297:. However, there have also been some recent developments since it was established that cardinals over the age of 80 would not participate in the conclave that elects a new Pope. Despite this new rule, the Popes have continued to appoint as cardinals a limited number of priests or bishops who have already reached 80 years of age. Often such men are assigned to the order of cardinal deacons. Among the cases that may arise are those of a bishop or archbishop who is widely esteemed but is not made a cardinal for some specific (though rarely publicly announced) reason. It may be, for example, that such a appointment, given while he is under the age of 80, would increase in a disproportionate way the number of cardinals from a single country eligible to participate in the next conclave, or else it would risk creating an expectation that his successors will in future necessarily be made cardinals, too. In other cases, it has become the custom for the Pope to appoint from time to time as cardinals a small number of highly regarded theologians who have already reached the age of 80. Often in these cases, the rank assigned has been that of cardinal deacon.
308:). For instance, a man appointed a cardinal deacon will by definition be assigned a church that has the rank of a "deaconry". It is customary for a cardinal deacon, after ten years, to be able to petition for promotion to the rank of cardinal priest. This is usually granted. In this case, he may be assigned a completely different cardinalatial church which has the rank of a "titulus". However, a commonly used alternative procedure is to raise the church to which he is already attached
2829:
2853:
2841:
199:. The same number, though with different identities, is given in the reports of councils held in Rome in 499 and 595. In 1120, however, the number is given as 28. In modern times, many more have received the status of "tituli" or titular churches, while others over the centuries have been abandoned. Some of the latter have been demolished by natural events, war or urban development.
363:
who become cardinals (individually, not by right of their office) constitute an exception: their own patriarchal see is counted as their cardinal title. They belong to the order of cardinal bishops and, in the order of precedence, come before the cardinal priests and immediately after the cardinals
213:
Accordingly, when it became customary to attribute for honorific reasons the title of cardinal to ecclesiastics living outside Rome, each was assigned theoretical responsibility for one or other of the Roman churches, a legal fiction establishing their position within the Pope's diocese of Rome. It
226:
they are called. Their names and coats of arms are inscribed on plaques in the churches, they are expected to preach at the church occasionally when they are in Rome, and many raise funds for their church's maintenance and restoration, but they no longer participate in the actual management of the
73:, a cardinal may assist his titular church through counsel or through patronage, although "he has no power of governance over it, and he should not for any reason interfere in matters concerning the administration of its good, or its discipline, or the service of the church".
471:
133:('for this occasion') to a title or that he be transferred from his deaconry to a vacant title. Other churches in Rome can also be established as new titular churches. Occasionally, a titular church may be held
214:
was understood that they had no obligation to reside in Rome, and so were not personally responsible for the pastoral care of the titular churches assigned to them. This practice is still in force today.
286:(684–685). It would seem that in an early period there were seven deaconries, each corresponding to one of the seven divisions of the city. As the terms implies, each was entrusted to a deacon.
243:
165:
or "house churches"—and each took the name of the owner of the building, either a wealthy donor, or a priest appointed by the Church authorities to run it. For instance, the
461:
182:
whose foundations remain under the church and whose audience hall became the ecclesiastical basilica. The most ancient reference to such a Roman church is in the
300:
There is also a practice of changing the rank of the cardinalatial church from deaconry to priestly title or vice versa, permanently or, as the phrase goes,
127:; in addition, when a cardinal deacon opts to become a cardinal priest (usually after ten years), he may request either that his deaconry be elevated
798:
350:
1002:
840:
206:, the priests in charge of the "tituli" churches, and the clergy in charge of the deaconries. These were known collectively as the
190:
in the fourth century, which speaks of a council of bishops assembled "in the place where the Priest Vitus held his congregation".
148:
2844:
743:
658:
589:
602:
Rome of the
Pilgrims and Martyrs: A Study in the Martyrologies, Itineraries, Syllogae, & Other Contemporary Documents
1968:
791:
50:
1160:
2390:
373:
346:
2222:
1859:
2593:
2115:
2046:
1913:
1889:
139:('in trust') by a cardinal who has been transferred to a different titular church or to a suburbicarian diocese.
2818:
2192:
1178:
685:. Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Altertums, 9. Bd. , 1. und 2. Hft (in German). Paderborn: F. Schöningh.
341:. They had varying roles in the running of the diocese of Rome, sometimes functioning similarly to present-day
337:
were originally the successors of the residential bishops who governed the seven dioceses around Rome known as
17:
2832:
2608:
1399:
784:
100:(a member of the third order of the college). If a cardinal priest or a cardinal deacon is later appointed a
2340:
1090:
210:. Given the importance of this privilege, the term "cardinal" came to be understood as bestowing high rank.
2718:
2586:
2375:
1320:
2739:
2236:
104:(a member of the first order of the college), he is typically transferred from his titular church to the
2477:
2428:
1328:
2442:
2199:
1646:
1063:
828:
316:
207:
54:
1603:
2878:
2795:
2297:
2176:
1679:
1594:
1471:
1187:
819:
360:
235:
117:
2678:
2809:
2206:
1765:
1555:
975:
756:(pp. 333-350). (Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition; Vol. 91). Brill. ISBN 978-9004415447
66:
31:
2008:
1782:
1390:
1196:
724:
Lanzoni, Francesco (1925). "I titoli presbiteriali di Roma antica nella storia e nella leggenda,"
606:
293:
Since the medieval period, men appointed cardinal deacons are often holders of high office in the
222:
Today, the cardinal priests have a loose patronal relationship with their titular churches, whose
2407:
2319:
2162:
1983:
1630:
1442:
1214:
1115:
946:
2124:
1991:
1612:
1426:
954:
897:
749:
428:
2857:
2704:
2562:
2289:
251:
175:
70:
2282:
2244:
1922:
1818:
1107:
648:
2671:
2578:
2470:
2268:
2214:
1976:
1264:
626:
501:
466:
412:
384:
345:. Cardinal bishops are now honorarily granted the title of a suburbicarian diocese, with the
338:
328:
203:
109:
2326:
2000:
1585:
771:
766:
290:(772–795) fixed their number at 18, a number that remained constant until the 16th century.
2785:
2687:
2647:
2638:
2184:
2038:
1944:
1937:
1842:
1741:
1373:
861:
807:
239:
89:
2421:
1638:
1408:
1338:
247:
8:
2725:
2553:
2069:
2015:
1896:
1496:
1223:
1081:
1029:
642:(in French). Vol. VII. Paris-Rome: École franca̧ise de Rome. 1887. pp. 217–243.
2099:
1959:
600:
2747:
2522:
2169:
1904:
1834:
1826:
1774:
1313:
938:
713:
495:
223:
195:
61:, that serve as honorary designations symbolising the relationship of cardinals to the
2022:
2732:
2711:
2623:
2463:
2361:
2333:
2305:
2253:
2132:
2107:
1811:
1672:
1664:
1655:
1621:
1528:
1504:
1305:
1272:
739:
654:
585:
156:
2484:
2449:
1803:
1733:
120:
who are created cardinal bishops are not assigned titles of suburbicarian dioceses.
2756:
2696:
2570:
2456:
2261:
1930:
1748:
1709:
1296:
993:
930:
888:
562:
436:
379:
342:
283:
282:
was a charitable institution in
Christian Rome, first mentioned in connection with
124:
46:
2146:
1256:
1151:
406:
2504:
2414:
2382:
2083:
2030:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1796:
1789:
1702:
1570:
1417:
1381:
1365:
1356:
1279:
1241:
1133:
1038:
965:
922:
870:
851:
832:
680:
669:
637:
615:
579:
334:
202:
In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the bishops of the seven
101:
97:
85:
58:
38:
2492:
2435:
1124:
1055:
193:
By the end of the 5th century such churches numbered 25, as is confirmed by the
2773:
2630:
2600:
2514:
2312:
2275:
2053:
1851:
1756:
1563:
1519:
1449:
1434:
1169:
1099:
1072:
905:
879:
178:, drew its name from its foundress, who doubtless owned the extensive suburban
169:
77:
440:
2872:
2656:
2544:
2536:
2399:
2354:
2347:
2154:
2139:
1951:
1724:
1716:
1577:
1456:
1249:
1232:
1142:
1020:
537:
522:
287:
123:
A cardinal may request that he be transferred to another titular church in a
2664:
2529:
2229:
2061:
1687:
1546:
1488:
1480:
1205:
1011:
984:
914:
836:
704:
Kuttner, Stephan (1945). "Cardinalis: The
History of a Canonical Concept".
691:
Zeitschrift der
Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Kanonische Abteilung
161:
135:
129:
105:
57:. These are Catholic churches in the city, within the jurisdiction of the
2616:
2368:
1537:
294:
179:
76:
There are two ranks of titular churches: titles and deaconries. A title (
717:
315:
In 2015 there were 67 "deaconries" assigned or assignable to one of the
27:
Church in Rome that can be assigned to a cardinal of the
Catholic Church
2091:
2076:
1347:
1287:
1047:
776:
187:
1511:
1463:
628:
Diss. de origine et antiquitate eminentissimorum S. R. C. cardinalium
356:
113:
635:
Duchesne, Louis (1887). "Les titres presbyteraux et les diaconies,"
2852:
1695:
752:". In Mary Hollingsworth, Miles Pattenden and Arnold Witte (eds.),
494:
227:
churches. There are (as of 2015) 160 presbyteral titular churches.
242:, former archbishop of Montreal, was made Cardinal Priest of the
234:
with some connection to their home see or country, such as the
405:
470:. 17 February 2014. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.
617:
De iuribus
Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalium in titulis
62:
689:
H. W. Klewitz, "Die
Entstehung des Kardinalskollegiums,"
250:, former Archbishop of Paris, is the cardinal priest of
376:, listing present titular churches and their incumbents
650:
Le chiese di Roma nel medio evo: cataloghi ed appvnti
364:
who hold the titles of the seven suburbicarian sees.
736:
Reclaiming Rome: cardinals in the fifteenth century
605:. London: Methuen & Company, Limited. p.
2870:
462:"The College of Cardinals General Documentazion"
620:(in Latin). Rome: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis.
792:
84:) is a titular church that is assigned to a
581:Roman Domestic Art and Early House Churches
270:
166:
799:
785:
275:in Rome assigned to the cardinal-deacons.
2772:Cardinals ineligible to participate in a
155:were private buildings used as Christian
806:
754:A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal
433:A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal
703:
613:
14:
2871:
698:Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae
682:Die römischen Titelkirchen im Altertum
678:
646:
598:
429:"Cardinals and Their Titular Churches"
403:
780:
577:
456:
454:
452:
450:
426:
88:(a member of the second order of the
2840:
750:Cardinals and Their Titular Churches
667:
639:Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire
518:
516:
514:
512:
505:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
416:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
217:
149:legalization of Christianity in Rome
49:that is assigned to a member of the
624:
492:
322:
257:
24:
553:Richardson 2009, pp. 183–234.
474:from the original on 17 March 2013
447:
25:
2890:
760:
674:. Berlin: Weidmann. pp. 1–7.
653:. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag.
599:Barker, Ethel Ross (1913). "VI".
509:
2851:
2839:
2828:
2827:
726:Rivista di archeologia cristiana
499:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
410:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
374:List of titular churches in Rome
347:dean of the College of Cardinals
631:(in Latin). Heidelberg: Haener.
625:Bez, Henricus Antonius (1767).
571:
563:Code of Canon Law, canon 350 §3
266:is also loosely applied to the
230:Many cardinals are assigned to
2819:List of creations of cardinals
556:
547:
531:
486:
420:
397:
92:), whereas a deaconry (Latin:
13:
1:
772:GCatholic Cardinal deaconries
679:Kirsch, Johann Peter (1919).
390:
349:additionally gaining that of
262:In the wider sense, the term
254:(St. Louis, King of France).
668:Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1906).
523:Aluigi Cossio, "Titulus" in
427:Witte, Arnold (2019-12-09).
312:to the rank of a "titulus".
96:) is normally assigned to a
7:
367:
10:
2895:
2858:Catholic Church portal
671:Italia pontificia, I: Roma
647:Hülsen, Christian (1927).
584:. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck.
326:
184:Apology against the Arians
142:
69:of Rome. According to the
29:
2767:
2503:
964:
850:
820:List of current cardinals
814:
767:GCatholic Cardinal titles
441:10.1163/9789004415447_023
361:Eastern Catholic Churches
246:(Holy Canadian Martyrs);
236:national churches in Rome
118:Eastern Catholic Churches
112:in the vicinity of Rome.
2810:List of titular churches
738:, Leiden: Brill, 2009.
578:Balch, David L. (2008).
174:, now the church of the
32:List of titular churches
748:Witte, Arnold (2020). "
614:Belardo, Mario (1939).
540:Apologia contra Arianos
404:Cossio, Aluigi (1913).
734:Richardson, Carol M.,
339:suburbicarian dioceses
271:
252:San Luigi dei Francesi
244:Santi Martiri Canadesi
176:Santi Quattro Coronati
167:
93:
81:
71:1983 Code of Canon Law
2193:Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo
525:Catholic Encyclopedia
502:Catholic Encyclopedia
493:Ott, Michael (1913).
467:Holy See Press Office
413:Catholic Encyclopedia
385:Suburbicarian diocese
329:Suburbicarian diocese
327:Further information:
110:suburbicarian diocese
2786:Council of Cardinals
2784:(CC): member of the
808:College of Cardinals
728:II (1925), 195–257.
496:"In Commendam"
240:Jean-Claude Turcotte
90:College of Cardinals
1969:Lacunza Maestrojuán
1179:Rodríguez Maradiaga
841:order of precedence
693:25 (1936), 115–221.
2298:Arizmendi Esquivel
1595:Monteiro de Castro
224:cardinal protector
204:suburbicarian sees
196:Liber Pontificalis
2866:
2865:
1321:Cañizares Llovera
744:978-90-04-17183-1
696:Krautheimer, R.,
660:978-3-487-40631-2
591:978-3-16-149383-6
343:auxiliary bishops
248:André Vingt-Trois
218:Present situation
53:who is created a
16:(Redirected from
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2879:Titular churches
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2505:Cardinal deacons
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2391:Jiménez Carvajal
2385:
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2315:
2308:
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2271:
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2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2200:García Rodríguez
2195:
2188:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
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1885:
1878:
1871:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1797:Brenes Solórzano
1792:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
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1737:
1728:
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1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1604:Abril y Castelló
1598:
1589:
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1573:
1566:
1559:
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1541:
1532:
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1514:
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1438:
1430:
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1412:
1403:
1400:Martínez Sistach
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1245:
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1227:
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1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
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1103:
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1076:
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1064:Sandoval Íñiguez
1058:
1051:
1042:
1033:
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1015:
1006:
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988:
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966:Cardinal priests
957:
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852:Cardinal bishops
843:
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731:
721:
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380:Churches of Rome
335:cardinal bishops
323:Cardinal bishops
284:Pope Benedict II
274:
258:Cardinal deacons
173:
30:For a list, see
21:
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2887:
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2223:Ramazzini Imeri
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2205:
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2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1952:Sturla Berhouet
1950:
1943:
1936:
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1920:
1911:
1902:
1895:
1888:
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1852:Ezzati Andrello
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1571:Patabendige Don
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1262:
1255:
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1239:
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1203:
1194:
1188:Cipriani Thorne
1185:
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1131:
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1113:
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1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1003:López Rodríguez
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306:for this turn
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2648:Cantalamessa
2646:
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2607:
2587:Ayuso Guixot
2579:Bocos Merino
2577:
2561:
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2543:
2513:
2491:
2398:
2389:
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2252:
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2237:López Romero
2185:Ticona Porco
2183:
2153:
2147:Santos Marto
2123:
2114:
2090:
2070:Aguiar Retes
2060:
2037:
2016:Osoro Sierra
1999:
1990:
1967:
1958:
1938:Kovithavanij
1921:
1912:
1903:
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1132:
1123:
1114:
1098:
1091:Rouco Varela
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1046:
1037:
1030:Darmaatmadja
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
945:
929:
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896:
887:
878:
869:
860:
837:Pope Francis
753:
735:
730:(in Italian)
725:
709:
705:
697:
690:
681:
670:
649:
638:
627:
616:
601:
580:
572:Bibliography
558:
549:
539:
538:Athanasius,
533:
524:
500:
488:
476:. Retrieved
465:
432:
422:
411:
399:
355:
332:
314:
310:pro hac vice
309:
305:
302:pro hac vice
301:
299:
292:
279:
277:
267:
263:
261:
231:
229:
221:
212:
201:
194:
192:
183:
160:
152:
146:
136:in commendam
134:
130:pro hac vice
128:
122:
75:
42:
36:
2245:Tamkevičius
2163:Tsarahazana
2125:Rosa Chávez
2009:Nzapalainga
1923:Suárez Inda
1586:Brandmüller
1409:Vingt-Trois
1224:Zubeir Wako
712:: 129–214.
478:16 February
435:: 333–350.
295:Roman Curia
180:Roman villa
147:Before the
108:title of a
2794:See also:
2609:Fitzgerald
2408:Pizzaballa
2133:De Donatis
2108:Arborelius
1945:Montenegro
1905:Menichelli
1890:Souraphiel
1775:Baldisseri
1749:Thottunkal
1673:Alencherry
391:References
357:Patriarchs
268:deaconries
188:Athanasius
170:Aemilianae
125:consistory
114:Patriarchs
2748:Marchetto
2726:Tscherrig
2719:Fernández
2712:Gugerotti
2688:Ghirlanda
2571:Krajewski
2283:Aós Braco
2276:Advincula
2254:Dal Corso
2215:Hollerich
2170:Petrocchi
2039:D'Rozario
1860:Ouédraogo
1757:Onaiyekan
1497:Monterisi
1242:Antonelli
1108:Schönborn
1082:De Giorgi
976:Kitbunchu
829:Cardinals
700:, vol. 3.
317:cardinals
272:diaconiae
208:cardinals
2873:Category
2833:Category
2631:Gambetti
2624:Semeraro
2594:Mendonça
2523:Mamberti
2478:Bustillo
2457:Rugambwa
2429:Aparicio
2313:Okpaleke
2290:Lojudice
2262:Kambanda
2054:De Kesel
1992:Villalba
1883:Clemente
1876:Langlois
1827:Bassetti
1819:Tempesta
1665:Versaldi
1656:Calcagno
1622:Bertello
1520:Piacenza
1418:Bagnasco
1366:Comastri
1329:O'Malley
1273:Barbarin
1073:Stafford
718:27830076
706:Traditio
472:Archived
368:See also
280:deaconry
168:Titulus
157:churches
94:diaconia
55:cardinal
2796:Titular
2778:italics
2705:Prevost
2537:Farrell
2515:Martino
2493:Sánchez
2464:Francis
2415:Brislin
2383:Marengo
2348:Cantoni
2334:McElroy
2320:Steiner
2306:Aveline
2269:Gregory
1868:Quevedo
1804:Lacroix
1790:Nichols
1734:Mureșan
1680:Collins
1647:O'Brien
1457:Scherer
1450:DiNardo
1435:Gracias
1339:Dziwisz
1306:Rosales
1297:Vallini
1257:Bozanić
1250:Turkson
985:Poupard
915:Ouellet
906:Parolin
889:Bertone
831:of the
143:History
82:titulus
37:In the
2740:Artime
2733:Pierre
2697:Frezza
2657:Feroci
2639:Tomasi
2601:Czerny
2563:Becciu
2545:Simoni
2530:Zenari
2485:Aguiar
2400:Miglio
2327:Ferrão
2140:Coutts
2031:Cupich
1783:Müller
1742:Harvey
1717:Woelki
1703:Betori
1613:Vegliò
1529:Ravasi
1472:Karlic
1382:Farina
1357:Lajolo
1314:Ricard
1233:Rigali
1215:Okogie
1170:Napier
1152:Bačkis
1143:Kasper
1125:Pujats
1056:Puljić
1039:Wamala
1012:Mahony
994:Wetter
931:Stella
923:Filoni
880:Arinze
871:Sandri
835:under
742:
716:
657:
588:
232:tituli
153:tituli
106:vacant
67:bishop
65:, the
51:clergy
2845:Media
2665:Roche
2617:Grech
2443:Mulla
2422:Rossi
2362:Costa
2355:Poola
2341:Silva
2230:Zuppi
2177:Maeda
2092:Zerbo
2084:Tobin
2077:Ribat
2023:Rocha
2001:Langa
1812:Kutwa
1710:Dolan
1556:Assis
1547:Wuerl
1538:Romeo
1505:Burke
1489:Sarah
1481:Amato
1391:Brady
1374:Ryłko
1206:Scola
1100:Pengo
1048:Maida
1021:Ruini
939:Tagle
714:JSTOR
351:Ostia
78:Latin
45:is a
2681:(CC)
2471:Chow
2450:Cano
2217:(CC)
2209:(CC)
2102:(CC)
2062:Piat
2025:(CC)
1984:Mafi
1914:Nhơn
1843:Yeom
1835:Poli
1806:(CC)
1725:Tong
1696:Eijk
1688:Duka
1639:Aviz
1578:Marx
1564:Nycz
1512:Koch
1464:Njue
1437:(CC)
1427:Sarr
1332:(CC)
1288:Rodé
1280:Erdő
1134:Sepe
955:Sako
908:(CC)
740:ISBN
655:ISBN
586:ISBN
542:, 20
527:1912
480:2018
333:The
151:the
63:pope
41:, a
2776:in
2757:Dri
2672:You
2436:Ryś
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1897:Dew
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