6283: 6227: 6200: 6096: 5996: 5970: 4971: 4522: 4495: 4242: 4215: 3454: 2661: 1212:, who used them to shield their followers. In 1898, North China experienced several natural disasters, including the 5516: 5305: 2900:

The Boxers drew condemnation from those who wanted to modernise China according to a Western model of civilisation.

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Many bannermen supported the Boxers, and shared their anti-foreign sentiment. Bannermen had been devastated in the

14601: 7088:. A 1983 translation by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang is abridged and is missing some of the Boxer-related material. 6842: 3694: 3090:

or Henry Porter, two missionaries who were also residing in Shandong. Smith wrote in his 1902 book that the name:

2608:, their living conditions went "from desperate poverty to true misery". When thousands of Manchus fled south from 2149:

commanding the approaches to Tianjin and the boarding and capture of four Chinese destroyers by British Commander

16578: 16071: 15521: 14666: 14462: 14222: 14207: 14148: 13507: 12451: 10827: 10412: 9744: 9520: 8763: 8450: 8336: 7794:

Wu, Jiarui (2022). "Ramifications of Two Divergent Paths: A Comparative Study of 1900 and 2020 Crises in China".

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Martyred Missionaries of The China Inland Mission; With a Record of the Perils and Sufferings of Some Who Escaped

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Hevia, James L. (2007). "Looting and Its Discontents: Moral Discourse and the Plunder of Beijing, 1900–1901". In

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Chronique du Toumet-Ortos: Looking through the Lens of Joseph Van Oost, Missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915–1921)

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sympathetically shows an honest official trying to carry out reforms and depicts the Boxers as sectarian rebels.

2888:

From the beginning, views differed as to whether the Boxers were better seen as anti-imperialist, patriotic and

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The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900

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Thompson, Roger R. (2007). "Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre: Culture and Politics in the China War of 1900". In

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In October 1898, a group of Boxers attacked the Christian community of Liyuantun village where a temple to the

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established contact with the Chinese government and on 17 July, and an armistice was declared by the Chinese.

1580:

The Boxers called themselves the "Militia United in Righteousness" for the first time in October 1899, at the

1488:

was also decreasing, further eroding the economy. The area had also experienced periods of drought and flood.

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Hevia, James L. (1992). "Leaving a Brand on China: Missionary Discourse in the Wake of the Boxer Movement".

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buildings and public buildings, burning of religious texts, and widespread rape of Chinese women and girls.

1145: 16523: 15314: 14776: 14422: 14392: 14387: 14328: 14217: 14212: 14180: 14121: 14042: 14000: 13883: 13303: 13148: 13022: 12738: 12609: 12063: 12004: 11994: 11649: 11395: 11315: 11198: 11046: 10478: 9690: 9670: 9297: 9075: 8942: 8808: 8702: 8312: 8302: 8235: 5942: 4726: 4539: 4234:

The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State

3423: 1885: 1743:, the secretary of the Japanese legation, Sugiyama Akira, was attacked and killed by the forces of General 1616: 1445: 896: 15214: 11674: 10148: 9638: 7340: 4937: 4362: 594: 583: 572: 15283: 14892: 14557: 14540: 14412: 14281: 14249: 14185: 14074: 13965: 13950: 13786: 13419: 13178: 13109: 12413: 12232: 12103: 11325: 11295: 10665: 10617: 10202: 10003: 9214: 9197: 8707: 8682: 8645: 8555: 8515: 8267: 4512: 2229: 2146: 2088: 8024:

Hevia, James Louis (2003). "A Reign of Terror: Punishment and Retribution in Beijing and its Environs".

7525:

Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928

3492:. American foreign policy library (4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 202. 16359: 16319: 16146: 15443: 15197: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14847: 14812: 14457: 13995: 13985: 13955: 13945: 13560: 13500: 13210: 13183: 12700: 12669: 11504: 11467: 11415: 11310: 11290: 11285: 11265: 11076: 10981: 10226: 10154: 10094: 9943: 9597: 9043: 8097: 7985:

Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century

6532: 5692: 5458:

Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century

4754: 4165: 2855: 2387: 1362: 1224:, destroying foreign property such as railroads, and attacking or murdering Christian missionaries and 1113: 31: 6350: 6348: 6278:. Louvain Chinese studies. Vol. 15 (Illustrated ed.). Leuven University Press. p. 568. 3630: 16299: 16289: 15680: 15531: 15359: 15182: 14842: 14296: 14190: 13990: 13048: 12659: 12654: 12581: 12536: 12327: 12014: 11634: 11599: 11594: 11305: 11153: 10484: 9871: 9798: 9714: 9607: 9326: 9255: 9048: 8580: 8505: 8374: 8292: 8194: 1339: 15325: 12516: 11806: 6948:

Esherick p. xiv. Esherick notes that many textbooks and secondary accounts followed Victor Purcell,

16528: 16463: 16324: 16249: 16229: 16196: 15640: 15425: 15364: 15241: 15115: 14887: 14857: 14756: 14437: 14143: 13718: 13522: 13409: 13075: 13010: 12773: 12556: 12498: 12446: 12068: 11896: 11697: 10737: 10550: 10496: 10382: 10370: 10340: 10082: 9973: 9774: 9768: 9528: 9348: 9082: 9053: 8803: 6345: 6245:"Modern ethno-national visions and missionaries from the low countries at China's edge (1865–1948)" 3914:

Encyclopedia of World History, Ackerman-Schroeder-Terry-Hwa Lo, 2008: Encyclopedia of World History

3233: 3126: 2995: 2537:, were active bidders among the crowd. Many of these looted items ended up in Europe. The Catholic 2524: 2225: 2164:

on 14 July. The international force suffered its heaviest casualties of the Boxer Rebellion in the

1965: 1957: 1837: 1729: 1705: 15969: 15964: 11629: 6694: 6330: 4470: 3927: 2391:

of Christians in Shanxi "the greatest single tragedy in the history of Christian evangelicalism".

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Chinese Heroes; Being a Record of Persecutions Endured by Native Christians in the Boxer Uprising

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Hsia, R. Po-chia (2018). "Christianity and Empire: The Catholic Mission in Late Imperial China".

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in 1895 and Banner armies were destroyed while resisting the invasion. In the words of historian

2601: 2355: 2319: 2308: 2233: 2016: 1770: 1620: 1592: 1581: 1205: 1201: 886: 824: 721: 10322: 10015: 8179: 7600:. An account of the Boxers and the siege by a missionary who had lived in a North China village. 7452: 5852: 2892:, or as backward, irrational, and futile opponents of what was inevitable change. The historian 2022:

The Germans and the Americans occupied perhaps the most crucial of all defensive positions: the

1867: 16538: 16493: 16483: 16473: 15700: 15655: 15246: 14872: 14852: 14786: 14746: 14552: 14227: 13748: 13683: 13263: 13200: 12983: 12546: 12308: 12272: 12248: 12145: 12130: 11979: 11891: 11440: 10888: 10677: 10286: 10268: 10262: 10051: 9985: 9853: 9738: 9720: 9505: 9393: 9274: 9099: 8317: 8156: 7584: 7346: 3151: 3087: 3079: 2528: 2505: 2481: 2410:

to perpetuate their memory. This was the first local canonisation for more than two centuries.

2300: 2049: 1982: 1725:

cabled Washington, "the whole country is swarming with hungry, discontented, hopeless idlers".

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Han-Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors: A History of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911

6273: 6244: 6219:

Han-Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors: A History of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911

6217: 6190: 6122: 6086: 5785: 5733: 5283: 4990: 4961: 4485: 4232: 4191: 3878: 3814: 3675: 3661: 3605: 3573: 3433: 2267: 16076: 15882: 15851: 15750: 15720: 15695: 15288: 15090: 14862: 14706: 14482: 14442: 14202: 14131: 13580: 13349: 13205: 13027: 12937: 12332: 11794: 11539: 11158: 11056: 11051: 10334: 9937: 9877: 9804: 9579: 9438: 9398: 9065: 9027: 8915: 8895: 8813: 8612: 8595: 8460: 8429: 8364: 8145: 6564: 6148: 5974: 5867: 5556: 5542: 5526: 5510: 5315: 5299: 5084: 5057: 4947: 4741: 4646: 4632: 4577: 4372: 4293: 4273: 4205: 3704: 3645: 3589: 2657: 2649: 2618: 2395: 2368: 2237: 2008: 1794: 1752: 1386: 1350: 1194: 834: 598: 436: 178: 119: 100: 15448: 8184: 7280:

Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War

7115: 6978: 5941: 5905: 1816:

and an unknown number of Boxers won a costly but major victory over Seymour's troops at the

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University of Washington Library's Digital Collections – Robert Henry Chandless Photographs

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Foreign armies assemble inside the Forbidden City after capturing Beijing, 28 November 1900

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on the Russian side of the Amur. The Russian government, at the insistence of war minister

1949:. They refused to recognise the imperial court's declaration of war, which they declared a 1901: 1840:, a hidden Qing munitions cache of which the Eight Powers had had no knowledge until then. 1774: 1600: 1469: 1244: 1190: 587: 496: 468: 15486: 8200: 7727:

Knüsel, Ariane (2017). "Facing the Dragon: Teaching the Boxer Uprising Through Cartoons".

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Letters from China with Particular Reference to the Empress Dowager and the Women of China

6150:

A History of Modern Shanghai Banking: The Rise and Decline of China's Financial Capitalism

2575: 1342:

which involved the whirling of swords, violent prostrations, and incantations to deities.

8: 16442: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16004: 15415: 15192: 14942: 14761: 14651: 14590: 14520: 14377: 13905: 13840: 13611: 13334: 13143: 13097: 13068: 12695: 12642: 12615: 12605: 12551: 12541: 12526: 12403: 12227: 11906: 11901: 11784: 11654: 11624: 11619: 11405: 11320: 11275: 11128: 10605: 10418: 10376: 9829: 9696: 9563: 9413: 9353: 9285: 8965: 8818: 8773: 8520: 8399: 8379: 8287: 8075:

Fire and Sword in Shansi: The Story of the Martyrdom of Foreigners and Chinese Christians

8042:

Hunt, Michael H. (1972). "The American Remission of the Boxer Indemnity: A Reappraisal".

7955:

Tiedemann, R.G. (1998). "Boxers, Christians and the culture of violence in north China".

7597: 3034: 3030: 3019: 3003: 2984: 2980: 2968: 2728: 2584: 2550: 2312: 2276: 1515: 1485: 12478: 8189: 7625:

William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the "Ideal Missionary"

7171: 6724: 5493:Канонизация святых в Русской Православной Церкви – 5. Канонизация святых в 1894–1917 гг. 4464: 2664:

were executed or forced to commit suicide by the Eight Nation Alliance. Manchu official

1995: 1420:

A French political propaganda cartoon depicting China as a pie about to be carved up by

16558: 16394: 16369: 16309: 16273: 15908: 15825: 15620: 15556: 15453: 15420: 15410: 15384: 15187: 14877: 14837: 14726: 14721: 14696: 14580: 14562: 14515: 14497: 14477: 14116: 13868: 13766: 13738: 13621: 13606: 13467: 13434: 13399: 13278: 13195: 13173: 13153: 13119: 12664: 12601: 12418: 12388: 11929: 11614: 11425: 11213: 11203: 11173: 11108: 11026: 10944: 10773: 10641: 10623: 10574: 10538: 10526: 10514: 10460: 10232: 10190: 10021: 9997: 9967: 9895: 9448: 9159: 9154: 8980: 8920: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8724: 8570: 8389: 8140:. Includes interviews and selections from newspaper and magazine first person accounts. 8135:

Siege Days: Personal Experiences of American Women and Children during the Peking Siege

7744: 7716: 7266: 7258: 7167: 7070: 6463: 3063: 2893: 2864: 2622: 2515: 2465: 2423: 2331: 2275:

The Russian Empire and the Qing Dynasty had maintained a long peace, starting with the

2216: 2165: 2142: 2134: 2126: 2112: 1889: 1817: 1787: 1496: 1465: 1453: 1361:, whose original purpose was to fight bandits. The German Catholic missionaries of the 1358: 1301: 1225: 876: 866: 844: 839: 712: 703: 503: 483: 441: 417: 15603: 12887: 7802:

Xu, Guangqiu (2012). "Eight Foreign Armies Invasion of China". In Li, Xiaobing (ed.).

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The Whites Are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection

2153:. Among the foreigners besieged in Tianjin was a young American mining engineer named 1385:('Eight Trigrams') prepared the way for the Boxers. Like the Red Boxing school or the 16438: 15810: 15588: 15496: 15231: 14827: 14656: 14487: 14427: 14234: 14160: 14138: 14037: 13915: 13728: 13708: 13703: 13693: 13528: 13454: 13439: 13315: 13283: 13237: 12705: 12393: 12373: 12140: 11769: 11609: 11534: 10791: 10785: 10695: 10556: 10502: 10358: 10009: 9931: 9901: 9792: 9458: 9453: 9428: 9373: 9368: 9291: 9239: 9144: 8975: 8880: 8778: 8677: 8640: 8565: 8495: 8465: 8419: 8080: 8029: 8003: 7972: 7941: 7922: 7894: 7868: 7849: 7833: 7809: 7761: 7736: 7679: 7647: 7628: 7609: 7570: 7547: 7528: 7509: 7490: 7483: 7417: 7392: 7373: 7354: 7329: 7322: 7306: 7299: 7283: 7270: 7248: 7221: 7207: 7200: 7186: 7142: 7103: 7077: 7048: 6829: 6782: 6649: 6601: 6570: 6494: 6483: 6467: 6455: 6445: 6362: 6306: 6279: 6252: 6223: 6196: 6154: 6092: 6053: 5873: 5791: 5562: 5473: 5264: 5199: 5172: 5090: 5063: 5020: 4967: 4689: 4652: 4545: 4518: 4491: 4444: 4325: 4238: 4211: 4083: 3882: 3869: 3847: 3681: 3493: 3450: 3410: 3359: 3280: 3160: 2905: 2889: 2848: 2806: 2797: 2538: 2200: 2173: 2169: 2027: 1871:

Locations of foreign diplomatic legations and front lines in Beijing during the siege

1758:

Wilhelm was so alarmed by the Chinese Muslim troops that he requested Ottoman caliph

1531: 1425: 1374: 1284: 1221: 1075: 1067: 891: 881: 871: 15933: 11849: 7782: 6517: 4648:

Inheritance within Rupture: Culture and Scholarship in Early Twentieth Century China

2967:

Some American churchmen spoke out in support of the Boxers. In 1912, the evangelist

2406:

Innocent (Fugurovsky), head of the Russian Orthodox Mission in China, solicited the

1591:

In 1899, the Boxer Rebellion developed into a mass movement. The previous year, the

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Lessons in Being Chinese: Minority Education and Ethnic Identity in Southwest China

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China journal: 1889–1900; an american missionary family during the boxer rebellion

6927: 4835:

Myers, Captain John T. "Military Operations and Defenses of the Siege of Peking".

3358:] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library. p. 719. 1628:

with troops from other provinces only arriving after the main fighting had ended.

1231:

Diplomats, missionaries, soldiers, and some Chinese Christians took refuge in the

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Dallin, David J. (2013). "The Second Drive to the Pacific, Section Port Arthur".

3169: 2704: 2638: 2605: 2594: 2568: 2407: 2327: 2211:

and Ronglu, while the anti-foreign Prince Duan commanded the ten-thousand-strong

2053: 1833: 1822: 1722: 1596: 1193:, which at the time were referred to as "Chinese boxing". It was defeated by the 1153: 1139: 1093: 1053: 576: 424: 412: 238: 163: 12483: 3328: 3245:

in which the siege of the legations is one of the climactic events in the novel.

16364: 16334: 16244: 15938: 15918: 15675: 15598: 15578: 15158: 14741: 14731: 14676: 14575: 14402: 14165: 14155: 13532: 13373: 13220: 13102: 13087: 12995: 12957: 12816: 12710: 12531: 12521: 12378: 12342: 11764: 11564: 11514: 11178: 11143: 11133: 10914: 10839: 10568: 10490: 10448: 10442: 10430: 10118: 9674: 9490: 9363: 9129: 9092: 8540: 8530: 8470: 6821: 6772: 6441: 5711: 5430: 5231: 3738: 3210: 3146: 3082:. They argued that China had violated provisions that they themselves ignored. 3014: 2991: 2930: 2835: 2819: 2685: 2566:

Russian and Japanese brutes". Roger Keyes, who commanded the British destroyer

2541:

or North Cathedral was a "salesroom for stolen property". The American general

2457: 2195: 2154: 2122: 1989: 1961: 1759: 1736:

to Beijing. They set up defensive perimeters around their respective missions.

1421: 1354: 1272: 1189:, known as the "Boxers" in English due to many of its members having practised 1178: 1037: 908: 491: 478: 400: 393: 318: 148: 134: 64: 12851: 12826: 7968: 5143: 4842: 1247:, who had initially been hesitant, supported the Boxers and on 21 June issued 16457: 16304: 15928: 15877: 15784: 15110: 14535: 14372: 14010: 13366: 13361: 13032: 12942: 12337: 12058: 12048: 11876: 11841: 11519: 11300: 10845: 10821: 10719: 10713: 10611: 9979: 9865: 9835: 9602: 9568: 9533: 9149: 9139: 8955: 8346: 7976: 7740: 7566: 6513: 3184: 2942: 2744: 2697: 2403: 2137:, consisted mostly of inexperienced Vietnamese and Cambodian conscripts from 1938: 1747:, who were guarding the southern part of the Beijing walled city. Armed with 1492: 603: 560: 463: 448: 208: 193: 12438: 10857: 7262: 7190: 5024: 4776: 2279:

in 1689, but Russian forces took advantage of Chinese defeats to impose the

1416: 16096: 15984: 15954: 15610: 14922: 14291: 13815: 13781: 13536: 11934: 11811: 11549: 11544: 10689: 10532: 10406: 10057: 10027: 9810: 9668: 9622: 9319: 9261: 8950: 8932: 8788: 8258: 8107: 6878: 6861: 6591: 6459: 5943:"On Russia-China Border, Selective Memory of Massacre Works for Both Sides" 5902:

Social Organization of the Manchus: A Study of the Manchu Clan Organization

5598:, 74–75. Great Barrington, Massachusetts: Berkshire Publishing Group. 2018. 3165: 2999: 2959:: drum major of the regular army. Seated on the trunk: field artilleryman. 2759: 2693: 2643:

Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre

2589: 2542: 2280: 2084: 2078: 2000: 1930: 1813: 1802: 1744: 1714: 1563: 1535: 1500: 1449: 1437: 1390: 1213: 1182: 991: 687: 682: 667: 649: 644: 629: 614: 555: 543: 536: 531: 519: 453: 331: 297: 14052: 12508: 12125: 10352: 7446:"The China Relief Expedition Joint Coalition Warfare in China Summer 1900" 6436:. Modern China. Vol. 14. Stanford University Press. pp. 107–55. 6000: 3010:

during the 1960s, were perceived as standing in the shadow of the Boxers.

16091: 15979: 15974: 15923: 15887: 15177: 14937: 14912: 14902: 14832: 14397: 14126: 14047: 13980: 13810: 13481: 13444: 13414: 13378: 13309: 13294: 13138: 12586: 12135: 11554: 11021: 10809: 10454: 10250: 10184: 9991: 9841: 9558: 9279: 9000: 8995: 8211: 7244: 7141:. Translated by Goldblatt, Howard. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 4791: 4378: 3255:, a novel told from the viewpoint of villagers during the Boxer Uprising. 3177: 3173: 3042: 2925: 2901: 2785: 2519: 2449: 2399: 2150: 2036: 2023: 1934: 1880: 1829: 1798: 1763: 1740: 1604: 524: 257: 8049:

Hunt, Michael H. (1979). "The Forgotten Occupation: Peking, 1900–1901".

8026:

English lessons: the pedagogy of imperialism in nineteenth-century China

7991: 7748: 7097: 6693:(Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1964), Volume 4, pp. 372–377, online 6088:

Protection of officials of foreign states according to international law

3029:

argued that the Boxers had features in common with the extremism of the

2334:, used the pretext of Boxer activity to move some 200,000 troops led by 2240:

scaling the walls of Beijing is an iconic image of the Boxer Rebellion.

16349: 16121: 15841: 14927: 14766: 14751: 14432: 14382: 14301: 14170: 13114: 13080: 12383: 11999: 11355: 10256: 10178: 9889: 9726: 9226: 9070: 9020: 8990: 8833: 7076:. Translated by Shaddick, Harold. New York: Columbia University Press. 5849:

Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World

3387: 3238: 3226: 3122: 3038: 3007: 2983:

attacked the European colonialists. A number of Indian soldiers in the

2917: 2790: 2558: 2469: 2292: 2212: 1876: 1733: 1519: 767:

32,000 Chinese Christians and 200 Western missionaries (northern China)

89: 58: 12292: 8227: 3379: 2734: 1279:

of silver—more than the government's annual tax revenue—to be paid as

1181:

uprising in North China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the

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Documents of the Boxer Rebellion (China Relief Expedition), 1900–1901

7451:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived from 6996: 6355:

Hastings, James; Selbie, John Alexander; Gray, Louis Herbert (1916).

4907:

The Man who Died Twice: The Life and Adventures of Morrison of Peking

2533: 2157:, who would go on to become the 31st President of the United States. 2100: 1942: 1905: 1893: 1547: 1477: 1280: 1259:, later claimed he acted to protect the foreigners. Officials in the 1236: 548: 8174:

Lost in the Gobi Desert: Hart retraces great-grandfather's footsteps

7694:

The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1800–1914

3743:

The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832–1914

1514:" by which Britain, France, Russia and Japan also secured their own 15846: 15805: 15105: 14992: 14962: 14686: 14585: 14447: 12794: 12222: 11913: 11857: 11559: 10400: 9500: 9245: 9192: 9134: 9010: 8985: 2952: 2453: 2304: 2288: 1809: 1527: 1523: 1433: 1382: 1335: 1217: 1005: 672: 11689: 7541: 5965: 5930:俄罗斯帝国总参谋部. 《亚洲地理、地形和统计材料汇编》. 俄罗斯帝国: 圣彼得堡. 1886年: 第三十一卷·第185页（俄语）. 4851: 4541:

The Spirit Soldiers: A Historical Narrative of the Boxer Rebellion

3271:

Imperial Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol

3133: 2350: 2345: 1908:, who was forced to abandon his property by the foreign soldiers. 1322: 1255:. The supreme commander of the Chinese forces, the Manchu general 778: 16009: 11964: 11524: 9485: 6984: 5125:

Acta Historiae Neerlandica: Historical Studies in the Netherlands

4775:. International Federation of Library Association. Archived from 3051: 2909: 2614: 2376: 2208: 2190: 2161: 1555: 1543: 1461: 1334:

arose in the inland sections of the northern coastal province of

1326:

Movement of Boxers and Alliance forces during the Boxer Rebellion

1252: 1240: 287: 8094:. New York / Cincinnati: Eaton & Mains / Jennings & Pye. 7865:

Heaven in conflict: Franciscans and the Boxer uprising in Shanxi

7202:

History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth

6826:

Britain in China: Community, Culture, and Colonialism, 1900–1949

6292: 5904:. Shanghai: Royal Asiatic Society (North China Branch). p. 5732:

Chamberlin, Wilbur J. letter to his wife (11 December 1900), in

3953: 3129:, 1900 – copy of painting by Sergeant John Clymer 2684:

On 7 September 1901, the Qing imperial court agreed to sign the

2064: 1357:

and would later become provincial governor, cooperated with the

314: 15820: 14632:

Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States

13524: 12647: 11816: 8163:. Verona: Gingko. An account by the Italian Minister in Peking. 8114:. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. Translation (from French) of 7709:

Buck, David D. (1987). "Recent Studies of the Boxer Movement",

5816: 4714: 4390: 3527:

The Imperial Horizons of British Protestant Missions, 1880–1914

3248: 3200: 2700:

signed on behalf of Germany, Britain, and Japan, respectively.

2665: 2497: 2461: 2296: 2221: 2073: 1748: 1551: 1539: 1366:

and bandits became increasingly indistinct", remarks historian

1349:

In 1895, despite ambivalence toward their heterodox practices,

1256: 619: 7823: 7301:

Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military

5675: 5673: 4909:. Crow's Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin. pp. 190–191. 4469:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1901. p. 2994:

noted that the Boxer Rebellion served as an equivalent to the

15892: 15593: 12009: 9209: 8768: 6319: 6128: 5242: 4888: 4886: 4321:

Dragon Lady: The Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China

3002:

among the British public. He adds that later events like the

2755: 2653: 2630: 2609: 2464:

clan. Likewise, a daughter and a wife of Mongol banner noble

2005:

The destruction of a Chinese temple on the bank of the Pei-Ho

1766:) to China in 1901, but the rebellion was over by that time. 1710: 1625: 634: 272: 15156: 8224:

National Museum of the U.S. Navy (Selected Naval Documents).

5765: 5753: 5741: 5410: 4686:

China's Response to the West A Documentary Survey, 1839–1923

4116: 4114: 4101: 4099: 2059: 15800: 9379:

Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet

8868: 7416:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 387–407. 6485:

Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier

6302:

Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China

5986:佐原篤介《拳亂紀聞》：「兵部尚書啟秀因曾力助舊黨，並曾奏保五臺山僧人普靜為聖僧，調令攻襲什庫，八月廿七日為日兵拘禁。」 5670: 5660: 5658: 5645: 5643: 5630: 5628: 5357: 5345: 5333: 5236:

The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure 1874–1920

4991:

https://books.google.com/books?id=lAxresT12ogC&pg=PA235

4192:

https://books.google.com/books?id=lAxresT12ogC&pg=PA207

3875:

Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier

3820: 2708: 2359: 2048:

most capable British officer was killed and the journalist

1276: 1204:, villagers in North China feared the expansion of foreign 7938:

The Boxer Rebellion: China, 1900: the artists' perspective

7608:(3rd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 230–235. 4883: 4402: 3947:

The Development of the North Manchuria Frontier, 1900–1931

3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3303: 3301: 1911: 1847: 16564:

United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries

6979:

https://books.google.com/books?id=lAxresT12ogC&pg=vii

6597:

Critical Zone 3: A Forum of Chinese and Western Knowledge

6415: 6413: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6172: 6170: 4702: 4299: 4143: 4141: 4111: 4096: 4001: 3989: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 2789:, an alliance of anti-Qing groups which later became the 2488: 1314:

Christians were massacred to destroy Western influences.

8201:

Eyewitness account: When the Allies Entered Peking, 1900

8180:

200 Photographs in Library of Congress online Collection

7563:

Superpower Interrupted: The Chinese History of the World

6544: 6305:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 181. 5828: 5655: 5640: 5625: 5601: 5386: 5321: 4688:. Vol. 1–2. Harvard University Press. p. 226. 4466:

Reports on Military Operations in South Africa and China

4042: 4040: 4025: 2720:

US$ 61 billion on a purchasing-power-parity basis.

1263:

ignored the imperial order to fight against foreigners.

12917: 8190:

Proceedings of the Tenth Universal Peace Congress, 1901

8028:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 195–240. 7370:

China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future

6398: 5784:

Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James (2008).

5441:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 65–92. 5212: 5103: 3965: 3710: 3298: 2039:

of our marines left more than fifty dead on the ground.

1595:, in which progressive Chinese reformers persuaded the 1436:(France) and a samurai (Japan), while the Boxer leader 6569:. State University of New York Press. pp. 20–21. 6410: 6375: 6167: 6050:

The Boxer rebellion: a political and diplomatic review

5275: 5273: 4996: 4665: 4138: 4126: 4013: 3977: 3870:"Chinese Diplomacy in Disarray: The Treaty of Livadia" 3785: 3773: 3761: 3532: 3321:"China Relief Expedition (Boxer Rebellion), 1900–1901" 2849:

Constitution's provisions about who was to declare war

2118:

cruisers in July to protect its citizens in Shanghai.

15631:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

14319:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

7992:

Allied intervention, the Boxer War, and the aftermath

6851:, "Part Three: The Boxers as Myth", pp. 211–288. 5912: 5804: 5613: 5122:

Nordholt, J. W. Schulte; van Arkel, D., eds. (1970).

4913: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4595: 4583: 4153: 4037: 3749: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3551: 3276:

List of 1900–1930 publications on the Boxer Rebellion

1399: 1072: 1058: 1042: 1010: 996: 8067: 8002:. Men-at-arms series. Vol. 95. London: Osprey. 7544:

The American Promise: A History of the United States

7185:. University of Washington. Seattle: The Institute. 7018:

Visualizing the Boxer Uprising: A Kaleidoscopic View

6743:"America Not A Christian Nation, Says Dr. Pentecost" 6182: 6066: 5787:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

5398: 5086:

Imperial Masquerade: The Legend of Princess Der Ling

5059:

Imperial masquerade: the legend of Princess Der Ling

4612: 4610: 4052: 2555:

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

2224:

since the US conquest of the Philippines during the

1599:

to engage in modernizing efforts, was suppressed by

9384:

Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory

8087:. Dodd, Mead & Company. Chapters XXXII–XXXVIII. 7674:Bickers, Robert A.; Tiedemann, R. G., eds. (2007). 7644:

The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study

6707:Lensen, George Alexander; Chʻen, Fang-chih (1982). 5783: 5722:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 94. 5270: 5142:. Russojapanesewar.com. 1 July 1902. Archived from 4925: 4207:

The United States Marines in North China, 1894–1942

3225:'Eight-Nation Allied Army') under director 3137:

British and Japanese forces engage Boxers in battle

2418: 1985:led attacks against the Catholic cathedral church. 1875:On 15 June, Qing imperial forces deployed electric 1755:had been called to Beijing to guard the legations. 15706:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat 15671:Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era 15626:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany 15504:Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam 7840:The story of the Xinzhou martyrs, Shanxi Province. 7482: 7407: 7321: 7298: 7199: 7069: 6623: 6482: 6354: 5472: 4350: 4338: 3868: 3611: 3514:The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire 2326:. In June 1900, the Chinese bombarded the town of 7719:(September 2000). "Justice on Behalf of Heaven". 6804:"The forgotten history of Indian troops in China" 6600:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 149, 151. 5596:Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period: (1644–1911/2) 5128:. Vol. IV. Brill. pp. 160–161, 163–164. 5121: 4607: 3006:during the 1920s, and even the activities of the 1947:Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces 1856: 1808:After leaving Tianjin, the force quickly reached 1728:On 30 May the diplomats, led by British Minister 1503:on the southern coast of the Shandong peninsula. 229: 79:18 October 1899 – 7 September 1901 16455: 15741:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka 14334:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 13664:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 12872:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 8176:, William & Mary News Story, 3 January 2005. 7889:Price, Eva J.; Felsing, Robert H., eds. (1989). 7673: 7667: 6725:"В. И. Ленин. О боевом соглашении для восстания" 6700: 4317: 3949:. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University. p. 13. 3349: 2990:The events also left a longer impact. Historian 2256: 1295: 15459:Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 14453:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 14368:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 12842:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 7935: 7916: 7206:(Revised ed.). Columbia University Press. 7042: 7015:Perdue, Peter; Sebring, Ellen (14 March 2011). 6361:. Vol. 8. T. & T. Clark. p. 894. 5738:, (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1903), p. 191 4904: 4865:A Diary of the Siege of the Legations in Peking 2346:Massacre of missionaries and Chinese Christians 1522:, plus the previous tax exemption for trade in 1508:declared his intent to seize territory in China 199: 16569:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century 16519:Battles involving the princely states of India 11826: 8784:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations 8161:The Only Man Dressing for Dinner: Beijing 1900 7936:Sharf, Frederic A.; Harrington, Peter (2000). 7917:Sharf, Frederic A.; Harrington, Peter (2000). 7043:Sharf, Frederic A.; Harrington, Peter (2000). 6924:"网友评论：评中山大学袁时伟的汉奸言论和混蛋逻辑_三农之外_关注现实_中国三农问题研究中心" 5872:. University of Washington Press. p. 80. 5238:. London: Hollis & Carter. pp. 47–54. 5082: 5055: 4813:. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1907, pp. 142–143 4425:https://books.google.com/books?id=jVESdBSMasMC 2863:against sovereign states, and, in the case of 2758:where Prince Duan's Mongol troops and General 1915:Representative Allied army and naval personnel 15341: 15142: 14617: 14307:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 13508: 12903: 11705: 10887: 10873: 9654: 9204:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China 9175:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 8243: 8126:The Siege in Peking – China against the World 7907: 7014: 6298: 6247:. In Maeyer, Jan De; Viaene, Vincent (eds.). 5899: 5198:. Princeton University Press. pp. 118–. 4443:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–. 4280:. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1907, pp. 50–51. 2998:for the British government, and agitated the 2579:Execution of Boxers by standing strangulation 2295:for navigation, and the all-weather ports of 2247: 1394: 958: 944: 794: 248: 15711:1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district 10902: 7998:Bodin, Lynn E.; Warner, Christopher (1979). 7888: 7474:The Rise of Chinese Military Power 1895–1912 6765: 6566:Chinese discourses on the peasant, 1900–1949 4683: 4544:(Illustrated ed.). Putnam. p. 85. 4537: 4318:Seagrave, Sterling; Seagrave, Peggy (1992). 3916:. Vol. 7. Fact on File. pp. 87–88. 2946:Qing forces of Chinese soldiers in 1899–1901 2394:Some 222 Russian–Chinese martyrs, including 2322:, which was guarded by Russian troops under 1805:let Seymour's army pass by in their trains. 1769:On 11 June, the first Boxer was seen in the 1530:, economic powers similar to Germany's over 1208:and resented the extension of privileges to 27:1899–1901 anti-imperialist uprising in China 14260:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 14255:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 12189:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 7997: 7867:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 7824:Missionary experience and personal accounts 6828:. Manchester University Press. p. 34. 6781:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 149–. 6706: 6556: 6084: 5185: 4430: 4082:] (in Chinese). Taipei: Shibao chuban. 4069: 4067: 3680:. Cambridge University Press. p. 125. 3409:. Cambridge University Press. p. 127. 3220: 2648:Manchu royals, officials and officers like 2291:). The Russians aimed for control over the 1924: 1825:, ambushes, and sniping with some success. 15348: 15334: 15149: 15135: 15081:History of the Central Intelligence Agency 15066:Length of U.S. participation in major wars 14624: 14610: 13576:Military history of the Russian Federation 13515: 13501: 12910: 12896: 11712: 11698: 10880: 10866: 9661: 9647: 8250: 8236: 7386: 6668: 6474: 6434:Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China 5479:. Syracuse University Press. p. xiii. 5089:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 89. 5062:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 88. 4880:. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1900, p. 83 4684:Teng, Ssu-yü; Fairbank, John King (1979). 3911: 3403:"Late Ch'ing Foreign Relations, 1866–1905" 3307: 2738:American troops during the Boxer Rebellion 801: 787: 15746:2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka 13826:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 12592:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 12202:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 8864:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty 8053:, 48(4, November 1979), pp. 501–529. 7954: 7166: 6176: 5490:Trubachev, Andronik (30 September 2015). 5489: 5452: 4905:Thompson, Peter; Macklin, Robert (2005). 4867:. London: Longman, Greens, 1901, pp 78–80 4487:The Last Empress: The She-Dragon of China 3837: 3835: 3097: ... literally denotes the "Fists" ( 3041:during the Cultural Revolution. In 2006, 2871: 2825:1901 China expedition commemorative medal 2769: 2060:Infighting among officials and commanders 1187:Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists 278: 184: 11975:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 8713:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi 7627:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 7622: 7319: 7296: 7234: 6990: 6902:"Leading Publication Shut Down in China" 6801: 6550: 6431: 6271: 6242: 6222:. Leuven University Press. p. 539. 6215: 6195:. Leuven University Press. p. 203. 6047: 5846: 5834: 5771: 5759: 5747: 5664: 5649: 5634: 5607: 5522: 5428: 5416: 5392: 5327: 5311: 5295: 5279: 5260: 5248: 5218: 4720: 4708: 4573: 4420: 4305: 4289: 4257: 4237:. Oxford University Press. p. 237. 4147: 4064: 4019: 4007: 3983: 3971: 3959: 3907: 3905: 3826: 3810: 3767: 3755: 3725: 3585: 3557: 3487: 3132: 3117: 2941: 2875: 2818: 2773: 2733: 2574: 2504: 2422: 2349: 2340:Boxer attacks on Chinese Eastern Railway 2266: 2232:. The US military refers to this as the 2063: 1994: 1910: 1866: 1704: 1554:. Britain gained influence of the whole 1415: 1321: 1317: 970:Militia united in righteousness movement 169: 139: 16514:Attacks on diplomatic missions in China 15305:Italian Intervention in Northern Russia 13787:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 13657:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 9320:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries 8257: 7560: 7503: 7480: 7367: 7345: 7282:. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 7277: 7230:(2nd ed.). Chicago: A. C. McClurg. 6820: 6771: 6419: 6404: 6392: 6146: 6118: 5939: 5822: 5679: 5363: 5351: 5339: 5224: 5164: 5109: 5002: 4959: 4892: 4837:Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute 4822:Payen, Cecile E. "Besieged in Peking". 4638: 4601: 4589: 4517:(Repr. ed.). Octagon. p. 73. 4483: 4436: 4408: 4171: 4159: 4132: 4046: 4031: 3798: 3779: 3737: 3700: 3673: 3545: 3313: 3215: 2103:and shells after the siege was lifted. 1999:1900, soldiers burned down the Temple, 1848:Conflict within the Qing imperial court 1353:, a Manchu who was the then prefect of 1150:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 263: 214: 154: 14: 16456: 14408:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 14339:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 14198:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 14176:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 13890:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 13566:Military history of the Russian Empire 12790:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 8131: 8058:The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890–1902 7843: 7779:The Boxer Uprising: A background study 7726: 7603: 7522: 7506:A Brief History of the Boxer Rebellion 7471: 7305:(Illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton. 7220: 7183:A Regional handbook on Northeast China 6950:The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study 6188: 5865: 5851:. Princeton University Press. p. 5695:German History in Documents and Images 5538: 5506: 5470: 5375: 5230: 5191: 4919: 4761:. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 24. 4753: 4737: 4628: 4490:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 221. 4440:The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study 4230: 4120: 4105: 4076:Ba guo lian jun nai zheng yi zhi shi = 3995: 3841: 3832: 3677:The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study 3062:The name "Boxer Rebellion", concludes 2185:Allied troops who searched for wells. 1700: 1074: 15329: 15130: 14605: 14558:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 13936:Russian colonization of North America 13496: 12891: 11693: 11487: 11253: 11096: 10969: 10861: 9642: 9618:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions 8859:Principles of the Constitution (1908) 8231: 8146:Putnam Weale (Simpson), Bertram Lenox 8023: 7862: 7641: 7583: 7430: 7197: 7180: 7091: 7023:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7002: 6974: 6848: 6641: 6480: 6072: 5918: 5810: 5709: 5619: 5554: 5404: 4986: 4943: 4931: 4797: 4616: 4396: 4384: 4368: 4203: 4187: 4058: 3902: 3866: 3657: 3641: 3626: 3601: 3569: 3429: 3378:Pronin, Alexander (7 November 2000). 2717: 2712: 2635:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River 2106: 1781: 1632:Estimates of Qing strength 1898–1900 782: 16594:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy 16428: 15726:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal 15061:Timeline of U.S. military operations 13571:Military history of the Soviet Union 12194:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 11950:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 11311:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94) 9920:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 8839:Ministry of Posts and Communications 7755: 7678:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 7443: 7437:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence 7045:China 1900: The Artists' Perspective 6868:. (Hong Kong University Press), 155. 6590: 5958: 5583:Miscellaneous Notes about the Boxers 5019:(in Chinese). 新華書店北京發行所發行, Beijing. 4356: 4344: 3944: 3350:Egorshina, O.; Petrova, A. (2023). 2971:said that the Boxer uprising was a: 2438:Mutual Protection of Southeast China 2430:Mutual Protection of Southeast China 1863:Siege of the International Legations 1619:had been dealt a severe blow by the 1269:Siege of the International Legations 513:Mutual Protection of Southeast China 303:Mutual Protection of Southeast China 14312:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 12919:International relations (1814–1919) 12862:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 12104:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 11719: 11326:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900) 11316:Second Madagascar expedition (1895) 9587:History of Qing (People's Republic) 8197:, from the Caldwell Kvaran archives 8046:31 (Spring 1972), pp. 539–559. 7405: 7067: 6899: 6629: 6562: 6358:Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics 6134: 5954:from the original on 26 March 2020. 5555:Fu, Chonglan; Cao, Wenming (2019). 4839:, September 1902, pp. 542–550. 4671: 4644: 4510: 4073: 3400: 3325:Veterans Museum and Memorial Center 2867:, with less consultation than ever. 2725:Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program 808: 30:For the rock band from London, see 24: 16330:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 15527:1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari 14358:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 13724:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 9304:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor 8673:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) 8666:1909 Provincial Assembly elections 8546:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874) 8370:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) 7801: 7662: 7527:. University of Washington Press. 7433:"The Boxer War-the Boxer Uprising" 7136: 6900:Pan, Philip P. (25 January 2006). 6685:V. I. Lenin, "The War in China", 6669:Chamberlin, William Henry (1960). 5195:Rise of the Chinese Military Power 3241:, describes the long reign of the 3113: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 1950: 1510:, which triggered a "scramble for 25: 16615: 16604:Wars involving the United Kingdom 16599:Wars involving the Russian Empire 16504:Anti-Christian sentiment in China 15736:2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case 14818:American–Algerian War (1785–1795) 14223:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 11286:French conquest of Senegal (1854) 9669:Colonial conflicts involving the 9593:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty 9434:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) 9309:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty 8461:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war) 8195:Pictures from the Siege of Peking 8167: 8068:Contemporary accounts and sources 7723:, 50(9), pp. 44–51 (online). 7546:(8th ed.). Boston: Bedford. 7324:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising 6904:. Washington Post Foreign Service 6753:from the original on 13 June 2018 5940:Higgins, Andrew (26 March 2020). 5693:"Wilhelm II: "Hun Speech" (1900) 5376:Lensen, George Alexander (1967). 4966:. Psychology Press. p. 124. 4963:Modern Chinese warfare, 1795–1989 3447:Hammond Atlas of the 20th Century 3372: 2160:The international force captured 1577:) that later characterised them. 16534:Wars involving the German Empire 16469:Wars involving the United States 16437: 16427: 16418: 16417: 16345:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 15213: 14277:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 14070:Russian conquest of Central Asia 14006:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 13802:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 13744:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 12562:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 11825: 11675:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988) 11366:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67) 11306:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890) 11199:Burma–France relations (1729–56) 9404:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking 8720:Articles of Favourable Treatment 8476:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856) 7910:The Only Man Dressing for Dinner 7908:Salvago Raggi, Giuseppe (2019). 7676:The Boxers, China, and the world 7623:Thompson, Larry Clinton (2009). 7389:Peking 1900: The Boxer Rebellion 7130: 7108: 7061: 7036: 7008: 6955: 6942: 6916: 6893: 6871: 6854: 6814: 6802:Krishnan, Ananth (7 July 2011). 6795: 6778:The Boxers, China, and the World 6735: 6717: 6679: 6662: 6635: 6614: 6583: 6526: 6507: 6425: 6299:Neaman Lipman, Jonathan (2004). 6265: 6236: 6209: 6140: 6085:Przetacznik, Franciszek (1983). 6078: 6041: 6015: 5989: 5980: 5964: 5933: 5924: 5893: 5859: 5840: 5777: 5726: 5720:The Boxers, China, and the World 5703: 5685: 5588: 5575: 5548: 5483: 5464: 5446: 5439:The Boxers, China, and the World 5422: 5369: 5158: 5132: 5115: 5076: 5049: 5031: 5008: 3405:. 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Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 5699:. germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org. 5382:. Diplomatic Press. p. 14. 4953: 4898: 4870: 4857: 4829: 4816: 4803: 4765: 4747: 4677: 4558: 4531: 4504: 4477: 4457: 4311: 4266: 4251: 4224: 4197: 3938: 3920: 3860: 3731: 3667: 3519: 3506: 3356:The history of the Russian Army 3045:, a professor of philosophy at 2514:looters. An American diplomat, 2052:was wounded. American Minister 1118:ciowan sere ehe hūlha i facuhūn 16554:Rebellions in the Qing dynasty 15716:1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence 15464:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305) 15198:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36 15183:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895–96 15096:List of anti-war organizations 14245:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 13895:War of the Austrian Succession 12832:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 11945:Imperial Rescript on Education 11590:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36) 11530:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31) 11421:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62) 11174:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 9848:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 9105:Guest House of Imperial Envoys 8395:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas 7798:11(1), pp. 1–14 (online). 7796:Advances in Historical Studies 7756:Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2018). 6926:. 8 March 2006. Archived from 6541:(Popular Library 1974), p. 96. 5847:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1990). 5594:Chao-ying Fang. "Chongqi". 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At Yangcun, Russian general 1857:Siege of the Beijing legations 1689:their tenacity in resistance. 1610: 1573: 1332:Righteous and Harmonious Fists 1073: 1059: 1043: 1012: 1011: 997: 959: 945: 13: 1: 16400:Eastern Catholics in the USSR 15584:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 15552:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution 15263:Italian Blockade of Venezuela 15008:War against the Islamic State 14468:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 14346:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 14097:Russian invasion of Manchuria 14087:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 14033:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 14028:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 13971:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 13961:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 13926:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 13921:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 13911:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 13901:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 13879:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 13874:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 13851:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 13846:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 13821:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 13797:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 13792:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 13777:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 13652:List of wars involving Russia 13647:Sino-Russian border conflicts 13289:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 13243:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 13233:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 12278:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 12184:Imperial General Headquarters 11775:Foreign commerce and shipping 11655:First Indochina War (1946–54) 11406:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47) 10245:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 10089:Castle Hill convict rebellion 9539:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank 9314:Islam during the Qing dynasty 9170:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty) 8854:Provincial military commander 8844:Nine Gates Infantry Commander 8829:Imperial Household Department 8656:Preparative Constitutionalism 8360:Sino-Russian border conflicts 7848:. Syracuse University Press. 7805:China at War: An Encyclopedia 7668:General accounts and analysis 7523:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000). 7476:. Princeton University Press. 7176:. London: Morgan & Scott. 6672:The Russian review, Volume 19 6648:. BiblioBazaar. p. 116. 6048:Clements, Paul Henry (1979). 5900:Shirokogoroff, S. M. (1924). 3488:Fairbank, John King (1983) . 3286: 3037:to the approval expressed by 2527:and Lady Ethel MacDonald and 2509:French troops execute a Boxer 2342:and burned the Yantai mines. 2271:Russian officers in Manchuria 2263:Russian invasion of Manchuria 2257:Russian invasion of Manchuria 1538:. France gained influence of 1296:Christian missionary activity 1290: 16544:History of the Royal Marines 15315:Occupation of Constantinople 15284:Italian Invasion of Anatolia 14423:Eritrean War of Independence 14393:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 14388:East German uprising of 1953 14329:Eastern Front (World War II) 14218:Red Army invasion of Georgia 14213:Red Army invasion of Armenia 14181:Estonian War of Independence 14122:Russian occupation of Tabriz 14043:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 14001:War of the Seventh Coalition 13884:War of the Polish Succession 13831:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 13149:Second Industrial Revolution 13023:League of the Three Emperors 12610:Hirohito surrender broadcast 12005:Greater East Asia Conference 11468:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) 11052:King William's War (1689–97) 9298:Researches on Manchu Origins 8703:Mongolian Revolution of 1911 8313:Transition from Ming to Qing 8303:Later Jin invasion of Joseon 8060:, 2nd ed. pp. 677–709. 7406:Hsü, Immanuel C. Y. 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(2011). 7606:The Search for Modern China 4826:, January 1901, pp. 458–460 4800:, vol. 2, pp. 393, 316–317. 4755:Landor, Arnold Henry Savage 4387:, vol. 2, pp. 393, 441–448. 3912:Lo Jiu-Hwa, Upshur (2008). 3490:The United States and China 3259: 2908:. Chinese liberals such as 2396:Chi Sung as St. Metrophanes 2121:British Lieutenant-General 2089:Caishikou Execution Grounds 1709:Chinese Muslim troops from 1472:, signed in 1860 after the 1400: 10: 16620: 16360:Saints of the Cristero War 16320:Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac 15751:2010 Manila hostage crisis 15157:Colonial conflicts in the 14998:War in North-West Pakistan 14848:Second Sumatran expedition 14813:American Revolutionary War 14458:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 13996:War of the Sixth Coalition 13986:War of the Fifth Coalition 13956:War of the Third Coalition 13561:Military history of Russia 13523:Armed conflicts involving 13228:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 12701:Second Philippine Republic 12474:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 11416:French conquest of Vietnam 11129:Queen Anne's War (1702–13) 10762:Jewish revolt in Palestine 10407:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 10052:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 9944:American Revolutionary War 9598:Legacy of the Qing dynasty 8486:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873) 8425:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806) 8415:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa 8385:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736) 8132:Mateer, Ada Haven (1903). 7957:Journal of Peasant Studies 7912:. Verona: Gingko Edizioni. 7863:Clark, Anthony E. (2015). 7831:Lives from a Black Tin Box 7758:Yuan Shikai: a reappraisal 7711:Chinese Studies in History 7604:Spence, Jonathan (2012) . 7409:"The Boxer Uprising, 1900" 7387:Harrington, Peter (2001). 7235:Driscoll, Mark W. (2020). 7159: 6442:10.1177/009770048801400201 6272:Taveirne, Patrick (2004). 6243:Taveirne, Patrick (2016). 6216:Taveirne, Patrick (2004). 4960:Elleman, Bruce A. (2001). 4538:O'Connor, Richard (1973). 4204:Biggs, Chester M. (2003). 3844:The Rise of Russia in Asia 2880:Boxers captured by the US 2856:Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. 2838:has argued that President 2388:Baptist Missionary Society 2260: 2248:Qing court flight to Xi'an 2110: 1860: 1785: 1648:Staff (field troops only) 1506:In December 1897, Wilhelm 1373:Some missionaries such as 1363:Society of the Divine Word 1098: 32:The Boxer Rebellion (band) 29: 16549:Persecution of Christians 16413: 16300:Massacre of the Innocents 16282: 16220: 16042: 15947: 15901: 15870: 15834: 15793: 15777: 15768: 15681:Maluku sectarian conflict 15512: 15472: 15434: 15401: 15383: 15374: 15360:Persecution of Christians 15297: 15271: 15255: 15224: 15209: 15165: 15043: 14843:First Sumatran expedition 14805: 14644: 14637: 14571: 14506: 14297:Soviet invasion of Poland 14107: 13991:French invasion of Russia 13859: 13757: 13676: 13602:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 13594: 13551: 13544: 13387: 13251: 13164: 13049:European balance of power 13041: 12976: 12925: 12809: 12782: 12724: 12678: 12635: 12628: 12582:Japan during World War II 12537:Pacification of Manchukuo 12507: 12437: 12429:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 12424:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 12362: 12355: 12306: 12293:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 12246: 12172: 12165: 12112: 12030: 12023: 12015:Imperial Japanese Airways 11922: 11869: 11834: 11823: 11727: 11667: 11640:Franco-Thai War (1940–41) 11577: 11480: 11436:Sino-French War (1884–85) 11431:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86) 11378: 11351:Río de la Plata (1838–40) 11338: 11246: 11191: 11179:Santo Domingo (1795–1809) 11121: 11089: 11069: 11014: 10962: 10932: 10895: 10889:French colonial conflicts 10596: 10533:Jameson Raid South Africa 10067: 9820: 9681: 9608:Names of the Qing dynasty 9551: 9519: 9476: 9469: 9338: 9256:Manchu Han Imperial Feast 9183: 9115: 9036: 8941: 8737: 8628: 8586:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896) 8581:Gongche Shangshu movement 8526:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) 8438: 8375:Chinese Rites controversy 8345: 8275: 8266: 8138:. New York: F. H. Revell. 8128:. New York: F. H. Revell. 8051:Pacific Historical Review 7983:Tiedemann, R. G. (2009). 7969:10.1080/03066159808438688 7883:Studies in Church History 7591:. New York: F. H. Revell. 7561:Schuman, Michael (2021). 7328:. U of California Press. 7278:Elliott, Jane E. (2002). 7239:. Duke University Press. 7181:Chang, Yin-t'ang (1956). 6695:Marxists Internet Archive 6675:. Blackwell. p. 115. 6153:. Routledge. p. 75. 6137:, pp. 401, 405, 431. 5558:An Urban History of China 5192:Powell, Ralph L. (2015). 5015:Zhao Erxun (趙爾巽) (1976). 4231:Karpat, Kemal H. (2001). 4210:. McFarland. p. 25. 3187:studio produced the film 2951:: two infantrymen of the 1568: 1411: 1395: 1122: 1112: 1092: 1087: 1066: 1052: 1036: 1004: 990: 983: 978: 974: 966: 952: 938: 933: 929: 924: 820: 763: 758: 694: 343: 111: 71: 56: 48: 43: 16509:Anti-imperialism in Asia 16250:Violence against Mormons 15426:Diocletianic Persecution 15365:Anti-Christian sentiment 15242:Second Italo-Senussi War 14797:2021 U.S. Capitol attack 14757:Battle of Blair Mountain 14438:South African Border War 14363:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 14265:Chechen uprising of 1932 13946:Russo-Persian War (1796) 13340:Venezuela Naval Blockade 13011:Anglo-Russian Convention 12557:Second Sino-Japanese War 12499:Racial Equality Proposal 12079:Agriculture and Commerce 11515:Volta-Bani War (1915–16) 11379:Asia & Pacific Ocean 11134:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52) 10744:Arab revolt in Palestine 10341:Second Anglo-Burmese War 10083:Second Anglo-Maratha War 9974:Australian frontier wars 9529:Great Qing Treasure Note 9349:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) 9059:Administrative divisions 8876:Administrative divisions 8804:Flag of the Qing dynasty 8056:Langer, William (1950). 8044:Journal of Asian Studies 8020:18(3), pp. 304–332. 7788:26 February 2009 at the 7414:The Rise of Modern China 7372:. New York: 1804 Books. 7072:The Travels of Lao Ts'an 6489:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 6481:Paine, S. C. M. (1996). 6023:"平安里的诞生日就是辉煌了十三代的庄王府覆灭时" 5790:. Cengage. p. 301. 5561:. Springer. p. 83. 5492: 4511:Tan, Chester C. (1967). 4437:Purcell, Victor (2010). 4259: 4258:رشيد رضا, محمد (1901). 4074:Liu Qikun (劉淇昆) (2021). 3962:, pp. 143–144, 163. 3877:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 3867:Paine, S. C. M. (1996). 3674:Purcell, Victor (2010). 3391:. Retrieved 6 July 2018. 3351: 3127:Beijing Legation Quarter 2996:Indian Rebellion of 1857 2525:Claude Maxwell MacDonald 2402:on 22 April 1902, after 1966:Claude Maxwell MacDonald 1958:Beijing Legation Quarter 1919:On 21 June, Cixi issued 1838:The Great Hsi-Ku Arsenal 1730:Claude Maxwell MacDonald 940:Traditional Chinese 857:Blagoveshchensk massacre 15731:2008 Kandhamal violence 15056:Wars involving the U.S. 14893:Philippine–American War 14777:1960s ghetto rebellions 14080:Khivan campaign of 1873 13931:Russo-Polish War (1792) 13345:Alaska boundary dispute 13018:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 13001:Franco-Russian Alliance 12469:Washington Naval Treaty 12414:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 12399:First Sino-Japanese War 12218:Nuclear weapons program 11960:Great Japan Youth Party 11887:National seals of Japan 11650:South Vietnam (1945–46) 11520:Kaocen revolt (1916–17) 11448:Second Opium War (1860) 11441:North Vietnam (1886–96) 11426:North Vietnam (1873–74) 11229:East Indies (1793–1801) 11164:North America (1778–83) 11032:North America (1627–29) 11022:Beaver Wars (1609–1701) 10738:Second Mohmand campaign 10473:Third Anglo-Burmese War 10437:Second Anglo-Afghan War 10239:First Anglo-Burmese War 10215:Third Anglo-Maratha War 10046:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 9956:Second Anglo-Mysore War 9950:First Anglo-Maratha War 9125:Chengde Mountain Resort 8926:Three Eastern Provinces 8576:First Sino-Japanese War 8551:Northern Chinese Famine 8410:Lin Shuangwen rebellion 8308:Qing invasion of Joseon 8157:Raggi, Giuseppe Salvago 8104:. New York: Scribner's. 8073:Edwards, E. H. (1903). 7585:Smith, Arthur Henderson 7504:Preston, Diana (2002). 7481:Preston, Diana (2000). 7431:Klein, Thoralf (2008). 7198:Cohen, Paul A. (1997). 6538:The Imperial Presidency 6518:Presidential War Powers 6052:. New York: AMS Press. 5825:, pp. 90, 284–285. 5165:Fleming, Peter (2001). 4723:, pp. 85, 170–171. 4651:. Brill. pp. 19–. 4484:Laidler, Keith (2003). 3475:Encyclopædia Britannica 2858:, concurred and wrote: 2805:overthrown in the 1911 2602:First Sino-Japanese War 2356:Eastern Orthodox Church 2354:Chinese martyrs of the 2320:Chinese Eastern Railway 2309:First Sino-Japanese War 2234:China Relief Expedition 2230:Philippine–American War 2017:Francis Dunlap Gamewell 1945:at Nanjing, formed the 1771:Peking Legation Quarter 1764:later Young Turk leader 1621:First Sino-Japanese War 1582:Battle of Senluo Temple 1202:First Sino-Japanese War 1173:, was an anti-foreign, 954:Simplified Chinese 722:China Relief Expedition 16579:Wars involving Germany 16355:North American Martyrs 15701:Maspero demonstrations 15656:Mountain War (Lebanon) 15444:Homs revolts (854–855) 15101:Conscientious objector 15003:First Libyan Civil War 14873:Second Fiji expedition 14853:Ivory Coast expedition 14787:1992 Los Angeles riots 14747:Colorado Coalfield War 14639:Listed chronologically 14553:Western Libya campaign 14228:East Karelian uprising 13749:Wagner Group rebellion 13684:Uprising of Bolotnikov 13264:Unification of Germany 13211:Taft–Katsura agreement 12547:Motherland controversy 12517:Shōwa financial crisis 12309:Imperial Japanese Navy 12249:Imperial Japanese Army 11980:Peace Preservation Law 11585:Boxer Rebellion (1901) 11550:Cameroon War (1955–64) 11545:Algerian War (1954–62) 11463:Leewards War (1888–97) 11261:Indian Ocean (1809–11) 11139:Dummer's War (1721–25) 11042:Carib Expulsion (1660) 10678:Third Anglo-Afghan War 10563:First Mohmand campaign 10287:First Anglo-Afghan War 9986:Third Anglo-Mysore War 9506:Great Qing Copper Coin 9394:Convention of Tientsin 9327:Annotated Bibliography 9275:Qing official headwear 8318:Battle of Shanhai Pass 8206:14 August 2014 at the 8153:. Dodd, Mead & Co. 8112:The Last Days of Pekin 7893:. New York: Scribner. 7696:. London: Allen Lane. 7642:Xiang, Lanxin (2003). 7472:Powell, Ralph (1955). 7005:, vol. 1, pp. 154–155. 6563:Han, Xiaorong (2005). 6091:. Brill. p. 229. 5866:Hansen, M. H. (2011). 4324:. Knopf. p. 320. 3525:Andrew N. Porter, ed. 3152:The Travels of Lao Can 3138: 3130: 3111: 3088:Arthur Henderson Smith 3080:Hague Peace Conference 2977: 2964: 2885: 2872:Analysis of the Boxers 2869: 2853: 2831: 2779: 2770:Long-term consequences 2739: 2580: 2529:George Ernest Morrison 2510: 2503: 2482:Arthur Henderson Smith 2433: 2363: 2272: 2182:14th Infantry Regiment 2069: 2050:George Ernest Morrison 2041: 2011: 1983:Tiger and Divine Corps 1925: 1916: 1872: 1773:. The German Minister 1717: 1441: 1327: 1311: 1210:Christian missionaries 1138:This article contains 344:Commanders and leaders 51:century of humiliation 16574:Wars involving France 15970:Tomás Garrido Canabal 15965:Plutarco Elías Calles 15883:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 15721:1999 Ranalai violence 15696:Boko Haram insurgency 15537:1860 Lebanon conflict 15289:Siberian intervention 15247:World War II campaign 15203:World War II Campaign 15071:Territorial evolution 15051:Conflicts in the U.S. 14973:Intervention in Haiti 14863:First Fiji expedition 14548:Intervention in Syria 14483:Tajikistani Civil War 14191:Lithuanian–Soviet War 14132:Battle of Robat Karim 13581:Post-Soviet conflicts 13350:First Moroccan Crisis 13064:Spread of nationalism 13028:Eight-Nation Alliance 12459:Siberian Intervention 12268:Railways and Shipping 12084:Commerce and Industry 11780:Industrial production 11565:Bizerte crisis (1961) 11396:Philippines (1844–45) 11346:West Indies (1804–10) 11301:Ivory Coast (1883–98) 11224:East Indies (1778–83) 11154:Nova Scotia (1749–55) 11144:Natchez revolt (1729) 11104:West Africa (1758–63) 11037:West Indies (1635–59) 10910:South Carolina (1562) 10335:Second Anglo-Sikh War 9992:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 9878:French and Indian War 9580:Draft History of Qing 9439:Treaty of Shimonoseki 9220:performance criticism 8824:Imperial Commissioner 8814:Great Qing Legal Code 8613:Eight-Nation Alliance 8596:Third plague pandemic 8506:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars 8430:White Lotus Rebellion 7885:54, pp. 208–224. 7368:Hammond, Ken (2023). 7047:. London: Greenhill. 6710:The Russo-Chinese War 6691:Lenin Collected Works 5975:Draft History of Qing 5379:The Russo-Chinese War 5140:"Russojapanesewarweb" 4645:Luo, Zhitian (2015). 4514:The Boxer catastrophe 4274:Bertram Lenox Simpson 4080:Eight-nation alliance 3352:История русской армии 3183:In 1975, Hong Kong's 3136: 3121: 3092: 2973: 2945: 2879: 2860: 2844: 2822: 2802:imperial examinations 2777: 2737: 2658:Zaixun, Prince Zhuang 2633:and 4,500 Manchus in 2619:Tiger Spirit Division 2578: 2508: 2493: 2426: 2369:China Martyrs of 1900 2353: 2270: 2238:United States Marines 2067: 2032: 1998: 1914: 1870: 1795:Edward Hobart Seymour 1753:United States Marines 1708: 1499:dispatched to occupy 1419: 1387:Plum Flower tradition 1325: 1318:Origins of the Boxers 1306: 1195:Eight-Nation Alliance 759:Casualties and losses 120:Eight-Nation Alliance 101:Eight-Nation Alliance 16589:Wars involving Japan 16584:Wars involving Italy 16499:1901 in Christianity 16489:1900 in Christianity 16479:1899 in Christianity 16030:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 15960:Mwanga II of Buganda 15686:Nag Hammadi massacre 15487:Revolt in the Vendée 15178:Mahdist War in Sudan 14933:Bay of Pigs Invasion 14888:Spanish–American War 14858:Mexican–American War 14782:Kent State shootings 14772:Puerto Rican revolts 14702:American Indian Wars 14531:Annexation of Crimea 14235:Central Asian Revolt 14144:Ukrainian–Soviet War 14016:Russo-Circassian War 13699:Pugachev's Rebellion 13642:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 13586:Russian Armed Forces 13556:Early modern warfare 13355:Algeciras Conference 13335:Annexation of Hawaii 13274:Great Eastern Crisis 13269:Unification of Italy 13259:Formation of Romania 13076:French–German enmity 12877:Political dissidence 12726:Occupied territories 12464:General Election Law 12288:Taiwan Army of Japan 11057:Santo Domingo (1691) 10497:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 10305:First Anglo-Sikh War 10281:Egyptian–Ottoman War 9511:Great Qing Gold Coin 9444:Treaty of Tarbagatai 9389:Convention of Peking 9269:Pentaglot Dictionary 9251:Literary inquisition 8961:Ever Victorious Army 8794:Deliberative Council 8698:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil 8651:1905 Batang uprising 8591:Hundred Days' Reform 8481:Small Swords Society 8118:(1900); Paris: Lévy. 8102:China and the Allies 7844:Brandt, Nat (1994). 7646:. Psychology Press. 7489:. New York: Walker. 7444:Leonhard, Robert R. 7353:. New York: Harper. 7245:10.2307/j.ctv1931h82 6881:. Eastsouthwestnorth 6749:. 11 February 1912. 6642:Twain, Mark (2007). 6189:Heylen, Ann (2004). 6147:Zhaojin, Ji (2016). 5471:Brandt, Nat (1994). 5251:, pp. 130, 138. 5045:on 22 December 2012. 4824:The Century Magazine 4779:on 19 September 2008 4260:مجلة المنار؛ الجزء 4 3932:www.tibetjustice.org 3477:. 13 September 2024. 3380:Война с Желтороссией 3266:Gengzi Guobian Tanci 3243:Empress Dowager Cixi 3047:Zhongshan University 2914:New Culture Movement 2884:near Tianjin in 1901 2882:6th Cavalry Regiment 2670:Clemens von Ketteler 2446:Alfred von Waldersee 2362:commissioned in 1990 2336:Paul von Rennenkampf 2226:Spanish–American War 1902:Clemens von Ketteler 1775:Clemens von Ketteler 1601:Empress Dowager Cixi 1593:Hundred Days' Reform 1470:Convention of Peking 1340:spiritual possession 1245:Empress Dowager Cixi 1206:spheres of influence 1191:Chinese martial arts 1165:, also known as the 770:100,000 total deaths 588:Empress Dowager Cixi 497:Paul von Rennenkampf 473:Manchuria occupation 469:Alfred von Waldersee 16524:Chinese nationalism 16405:21 Martyrs of Libya 16385:522 Spanish Martyrs 16380:498 Spanish Martyrs 16375:233 Spanish Martyrs 15416:Persecution in Lyon 15193:Somaliland campaign 14948:Invasion of Grenada 14943:Dominican Civil War 14591:Sphere of influence 14521:Russo-Ukrainian War 14378:First Indochina War 14351:Soviet–Japanese War 14287:Xinjiang War (1937) 14156:Kazakhstan Campaign 13941:Kościuszko Uprising 13841:Second Northern War 13719:Coup attempt (1991) 13612:Soviet-Finnish wars 13420:Philippine–American 13405:First Sino-Japanese 13238:Racconigi agreement 13184:Treaty of Frankfurt 13144:Great Rapprochement 13098:Scramble for Africa 12696:Wang Jingwei regime 12606:Potsdam Declaration 12597:Soviet–Japanese War 12552:Anti-Comintern Pact 12542:January 28 incident 12527:London Naval Treaty 12404:Triple Intervention 12233:Supreme War Council 12117:deliberative bodies 11510:Zaian War (1914–21) 11495:Wadai War (1906–11) 11271:Algeria (1835–1903) 11219:Vietnam (1777–1820) 11169:Caribbean (1778–83) 10750:Waziristan campaign 10684:Waziristan campaign 10377:Revolt of Rajab Ali 9854:War of Jenkins' Ear 9564:Anti-Qing sentiment 9414:Treaty of the Bogue 9354:Treaty of Nerchinsk 9286:Complete Tang Poems 8966:Green Standard Army 8849:Provincial governor 8819:Imperial Clan Court 8799:Diplomatic missions 8774:Consultative Bureau 8521:Tongzhi Restoration 8400:Afaqi Khoja revolts 8380:Ten Great Campaigns 8288:Jurchen unification 8077:. New York: Revell. 8000:The Boxer Rebellion 7729:The History Teacher 7717:Harrison, Henrietta 7589:China in Convulsion 7468:(No date, c. 2007.) 7351:The Siege at Peking 7168:Broomhall, Marshall 6866:Critical Zone Three 6645:Mark Twain Speeches 6620:顾则徐：清末民初思想领袖评价义和团总览 6533:Schlesinger, Arthur 6333:on 14 December 2018 5774:, pp. 204–214. 5762:, pp. 207–208. 5750:, pp. 194–197. 5682:, pp. 284–285. 5419:, pp. 190–191. 5366:, pp. 253–261. 5354:, pp. 272–273. 5342:, pp. 220–221. 5168:The Siege at Peking 5146:on 25 February 2021 4895:, pp. 157–158. 4878:The Siege in Peking 4852:Roark et al. (2020) 4674:, pp. 395–398. 4411:, pp. 100–104. 4123:, pp. 116–118. 4108:, pp. 107–113. 3998:, pp. 222–223. 3829:, pp. 129–130. 3590:xii, 54–59, 96, ff. 3516:(2006) pp. 102–103. 3237:(Boston, 2007), by 3035:May Fourth Movement 3031:Cultural Revolution 3020:Cultural Revolution 3004:Northern Expedition 2985:British Indian Army 2981:Rabindranath Tagore 2979:The Indian Bengali 2969:George F. Pentecost 2800:. It abolished the 2729:Tsinghua University 2585:The Daily Telegraph 2551:William Scott Ament 2313:Triple Intervention 2277:Treaty of Nerchinsk 2228:and the subsequent 1701:Intensifying crisis 1633: 1516:sphere of influence 1446:foreign concessions 1197:of foreign powers. 1060:Yì-hé-tuán yùn-dòng 1045:I-ho-t'uan yün-tung 568:Imperial government 18:The Boxer Rebellion 16395:Martyrs of Daimiel 16370:Vietnamese Martyrs 16310:Carthusian Martyrs 15909:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 15778:Early Christianity 15621:Red Terror (Spain) 15557:Hamidian massacres 15454:Bashmurian revolts 15449:Martyrs of Córdoba 15421:Decian persecution 15411:Great Fire of Rome 15385:Early Christianity 15188:Banadir Resistance 14988:War in Afghanistan 14958:Invasion of Panama 14953:Lebanese Civil War 14878:Formosa Expedition 14838:Second Barbary War 14792:2020 racial unrest 14727:Johnson County War 14722:Lincoln County War 14697:American Civil War 14692:Harpers Ferry raid 14667:Turner's Rebellion 14581:Russian Revolution 14516:Russo-Georgian War 14498:Second Chechen War 14478:Georgian Civil War 14117:Russo-Japanese War 13869:Great Northern War 13767:Russo-Crimean Wars 13739:Second Chechen War 13637:Russo-Turkish wars 13632:Russo-Swedish wars 13622:Russo-Persian Wars 13607:Russo-Crimean Wars 13279:Congress of Berlin 13196:Reinsurance Treaty 13174:Congress of Vienna 13154:Industrial warfare 13120:Scramble for China 12419:Russo-Japanese War 12389:Two Lords Incident 12044:Imperial Household 11560:Ifni War (1957–58) 11555:Suez Crisis (1956) 10624:Bambatha Rebellion 10539:Anglo-Zanzibar War 10527:Chitral Expedition 10461:Anglo-Egyptian War 10233:Anglo-Ashanti wars 9938:Lord Dunmore's War 9896:Anglo-Cherokee War 9805:King William's War 9449:Treaty of Tientsin 9160:Western Qing tombs 9155:Eastern Qing tombs 8981:Peking Field Force 8725:Manchu Restoration 8618:Declaration of war 8571:Jindandao incident 8390:Lhasa riot of 1750 8081:Der Ling, Princess 7987:. East Gate Books. 7846:Massacre in Shansi 7703:8 May 2022 at the 7458:on 6 December 2016 7391:. Oxford: Osprey. 7222:Conger, Sarah Pike 6773:Bickers, Robert A. 6747:The New York Times 5948:The New York Times 5712:Bickers, Robert A. 5475:Massacre in Shansi 5431:Bickers, Robert A. 5232:Hoover, Herbert C. 3139: 3131: 3064:Joseph W. Esherick 2965: 2894:Joseph W. Esherick 2886: 2865:Theodore Roosevelt 2832: 2780: 2754:to send troops to 2740: 2623:Peking Field Force 2581: 2553:, a missionary of 2516:Herbert G. Squiers 2511: 2452:and his army (the 2434: 2386:The England-based 2364: 2358:as depicted in an 2332:Aleksey Kuropatkin 2273: 2217:Battle of Tientsin 2166:Battle of Tientsin 2143:Weihaiwei Regiment 2135:Henri-Nicolas Frey 2127:Fukushima Yasumasa 2113:Gaselee Expedition 2107:Gaselee Expedition 2070: 2012: 2003: – 1975:Northern Cathedral 1921:an imperial decree 1917: 1890:Peking Field Force 1873: 1818:Battle of Langfang 1788:Seymour Expedition 1782:Seymour Expedition 1718: 1631: 1497:East Asia Squadron 1466:Treaty of Tientsin 1454:Scramble for China 1442: 1424:(United Kingdom), 1359:Big Swords Society 1328: 1302:John King Fairbank 1261:southern provinces 1249:an imperial decree 1226:Chinese Christians 1171:Boxer Insurrection 713:Gaselee Expedition 704:Seymour Expedition 609:Commander-in-chief 484:Aleksey Kuropatkin 442:Henri-Nicolas Frey 418:Fukushima Yasumasa 383:Gaselee Expedition 368:Seymour Expedition 16451: 16450: 16257:Oriental Orthodox 16038: 16037: 15811:Septimius Severus 15764: 15763: 15594:Assyrian genocide 15589:Armenian genocide 15497:Kakure Kirishitan 15482:French Revolution 15323: 15322: 15232:Italo-Turkish War 15124: 15123: 15086:Casualties of war 14918:Russian Civil War 14883:Korean Expedition 14828:First Barbary War 14707:Brooks–Baxter War 14662:Fries's Rebellion 14657:Whiskey Rebellion 14599: 14598: 14488:First Chechen War 14443:Soviet–Afghan War 14428:Angolan Civil War 14203:Polish–Soviet War 14161:Finnish Civil War 14139:Russian Civil War 14038:November Uprising 13976:Anglo-Russian War 13916:Bar Confederation 13729:First Chechen War 13709:Russian Civil War 13704:Decembrist revolt 13694:Bulavin Rebellion 13689:Razin's Rebellion 13672: 13671: 13627:Russo-Polish Wars 13595:Lists by opponent 13490: 13489: 13459:Albanian Revolts 13316:German Naval Laws 13300:Naval arms races 13284:Berlin Conference 13216:Hague Conventions 12885: 12884: 12857:Socialist thought 12805: 12804: 12744:Dutch East Indies 12706:Empire of Vietnam 12624: 12623: 12394:Satsuma Rebellion 12374:Meiji Restoration 12351: 12350: 12161: 12160: 12099:Greater East Asia 11985:Political parties 11940:Foreign relations 11687: 11686: 11683: 11682: 11663: 11662: 11630:Vietnam (1930–31) 11615:Cilicia (1920–21) 11605:Vietnam (1918–21) 11600:Vietnam (1917–18) 11573: 11572: 11525:Rif War (1920–26) 11505:Morocco (1911–12) 11500:Casablanca (1907) 11476: 11475: 11374: 11373: 11334: 11333: 11296:Madagascar (1883) 11266:Algeria (1830–47) 11242: 11241: 11187: 11186: 11117: 11116: 11085: 11084: 11065: 11064: 11010: 11009: 10982:Senegal (1659–77) 10958: 10957: 10928: 10927: 10915:Florida (1562–65) 10855: 10854: 10786:Malayan Emergency 10696:Malabar rebellion 10557:Siege of Malakand 10503:Anglo-Manipur War 10359:Anglo-Persian War 9908:Anglo-Spanish War 9860:King George's War 9781:King Philip's War 9757:Anglo-Spanish War 9636: 9635: 9547: 9546: 9459:Treaty of Whampoa 9454:Treaty of Wanghia 9429:Treaty of Nanking 9399:Li–Lobanov Treaty 9374:Chefoo Convention 9369:Burlingame Treaty 9240:Kangxi Dictionary 9145:Old Summer Palace 8976:Firearm Battalion 8779:Cup of Solid Gold 8733: 8732: 8678:Manchurian plague 8641:Late Qing reforms 8632:(1901–1912) 8566:Sikkim expedition 8496:Panthay Rebellion 8466:Taiping Rebellion 8442:(1801–1900) 8420:Sino-Nepalese War 8365:Dzungar–Qing Wars 8351:(1683–1799) 8279:(1616–1683) 8035:978-0-8223-3151-3 8009:978-0-85045-335-5 7947:978-1-85367-409-9 7928:978-1-85367-410-5 7900:978-0-684-18951-2 7874:978-0-295-99400-0 7855:978-0-8156-0282-8 7838:978-1-86024-931-0 7815:978-1-59884-415-3 7767:978-0-7748-3778-1 7685:978-0-7425-5394-1 7634:978-0-78645-338-2 7615:978-0-393-93451-9 7576:978-1-5417-8833-6 7553:978-1-319-20892-9 7534:978-0-295-99748-3 7515:978-1-84119-490-5 7423:978-0-19-512504-7 7379:978-1-7368500-8-4 7254:978-1-4780-1016-6 7213:978-0-231-10651-1 7148:978-0-8061-4339-2 7099:55 Days at Peking 7083:978-0-231-07255-7 6788:978-0-7425-5395-8 6655:978-1-4346-7879-9 6607:978-962-209-857-2 6500:978-1-56324-724-8 6451:978-0-8047-2661-0 6368:978-0-567-06509-4 6258:978-94-6270-074-1 6160:978-1-317-47807-2 6059:978-0-404-51160-9 5969:Works related to 5879:978-0-295-80412-5 5797:978-0-547-00534-8 5581:Sawara Tokusuke, 5568:978-981-13-8211-6 5205:978-1-4008-7884-0 5178:978-1-84158-098-2 5096:978-962-209-881-7 5069:978-962-209-881-7 4876:Martin, W. A. P. 4863:Oliphant, Nigel, 4711:, pp. 84–85. 4695:978-0-674-12025-9 4658:978-90-04-28766-2 4551:978-0-399-11216-4 4450:978-0-521-14812-2 4399:, vol. 2, p. 446. 4331:978-0-679-40230-5 4308:, pp. 44–56. 4089:978-957-13-9199-1 4034:, pp. 12–13. 4010:, pp. 68–95. 3888:978-1-56324-724-8 3853:978-1-4733-8257-2 3687:978-0-521-14812-2 3529:(Eerdmans, 2003). 3499:978-0-674-92438-3 3471:"Boxer Rebellion" 3449:. Hammond. 1996. 3416:978-0-521-22029-3 3365:978-5-699-42397-2 3308:Harrington (2001) 3281:Xishiku Cathedral 3223: 3161:55 Days at Peking 2953:New Imperial Army 2906:Battle of Yangcun 2890:proto-nationalist 2807:Xinhai Revolution 2798:efforts to reform 2028:John Twiggs Myers 1970:International Gun 1682: 1681: 1658:The London Times 1426:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1375:Georg Maria Stenz 1285:Late Qing reforms 1222:North China Plain 1146:rendering support 1126: 1125: 1083: 1082: 985:Standard Mandarin 917: 916: 777: 776: 107: 106: 16:(Redirected from 16611: 16441: 16431: 16430: 16421: 16420: 16390:Martyrs of Turon 16340:Martyrs of Japan 16293: 16240:Eastern Orthodox 16223:persecuted group 15775: 15774: 15756:Genocide by ISIL 15691:Kosheh massacres 15661:Beer Hall Putsch 15547:Kucheng massacre 15542:Tianjin Massacre 15492:Martyrs of Japan 15381: 15380: 15350: 15343: 15336: 15327: 15326: 15237:Senussi campaign 15217: 15151: 15144: 15137: 15128: 15127: 15076:Military history 15035:Yemeni civil war 14968:Somali Civil War 14868:Second Opium War 14737:Homestead strike 14652:Shays' Rebellion 14626: 14619: 14612: 14603: 14602: 14473:Transnistria War 14418:War of Attrition 14324:Continuation War 14273: 14065:January Uprising 13906:Seven Years' War 13806:Time of Troubles 13772:Russo-Kazan Wars 13617:Russo-Kazan Wars 13549: 13548: 13517: 13510: 13503: 13494: 13493: 13410:Spanish–American 13330:Fashoda Incident 13206:Treaty of Björkö 13191:Treaty of Berlin 13125:Open Door Policy 13059:Eastern question 13006:Entente Cordiale 12912: 12905: 12898: 12889: 12888: 12847:Shinmin no Michi 12837:Internment camps 12749:French Indochina 12633: 12632: 12479:Taishō Democracy 12360: 12359: 12283:Japanese holdout 12170: 12169: 12094:Colonial Affairs 12028: 12027: 11955:Yokusan Sonendan 11861: 11853: 11845: 11829: 11828: 11755:Economic history 11714: 11707: 11700: 11691: 11690: 11665: 11664: 11645:Indochina (1945) 11575: 11574: 11485: 11484: 11376: 11375: 11356:Mexico (1838–39) 11336: 11335: 11251: 11250: 11189: 11188: 11119: 11118: 11094: 11093: 11067: 11066: 11027:Brazil (1612–15) 11012: 11011: 10987:Djidjelli (1664) 10967: 10966: 10950:Brazil (1590–04) 10945:Brazil (1555–67) 10930: 10929: 10900: 10899: 10882: 10875: 10868: 10859: 10858: 10804:Cyprus Emergency 10630:Maritz rebellion 10618:Tibet expedition 10551:Benin Expedition 10371:Indian Rebellion 10365:Second Opium War 10347:Eureka Rebellion 10323:British Honduras 10299:New Zealand Wars 9884:Seven Years' War 9830:Queen Anne's War 9663: 9656: 9649: 9640: 9639: 9613:New Qing History 9496:Qianlong Tongbao 9474: 9473: 9419:Treaty of Canton 9359:Unequal treaties 9165:Fuling Mausoleum 8764:Advisory Council 8693:Wuchang Uprising 8633: 8536:Tianjin Massacre 8501:Second Opium War 8443: 8405:Sino-Burmese War 8352: 8330:Battle of Penghu 8298:Seven Grievances 8280: 8273: 8272: 8252: 8245: 8238: 8229: 8228: 8210:, an excerpt of 8139: 8122:Martin, W. A. P. 8039: 8013: 7980: 7951: 7932: 7913: 7904: 7878: 7859: 7819: 7771: 7752: 7689: 7657: 7638: 7619: 7592: 7580: 7557: 7538: 7519: 7500: 7488: 7477: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7457: 7450: 7440: 7427: 7411: 7402: 7383: 7364: 7339: 7327: 7316: 7304: 7293: 7274: 7231: 7217: 7205: 7194: 7177: 7153: 7152: 7139:Sandalwood Death 7137:Mo, Yan (2013). 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7112: 7106: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7075: 7068:Liu, E (1990) . 7065: 7059: 7058: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6972: 6966: 6959: 6953: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6875: 6869: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6704: 6698: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6530: 6524: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6488: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6373: 6372: 6352: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6329:. Archived from 6327:"董福祥与西北马家军阀的的故事" 6323: 6317: 6316: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6186: 6180: 6177:Broomhall (1901) 6174: 6165: 6164: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6025:. Archived from 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5999:. Archived from 5993: 5987: 5984: 5978: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5945: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5716:Tiedemann, R. G. 5707: 5701: 5700: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5668: 5662: 5653: 5647: 5638: 5632: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5592: 5586: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5552: 5546: 5536: 5530: 5520: 5514: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5454:Tiedemann, R. G. 5450: 5444: 5442: 5435:Tiedemann, R. 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Archived from 3317: 3311: 3305: 3253:Sandalwood Death 3234:The Last Empress 3224: 3221: 3217: 3216:Pa Kuo lien chun 3207: 3198: 3077: 3069:On 6 June 1900, 2840:William McKinley 2814:Open Door Policy 2719: 2714: 2711:of fine silver ( 2703:China was fined 2381:Taiyuan massacre 2324:Pavel Mishchenko 2285:Treaty of Peking 2283:of 1858 and the 2178:Nikolai Linevich 2139:French Indochina 2131:Yamaguchi Motomi 2009:Amédée Forestier 1928: 1823:pincer movements 1678:110,000–140,000 1675:125,000–130,000 1646:Russian General 1634: 1630: 1575: 1574:fu Qing mie yang 1570: 1474:Second Opium War 1430:Tsar Nicholas II 1403: 1401:fu Qing mie yang 1398: 1397: 1233:Legation Quarter 1175:anti-imperialist 1152: instead of 1134: 1133: 1108: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1062: 1061: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1000: 999: 998:Yìhétuán yùndòng 976: 975: 962: 961: 948: 947: 922: 921: 877:2nd intervention 862:Taiyuan massacre 840:1st intervention 815: 813: 803: 796: 789: 780: 779: 751: 745: 733: 730:Russian troops: 727: 718: 709: 686: 685: 671: 670: 658: 648: 647: 633: 632: 618: 617: 606: 597: 590: 586: 575: 559: 558: 547: 546: 535: 534: 523: 522: 508:Pavel Mishchenko 506: 499: 495: 494: 482: 481: 467: 466: 458:Occupation Force 452: 451: 440: 439: 430:Yamaguchi Motomi 428: 427: 416: 415: 406:Nikolai Linevich 404: 403: 392: 391: 377: 376: 364:Claude MacDonald 362: 361: 336: 330: 328: 327: 317: 307: 301: 300: 290: 286: 284: 283: 275: 271: 269: 268: 260: 256: 254: 253: 241: 237: 235: 234: 226: 222: 220: 219: 211: 207: 205: 204: 196: 192: 190: 189: 181: 177: 175: 174: 166: 162: 160: 159: 151: 147: 145: 144: 133: 131: 130: 73: 72: 61: 41: 40: 21: 16619: 16618: 16614: 16613: 16612: 16610: 16609: 16608: 16529:Chinese Taoists 16464:Boxer Rebellion 16454: 16453: 16452: 16447: 16409: 16315:Chinese Martyrs 16287: 16286: 16278: 16222: 16216: 16044: 16034: 16020:Abubakar Shekau 15943: 15914:Tokugawa Ieyasu 15897: 15866: 15830: 15816:Maximinus Thrax 15789: 15770: 15760: 15651:Damour massacre 15646:Chouf massacres 15636:Istanbul pogrom 15616:Shusha massacre 15604:İzmit massacres 15574:Boxer Rebellion 15569:Candia massacre 15508: 15468: 15430: 15397: 15376: 15370: 15369: 15354: 15324: 15319: 15293: 15279:Boxer Rebellion 15267: 15251: 15220: 15207: 15161: 15155: 15125: 15120: 15039: 14898:Boxer Rebellion 14801: 14682:Bleeding Kansas 14640: 14633: 14630: 14600: 14595: 14567: 14508: 14502: 14493:War of Dagestan 14267: 14240:August Uprising 14109: 14103: 14092:Boxer Rebellion 14060:Amur Annexation 13861: 13855: 13759: 13753: 13734:War of Dagestan 13714:August Uprising 13668: 13590: 13540: 13521: 13491: 13486: 13425:Boxer Rebellion 13383: 13247: 13201:Treaty of Paris 13166: 13160: 13093:New Imperialism 13054:Ottoman decline 13037: 12984:Triple Alliance 12972: 12933:Austria-Hungary 12921: 12916: 12886: 12881: 12867:Yasukuni Shrine 12801: 12778: 12720: 12674: 12620: 12572:Tripartite Pact 12567:Rape of Nanking 12503: 12489:Tapani incident 12433: 12409:Boxer Rebellion 12367: 12347: 12311: 12302: 12251: 12242: 12177: 12157: 12151:Representatives 12119: 12116: 12115:Legislative and 12108: 12074:Foreign Affairs 12037: 12034: 12019: 11918: 11897:Government Seal 11882:Rising Sun Flag 11865: 11859: 11851: 11843: 11830: 11821: 11723: 11721:Empire of Japan 11718: 11688: 11679: 11659: 11620:Syria (1925–27) 11610:Syria (1919–21) 11569: 11472: 11453:Japan (1863–64) 11386:Moluccas (1810) 11370: 11330: 11238: 11214:India (1756–63) 11209:India (1749–54) 11204:India (1746–48) 11183: 11113: 11081: 11061: 11047:Texas (1685–89) 11006: 10954: 10924: 10891: 10886: 10856: 10851: 10792:Kenya Emergency 10598: 10592: 10587:Second Boer War 10581:Boxer Rebellion 10509:Pahang Uprising 10389:Ambela campaign 10311:Río de la Plata 10293:First Opium War 10275:Aden Expedition 10107:Río de la Plata 10069: 10063: 10034:Irish Rebellion 9926:First Carib War 9822: 9816: 9739:Confederate War 9733:Irish Rebellion 9683: 9677: 9667: 9637: 9632: 9628:Willow Palisade 9574:Chuang Guandong 9543: 9515: 9465: 9424:Treaty of Kulja 9409:Treaty of Aigun 9342: 9334: 9233:History of Ming 9185: 9179: 9117: 9111: 9037:Special regions 9032: 8971:Imperial Guards 8937: 8729: 8688:1911 Revolution 8634: 8631: 8624: 8601:Boxer Rebellion 8561:Sino-French War 8511:Amur Annexation 8456:First Opium War 8444: 8441: 8434: 8353: 8350: 8341: 8325:Great Clearance 8281: 8278: 8262: 8256: 8208:Wayback Machine 8170: 8070: 8036: 8010: 7994: 7948: 7929: 7901: 7875: 7856: 7826: 7816: 7790:Wayback Machine 7775:Purcell, Victor 7768: 7705:Wayback Machine 7686: 7670: 7665: 7663:Further reading 7660: 7654: 7635: 7616: 7577: 7554: 7535: 7516: 7497: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7448: 7424: 7399: 7380: 7361: 7336: 7313: 7290: 7255: 7214: 7162: 7157: 7156: 7149: 7135: 7131: 7121: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7096: 7092: 7084: 7066: 7062: 7055: 7041: 7037: 7027: 7025: 7013: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6993:, p. 223, n. 1. 6991:Thompson (2009) 6989: 6985: 6973: 6969: 6960: 6956: 6947: 6943: 6933: 6931: 6930:on 8 March 2006 6922: 6921: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6822:Bickers, Robert 6819: 6815: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6770: 6766: 6756: 6754: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6705: 6701: 6684: 6680: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6561: 6557: 6551:Esherick (1987) 6549: 6545: 6531: 6527: 6522:LewRockwell.com 6512: 6508: 6501: 6479: 6475: 6452: 6430: 6426: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6376: 6369: 6353: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6313: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6270: 6266: 6259: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6046: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6029:on 23 July 2011 6021: 6020: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5973:at Wikisource ( 5963: 5959: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5864: 5860: 5845: 5841: 5835:Driscoll (2020) 5833: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5782: 5778: 5772:Thompson (2009) 5770: 5766: 5760:Thompson (2009) 5758: 5754: 5748:Thompson (2009) 5746: 5742: 5731: 5727: 5708: 5704: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5671: 5665:Driscoll (2020) 5663: 5656: 5650:Driscoll (2020) 5648: 5641: 5635:Driscoll (2020) 5633: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5608:Driscoll (2020) 5606: 5602: 5593: 5589: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5553: 5549: 5537: 5533: 5523:Edgerton (1997) 5521: 5517: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5488: 5484: 5469: 5465: 5451: 5447: 5427: 5423: 5417:Esherick (1987) 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5393:Thompson (2009) 5391: 5387: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5328:Thompson (2009) 5326: 5322: 5312:Edgerton (1997) 5310: 5306: 5296:Edgerton (1997) 5294: 5290: 5280:Thompson (2009) 5278: 5271: 5261:Edgerton (1997) 5259: 5255: 5249:Thompson (2009) 5247: 5243: 5229: 5225: 5219:Thompson (2009) 5217: 5213: 5206: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5054: 5050: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4958: 4954: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4884: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4843: 4834: 4830: 4821: 4817: 4809:Weale, Putnam. 4808: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4752: 4748: 4736: 4727: 4721:Thompson (2009) 4719: 4715: 4709:Thompson (2009) 4707: 4703: 4696: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4643: 4639: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4574:Edgerton (1997) 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4482: 4478: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4435: 4431: 4421:Esherick (1987) 4419: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4290:Edgerton (1997) 4288: 4284: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4186: 4182: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4148:Thompson (2009) 4146: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4020:Thompson (2009) 4018: 4014: 4008:Esherick (1987) 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3984:Esherick (1987) 3982: 3978: 3972:Esherick (1987) 3970: 3966: 3960:Esherick (1987) 3958: 3954: 3943: 3939: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3910: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3840: 3833: 3827:Esherick (1987) 3825: 3821: 3811:Esherick (1987) 3809: 3805: 3797: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3768:Esherick (1987) 3766: 3762: 3756:Thompson (2009) 3754: 3750: 3739:Bickers, Robert 3736: 3732: 3726:Driscoll (2020) 3724: 3711: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3672: 3668: 3656: 3652: 3640: 3636: 3625: 3612: 3600: 3596: 3586:Esherick (1987) 3584: 3580: 3568: 3564: 3558:Thompson (2009) 3556: 3552: 3544: 3533: 3524: 3520: 3512:Nigel Dalziel, 3511: 3507: 3500: 3486: 3482: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3399: 3395: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3331:on 16 July 2014 3319: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3262: 3189:Boxer Rebellion 3170:Charlton Heston 3116: 3114:Media portrayal 3075: 3060: 2947: 2874: 2772: 2707:of 450,000,000 2705:war reparations 2678: 2639:Blagoveshchensk 2606:Pamela Crossley 2595:Grote Hutcheson 2421: 2416: 2408:Most Holy Synod 2348: 2328:Blagoveshchensk 2265: 2259: 2250: 2115: 2109: 2062: 2054:Edwin H. Conger 1865: 1859: 1850: 1790: 1784: 1723:Edwin H. Conger 1713:, known as the 1703: 1698: 1613: 1597:Guangxu Emperor 1414: 1320: 1298: 1293: 1163:Boxer Rebellion 1159: 1158: 1157: 1154:Manchu alphabet 1144:Without proper 1135: 1131: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1054:Tongyong Pinyin 1044: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 967:Literal meaning 925:Boxer Rebellion 920: 919: 918: 913: 830:Peking Legation 816: 812:Boxer Rebellion 811: 809: 807: 773: 754: 749: 744:100,000–300,000 743: 736: 731: 725: 716: 707: 680: 665: 654: 642: 627: 612: 581: 577:Emperor Guangxu 553: 541: 529: 517: 489: 488: 476: 461: 446: 434: 422: 410: 398: 386: 371: 356: 339: 334: 325: 323: 305: 295: 294: 293: 281: 279: 266: 264: 251: 249: 244: 239:Austria-Hungary 232: 230: 217: 215: 202: 200: 187: 185: 172: 170: 157: 155: 142: 140: 128: 126: 92: 62: 44:Boxer Rebellion 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16617: 16607: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16521: 16516: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16449: 16448: 16446: 16445: 16435: 16425: 16414: 16411: 16410: 16408: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16365:Uganda Martyrs 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16335:Korean Martyrs 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16296: 16294: 16280: 16279: 16277: 16276: 16271: 16270: 16269: 16264: 16254: 16253: 16252: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16226: 16224: 16218: 16217: 16215: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16162:Ottoman Empire 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16048: 16046: 16040: 16039: 16036: 16035: 16033: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15990:Vladimir Lenin 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15951: 15949: 15945: 15944: 15942: 15941: 15939:Queen Jeongsun 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15905: 15903: 15899: 15898: 15896: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15874: 15872: 15868: 15867: 15865: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15838: 15836: 15835:Late Antiquity 15832: 15831: 15829: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15797: 15795: 15791: 15790: 15788: 15787: 15781: 15779: 15772: 15766: 15765: 15762: 15761: 15759: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15676:Sumgait pogrom 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15641:Black Thursday 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15607: 15606: 15599:Greek genocide 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15579:Adana massacre 15576: 15571: 15566: 15565: 15564: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15518: 15516: 15510: 15509: 15507: 15506: 15501: 15500: 15499: 15489: 15484: 15478: 15476: 15470: 15469: 15467: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15440: 15438: 15432: 15431: 15429: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15407: 15405: 15399: 15398: 15396: 15395: 15389: 15387: 15378: 15372: 15371: 15368: 15367: 15362: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15345: 15338: 15330: 15321: 15320: 15318: 15317: 15312: 15301: 15299: 15295: 15294: 15292: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15275: 15273: 15269: 15268: 15266: 15265: 15259: 15257: 15253: 15252: 15250: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15228: 15226: 15222: 15221: 15219: 15218: 15210: 15208: 15206: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15169: 15167: 15163: 15162: 15159:Italian Empire 15154: 15153: 15146: 15139: 15131: 15122: 15121: 15119: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15091:Peace movement 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15047: 15045: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15037: 15032: 15031: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14809: 14807: 14803: 14802: 14800: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14742:Pullman Strike 14739: 14734: 14732:Coal Creek War 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14677:Dorr Rebellion 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14648: 14646: 14642: 14641: 14638: 14635: 14634: 14629: 14628: 14621: 14614: 14606: 14597: 14596: 14594: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14576:Russian Winter 14572: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14544: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14518: 14512: 14510: 14504: 14503: 14501: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14403:Vlora incident 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14354: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14342: 14341: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14315: 14314: 14304: 14299: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14231: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14194: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14173: 14168: 14166:Sochi conflict 14163: 14158: 14153: 14152: 14151: 14136: 14135: 14134: 14124: 14119: 14113: 14111: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14089: 14084: 14083: 14082: 14077: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14056: 14055: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14024: 14023: 14018: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13892: 13887: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13865: 13863: 13857: 13856: 13854: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13763: 13761: 13755: 13754: 13752: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13680: 13678: 13674: 13673: 13670: 13669: 13667: 13666: 13661: 13660: 13659: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13598: 13596: 13592: 13591: 13589: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13552: 13546: 13542: 13541: 13520: 13519: 13512: 13505: 13497: 13488: 13487: 13485: 13484: 13479: 13478: 13477: 13476: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13457: 13452: 13442: 13437: 13435:Russo-Japanese 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13400:Anglo-Egyptian 13397: 13391: 13389: 13385: 13384: 13382: 13381: 13376: 13374:Bosnian Crisis 13371: 13370: 13369: 13359: 13358: 13357: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13326: 13325: 13323:Austro-Italian 13320: 13319: 13318: 13313: 13298: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13255: 13253: 13249: 13248: 13246: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13224: 13223: 13221:Martens Clause 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13187: 13186: 13176: 13170: 13168: 13162: 13161: 13159: 13158: 13157: 13156: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13133: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13107: 13106: 13105: 13103:Egyptian Lever 13090: 13088:Pax Britannica 13085: 13084: 13083: 13073: 13072: 13071: 13069:Sovereign debt 13066: 13061: 13051: 13045: 13043: 13039: 13038: 13036: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13014: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12996:Triple Entente 12993: 12992: 12991: 12980: 12978: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12970: 12965: 12963:United Kingdom 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12929: 12927: 12923: 12922: 12915: 12914: 12907: 12900: 12892: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12803: 12802: 12800: 12799: 12798: 12797: 12786: 12784: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12730: 12728: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12718: 12713: 12711:State of Burma 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12682: 12680: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12639: 12637: 12630: 12626: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12618: 12613: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12532:Musha Incident 12529: 12524: 12522:Jinan incident 12519: 12513: 12511: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12455: 12454: 12443: 12441: 12435: 12434: 12432: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12379:Beipu uprising 12376: 12370: 12368: 12363: 12357: 12353: 12352: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12345: 12343:Treaty Faction 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12314: 12312: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12273:Imperial Guard 12270: 12265: 12260: 12254: 12252: 12247: 12244: 12243: 12241: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12214: 12213: 12198: 12197: 12196: 12191: 12180: 12178: 12173: 12167: 12163: 12162: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12148: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12122: 12120: 12113: 12110: 12109: 12107: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12040: 12038: 12033:Administration 12031: 12025: 12021: 12020: 12018: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11926: 11924: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11916: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11884: 11879: 11873: 11871: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11863: 11855: 11847: 11838: 11836: 11832: 11831: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11798: 11797: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11731: 11729: 11725: 11724: 11717: 11716: 11709: 11702: 11694: 11685: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11677: 11671: 11669: 11661: 11660: 11658: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11635:Vietnam (1940) 11632: 11627: 11625:Vietnam (1930) 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11595:Vietnam (1916) 11592: 11587: 11581: 11579: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11491: 11489: 11482: 11478: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11444: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11413: 11411:Tourane (1856) 11408: 11403: 11401:Tourane (1847) 11398: 11393: 11388: 11382: 11380: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11342: 11340: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11291:Tunisia (1881) 11288: 11283: 11278: 11276:Morocco (1844) 11273: 11268: 11263: 11257: 11255: 11248: 11244: 11243: 11240: 11239: 11237: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11195: 11193: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11125: 11123: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11111: 11109:Morocco (1765) 11106: 11100: 11098: 11091: 11087: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11077:Siam (1687–90) 11073: 11071: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11018: 11016: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 11002:Algiers (1688) 10999: 10997:Algiers (1683) 10994: 10992:Algiers (1682) 10989: 10984: 10979: 10977:Morocco (1629) 10973: 10971: 10964: 10960: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10936: 10934: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10922: 10920:Florida (1568) 10917: 10912: 10906: 10904: 10897: 10893: 10892: 10885: 10884: 10877: 10870: 10862: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10843: 10837: 10831: 10825: 10819: 10813: 10807: 10801: 10795: 10789: 10783: 10777: 10771: 10765: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10741: 10735: 10732:Barzani revolt 10729: 10723: 10717: 10711: 10705: 10699: 10693: 10687: 10681: 10675: 10669: 10663: 10657: 10651: 10645: 10639: 10633: 10627: 10621: 10615: 10609: 10602: 10600: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10590: 10584: 10578: 10572: 10569:Tirah campaign 10566: 10560: 10554: 10548: 10542: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10518: 10512: 10506: 10500: 10494: 10488: 10482: 10479:Central Africa 10476: 10470: 10464: 10458: 10452: 10449:First Boer War 10446: 10440: 10434: 10431:Anglo-Zulu War 10428: 10422: 10416: 10410: 10404: 10398: 10392: 10386: 10380: 10374: 10368: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10302: 10296: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10218: 10212: 10206: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10176: 10170: 10164: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10140: 10134: 10128: 10122: 10119:Froberg mutiny 10116: 10110: 10104: 10098: 10092: 10086: 10080: 10073: 10071: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10061: 10055: 10049: 10043: 10037: 10031: 10025: 10019: 10013: 10007: 10001: 9995: 9989: 9983: 9977: 9971: 9965: 9959: 9953: 9947: 9941: 9935: 9929: 9923: 9917: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9875: 9869: 9863: 9857: 9851: 9845: 9839: 9833: 9826: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9808: 9802: 9799:Williamite War 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9730: 9724: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9687: 9685: 9679: 9678: 9675:British Empire 9666: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9643: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9583: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9555: 9553: 9549: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9525: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9491:Kangxi Tongbao 9488: 9482: 9480: 9471: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9364:Boxer Protocol 9356: 9351: 9345: 9343: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9294: 9289: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9236: 9229: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9212: 9207: 9200: 9195: 9189: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9130:Forbidden City 9127: 9121: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9093:General of Ili 9090: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9076:List of ambans 9073: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9051: 9046: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8947: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8878: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8743: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8669: 8668: 8663: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8637: 8635: 8630: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8610: 8609: 8608: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8541:Margary Affair 8538: 8533: 8531:Mudan incident 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8471:Nian Rebellion 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8447: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8356: 8354: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8284: 8282: 8277: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8255: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8219: 8198: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8169: 8168:External links 8166: 8165: 8164: 8154: 8142: 8141: 8129: 8119: 8105: 8095: 8088: 8078: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8054: 8047: 8040: 8034: 8021: 8014: 8008: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7981: 7963:(4): 150–160. 7952: 7946: 7933: 7927: 7914: 7905: 7899: 7886: 7879: 7873: 7860: 7854: 7841: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7814: 7799: 7792: 7783:online edition 7772: 7766: 7753: 7735:(2): 201–226. 7724: 7714: 7707: 7690: 7684: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7652: 7639: 7633: 7620: 7614: 7601: 7581: 7575: 7558: 7552: 7539: 7533: 7520: 7514: 7501: 7495: 7478: 7469: 7441: 7428: 7422: 7403: 7397: 7384: 7378: 7365: 7359: 7347:Fleming, Peter 7343: 7334: 7317: 7311: 7294: 7288: 7275: 7253: 7232: 7218: 7212: 7195: 7178: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7147: 7129: 7107: 7090: 7082: 7060: 7053: 7035: 7007: 6995: 6983: 6967: 6954: 6941: 6915: 6892: 6870: 6853: 6841: 6834: 6813: 6794: 6787: 6764: 6734: 6716: 6713:. p. 103. 6699: 6678: 6661: 6654: 6634: 6622: 6613: 6606: 6582: 6575: 6555: 6553:, p. xiv. 6543: 6525: 6516:(7 July 2005) 6506: 6499: 6473: 6450: 6424: 6420:Hammond (2023) 6409: 6407:, p. 273. 6405:Schuman (2021) 6397: 6393:Hammond (2023) 6374: 6367: 6344: 6318: 6311: 6291: 6284: 6264: 6257: 6235: 6228: 6208: 6201: 6181: 6166: 6159: 6139: 6127: 6119:Preston (2000) 6111: 6097: 6077: 6065: 6058: 6040: 6014: 6003:on 3 July 2011 5997:"封建蒙昧主义与义和团运动" 5988: 5979: 5957: 5932: 5923: 5921:, p. 110. 5911: 5892: 5878: 5858: 5839: 5837:, p. 215. 5827: 5823:Preston (2000) 5815: 5813:, p. 184. 5803: 5796: 5776: 5764: 5752: 5740: 5725: 5702: 5684: 5680:Preston (2000) 5669: 5667:, p. 217. 5654: 5652:, p. 216. 5639: 5637:, p. 213. 5624: 5622:, p. 185. 5612: 5610:, p. 212. 5600: 5587: 5574: 5567: 5547: 5531: 5515: 5499: 5482: 5463: 5460:. p. 125. 5445: 5421: 5409: 5397: 5395:, p. 184. 5385: 5368: 5364:Preston (2000) 5356: 5352:Schuman (2021) 5344: 5340:Fleming (1959) 5332: 5330:, p. 177. 5320: 5304: 5288: 5269: 5253: 5241: 5223: 5211: 5204: 5184: 5177: 5157: 5131: 5114: 5112:, p. 226. 5110:Fleming (1959) 5102: 5095: 5075: 5068: 5048: 5030: 5007: 5005:, p. 499. 5003:Elliott (2002) 4995: 4979: 4972: 4952: 4936: 4924: 4922:, p. 135. 4912: 4897: 4893:Fleming (1959) 4882: 4869: 4856: 4841: 4828: 4815: 4802: 4790: 4764: 4746: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4694: 4676: 4664: 4657: 4637: 4621: 4606: 4602:Preston (2002) 4594: 4590:Preston (2002) 4582: 4566: 4557: 4550: 4530: 4523: 4503: 4496: 4476: 4456: 4449: 4429: 4413: 4409:Preston (2000) 4401: 4389: 4377: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4330: 4310: 4298: 4282: 4272:Weale, B. L. ( 4265: 4250: 4243: 4223: 4216: 4196: 4180: 4172:Elliott (2002) 4164: 4160:Preston (2000) 4152: 4137: 4135:, p. 272. 4133:Schuman (2021) 4125: 4110: 4095: 4088: 4063: 4061:, p. 114. 4051: 4047:Hammond (2023) 4036: 4032:Hammond (2023) 4024: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3974:, p. 253. 3964: 3952: 3937: 3919: 3901: 3887: 3859: 3852: 3846:. Read Books. 3831: 3819: 3803: 3801:, p. 270. 3799:Schuman (2021) 3784: 3782:, p. 271. 3780:Schuman (2021) 3772: 3760: 3748: 3730: 3728:, p. 211. 3709: 3701:Preston (2000) 3693: 3686: 3666: 3650: 3634: 3610: 3594: 3578: 3562: 3550: 3548:, p. 131. 3546:Hammond (2023) 3531: 3518: 3505: 3498: 3480: 3462: 3455: 3438: 3422: 3415: 3393: 3371: 3364: 3342: 3312: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3230: 3181: 3158:The 1963 film 3156: 3115: 3112: 3059: 3056: 3015:mainland China 2992:Robert Bickers 2931:Vladimir Lenin 2873: 2870: 2836:Walter LaFeber 2834:The historian 2771: 2768: 2686:Boxer Protocol 2677: 2674: 2454:Right Division 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2347: 2344: 2261:Main article: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2196:Smedley Butler 2155:Herbert Hoover 2123:Alfred Gaselee 2111:Main article: 2108: 2105: 2068:Boxer soldiers 2061: 2058: 1990:Hanlin Academy 1962:Forbidden City 1941:at Wuhan, and 1933:at Guangzhou, 1861:Main article: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1786:Main article: 1783: 1780: 1760:Abdul Hamid II 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1660:(Zhili alone) 1656: 1654:(Zhili alone) 1650: 1644: 1640:The Boards of 1638: 1612: 1609: 1422:Queen Victoria 1413: 1410: 1355:Cao Prefecture 1319: 1316: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1273:Boxer Protocol 1200:Following the 1179:anti-Christian 1167:Boxer Uprising 1148:, you may see 1136: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1008: 1002: 1001: 994: 988: 987: 981: 980: 979:Transcriptions 972: 971: 968: 964: 963: 956: 950: 949: 942: 936: 935: 931: 930: 927: 926: 915: 914: 909:Boxer Protocol 905: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 848: 847: 837: 832: 827: 821: 818: 817: 806: 805: 798: 791: 783: 775: 774: 772: 771: 768: 764: 761: 760: 756: 755: 753: 752: 746: 739: 737: 735: 734: 728: 719: 710: 700: 697: 696: 692: 691: 690: 678: 675: 663: 660: 640: 639:Tenacious Army 637: 625: 622: 610: 607: 591: 579: 569: 565: 564: 563: 551: 539: 527: 515: 510: 500: 486: 474: 471: 459: 456: 444: 432: 420: 408: 396: 394:Alfred Gaselee 384: 381: 379:Edward Seymour 369: 366: 354: 352: 346: 345: 341: 340: 338: 337: 321: 319:Boxer movement 310: 308: 292: 291: 276: 261: 245: 243: 242: 227: 212: 197: 182: 167: 152: 137: 135:British Empire 124: 122: 114: 113: 109: 108: 105: 104: 98: 94: 93: 87: 85: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 54: 53: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16616: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16539:Eight Banners 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16494:1901 in China 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16484:1900 in China 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16474:1899 in China 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16461: 16459: 16444: 16440: 16436: 16434: 16426: 16424: 16416: 16415: 16412: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16325:Drina Martyrs 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16305:Saint Stephen 16303: 16301: 16298: 16297: 16295: 16291: 16285: 16281: 16275: 16272: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16259: 16258: 16255: 16251: 16248: 16247: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16227: 16225: 16219: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16092:German Empire 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16049: 16047: 16041: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15995:Joseph Stalin 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15952: 15950: 15946: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15906: 15904: 15900: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15878:Al-Mutawakkil 15876: 15875: 15873: 15869: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15837: 15833: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15798: 15796: 15792: 15786: 15783: 15782: 15780: 15776: 15773: 15767: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 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15337: 15332: 15331: 15328: 15316: 15313: 15310: 15306: 15303: 15302: 15300: 15296: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15276: 15274: 15270: 15264: 15261: 15260: 15258: 15256:South America 15254: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15223: 15216: 15212: 15211: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15164: 15160: 15152: 15147: 15145: 15140: 15138: 15133: 15132: 15129: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15111:War on terror 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15048: 15046: 15042: 15036: 15033: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15010: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14810: 14808: 14804: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14647: 14643: 14636: 14627: 14622: 14620: 14615: 14613: 14608: 14607: 14604: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14573: 14570: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14542: 14541:2022 invasion 14539: 14537: 14536:War in Donbas 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14523: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14513: 14511: 14505: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14373:Ili Rebellion 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14340: 14337: 14336: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14313: 14310: 14309: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14294: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14271: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14178: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14150: 14147: 14146: 14145: 14142: 14141: 14140: 14137: 14133: 14130: 14129: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14112: 14106: 14098: 14095: 14094: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14072: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14054: 14051: 14050: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14013: 14012: 14011:Caucasian War 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13858: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13756: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13675: 13665: 13662: 13658: 13655: 13654: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13599: 13597: 13593: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13553: 13550: 13547: 13543: 13538: 13534: 13530: 13526: 13518: 13513: 13511: 13506: 13504: 13499: 13498: 13495: 13483: 13480: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13447: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13440:Italo-Turkish 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13395:Russo-Turkish 13393: 13392: 13390: 13386: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13368: 13367:Treaty of Fes 13365: 13364: 13363: 13362:Agadir Crisis 13360: 13356: 13353: 13352: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13324: 13321: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13311: 13307: 13306: 13305: 13302: 13301: 13299: 13297: 13296: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13250: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13222: 13219: 13218: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13185: 13182: 13181: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13171: 13169: 13163: 13155: 13152: 13151: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13112: 13111: 13108: 13104: 13101: 13100: 13099: 13096: 13095: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13074: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13040: 13034: 13033:Balkan League 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12998: 12997: 12994: 12990: 12989:Dual Alliance 12987: 12986: 12985: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12975: 12969: 12968:United States 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12928: 12924: 12920: 12913: 12908: 12906: 12901: 12899: 12894: 12893: 12890: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12822:Fukoku kyōhei 12820: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12808: 12796: 12793: 12792: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12731: 12729: 12727: 12723: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12679:Puppet states 12677: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12650: 12649: 12644: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12634: 12631: 12627: 12617: 12614: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12506: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12448: 12445: 12444: 12442: 12440: 12436: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12361: 12358: 12354: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12338:Fleet Faction 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12318:General Staff 12316: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12305: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12258:General Staff 12256: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12245: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12212: 12211:military code 12210: 12206: 12205: 12204: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12171: 12168: 12164: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12143: 12142: 12141:Imperial Diet 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12131:Privy Council 12129: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12111: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12049:Home Ministry 12047: 12045: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12029: 12026: 12022: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11927: 11925: 11921: 11915: 11912: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11892:Imperial Seal 11890: 11889: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11877:Flag of Japan 11875: 11874: 11872: 11868: 11862: 11856: 11854: 11848: 11846: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11833: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11792: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11715: 11710: 11708: 11703: 11701: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11676: 11673: 11672: 11670: 11666: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11576: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11486: 11483: 11479: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11418: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11377: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11337: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11258: 11256: 11252: 11249: 11245: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11190: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11126: 11124: 11120: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11095: 11092: 11088: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11068: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11013: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10968: 10965: 10961: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10940:Brazil (1531) 10938: 10937: 10935: 10933:South America 10931: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10903:North America 10901: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10883: 10878: 10876: 10871: 10869: 10864: 10863: 10860: 10847: 10844: 10841: 10838: 10835: 10832: 10829: 10826: 10823: 10820: 10817: 10814: 10811: 10808: 10805: 10802: 10799: 10796: 10793: 10790: 10787: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10775: 10772: 10769: 10766: 10763: 10760: 10757: 10754: 10751: 10748: 10745: 10742: 10739: 10736: 10733: 10730: 10727: 10724: 10721: 10720:Ikhwan revolt 10718: 10715: 10712: 10709: 10706: 10703: 10700: 10697: 10694: 10691: 10688: 10685: 10682: 10679: 10676: 10673: 10670: 10667: 10664: 10661: 10658: 10655: 10652: 10649: 10646: 10643: 10640: 10637: 10634: 10631: 10628: 10625: 10622: 10619: 10616: 10613: 10610: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10595: 10588: 10585: 10582: 10579: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10561: 10558: 10555: 10552: 10549: 10546: 10543: 10540: 10537: 10534: 10531: 10528: 10525: 10522: 10519: 10516: 10513: 10510: 10507: 10504: 10501: 10498: 10495: 10492: 10489: 10486: 10483: 10480: 10477: 10474: 10471: 10468: 10465: 10462: 10459: 10456: 10453: 10450: 10447: 10444: 10441: 10438: 10435: 10432: 10429: 10426: 10423: 10420: 10417: 10414: 10411: 10408: 10405: 10402: 10399: 10396: 10393: 10390: 10387: 10384: 10381: 10378: 10375: 10372: 10369: 10366: 10363: 10360: 10357: 10354: 10351: 10348: 10345: 10342: 10339: 10336: 10333: 10330: 10327: 10324: 10321: 10318: 10315: 10312: 10309: 10306: 10303: 10300: 10297: 10294: 10291: 10288: 10285: 10282: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10270: 10267: 10264: 10261: 10258: 10255: 10252: 10249: 10246: 10243: 10240: 10237: 10234: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10222: 10219: 10216: 10213: 10210: 10207: 10204: 10201: 10198: 10195: 10192: 10189: 10186: 10183: 10180: 10177: 10174: 10171: 10168: 10167:Spice Islands 10165: 10162: 10159: 10156: 10153: 10150: 10147: 10144: 10141: 10138: 10135: 10132: 10129: 10126: 10125:Santo Domingo 10123: 10120: 10117: 10114: 10111: 10108: 10105: 10102: 10099: 10096: 10093: 10090: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10078: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10066: 10059: 10056: 10053: 10050: 10047: 10044: 10041: 10038: 10035: 10032: 10029: 10026: 10023: 10020: 10017: 10014: 10011: 10008: 10005: 10002: 9999: 9996: 9993: 9990: 9987: 9984: 9981: 9978: 9975: 9972: 9969: 9966: 9963: 9960: 9957: 9954: 9951: 9948: 9945: 9942: 9939: 9936: 9933: 9930: 9927: 9924: 9921: 9918: 9915: 9914:Pontiac's War 9912: 9909: 9906: 9903: 9900: 9897: 9894: 9891: 9888: 9885: 9882: 9879: 9876: 9873: 9870: 9867: 9866:Carnatic Wars 9864: 9861: 9858: 9855: 9852: 9849: 9846: 9843: 9840: 9837: 9836:Tuscarora War 9834: 9831: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9819: 9812: 9809: 9806: 9803: 9800: 9797: 9794: 9791: 9788: 9785: 9782: 9779: 9776: 9773: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9761: 9758: 9755: 9752: 9749: 9746: 9743: 9740: 9737: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9722: 9719: 9716: 9713: 9710: 9707: 9704: 9701: 9698: 9695: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9664: 9659: 9657: 9652: 9650: 9645: 9644: 9641: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9603:Manchu people 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9584: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9569:Canton System 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9534:Hubu Guanpiao 9532: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9518: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9475: 9472: 9468: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9337: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9299: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9266: 9264: 9263: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9184:Society & 9182: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9150:Summer Palace 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9140:Mukden Palace 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9116:Palaces & 9114: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9029: 9026: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8956:Eight Banners 8954: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8931: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8809:Grand Council 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8629:20th century 8627: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8614: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8439:19th century 8437: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8323: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8265: 8260: 8253: 8248: 8246: 8241: 8239: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8162: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8048: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8031: 8027: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8005: 8001: 7996: 7995: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7940:. Stackpole. 7939: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7921:. Stackpole. 7920: 7915: 7911: 7906: 7902: 7896: 7892: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7817: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7769: 7763: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7722: 7721:History Today 7718: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7698:online review 7695: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7677: 7672: 7671: 7655: 7653:0-7007-1563-0 7649: 7645: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7626: 7621: 7617: 7611: 7607: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7568: 7567:PublicAffairs 7564: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7507: 7502: 7498: 7496:0-8027-1361-0 7492: 7487: 7486: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7454: 7447: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7429: 7425: 7419: 7415: 7410: 7404: 7400: 7398:1-84176-181-8 7394: 7390: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7371: 7366: 7362: 7360:0-88029-462-0 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7342: 7337: 7335:0-520-06459-3 7331: 7326: 7325: 7318: 7314: 7312:0-393-04085-2 7308: 7303: 7302: 7295: 7291: 7289:962-201-973-0 7285: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7204: 7203: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7150: 7144: 7140: 7133: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7094: 7085: 7079: 7074: 7073: 7064: 7056: 7054:1-85367-409-5 7050: 7046: 7039: 7024: 7020: 7019: 7011: 7004: 6999: 6992: 6987: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6964: 6961:Jane Elliot, 6958: 6951: 6945: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6903: 6896: 6880: 6874: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6850: 6845: 6837: 6835:0-7190-4697-1 6831: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6798: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6712: 6711: 6703: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6674: 6673: 6665: 6657: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6638: 6632:, p. 59. 6631: 6626: 6617: 6609: 6603: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6592:Kerr, Douglas 6586: 6578: 6576:0-7914-6319-2 6572: 6568: 6567: 6559: 6552: 6547: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6514:Woods, Thomas 6510: 6502: 6496: 6492: 6487: 6486: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6422:, p. 15. 6421: 6416: 6414: 6406: 6401: 6395:, p. 14. 6394: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6370: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6351: 6349: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6314: 6312:0-295-97644-6 6308: 6304: 6303: 6295: 6287: 6285:90-5867-365-0 6281: 6277: 6276: 6268: 6260: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6229:90-5867-365-0 6225: 6221: 6220: 6212: 6204: 6202:90-5867-418-5 6198: 6194: 6193: 6185: 6178: 6173: 6171: 6162: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6100: 6098:90-247-2721-9 6094: 6090: 6089: 6081: 6075:, p. 55. 6074: 6069: 6061: 6055: 6051: 6044: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5983: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5936: 5927: 5920: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5881: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5780: 5773: 5768: 5761: 5756: 5749: 5744: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5698: 5696: 5688: 5681: 5676: 5674: 5666: 5661: 5659: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5621: 5616: 5609: 5604: 5597: 5591: 5584: 5578: 5570: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5551: 5544: 5540: 5539:Rhoads (2000) 5535: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5512: 5508: 5507:Rhoads (2000) 5503: 5495: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5407:, p. 51. 5406: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5381: 5380: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5221:, p. 96. 5220: 5215: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5188: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5161: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5127: 5126: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5079: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4975: 4973:0-415-21474-2 4969: 4965: 4964: 4956: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4934:, p. 54. 4933: 4928: 4921: 4920:Conger (1909) 4916: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4879: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4838: 4832: 4825: 4819: 4812: 4806: 4799: 4794: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4743: 4739: 4738:Rhoads (2000) 4734: 4732: 4730: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4705: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4641: 4634: 4630: 4629:Rhoads (2000) 4625: 4618: 4613: 4611: 4604:, p. 79. 4603: 4598: 4592:, p. 87. 4591: 4586: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4561: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4534: 4526: 4524:0-374-97752-6 4520: 4516: 4515: 4507: 4499: 4497:0-470-86426-5 4493: 4489: 4488: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4433: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4359:, p. 18. 4358: 4353: 4347:, p. 12. 4346: 4341: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4314: 4307: 4306:Thompson 2009 4302: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4254: 4246: 4244:0-19-513618-7 4240: 4236: 4235: 4227: 4219: 4217:0-7864-1488-X 4213: 4209: 4208: 4200: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4162:, p. 70. 4161: 4156: 4150:, p. 42. 4149: 4144: 4142: 4134: 4129: 4122: 4121:Powell (1955) 4117: 4115: 4107: 4106:Powell (1955) 4102: 4100: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4068: 4060: 4055: 4049:, p. 13. 4048: 4043: 4041: 4033: 4028: 4022:, p. 12. 4021: 4016: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3996:Spence (2012) 3992: 3986:, p. 32. 3985: 3980: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3948: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3915: 3908: 3906: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3863: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3781: 3776: 3770:, p. 77. 3769: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3670: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3509: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3458: 3456:9780843711493 3452: 3448: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3346: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3310:, p. 29. 3309: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3218: 3212: 3208: 3206:bāguó liánjūn 3202: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3185:Shaw Brothers 3182: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3168:and starring 3167: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3135: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2972: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2936:Amurskii Krai 2932: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2783:grew for the 2776: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2745:Hudson Taylor 2736: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2698:Komura Jutaro 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2492: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2431: 2425: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2404:Archimandrite 2401: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2311:of 1895, the 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2264: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1960:south of the 1959: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939:Zhang Zhidong 1937:in Shandong, 1936: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886:Grand Council 1882: 1878: 1869: 1864: 1854: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1550:, Japan over 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493:Juye Incident 1489: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1324: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1300:According to 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1097: 1095: 1094:Manchu script 1091: 1086: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1009: 1007: 1003: 995: 993: 989: 986: 982: 977: 973: 969: 965: 957: 955: 951: 943: 941: 937: 932: 928: 923: 912: 911: 910: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 846: 843: 842: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 825:Senluo Temple 823: 822: 819: 814: 804: 799: 797: 792: 790: 785: 784: 781: 769: 766: 765: 762: 757: 748:Qing troops: 747: 741: 740: 738: 729: 723: 720: 714: 711: 705: 702: 701: 699: 698: 693: 689: 684: 679: 676: 674: 669: 664: 662:Resolute Army 661: 659: 657: 651: 646: 641: 638: 636: 631: 626: 623: 621: 616: 611: 608: 605: 600: 596: 592: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 567: 566: 562: 561:Zhang Zhidong 557: 552: 550: 545: 540: 538: 533: 528: 526: 521: 516: 514: 511: 509: 505: 501: 498: 493: 487: 485: 480: 475: 472: 470: 465: 460: 457: 455: 450: 445: 443: 438: 433: 431: 426: 421: 419: 414: 409: 407: 402: 397: 395: 390: 385: 382: 380: 375: 370: 367: 365: 360: 355: 353: 350: 349: 348: 347: 342: 335:(before 1900) 333: 322: 320: 316: 312: 311: 309: 304: 299: 289: 277: 274: 262: 259: 247: 246: 240: 228: 225: 213: 210: 209:United States 198: 195: 183: 180: 168: 165: 153: 150: 138: 136: 125: 123: 121: 118: 117: 116: 115: 110: 102: 99: 96: 95: 91: 88:North China, 86: 83: 82: 78: 75: 74: 70: 66: 63:A company of 60: 55: 52: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 16182:Soviet Union 16172:Saudi Arabia 16097:Nazi Germany 16000:Adolf Hitler 15985:Three Pashas 15955:Ranavalona I 15902:Early modern 15794:Roman Empire 15666:Eastern Bloc 15611:Cristero War 15573: 15474:Early modern 15403:Roman Empire 15278: 15225:North Africa 14923:World War II 14897: 14717:Hamburg riot 14292:World War II 14091: 13816:Smolensk War 13782:Livonian War 13424: 13308: 13304:Anglo-German 13293: 13165:Treaties and 12926:Great powers 12810:Other topics 12646: 12484:Taishō Roman 12408: 12238:Conscription 12208: 12200: 12175:Armed Forces 12035:(ministries) 11935:Charter Oath 11930:Constitution 11812:State Shinto 11795:Essentialism 11745:Demographics 11584: 11481:20th century 11458:Korea (1866) 11247:19th century 11090:18th century 10963:17th century 10896:16th century 10690:Iraqi Revolt 10580: 10545:Matabeleland 10521:North Borneo 10515:Matabeleland 10467:Saskatchewan 10269:Upper Canada 10263:Lower Canada 10221:Persian Gulf 10137:Persian Gulf 10077:Newfoundland 10058:Polygar Wars 10028:Kandyan Wars 9980:Nootka Sound 9623:Treaty ports 9585: 9578: 9552:Other topics 9325: 9318: 9296: 9284: 9267: 9262:Peiwen Yunfu 9260: 9238: 9231: 9202: 8951:Beiyang Army 8933:Zongli Yamen 8789:Da-Qing Bank 8606:Red Lanterns 8600: 8259:Qing dynasty 8215: 8160: 8149: 8134: 8125: 8115: 8111: 8108:Loti, Pierre 8101: 8091: 8084: 8074: 8057: 8050: 8043: 8025: 8018:Modern China 8017: 7999: 7984: 7960: 7956: 7937: 7918: 7909: 7890: 7882: 7864: 7845: 7830: 7804: 7795: 7778: 7757: 7732: 7728: 7720: 7710: 7693: 7675: 7643: 7624: 7605: 7588: 7565:. New York: 7562: 7543: 7524: 7508:. Robinson. 7505: 7484: 7473: 7460:. Retrieved 7453:the original 7436: 7413: 7388: 7369: 7350: 7323: 7300: 7279: 7263:j.ctv1931h82 7236: 7226: 7201: 7182: 7172: 7138: 7132: 7120:. Retrieved 7110: 7098: 7093: 7071: 7063: 7044: 7038: 7026:. Retrieved 7017: 7010: 7003:Smith (1901) 6998: 6986: 6975:Xiang (2003) 6970: 6962: 6957: 6949: 6944: 6932:. Retrieved 6928:the original 6918: 6906:. Retrieved 6895: 6883:. Retrieved 6873: 6865: 6862:Douglas Kerr 6856: 6849:Cohen (1997) 6844: 6825: 6816: 6807: 6797: 6777: 6767: 6755:. Retrieved 6746: 6737: 6729:marxists.org 6728: 6719: 6709: 6702: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6671: 6664: 6644: 6637: 6625: 6616: 6596: 6585: 6565: 6558: 6546: 6536: 6528: 6509: 6484: 6476: 6433: 6427: 6400: 6357: 6335:. Retrieved 6331:the original 6321: 6301: 6294: 6274: 6267: 6248: 6238: 6218: 6211: 6191: 6184: 6149: 6142: 6130: 6114: 6102:. Retrieved 6087: 6080: 6073:Cohen (1997) 6068: 6049: 6043: 6031:. Retrieved 6027:the original 6017: 6005:. Retrieved 6001:the original 5991: 5982: 5960: 5947: 5935: 5926: 5919:Chang (1956) 5914: 5901: 5895: 5883:. Retrieved 5868: 5861: 5848: 5842: 5830: 5818: 5811:Cohen (1997) 5806: 5786: 5779: 5767: 5755: 5743: 5734: 5728: 5719: 5705: 5694: 5687: 5620:Cohen (1997) 5615: 5603: 5595: 5590: 5582: 5577: 5557: 5550: 5534: 5518: 5502: 5485: 5474: 5466: 5457: 5448: 5438: 5424: 5412: 5405:Cohen (1997) 5400: 5388: 5378: 5371: 5359: 5347: 5335: 5323: 5307: 5291: 5256: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5214: 5194: 5187: 5167: 5160: 5148:. Retrieved 5144:the original 5134: 5124: 5117: 5105: 5085: 5078: 5058: 5051: 5043:the original 5033: 5017:Qing shi gao 5016: 5010: 4998: 4987:Xiang (2003) 4982: 4962: 4955: 4944:Cohen (1997) 4939: 4932:Cohen (1997) 4927: 4915: 4906: 4900: 4877: 4872: 4864: 4859: 4836: 4831: 4823: 4818: 4810: 4805: 4798:Smith (1901) 4793: 4781:. 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Retrieved 3329:the original 3324: 3315: 3252: 3232: 3214: 3204: 3188: 3166:Nicholas Ray 3164:directed by 3159: 3150: 3140: 3093: 3084: 3070: 3068: 3061: 3024: 3012: 3000:Yellow Peril 2989: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2935: 2922: 2899: 2887: 2861: 2854: 2845: 2833: 2811: 2795: 2784: 2781: 2764: 2760:Dong Fuxiang 2749: 2741: 2722: 2702: 2694:Ernest Satow 2683: 2679: 2660:and Captain 2647: 2599: 2590:E. J. 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Penguin. 3703:, p. 3660:, p. 3604:, p. 3572:, p. 3432:, p. 3388:Kommersant 3287:References 3239:Anchee Min 3227:Chang Cheh 3211:Wade–Giles 3123:US Marines 3039:Mao Zedong 3008:Red Guards 2918:Chen Duxiu 2791:Kuomintang 2641:until the 2559:Mark Twain 2470:Alute clan 2293:Amur River 2213:Hushenying 2147:Dagu Forts 2101:Krupp guns 1894:Dagu Forts 1734:Taku Forts 1542:, most of 1520:Great Wall 1432:(Russia), 1368:Paul Cohen 1291:Background 1038:Wade–Giles 852:Taku Forts 677:Gansu Army 624:Hushenying 90:Yellow Sea 16559:Shamanism 16262:Armenians 16235:Catholics 16107:Indonesia 15929:Minh Mạng 15862:Athanaric 15857:Shapur II 15785:Agrippa I 14823:Quasi-War 14712:Range War 14053:Åland War 14021:Murid War 13860:18th–19th 13130:Meiji era 12977:Alliances 12817:Sonnō jōi 12769:Singapore 12754:Hong Kong 12716:Azad Hind 12691:Mengjiang 12686:Manchukuo 12660:Kantō-shū 12602:Surrender 12509:Shōwa era 12494:Truku War 12365:Meiji era 12333:Tokkeitai 12298:Kempeitai 12209:Senjinkun 12126:Daijō-kan 12089:Munitions 11970:Mokusatsu 11760:Education 10846:Falklands 10842:(1963–67) 10836:(1962–66) 10830:(1962–90) 10818:(1962–76) 10806:(1955–59) 10800:(1954–59) 10794:(1952–60) 10788:(1948–60) 10782:(1946–50) 10774:Indonesia 10770:(1945–46) 10768:Indochina 10764:(1944–48) 10752:(1936–39) 10746:(1936–39) 10734:(1931–32) 10728:(1930–31) 10722:(1927–30) 10704:(1922–24) 10702:Kurdistan 10686:(1919–20) 10662:(1916–17) 10642:Nyasaland 10638:(1914–15) 10632:(1914–15) 10620:(1903–04) 10614:(1901–02) 10608:(1900–20) 10571:(1897–98) 10565:(1897–98) 10547:(1896–97) 10517:(1893–94) 10481:(1886–89) 10457:(1881–99) 10451:(1880–81) 10445:(1880–81) 10439:(1879–80) 10427:(1875–76) 10413:Abyssinia 10409:(1866–71) 10403:(1864–65) 10391:(1863–64) 10383:Kagoshima 10379:(1857–58) 10373:(1857–59) 10367:(1856–60) 10361:(1856–57) 10355:(1854–56) 10353:Åland War 10337:(1848–49) 10313:(1845–50) 10307:(1845–46) 10301:(1845–72) 10295:(1839–42) 10289:(1839–42) 10283:(1839–41) 10271:(1837–38) 10265:(1837–38) 10259:(1831–33) 10253:(1831–32) 10247:(1828–32) 10241:(1824–26) 10217:(1817–18) 10193:(1814–16) 10187:(1812–15) 10181:(1811–79) 10175:(1810–11) 10155:Mauritius 10127:(1808–09) 10109:(1806–07) 10085:(1803–05) 10048:(1798–99) 10018:(1795–96) 10012:(1795–96) 9988:(1789–92) 9964:(1781–82) 9958:(1779–84) 9952:(1775–82) 9946:(1775–83) 9934:(1773–74) 9928:(1769–73) 9922:(1765–71) 9916:(1763–66) 9910:(1762–63) 9898:(1758–61) 9892:(1756–65) 9886:(1756–63) 9880:(1754–63) 9874:(1749–55) 9868:(1746–63) 9862:(1744–48) 9856:(1740–42) 9850:(1722–25) 9844:(1715–17) 9838:(1711–15) 9832:(1702–13) 9807:(1688–97) 9801:(1688–91) 9789:(1686–90) 9783:(1675–78) 9759:(1654–60) 9753:(1654–67) 9747:(1649–53) 9741:(1641–53) 9729:(1634–38) 9699:(1609–46) 9049:Manchuria 9016:Huai Army 9006:Yong Ying 8891:Shaan-Gan 8347:High Qing 8293:Later Jin 8159:(2019 ). 7977:0306-6150 7741:0018-2745 7598:volume II 7271:229542406 6808:The Hindu 6468:220733020 4427:289–290]. 3292:Citations 3074:Rebellion 3071:The Times 2676:Indemnity 2534:The Times 2414:Aftermath 1951:luan-ming 1943:Liu Kunyi 1906:Prince Su 1832:, toward 1696:Boxer War 1548:Guangdong 1478:feng shui 1281:indemnity 1237:Dagu Fort 1185:, by the 902:Manchuria 549:Liu Kunyi 351:Legations 16423:Category 16197:Thailand 16167:Pakistan 16142:Malaysia 16072:Cambodia 15852:Galerius 15847:Maximian 15826:Valerian 15806:Domitian 15377:incident 15106:Cold War 15023:Cameroon 14993:Iraq War 14963:Gulf War 14687:Utah War 14645:Domestic 14586:Cold War 14448:Gulf War 13804:and the 13677:Internal 13533:Imperial 12795:Yen bloc 12783:Ideology 12774:Thailand 12643:Karafuto 12636:Colonies 12223:Kamikaze 12166:Military 12069:Treasury 11923:Policies 11914:Kimigayo 11835:Emperors 11802:Politics 11770:Eugenics 11728:Overview 11339:Americas 11122:Americas 11015:Americas 10834:Malaysia 10756:Ethiopia 10654:Peshawar 10419:Manitoba 10401:Duar War 9697:Virginia 9501:Hongqian 9470:Currency 9340:Treaties 9246:Kaozheng 9193:Booi Aha 9135:Hetu Ala 9088:Timeline 9083:Xinjiang 9054:Mongolia 9011:Chu Army 8986:New Army 8943:Military 8881:Viceroys 8204:Archived 8148:(1907). 8124:(1900). 8110:(1902). 8100:(1901). 8083:(1928). 7786:Archived 7777:(1963). 7749:44504479 7701:Archived 7594:Volume I 7587:(1901). 7462:8 August 7349:(1959). 7224:(1909). 7191:30731011 7170:(1901). 7118:. HKflix 7116:"HKflix" 7028:15 March 6824:(1999). 6775:(2007). 6751:Archived 6594:(2009). 6460:11620272 5971:清史稿/卷465 5952:Archived 5718:(eds.). 5456:(2009). 5437:(eds.). 5234:(1952). 5025:17045858 4757:(1901). 4357:Leonhard 4345:Leonhard 3741:(2011). 3335:20 March 3260:See also 2963:: Boxers 2432:in 1900. 2305:Liaodong 2289:Primorye 2191:Cossacks 2180:led the 2072:General 1926:de facto 1834:Tongzhou 1810:Langfang 1672:205,000 1669:360,000 1532:Fengtian 1528:Xinjiang 1524:Mongolia 1468:and the 1440:protests 1434:Marianne 1383:Baguadao 1336:Shandong 1220:and the 1218:Shandong 1006:Bopomofo 867:Tientsin 845:Langfang 742:Boxers: 695:Strength 673:Ma Yukun 84:Location 16433:Commons 16284:Martyrs 16245:Mormons 16207:Vietnam 16177:Somalia 16152:Nigeria 16132:Lebanon 16057:Algeria 16045:country 16010:Pol Pot 15044:Related 14806:Foreign 14526:Outline 14509:century 14110:century 13862:century 13545:Related 13529:Tsarist 13110:In Asia 12943:Germany 12356:History 12328:Marines 11965:Kokutai 11870:Symbols 11850:Taishō 11807:Statism 11750:Economy 11668:Pacific 10828:Sarawak 10780:Sarawak 10672:Nigeria 10660:Mohmand 10648:Nigeria 10599:century 10257:Malacca 10251:Jamaica 10209:Algiers 10149:Reunion 10095:Surinam 10070:century 10016:Grenada 10010:Jamaica 9902:Jamaica 9823:century 9763:Jamaica 9691:Ireland 9684:century 9671:English 9486:Zhiqian 9478:Coinage 9215:Economy 9186:culture 8921:Yun-Gui 8911:Min-Zhe 8906:Sichuan 8901:Huguang 8747:Emperor 8268:History 8218:(1902). 7341:Excerpt 7160:Sources 6934:24 July 6864:, ed., 6757:27 July 6104:28 June 5885:18 June 5697:(GHDI)" 3193:Chinese 3052:Hanjian 3027:Wang Yi 2910:Hu Shih 2823:French 2718:approx. 2713:approx. 2615:Lao She 2613:Manchu 2539:Beitang 2501:German. 2468:of the 2466:Chongqi 2460:of the 2377:Taiyuan 2303:in the 2174:Yangcun 2170:Beicang 2162:Tianjin 1979:Beitang 1879:in the 1556:Yangtze 1544:Guangxi 1462:Qingdao 1241:Tianjin 1107:ᡶᠠᠴᡠᡥᡡᠨ 1105:ᡥᡡᠯᡥᠠ ᡳ 892:Beitang 882:Yangcun 872:Beicang 835:Tianjin 750:100,000 656:† 288:Belgium 194:Germany 103:victory 67:in 1901 16443:Portal 16202:Turkey 16147:Mexico 16087:France 15948:Modern 15934:Tự Đức 15919:Kangxi 15821:Decius 15514:Modern 15298:Europe 13836:Deluge 13760:Russia 13539:times) 13537:Soviet 13525:Russia 13468:Second 13455:Second 13252:Events 13042:Trends 12958:Russia 12938:France 12759:Malaya 12734:Borneo 12670:Taiwan 12665:Nan'yō 12655:Chōsen 12648:naichi 11858:Shōwa 11842:Meiji 11817:Kazoku 11765:System 11488:Africa 11254:Africa 11097:Africa 10970:Africa 10848:(1982) 10824:(1962) 10822:Brunei 10812:(1956) 10776:(1945) 10758:(1943) 10740:(1935) 10716:(1925) 10710:(1923) 10698:(1921) 10692:(1920) 10680:(1919) 10674:(1918) 10668:(1917) 10666:Quebec 10656:(1915) 10650:(1915) 10644:(1915) 10626:(1906) 10577:(1899) 10559:(1897) 10553:(1897) 10541:(1896) 10535:(1896) 10529:(1895) 10505:(1891) 10499:(1891) 10493:(1890) 10487:(1888) 10485:Hazara 10475:(1885) 10469:(1885) 10463:(1882) 10433:(1879) 10421:(1870) 10415:(1868) 10397:(1864) 10385:(1863) 10349:(1854) 10343:(1852) 10331:(1848) 10329:Ceylon 10319:(1847) 10317:Canton 10277:(1839) 10229:(1823) 10227:Guiana 10223:(1819) 10211:(1816) 10205:(1815) 10199:(1815) 10169:(1810) 10163:(1810) 10157:(1810) 10151:(1810) 10145:(1810) 10139:(1809) 10133:(1809) 10121:(1807) 10115:(1807) 10103:(1806) 10097:(1804) 10091:(1804) 10079:(1800) 10036:(1798) 10024:(1795) 10022:Ceylon 10006:(1795) 10000:(1794) 9982:(1789) 9970:(1786) 9940:(1774) 9904:(1762) 9795:(1687) 9777:(1664) 9771:(1662) 9751:Acadia 9735:(1641) 9723:(1628) 9721:Quebec 9717:(1626) 9711:(1622) 9705:(1612) 9703:Swally 9100:Taiwan 8276:Early 8261:topics 8062:online 8032: 8006: 7975: 7944: 7925: 7897: 7871: 7852: 7836: 7812: 7764: 7747: 7739: 7682: 7650: 7631: 7612: 7573: 7550: 7531: 7512: 7493: 7420: 7395: 7376: 7357: 7332: 7309: 7286: 7269: 7261: 7251: 7210: 7189: 7145: 7080: 7051: 6832: 6785: 6652: 6604: 6573: 6497: 6466: 6458: 6448: 6365: 6309: 6282: 6255: 6226: 6199: 6157: 6095: 6056: 5876: 5794: 5565: 5300:87, 89 5202: 5175: 5093: 5066: 5039:"資料連結" 5023: 4970: 4692: 4655: 4548: 4521: 4494: 4447: 4328: 4241: 4214: 4086: 3885: 3850: 3684: 3496: 3453: 3413: 3362: 3249:Mo Yan 3213:: 3203:: 3201:pinyin 3195:: 3176:, and 3099:Ch'üan 2752:Enming 2696:, and 2666:Gangyi 2650:Yuxian 2498:Attila 2462:Hitara 2297:Dairen 2222:Manila 2074:Ronglu 1749:Mauser 1666:Total 1552:Fujian 1540:Yunnan 1464:. The 1412:Causes 1351:Yuxian 1257:Ronglu 1177:, and 1140:Manchu 1099:ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 887:Peking 717:18,000 652: 620:Ronglu 601: 599:Yuxian 329: 285: 270: 255: 236: 221: 206: 191: 179:France 176: 161: 149:Russia 146: 132: 97:Result 65:Boxers 16267:Copts 16212:Yemen 16192:Sudan 16187:Spain 16122:Japan 16102:India 16082:Egypt 16077:China 16067:Burma 15893:Timur 15028:Libya 15018:Syria 14272:] 13473:Third 13463:First 13450:First 12953:Japan 12948:Italy 12739:Burma 12452:Entry 12146:Peers 12010:Senbu 11995:Tokkō 10726:Tirah 10636:Tochi 10425:Perak 10191:Nepal 10113:Egypt 10040:Malta 9968:Assam 9811:Ghana 9709:Ormuz 9292:Queue 9210:Dibao 9066:Tibet 8886:Zhili 8769:Amban 7745:JSTOR 7456:(PDF) 7449:(PDF) 7267:S2CID 7259:JSTOR 6687:Iskra 6464:S2CID 5511:74–75 4993:235]. 4633:74–75 4194:207]. 4078:[ 3646:27–30 3631:19–20 3354:[ 3147:Liu E 2961:Right 2957:Front 2756:Hetao 2709:taels 2662:Enhai 2654:Qixiu 2631:Daurs 2610:Aigun 2007:, by 1711:Gansu 1637:Army 1626:Zhili 1277:taels 1142:text. 960:义和团运动 946:義和團運動 726:2,500 635:Zaiyi 273:Spain 224:Italy 164:Japan 16290:list 16127:Laos 16117:Iraq 16112:Iran 15801:Nero 15272:Asia 15013:Iraq 14507:21st 14108:20th 13535:and 13388:Wars 12064:Navy 12059:Army 11578:Asia 11192:Asia 11070:Asia 10840:Aden 10816:Oman 10798:Oman 10597:20th 10173:Java 10068:19th 9821:18th 9793:Siam 9682:17th 9028:Navy 8869:Ejen 8752:List 8030:ISBN 8004:ISBN 7973:ISSN 7942:ISBN 7923:ISBN 7895:ISBN 7869:ISBN 7850:ISBN 7834:ISBN 7810:ISBN 7762:ISBN 7737:ISSN 7680:ISBN 7648:ISBN 7629:ISBN 7610:ISBN 7571:ISBN 7548:ISBN 7529:ISBN 7510:ISBN 7491:ISBN 7464:2014 7418:ISBN 7393:ISBN 7374:ISBN 7355:ISBN 7330:ISBN 7307:ISBN 7284:ISBN 7249:ISBN 7208:ISBN 7187:OCLC 7143:ISBN 7124:2012 7104:IMDb 7078:ISBN 7049:ISBN 7030:2024 6936:2017 6910:2008 6887:2008 6830:ISBN 6783:ISBN 6759:2018 6650:ISBN 6602:ISBN 6571:ISBN 6495:ISBN 6456:PMID 6446:ISBN 6363:ISBN 6339:2014 6307:ISBN 6280:ISBN 6253:ISBN 6224:ISBN 6197:ISBN 6155:ISBN 6106:2010 6093:ISBN 6054:ISBN 6035:2022 6009:2022 5887:2017 5874:ISBN 5792:ISBN 5563:ISBN 5200:ISBN 5173:ISBN 5152:2012 5091:ISBN 5064:ISBN 5021:OCLC 4968:ISBN 4785:2008 4690:ISBN 4653:ISBN 4546:ISBN 4519:ISBN 4492:ISBN 4445:ISBN 4326:ISBN 4239:ISBN 4212:ISBN 4084:ISBN 3896:2018 3883:ISBN 3848:ISBN 3682:ISBN 3494:ISBN 3451:ISBN 3411:ISBN 3360:ISBN 3337:2017 3222:lit. 3197:八國聯軍 2949:Left 2637:and 2621:and 2569:Fame 2360:icon 2299:and 2172:and 2129:and 1615:The 1603:and 1569:扶清滅洋 1546:and 1526:and 1448:and 1396:扶清滅洋 1330:The 1161:The 1101:ᠰᡝᡵᡝ 1029:ㄉㄨㄥˋ 1021:ㄊㄨㄢˊ 76:Date 12054:War 10185:USA 8214:'s 7965:doi 7241:doi 7102:at 6491:217 6438:doi 6123:312 5853:174 5284:168 4471:533 4276:), 4176:126 3879:162 3815:123 3662:115 3606:114 3574:114 3434:248 3251:'s 3054:). 2531:of 2489:Hun 1404:). 1239:at 1169:or 1103:ᡝᡥᡝ 1068:IPA 1025:ㄩㄣˋ 1017:ㄏㄜˊ 16460:: 16221:By 16043:By 15769:By 15375:By 15309:it 14270:ru 13531:, 12608:, 7971:. 7961:25 7959:. 7781:. 7743:. 7733:50 7731:. 7596:; 7569:. 7435:. 7412:. 7265:. 7257:. 7247:. 6806:. 6745:. 6727:. 6535:. 6520:, 6493:. 6462:. 6454:. 6444:. 6412:^ 6377:^ 6347:^ 6169:^ 5950:. 5946:. 5714:; 5672:^ 5657:^ 5642:^ 5627:^ 5543:38 5527:94 5433:; 5316:88 5272:^ 5265:88 4948:54 4885:^ 4844:^ 4742:72 4728:^ 4609:^ 4578:82 4373:49 4294:70 4140:^ 4113:^ 4098:^ 4066:^ 4039:^ 3930:. 3904:^ 3881:. 3873:. 3834:^ 3787:^ 3712:^ 3705:25 3613:^ 3534:^ 3473:. 3385:. 3323:. 3300:^ 3219:; 3209:; 3199:; 3172:, 3149:, 3107:Ho 3022:. 2955:. 2916:, 2827:. 2816:. 2809:. 2793:. 2731:. 2692:, 2672:. 2656:, 2652:, 2383:. 2371:. 2236:. 1571:; 1370:. 1304:: 1287:. 1243:. 1013:ㄧˋ 724:: 715:: 706:: 16292:) 16288:( 15349:e 15342:t 15335:v 15311:) 15307:( 15150:e 15143:t 15136:v 14625:e 14618:t 14611:v 13516:e 13509:t 13502:v 12911:e 12904:t 12897:v 12645:( 12612:) 12604:( 11713:e 11706:t 11699:v 10881:e 10874:t 10867:v 9673:/ 9662:e 9655:t 9648:v 8251:e 8244:t 8237:v 8038:. 8012:. 7979:. 7967:: 7950:. 7931:. 7903:. 7877:. 7858:. 7818:. 7770:. 7751:. 7688:. 7656:. 7637:. 7618:. 7579:. 7556:. 7537:. 7518:. 7499:. 7466:. 7439:. 7426:. 7401:. 7382:. 7363:. 7338:. 7315:. 7292:. 7273:. 7243:: 7216:. 7193:. 7151:. 7126:. 7086:. 7057:. 7032:. 6938:. 6912:. 6889:. 6838:. 6791:. 6761:. 6731:. 6697:. 6658:. 6610:. 6579:. 6503:. 6470:. 6440:: 6371:. 6341:. 6315:. 6288:. 6261:. 6232:. 6205:. 6179:. 6163:. 6125:. 6108:. 6062:. 6037:. 6011:. 5908:. 5906:4 5889:. 5855:. 5800:. 5571:. 5545:. 5529:. 5513:. 5318:. 5302:. 5286:. 5267:. 5208:. 5181:. 5154:. 5099:. 5072:. 5027:. 4976:. 4950:. 4854:. 4787:. 4744:. 4698:. 4661:. 4635:. 4619:. 4580:. 4554:. 4527:. 4500:. 4473:. 4453:. 4375:. 4334:. 4296:. 4247:. 4220:. 4178:. 4092:. 3934:. 3898:. 3856:. 3817:. 3707:. 3690:. 3664:. 3648:. 3608:. 3592:. 3576:. 3502:. 3459:. 3436:. 3419:. 3368:. 3339:. 3229:. 3191:( 3180:. 3103:I 3076:' 2851:. 1977:( 1567:( 1156:. 802:e 795:t 788:v 34:. 20:)

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