International Military Tribunal for the Far East

826: 364: 1276:—while acknowledging the brutality of the incident—he said that there was nothing to show that it was the "product of government policy" or that Japanese government officials were directly responsible. There is "no evidence, testimonial or circumstantial, concomitant, prospectant, restrospectant, that would in any way lead to the inference that the government in any way permitted the commission of such offenses," he said. In any case, he added, conspiracy to wage aggressive war was not illegal in 1937, or at any point since. In addition, Pal thought the refusal to try what he perceived as Allied crimes (particularly the use of atomic bombs) weakened the tribunal's authority. Recalling a letter by 817:: "I would hold that each and every one of the accused must be found not guilty of each and every one of the charges in the indictment and should be acquitted on all those charges." While taking into account the influence of wartime propaganda, exaggerations, and distortions of facts in the evidence, and "over-zealous" and "hostile" witnesses, Pal concluded, "The evidence is still overwhelming that atrocities were perpetrated by the members of the Japanese armed forces against the civilian population of some of the territories occupied by them as also against the prisoners of war." 285:, murder, and various war crimes and crimes against humanity (such as torture and forced labor) against prisoners-of-war, civilian internees, and the inhabitants of occupied territories; ultimately, 45 of the counts, including all the murder charges, were ruled either redundant or not authorized under the IMTFE Charter. The Tokyo Trial lasted more than twice as long as the better-known Nuremberg trials, and its impact was similarly influential in the development of international law; similar international war crimes tribunals would not be established until the 1990s. 312: 1068:, who acted as the local representatives of the nations of the Far Eastern Commission. Six of those representatives made no recommendations for clemency. Australia, Canada, India, and the Netherlands were willing to see the general make some reductions in sentences. He chose not to do so. The issue of clemency was thereafter to disturb Japanese relations with the Allied powers until the late 1950s, when a majority of the Allied powers agreed to release the last of the convicted major war criminals from captivity. 7916: 8085: 59: 454: 1652: 1474: 393: 1637:

parole with respect to such prisoners may not be exercised except on the decision of the government or governments which imposed the sentence in each instance, and on the recommendation of Japan. In the case of persons sentenced by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, such power may not be exercised except on the decision of a majority of the governments represented on the Tribunal, and on the recommendation of Japan.

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crimes tribunals" and the "misery and hardship of the families of war criminals." The movement quickly garnered the support of more than ten million Japanese. The government commented that "public sentiment in our country is that the war criminals are not criminals. Rather, they gather great sympathy as victims of the war, and the number of people concerned about the war crimes tribunal system itself is steadily increasing."

504:"Class C" charges covered crimes against humanity, that is, systematic violence, deportation, or enslavement of any civilian population in time of peace or war, or persecutions on political or racial grounds in the execution of or in connection with any foregoing crimes. This category was created mainly to address atrocities committed by a state against its own nationals or allied citizens, such as Japan's use of 825: 4632: 751:. The defense insisted that there was no basis in international law for holding individuals responsible for acts of state, as the Tokyo Trial proposed to do. The defense attacked the notion of negative criminality, by which the defendants were to be tried for failing to prevent breaches of law and war crimes by others, as likewise having no basis in international law. 339:. The Potsdam Declaration (July 1945) had stated, "stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners," though it did not specifically foreshadow trials. The terms of reference for the Tribunal were set out in the IMTFE Charter, issued on January 19, 1946. There was major disagreement, both among the 1817:. Those enshrined include Hideki Tōjō, Kenji Doihara, Iwane Matsui, Heitarō Kimura, Kōki Hirota, Seishirō Itagaki, Akira Mutō, Yosuke Matsuoka, Osami Nagano, Toshio Shiratori, Kiichirō Hiranuma, Kuniaki Koiso and Yoshijirō Umezu. Since 1985, visits made by Japanese government officials to the Shrine have aroused protests in China and South Korea. 1367:'s interpreter, Fellers met the two men at his office on March 6, 1946, and told Yonai, "It would be most convenient if the Japanese side could prove to us that the emperor is completely blameless. I think the forthcoming trials offer the best opportunity to do that. Tōjō, in particular, should be made to bear all responsibility at this trial." 1104:. The charges covered a wide range of crimes including prisoner abuse, rape, sexual slavery, torture, ill-treatment of laborers, execution without trial, and inhumane medical experiments. The trials took place in around fifty locations in Asia and the Pacific. Most trials were completed by 1949, but Australia held some trials in 1951. 712:, which obviated the need to prove the various alleged atrocities were the result of the defendants' illegal orders. The prosecution instead had to prove three things: that war crimes were systematic or widespread; the accused knew that troops were committing atrocities; and the accused had power or authority to stop the crimes. 806:

could have convincingly argued issues of government policy which were unfamiliar to the Allied justices." Pointing out the difficulties and limitations in holding individuals responsible for an act of state and making omission of responsibility a crime, Röling called for the acquittal of several defendants, including Hirota.

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one of two justices to vote for acquittal on all counts, observed, "in a proceeding where we had to allow the prosecution to bring in any amount of hearsay evidence, it was somewhat misplaced caution to introduce this best evidence rule particularly when it operated practically against the defense only".

1154:, there was only a single prosecution team, led by an American, although the members of the tribunal represented eleven different Allied countries. The IMTFE had less official support than the Nuremberg trials. Keenan, a former U.S. assistant attorney general, had a much lower position than Nuremberg's 1284:

to a swift conclusion through brutal means if necessary, Pal stated that "This policy of indiscriminate murder to shorten the war was considered to be a crime. In the Pacific war under our consideration, if there was anything approaching what is indicated in the above letter of the German Emperor, it

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held 13 tribunals, resulting in 504 convictions and 149 executions. Of the 5,700 Japanese individuals indicted for Class B war crimes, 984 were sentenced to death; 475 received life sentences; 2,944 were given more limited prison terms; 1,018 were acquitted; and 279 were never brought to trial or not

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Wartime press releases of the Allies offered as evidence by the prosecution were admitted, while those sought to be entered by the defense were excluded. The recollection of a conversation with a long-dead man was admitted. Letters allegedly written by Japanese citizens were admitted with no proof of

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Many Japanese reacted to the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal by demanding parole for the detainees or mitigation of their sentences. Shortly after the San Francisco Peace Treaty came into effect, a movement demanding the release of B- and C-class war criminals began, emphasizing the "unfairness of the war

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detailing the experiments of Unit 731 and its open-air tests of germ warfare on civilians. It was printed with a statement by Judge Röling, the last surviving member of the Tokyo Tribunal, who wrote, "As one of the judges in the International Military Tribunal, it is a bitter experience for me to be

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about the criminal responsibility of Hirohito. Judge-in-Chief Webb declared, "No ruler can commit the crime of launching aggressive war and then validly claim to be excused for doing so because his life would otherwise have been in danger ... It will remain that the men who advised the commission of

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of France argued that the tribunal's course of action was flawed due to Hirohito's absence and the lack of sufficient deliberation by the judges. He concluded that Japan's declaration of war "had a principal author who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present Defendants could only

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After the defense had finished its presentation on September 9, 1947, the IMT spent fifteen months reaching judgement and drafting its 1,781-page opinion. The reading of the judgement and the sentences lasted from December 4 to 12, 1948. Five of the eleven justices released separate opinions outside

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once the Prosecution had rested. The best evidence rule dictates that the "best" or most authentic evidence must be produced (for example, a map instead of a description of the map; an original instead of a copy; and a witness instead of a description of what the witness may have said). Justice Pal,

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George Furness, a Defense Counsel, stated, "e say that regardless of the known integrity of the individual members of this tribunal they cannot, under the circumstances of their appointment, be impartial; that under the circumstances this trial, both in the present day and in history, will never be

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was not granted parole until March 1956, the last of the Class A Japanese war criminals to be released. With the concurrence of a majority of the powers represented on the tribunal, the Japanese government announced on April 7, 1957, that the last ten major Japanese war criminals who had previously

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Similarly, the indiscriminate bombing of Chinese cities by Japanese Imperial forces was never raised in the Tokyo Trials in fear of America being accused of the same thing for its air attacks on Japanese cities. As a result, Japanese pilots and officers were not prosecuted for their aerial raids on

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had been captured by the Japanese and survived the Bataan Death March. The defense sought to remove him from the bench claiming he would be unable to maintain objectivity. The request was rejected but Jaranilla did excuse himself from presentation of evidence for atrocities in his native country of

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of the Netherlands in his dissent. He stated, "I think that not only should there have been neutrals in the court, but there should have been Japanese also." He argued that they would always have been a minority and therefore would not have been able to sway the balance of the trial. However, "they

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who accepted "ministerial and other advice for war" and that "no ruler can commit the crime of launching aggressive war and then validly claim to be excused for doing so because his life would otherwise have been in danger ... It will remain that the men who advised the commission of a crime, if it

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with regard to its involvement in World War II would be remembered by his future subjects; as Naruhito put it at that time: it was "important to look back on the past humbly and correctly," in reference to Japan's role in World War II-era war crimes and that he was concerned about the ongoing need

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wrote that the campaign to absolve Emperor Hirohito of responsibility "knew no bounds." He argued that with MacArthur's full approval, the prosecution effectively acted as "a defense team for the emperor," who was presented as "an almost saintly figure" let alone someone culpable of war crimes. He

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from the list of crimes and the lack of judges from the vanquished nations on the bench signified the "failure of the Tribunal to provide anything other than the opportunity for the victors to retaliate". In this he was not alone among Indian jurists, with one prominent barrister writing that the

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The United States had provided the funds and staff necessary for running the Tribunal and also held the function of Chief Prosecutor. The argument was made that it was difficult, if not impossible, to uphold the requirement of impartiality with which such an organ should be invested. This apparent

1136:. On May 6, 1947, he wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence." The deal was concluded in 1948. 1712:

In 1950, after most Allied war crimes trials had ended, thousands of convicted war criminals sat in prisons across Asia and Europe, detained in the countries where they had been convicted. Some executions had not yet been carried out, as Allied courts agreed to reexamine their verdicts. Sentences

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Part of Article 13 of the Charter provided that evidence against the accused could include any document "without proof of its issuance or signature" as well as diaries, letters, press reports, and sworn or unsworn out-of-court statements relating to the charges. Article 13 of the Charter read, in

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Japan accepts the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts both within and outside Japan, and will carry out the sentences imposed thereby upon Japanese nationals imprisoned in Japan. The power to grant clemency, reduce sentences and

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The International Prosecution Section (IPS) of the SCAP decided to try the seventy Japanese apprehended for "Class A" war crimes in three groups. The first group of 28 were major leaders in the military, political, and diplomatic sphere. The second group (23 people) and the third group (nineteen

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Bix also argues that "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save Hirohito from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war" and "months before the Tokyo tribunal commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to

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that the emperor's abdication would not be necessary. Before the war crimes trials actually convened, SCAP, the International Prosecution Section (IPS), and court officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family from being indicted, but also to skew the testimony of the

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as the 60th anniversary of the start of the trial approached in 2006, 70% of those who were questioned were unaware of the details of the trial, a figure that rose to 90% among those who were in the 20–29 age group. Some 76% of the people who were polled recognized the fact that a degree of the

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Despite Class C charges being created to prosecute Japan for atrocities against its nationals, this never occurred at all. Britain, France, Netherlands, and the U.S.—four-nation members of the Tokyo trials—had colonies themselves and feared that their own colonial atrocities might be brought to

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showed that a "common plan or conspiracy" to commit "crimes against peace" bound the accused together. Thus, the prosecution argued that the conspiracy had begun in 1927 and continued through to the end of the war in 1945. The Tanaka Memorial is now considered by most historians to have been an

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On September 4, 1952, President Truman issued Executive Order 10393, establishing a Clemency and Parole Board for War Criminals. Its purpose was to advise the President regarding recommendations by the Government of Japan for clemency, reduction of sentence, or parole of Japanese war criminals

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The focus changed from the top wartime leaders to "ordinary" war criminals (Class B and C in Japan), and an intense campaign for amnesty for all imprisoned war criminals ensued which enjoyed widespread public support. The campaign reframed the issue of criminal responsibility as a humanitarian

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against other nations, and only applied to Japan's top leaders who had planned and directed the war. Unlike the Nuremberg trials, the charge of crimes against peace was a prerequisite to prosecution—only those individuals whose crimes included crimes against peace could be prosecuted by the

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On May 3 the prosecution opened its case, charging the defendants with crimes against peace, conventional war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The trial continued for more than two and a half years, hearing testimony from 419 witnesses and admitting 4,336 exhibits of evidence, including

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stated, "Even Japanese activists who endorse the ideals of the Nuremberg and Tokyo charters and who have labored to document and publicize the atrocities of the Shōwa regime cannot defend the American decision to exonerate the emperor of war responsibility and then, in the chill of the

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On March 7, 1950, MacArthur issued a directive that reduced the sentences by one-third for good behavior and authorized the parole after fifteen years of those who had received life sentences. Several of those who were imprisoned were released earlier on parole due to ill health.

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people) were industrial and financial magnates who had been engaged in weapons manufacturing industries or were accused of trafficking in narcotics, as well as a number of lesser known leaders in military, political, and diplomatic spheres. The most notable among these were:

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of Australia took issue with Emperor Hirohito's legal status, writing, "The suggestion that the Emperor was bound to act on advice is contrary to the evidence." While refraining from personal indictment of Hirohito, Webb indicated that Hirohito bore responsibility as a

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Defendants at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East: (front row, left to right) Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, Admiral Takazumi Oka, (back row, left to right) Chairman of the Privy Council of Japan Kiichiro Hiranuma, Foreign Minister Shigenori

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A South Korean government commission cleared 83 of the 148 Koreans who were convicted of war crimes by the Allies. The commission ruled that the Koreans, who were categorized as Class B and Class C war criminals, were actually victims of Japanese imperialism.

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The defendants were represented by over a hundred attorneys, three-quarters of them Japanese and one-quarter American, plus a support staff. The defense opened its case on January 27, 1947, and finished its presentation 225 days later on September 9, 1947.

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defendants to ensure that no one implicated the emperor. High officials in court circles and the Japanese government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of prospective war criminals. People arrested as Class A suspects and incarcerated in the

918:

on December 23, 1948. MacArthur, afraid of embarrassing and antagonizing the Japanese people, defied the wishes of President Truman and barred photography of any kind, instead bringing in four members of the Allied Council to act as official witnesses.

281:. Twenty-eight high-ranking Japanese military and political leaders were tried by the court, including current and former prime ministers, cabinet members, and military commanders. They were charged with fifty-five separate counts, including the waging 1351:"immediately on landing in Japan went to work to protect Hirohito from the role he had played during and at the end of the war" and "allowed the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that the emperor would be spared from indictment." 1271:

raised substantive objections in a dissenting opinion: he found the entire prosecution case to be weak regarding the conspiracy to commit an act of aggressive war, which would include the brutalization and subjugation of conquered nations. About the

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Zachary D. Kaufman, "Transitional Justice for Tojo's Japan: the United States Role in the Establishment of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and Other Transitional Justice Mechanisms for Japan after World War II"

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Justice Henri Bernard of France concluded that Japan's declaration of war "had a principal author who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present Defendants could only be considered as accomplices."

1285:

is the decision coming from the Allied powers to use the bomb", adding that "Future generations will judge this dire decision". Pal was the only judge to argue for the acquittal of all of the defendants.

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to, in his own words: "correctly pass down tragic experiences and the history behind Japan to the generations who have no direct knowledge of the war, at the time memories of the war are about to fade."

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of the Philippines disagreed with the penalties imposed by the tribunal as being "too lenient, not exemplary and deterrent, and not commensurate with the gravity of the offence or offences committed."

379:. On April 25, in accordance with the provisions of Article 7 of the CIMTFE, the original Rules of Procedure of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East with amendments were promulgated. 1713:

were reduced in some cases, and a system of parole was instituted, but without relinquishing control over the fate of the imprisoned (even after Japan and Germany had regained their sovereignty).

694:

and his family was excluded from the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, as the United States believed it needed him to maintain order in Japan and achieve their postwar objectives.

598:, issued a press statement along with the indictment: "War and treaty-breakers should be stripped of the glamour of national heroes and exposed as what they really are—plain, ordinary murderers." 1743:

rejected a proposed amnesty for the imprisoned war criminals but instead agreed to "change the ground rules" by reducing the period required for eligibility for parole from 15 years to 10 years.

743:

The defense challenged the indictment, arguing that crimes against peace, and more specifically, the undefined concepts of conspiracy and aggressive war, had yet to be established as crimes in

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As leaders, organizers, instigators, or accomplices in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to wage wars of aggression, and war or wars in violation of international law

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On January 19, 1946, MacArthur issued a special proclamation ordering the establishment of an International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE). On the same day, he also approved the

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aggression which was perpetrated during the war was perpetrated by Japan, while only 7% of them believed that the war was a war which was strictly waged for the purpose of self-defense.

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account for crimes against humanity. As a consequence, this left the Korean and Taiwanese victims of Japanese colonial atrocities without any recourse in the international legal system.

9462: 2255: 1960: 229:, issued a special proclamation establishing the IMTFE. A charter was drafted to establish the court's composition, jurisdiction, and procedures; the crimes were defined based on the 761:

maintained that Japan had had no choice but to enter the war for self-defense purposes. He asserted that " we felt at the time that Japan was being driven either to war or suicide".

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conflict gave the impression that the tribunal was no more than a means for the dispensation of victors' justice. Solis Horowitz argues that IMTFE had an American bias: unlike the

375:(CIMTFE), which prescribed how it was to be formed, the crimes that it was to consider, and how the tribunal was to function. The charter generally followed the model set by the 9099: 2307: 1400:

Justice Röling did not find the emperor's immunity objectionable and further argued that five defendants (Kido, Hata, Hirota, Shigemitsu, and Tōgō) should have been acquitted.

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The prosecution began opening statements on May 3, 1946, and took 192 days to present its case, finishing on January 24, 1947. It submitted its evidence in fifteen phases.

292:, was ruled unfit to stand trial. All remaining defendants were found guilty of at least one count, of whom seven were sentenced to death and sixteen to life imprisonment. 8372: 8290: 639:

Waging aggressive war against the British Commonwealth (Crown colonies and protectorates of the United Kingdom in the Far East and South Asia, Australia and New Zealand)

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Thousands of other "lesser" war criminals were tried by domestic tribunals convened across Asia and the Pacific by Allied nations, with most concluding by 1949. Due to

277:; the defense consisted of Japanese and American lawyers. The Tokyo Trial exercised broader temporal jurisdiction than its counterpart in Nuremberg, beginning from the 5826: 9437: 9340: 9094: 7838: 5842: 1173: 1613:

Eiji Amo: Chief of the Intelligence Section of Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs; Director of Intelligence Bureau in the Tojo cabinet.

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Yakichiro Suma: Consul General at Nanking; in 1938, he served as counselor at the Japanese Embassy in Washington; after 1941, Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain.

1446:, were imprisoned in the expectation that they would be prosecuted at a second Tokyo Tribunal but they were never charged. They were released in 1947 and 1948. 7817: 6489: 6176: 5303: 6792: 6155: 5457: 5082: 3511: 9487: 9457: 9167: 8525: 8032: 5798: 5744: 4930: 8983: 6262: 5751: 5367: 2124: 1196:. It was horrible that we went there for the purpose of vindicating the laws of war, and yet saw every day how the Allies had violated them dreadfully." 1632:, signed on September 8, 1951, Japan accepted the jurisdiction of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. Article 11 of the treaty reads: 4777: 2517: 1056:

was sentenced to 7 years and paroled in 1950. He later served as Foreign Minister and as Deputy Prime Minister of post-war Japan under Prime Minister

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The verdict and sentences of the tribunal were confirmed by MacArthur on November 24, 1948, two days after a perfunctory meeting with members of the

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Six defendants were sentenced to death by hanging for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace (Class A, Class B and Class C):

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part: "The tribunal shall not be bound by technical rules of evidence ... and shall admit any evidence which it deems to have probative value.

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The parole for war criminals movement was driven by two groups: people who had "a sense of pity" for the prisoners demanded, "Just set them free" (

801:"It is well-nigh impossible to define the concept of initiating or waging a war of aggression both accurately and comprehensively," wrote Justice 8059: 5878: 5190: 1426:

informed now that centrally ordered Japanese war criminality of the most disgusting kind was kept secret from the Court by the U.S. government".

351:, decided to initiate arrests. On September 11, a week after the surrender, he ordered the arrest of 39 suspects—most of them members of General 1239: 9365: 5697: 4999: 3869: 2503: 7710: 1620:

All remaining people apprehended and accused of Class A war crimes who had not yet come to trial were set free by MacArthur in 1947 and 1948.

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Sixteen defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment. Three (Koiso, Shiratori, and Umezu) died in prison, while the other thirteen were

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The International Military Tribunal for the Far East was convened at Ichigaya Court, formerly the Imperial Japanese Army H building, in

9345: 6318: 5043: 2724: 2313: 3066: 9232: 8849: 8459: 8341: 7969: 7831: 6452: 4835: 4793: 2850: 1177: 233:. The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal was composed of judges, prosecutors, and staff from eleven countries that had fought against Japan: 9160: 8242: 8232: 7680: 5485: 5259: 5022: 4888: 4699: 2177: 296: 4576:

The Tokyo major war crimes trial: the transcripts of the court proceedings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East

6568: 6365: 6017: 5395: 4895: 4807: 4743: 4124: 3322: 1732:) regardless of how it is done. The war criminals themselves called for their own release as part of an anti-war peace movement. 1121: 461:

Following months of preparation, the IMTFE convened on April 29, 1946. The trials were held in the War Ministry office in Tokyo.

457:

View of the Tribunal in session: the bench of judges is on the right, the defendants on the left, and the prosecutors in the back

222: 8037: 4443: 3251:"United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency" 9047: 9021: 6771: 6283: 5126: 4664: 3695: 2365: 1606:: Ambassador to Manchukuo, Minister of Foreign Affairs and concurrently Director of the Intelligence Bureau; Ambassador to the 1572:: Chief of Staff of the Kwantung Army, Commander-in-Chief of China Expeditionary Army, 1939–41; war-time Minister of Education. 978: 348: 740:

The defense argued that the trial could never be free from substantial doubt as to its "legality, fairness and impartiality".

8991: 7374: 7279: 6799: 6545: 6420: 5499: 5473: 5330: 5036: 4953: 4591: 4550: 4531: 4494: 4246: 3842: 3759: 3435: 2936: 2813: 2577: 1566:(1931), at the invitation of his relative Nobusuke Kishi, where he founded the Manchurian Heavy Industry Development Company. 1596:: Administrator of Manchurian affairs; Minister of Treasury in Nobuyoki Abe's cabinet; followed Abe to China as an advisor; 1116:

held by the Soviets tried and found guilty some members of Japan's bacteriological and chemical warfare unit, also known as

798:

be considered as accomplices" and that a "verdict reached by a Tribunal after a defective procedure cannot be a valid one."

8819: 8575: 8451: 8351: 8336: 8247: 8207: 7607: 7007: 6893: 6058: 5518: 5514: 5492: 5096: 3000: 2970: 2874: 2528: 2496: 2058: 1813:

of 1,068 convicted war criminals, including the kami of 14 convicted Class-A war criminals, were secretly enshrined in the

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Legal Tools, Other International(ised) Criminal Jurisdictions, International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE)

1542:: In charge of industry and commerce of Manchukuo, 1936–40; Minister of Industry and Commerce under Tojo administration. 9202: 8686: 8681: 8580: 8520: 8311: 8301: 7992: 7731: 7600: 7478: 7049: 6764: 6715: 6473: 6028: 5273: 5112: 4960: 4814: 4274: 3951:"[IMTFE] Dissenting Judgment of the Member from France of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East" 3803: 3471: 3355: 3199: 1861: 1328:

both believed the occupation reforms would be implemented smoothly if they used Hirohito to legitimise their changes."

1159: 747:; in effect, the IMTFE was contradicting accepted legal procedure by trying the defendants retroactively for violating 4239:

The Tokyo Judgment: The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (I.M.T.F.E), 29 April 1946 – 12 November 1948

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and other members of the imperial family might have been regarded as potential suspects. They included career officer

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One defendant was sentenced to death by hanging for war crimes and crimes against humanity (Class B and Class C):

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More than 5,700 lower-ranking personnel were charged with conventional war crimes in separate trials convened by

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and within their administrations, about whom to try and how to try them. Despite the lack of consensus, General

9406: 9350: 9089: 8731: 8432: 8202: 8007: 7794: 7766: 7644: 7437: 6667: 6118: 6044: 5833: 5204: 4923: 4828: 4713: 3377: 1677: 1499: 1207: 418: 278: 17: 1379:, release and soon afterwards openly embrace accused right-winged war criminals like the later prime minister 9222: 9016: 8441: 8356: 8346: 7962: 7854: 7787: 7738: 7669: 7494: 6993: 6944: 6708: 6701: 6304: 6065: 5849: 4902: 2092: 1597: 1321: 242: 3722:"Harry S. Truman – Executive Order 10393 – Establishment of the Clemency and Parole Board for War Criminals" 473:

Following the model used at the Nuremberg trials in Germany, the Allies established three broad categories:

9452: 9370: 9355: 9184: 8996: 8867: 8321: 8262: 8252: 7928: 7824: 7199: 7153: 6072: 5900: 5885: 5812: 5791: 5609: 5287: 5073: 5066: 5050: 4761: 4720: 4692: 2612: 2293: 2082: 1562:: Sworn brother of Fusanosuke Kuhara, founder of Japan Industrial Corporation; went to Manchuria after the 1449: 4620: 9411: 9192: 8671: 8490: 8361: 7891: 7215: 7160: 6778: 6750: 6603: 6218: 6197: 5711: 5374: 5280: 4770: 4091: 2627: 2597: 2199: 1886:

MacArthur appointed a panel of 11 judges, nine from the nations that signed the Instrument of Surrender.

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By the end of 1958, all Japanese war criminals were released from prison and politically rehabilitated.

9248: 9176: 8958: 8927: 7689: 7178: 7097: 7042: 6930: 6886: 6536: 6162: 6086: 5981: 5858: 5730: 5723: 5683: 5656: 5388: 5321: 4916: 4727: 4657: 3927:"Dissenting judgment of the member from France of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East" 2669: 2640: 1952: 1824: 1277: 1200: 794: 509: 9401: 8917: 8912: 8839: 8794: 8585: 8272: 7591: 7508: 7293: 7146: 7118: 6951: 6856: 6646: 6079: 5146: 4800: 3775: 3616: 3456:

War and State Terrorism: The United States, Japan, and the Asia-Pacific in the Long Twentieth Century

2018: 1928: 505: 8774: 8064: 5344: 3877: 355:'s war cabinet. Tojo tried to commit suicide but was resuscitated with the help of U.S. physicians. 9031: 8814: 8756: 8704: 8326: 8154: 7955: 7330: 7307: 6552: 6353: 6346: 6003: 5663: 5635: 5628: 5015: 2689: 2283: 2118: 1662: 1484: 1313: 942: 403: 336: 5360: 5337: 1415:, received immunity in exchange for data gathered from his experiments on live prisoners. In 1981 1393:

a crime, if it be one, are in no worse position than the man who directs the crime be committed."

288:

By the time it adjourned on November 12, 1948, two defendants had died of natural causes and one,

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However, in respect to Pal and Röling's statement about the conduct of air attacks, there was no

1132:

and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ warfare data based on

1012: 779: 407: 311: 258: 207: 191: 90: 679:

Deliberately and recklessly disregarded their duty to take adequate steps to prevent atrocities

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University of Virginia The International Military Tribunal for the Far East Digital Collection

2805:

Hidden Atrocities: Japanese Germ Warfare and American Obstruction of Justice at the Tokyo Trial

2803: 2680: 2582: 2040: 1976: 1835:"; this rebuttal was posthumously published in 1987, four years after Arnold Brackman's death. 1799:

been paroled were granted clemency and were to be regarded henceforth as unconditionally free.

1356: 1223: 1133: 1105: 1081: 709: 494: 340: 324: 218: 4340: 3671: 2990: 2956: 2922: 1112:

The Soviet Union and Chinese Communist forces also held trials of Japanese war criminals. The

8590: 8052: 7935: 7658: 7501: 7397: 7367: 7323: 7192: 7056: 7021: 7014: 6937: 6835: 6276: 6253: 6100: 5704: 5241: 4981: 4967: 4650: 1301: 5539: 3751: 2732: 1340:

solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility.

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Rules of Procedure of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. April 25, 1946.

2754: 2303: 2139: 1904: 1858: 1065: 774: 754:

The defense argued that Allied Powers' violations of international law should be examined.

183: 82: 4053:, Minister for External Affairs and Attorney General. Letter of 3 July 1946. Available at 3347:

Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal: Charter, Indictment, and Judgments

2524: 2433: 2349: 1019: 955: 8: 9317: 9264: 9227: 8953: 8900: 8873: 8863: 8809: 8799: 8784: 8661: 8485: 8164: 8159: 8042: 7877: 7651: 7529: 7485: 7000: 6134: 5893: 5420: 5250: 5234: 5183: 4568:

Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal: Charter, Indictment and Judgments

2962: 2632: 2602: 2376: 2334:

Twenty-eight defendants were charged, mostly military officers and government officials.

1982: 1832: 1607: 1046: 814: 758: 328: 8736: 3721: 3632: 2450: 1587: 1450:

Failure to prosecute Japan's atrocities against its nationals as crimes against humanity

1403: 870: 787: 299:, the trials did not charge imperial Japanese leaders who may have been responsible for 9301: 9296: 9269: 9207: 8922: 8859: 8676: 8646: 8187: 7870: 7703: 7628: 7582: 7552: 7460: 7300: 6958: 6842: 6736: 6687: 6625: 6381: 6332: 6141: 5758: 5413: 5211: 4583: 4579: 4464: 4303: 3405: 3283: 3250: 2958:

War Crimes Tribunals and Transitional Justice: The Tokyo Trial and the Nuremberg Legacy

2587: 2104: 2002: 1740: 1575: 1243: 1215: 1193: 1089: 998: 701: 564: 498: 175: 4171: 2542: 2394: 1039: 842: 9212: 8963: 8651: 8631: 8398: 8027: 7861: 7745: 7635: 7575: 7536: 7469: 7451: 7417: 7360: 7314: 7258: 7076: 6814: 6806: 6743: 6596: 6190: 5715: 5176: 5155: 4865: 4587: 4546: 4527: 4490: 4471: 4413: 4394: 4387: 4327: 4270: 4242: 4178: 4152: 4145: 3755: 3675: 3664: 3644: 3467: 3431: 3397: 3351: 3288: 3270: 3237:

Factories of Death. Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up

3195: 2996: 2966: 2932: 2809: 2674: 2563: 2382: 1787: 1767: 1747: 1559: 1545: 1325: 1218:, an American defense counsel for Japanese defendants, argued that "f the killing of 1155: 1053: 938: 835: 744: 671:

Ordered, authorized, and permitted inhumane treatment of prisoners of war and others

533: 478: 344: 289: 282: 230: 226: 8107: 3699: 3454:(2003). "State Terror versus Humanitarian Law". In Mark Selden; Alvin Y. So (eds.). 2510: 2457: 1569: 1005: 877: 489:

in which only enemy and neutral nationals can be the principal victims, such as the

9330: 9279: 9104: 8824: 8540: 8212: 7780: 7773: 7717: 7381: 7139: 7125: 7028: 6965: 6916: 6729: 6582: 6529: 6339: 6290: 6204: 5427: 5404: 4937: 4455:

Unjust Enrichment: How Japan's Companies Built Postwar Fortunes Using American POWs

4430: 4193: 3744: 3640: 3636: 3459: 3389: 3278: 3262: 2829: 2622: 2408: 2370: 2276: 2272: 2172: 2151: 2035: 1943: 1869: 1439: 1294: 1273: 1185: 1165: 1151: 1025: 783:

be one, are in no worse position than the man who directs the crime be committed."

595: 548: 490: 376: 199: 131: 78: 9079: 4946: 4066: 3846: 1120:. However, those who surrendered to the Americans were never brought to trial. As 813:

of India produced a judgment in which he dismissed the legitimacy of the IMTFE as

9396: 9197: 9124: 8829: 8746: 8666: 8139: 7978: 7803: 7515: 7430: 7388: 7286: 7229: 7090: 6872: 6863: 6392: 5967: 5943: 5197: 3975:"Dissentient Judgement of Pal | Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact" 2617: 2222: 2155: 2095: 2073: 1820: 1814: 1584:: A radical ultranationalist. War profiteer, smuggler and underground crime boss. 1578:: Garrison Commander of Port Arthur and Minister of Interior in the Tojo cabinet. 1563: 1553: 1364: 1332: 1057: 720: 544: 529: 179: 8741: 7915: 2899:

Within documents relating to the IMTFE, it is also referred to as the "Charter".

2878: 9074: 8968: 8789: 8779: 8636: 8600: 8022: 7810: 7346: 7272: 5310: 5169: 4258:

The Tokyo War Crimes Trial: The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War Two

4225: 3427: 2535: 2195: 2190: 2055: 1970: 1852: 1791: 1783: 1539: 1435: 1416: 1380: 1348: 1344: 1317: 1268: 1231: 1211: 1097: 1032: 810: 270: 171: 9109: 9084: 4543:

The Tokyo War Crimes Trial: The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War II

3321:. Republic Of The Philippines, Office Of The Solicitor General. Archived from 3266: 2478: 2361: 2343: 1993: 1408: 991: 974: 863: 802: 485:"Class B" charges covered conventional war crimes, that is, violations of the 9431: 9145: 8595: 8316: 8306: 8134: 8099: 7621: 5532: 5381: 5220: 4349: 4285: 4265:

Wilson, Sandra; Cribb, Robert; Trefalt, Beatrice; Aszkielowicz, Dean (2017).

4166: 4022: 3998: 3950: 3926: 3648: 3401: 3274: 3190:

Wilson, Sandra; Cribb, Robert; Trefalt, Beatrice; Aszkielowicz, Dean (2017).

2659: 2592: 2546: 2464: 2443: 2426: 2355: 2215: 2115: 2079: 1840: 1771: 1751: 1603: 1581: 1388: 1371: 1337: 1219: 1101: 984: 961: 948: 911: 857: 748: 537: 524:

The indictment accused the defendants of promoting a scheme of conquest that:

517: 513: 372: 274: 250: 8696: 4574:

International Military Tribunal for the Far East; R. John Pritchard (1998).

4301: 3974: 3807: 2485: 884: 9237: 8192: 8069: 7920: 7724: 6010: 5915: 5546: 4909: 4673: 4023:"[IMTFE] Opinion of Mr. Justice Roling, Member for the Netherlands" 3451: 3292: 3130:

free from substantial doubt as to its legality, fairness and impartiality."

2492: 2474:, commander of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force and Central China Area Army 2471: 2388: 2135: 1857:

Some time before the situation emerged about his expected accession to the

1775: 1759: 1463: 1247: 967: 903: 846: 266: 211: 195: 8766: 8383: 4506:

The Japanese on Trial: Allied War Crimes Operations in the East, 1945–1951

4445:

The Tokyo Trial: War Criminals and Japan's Postwar International Relations

4267:

Japanese War Criminals: the Politics of Justice after the Second World War

4049:, as President of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East to 3192:

Japanese War Criminals: the Politics of Justice after the Second World War

8844: 8393: 7559: 7545: 7207: 5869: 5690: 5675: 5029: 4120: 4054: 3249:

Brody, Howard; Leonard, Sarah E.; Nie, Jing-Bao; Weindling, Paul (2014).

2648: 2419: 2209: 2085:; Resigned from the tribunal; replaced by Major General Myron C. Cramer. 1779: 1763: 1755: 1360: 1281: 1262: 1129: 931: 891: 724:

anti-Japanese forgery; however, it was not regarded as such at the time.

568: 352: 254: 214:

for their war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity.

4371: 3017:"Should the United States be Blamed for Japan's Historical Revisionism?" 58: 8641: 8257: 6907: 6660: 6639: 5525: 4858: 4786: 3409: 2644: 1593: 587: 576: 486: 86: 73: 8550: 3804:"Enshrinement Politics: War Dead and War Criminals at Yasukuni Shrine" 2651:

in 1997, the sixtieth anniversary of the start of the Nanjing Massacre

728:

authenticity and no opportunity for cross examination by the defense.

453: 9306: 8973: 8948: 8943: 8751: 8622: 8555: 8227: 7170: 6575: 6372: 6183: 5974: 5929: 4050: 3830:

The Other Nuremberg: The Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial,

2437: 2206: 1998: 1937: 1404:

Failure to prosecute perpetrators of inhumane medical experimentation

1235: 1077: 1049:

was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment. Togo died in prison in 1950.

915: 906:, commander, Shanghai Expeditionary Force and Central China Area Army 749:

laws which had not existed when the alleged crimes had been committed

234: 203: 187: 5450: 3901:"World War II Should Not Be Forgotten, Japan's Prince Naruhito Says" 3393: 1829:

The Other Nuremberg: The Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial,

1651: 1473: 1184:

Justice Röling stated, "f course, in Japan we were all aware of the

528:

ontemplated and carried out ... murdering, maiming and ill-treating

392: 9274: 9052: 8480: 8171: 8115: 5434: 5162: 4147:

The Other Nuremberg: The Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial

3845:. Mansfield Asian Opinion Poll Database. April 2006. Archived from 2664: 2326: 1549: 1412: 1376: 1297: 1189: 1117: 838:, was found mentally unfit for trial and the charges were dropped. 691: 584: 572: 316: 300: 64: 7947: 2988: 2778: 910:

The seven defendants who were sentenced to death were executed at

647:

Waging aggressive war against the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies)

477:"Class A" charges covered crimes against peace, that is, waging a 8222: 4318:

Ming-Hui Yao. "Nanjing Massacre and the Tokyo War Crimes Trial".

3780: 3424:

Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II

2875:"Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East" 2608:

Justice Erima Harvey Northcroft Tokyo War Crimes Trial Collection

2411:, prime minister (1941–44), war minister (1940–44), chief of the 2032: 1238:," although Pearl Harbor was classified as a war crime under the 580: 560: 541: 4609: 1868:

on the occasion of his 55th birthday in February 2015 about how

9291: 8905: 8074: 6051: 4642: 4631: 4615: 2467:, prime minister (1944–45), governor-general of Korea (1942–44) 2346:, prime minister (1936–37), foreign minister (1933–36, 1937–38) 1443: 1265: 1227: 923: 552: 373:

Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East

238: 4466:

The Yamashita Precedent: War Crimes and Command Responsibility

4264: 1876: 1331:

As early as November 26, 1945, MacArthur confirmed to Admiral

8267: 6239: 4424: 4410:

Judgment at Tokyo: World War II and the Making of Modern Asia

4389:

Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Trials

3153: 3151: 3138: 3136: 4515:

Horror in the East: Japan and the Atrocities of World War II

4304:"Judgment: International Military Tribunal for the Far East" 2924:

The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations

1853:

Potential concerns expressed by the Japanese Imperial Family

1838:

In a survey of 3,000 Japanese people which was conducted by

1363:." According to a written report by Shūichi Mizota, Admiral 1254:

Pearl Harbor and cities in China and other Asian countries.

994:, commander, Kwantung Army, former governor-general of Korea 3999:"Opinion of Mr. Justice Roling, Member for the Netherlands" 3581:『戦争裁判余録』, Taiseisha Kabushiki Kaisha,泰生社 1986, pp. 170–172. 3537: 3535: 3533: 2920: 1809: 556: 9463:

Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II

4448:. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. 4290:. Japan: Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact. 3343: 3148: 3133: 495:

attack on the neutral U.S. at Pearl Harbor without warning

9341:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

3023: 2731:. The University of Georgia School of Law. Archived from 2643:: a book about the Nanjing Massacre which was written by 719:

The prosecution argued that a 1927 document known as the

4136:

The Tokyo International Military Tribunal: A Reappraisal

3530: 3248: 3035: 1230:, we know the name of the very man who hands loosed the 655:

Waging aggressive war against France (French Indochina)

9376:

International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

3696:"Taiwan Documents Project – Treaty of Peace with Japan" 3319:"Hon. Delfin J. Jaranilla, Attorney General, 1927–1932" 2352:, prime minister (1939), president of the privy council 465:

depositions and affidavits from 779 other individuals.

5304:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

3047: 2779:"The International Military Tribunal for the Far East" 1429: 40:"The Tokyo Trial" redirects here. For other uses, see 4393:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 3111: 3087: 2138:

was also apparently favourably disposed to replacing

1288: 4610:

The International Military Tribunal for the Far East

4232:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 4173:

War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War

3596: 3350:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. lv. 3299: 3205: 2992:

Trials and Tribulations of International Prosecution

1641: 1172:

Justice Radhabinod Pal argued that the exclusion of

3217: 3099: 2250:Crown Prosecutor and Judge, Supreme Court of India 2142:as a judge, but his appointment did not eventuate. 2125:

Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR

1181:Tribunal was little more than "a sword in a wig." 9331:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) 4463: 4386: 4302:International Military Tribunal for the Far East. 4287:The Tokyo Trials and the Truth of "Pal's Judgment" 4170: 4144: 3743: 3663: 3584: 3559: 3547: 3175:"Abe's Japan Cannot Apologize for the Pacific War" 1590:: Ultranationalist businessman and philanthropist. 1042:, war minister and Chief of the Army General Staff 4487:Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials 4435:Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire 3843:"'Asahi Shimbun' May 2, 2006 'Tokyo Trials Poll'" 3480: 2755:"Milestones: 1945–1952 – Office of the Historian" 2647:, the book was published in the United States by 2637:: A 2007 Chinese film about the Nanjing Massacre. 2154:of the United States, was appointed by President 987:, governor-general of Korea, later prime minister 894:, commander, Kwantung Army (later prime minister) 860:, chief of the intelligence services in Manchukuo 9438:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 9429: 9361:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 9336:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 9130:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 4637:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 4526:. Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company. 4354:Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact 4241:. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: APA-University Press. 2989:Henry F. Carey, Stacey M. Mitchell, ed. (2013). 2429:, chief of the intelligence service in Manchukuo 1864:, some degree of concern was voiced by the then 631:Waging aggressive war against the United States 156:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 51:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 33:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 9100:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 4457:. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. 4260:. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Asia Center. 3492: 2954: 2314:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union 2178:Assistant Attorney General of the United States 1831:a rebuttal of charges that the trial had been " 708:The prosecution team relied on the doctrine of 583:and other barbaric cruelties upon the helpless 217:Following Japan's defeat and occupation by the 9175: 8084: 1464:Release of the remaining 42 "Class A" suspects 1144: 323:The Tribunal was established to implement the 9161: 7963: 4658: 4545:. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center. 4470:. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. 2239:Provisional Government of the French Republic 1957:Avocat-General (Solicitor-General) at Bangui 1623: 690:Any possible evidence that would incriminate 4230:Victor's Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial 4133: 3378:"The Tokyo Judgment and the Rape of Nanking" 9488:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1948 9458:Sexual violence in Asia during World War II 8447:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 4524:War Crimes: International Military Tribunal 4508:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 4489:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 4236: 4212:Horowitz, Solis (1950). "The Tokyo Trial". 3172: 3157: 3142: 2700:Post-World War II Romanian war crime trials 2551:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 2413:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 1877:List of judges, prosecutors, and defendants 1680:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1502:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1257: 849:, died of natural causes during the trial. 421:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 9346:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 9168: 9154: 7970: 7956: 4665: 4651: 4503: 3661: 2183:Department of Justice of the United States 1071: 9366:Special Panels of the Dili District Court 8850:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 8460:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 4441: 3282: 2921:Dieter Fleck, Terry D. Gill, ed. (2015). 2801: 2181:Director of the Criminal Division of the 1700:Learn how and when to remove this message 1522:Learn how and when to remove this message 1178:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1035:, president of the Cabinet Planning Board 866:, prime minister (later foreign minister) 685: 441:Learn how and when to remove this message 382: 9483:Courts and tribunals established in 1946 8233:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 4317: 4283: 4211: 4151:. New York: William Morrow and Company. 4142: 4067:"Supreme Court of India - Former Judges" 3504: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3344:Neil Boister, Robert Cryer, ed. (2008). 3305: 3255:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 3053: 2950: 2948: 2527:, navy minister (1941–44), chief of the 2495:, navy minister (1936–37), chief of the 2325: 2288:Associate Prosecutor of the Philippines 2260:Associate Prosecutor of the Netherlands 2227:Minister of Justice and Foreign Affairs 1608:Reorganized National Government of China 824: 452: 362: 358: 310: 4521: 4269:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4237:Röling, B. V. A.; Rüter, C. F. (1977). 4126:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 3898: 3867: 3741: 3514:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 3194:. New York: Columbia University Press. 3186: 3184: 2984: 2982: 2916: 2914: 2677:: A 1998 Japanese film about the trial. 2566:, a political philosopher and ideologue 1438:, who later became Prime Minister, and 1122:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 663:Waging aggressive war against the USSR 223:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 14: 9430: 9048:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 6519: 6497:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4582:: Robert M.W. Kempner Collegium by E. 4566:Boister, Neil, and Robert Cryer, eds. 4540: 4452: 4370:(a 2016 documentary by Tim B. Toidze) 4255: 4224: 4055:http://www.naa.gov.au/go.aspx?i=819494 3614: 3117: 3093: 3041: 3029: 2685:: A 2006 Chinese film about the trial. 2520:, chief of the Military Affairs Bureau 2506:, chief of the Bureau of Naval Affairs 2488:, chief of staff of the 14th Area Army 1355:attribute ultimate responsibility for 1280:signalling his determination to bring 1015:, chief of the Military Affairs Bureau 349:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers 9149: 7951: 7375:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 6800:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 6446:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6402:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5500:Rape during the occupation of Germany 4646: 4429: 4350:"Dissentient Judgment of Justice Pal" 4191: 4165: 4134:Boister, Niel; Cryer, Robert (2008). 3868:Koehler, Robert (November 13, 2006). 3750:. Columbia University Press. p. 3602: 3541: 3486: 3375: 3364: 3211: 3168: 3166: 3105: 2945: 2578:Allied war crimes during World War II 2538:, chief of the Cabinet Planning Board 2481:, governor-general of Korea (1936–42) 2337: 1762:were all released on parole in 1954. 63:Court chamber during the tribunal in 8452:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 8208:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 6490:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5515:Rape during the liberation of France 4512: 4484: 4461: 4407: 4384: 4202: 4138:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4047:William Webb (judge)Sir William Webb 3450: 3223: 3181: 2979: 2911: 2529:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 2497:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 2401: 2312:Head of the Legal Department of the 2108:Replaced Judge Higgins in July 1946 1739:On May 26, 1954, Secretary of State 1678:adding citations to reliable sources 1645: 1500:adding citations to reliable sources 1467: 623:Waging unprovoked war against China 419:adding citations to reliable sources 386: 9120:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 8362:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 7977: 4119: 3899:Itasaka, Kiko (February 24, 2015). 3776:"Where war criminals are venerated" 3768: 3590: 3565: 3553: 3498: 2557: 2214:Vice-Judge Advocate General of the 1430:Failure to prosecute other suspects 1066:Allied Control Commission for Japan 279:1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 27:Post–World War II war crimes trials 24: 9493:International courts and tribunals 6716:German invasion of the Netherlands 4989:Weather events during World War II 4560: 4377: 3239:, revised ed. Routledge, New York. 3163: 2460:, commander of the Burma Area Army 2379:, foreign minister (1941–42, 1945) 1289:Exoneration of the imperial family 1186:bombings and the burnings of Tokyo 773:In his concurring opinion Justice 210:, which prosecuted the leaders of 198:. The IMTFE was modeled after the 25: 9504: 7354:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 4602: 3621:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2065:Senator of the College of Justice 1823:, who had covered the trials for 1794:were released on parole in 1955. 1736:sentenced by military tribunals. 1642:Parole for war criminals movement 1422:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 8820:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 8083: 7914: 4672: 4630: 4570:(Oxford University Press, 2008). 2995:. Lexington Books. p. 169. 2655:Philippine War Crimes Commission 2256:W.G. Frederick Borgerhoff-Mulder 2046:Supreme Court of the Philippines 1961:First Military Tribunal in Paris 1650: 1472: 1214:before and during World War II. 887:, chief of staff, 14th Area Army 391: 57: 42:The Tokyo Trial (disambiguation) 8835:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 4347: 4084: 4059: 4039: 4015: 3991: 3967: 3943: 3919: 3892: 3861: 3835: 3822: 3796: 3735: 3714: 3688: 3655: 3608: 3571: 3444: 3416: 3337: 3311: 3242: 3229: 3123: 3059: 3009: 1929:Court of King's Bench of Quebec 200:International Military Tribunal 194:, leading up to and during the 116: 9407:International humanitarian law 9351:Special Court for Sierra Leone 9090:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 8203:Imperial Rescript on Education 7601:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 5297:Territorial changes of Germany 5205:Indonesian National Revolution 4624:Emory International Law Review 4504:Piccigallo, Philip R. (1979). 3870:"Korean war criminals cleared" 3641:10.1080/00963402.1981.11458900 2902: 2893: 2867: 2843: 2822: 2795: 2771: 2747: 2717: 2145: 1208:international humanitarian law 540:under inhumane conditions ... 13: 1: 8536:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 8442:Imperial General Headquarters 8033:Foreign commerce and shipping 6994:Japanese invasion of Thailand 6945:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6709:German invasion of Luxembourg 5083:Mediterranean and Middle East 4442:Higurashi, Yoshinobu (2022). 4092:"Parakulangara Govinda Menon" 3617:"A hidden chapter in history" 3067:"Charter of the Tokyo trials" 2808:. Columbia University Press. 2705: 2366:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal 2321: 2308:Sergei Alexandrovich Golunsky 1598:Minister of Greater East Asia 1246:and without a just cause for 979:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal 820: 306: 174:convened on 29 April 1946 to 9371:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 9356:International Criminal Court 8868:Hirohito surrender broadcast 8263:Greater East Asia Conference 6901:Invasion of the Soviet Union 6590:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 5901:Independent State of Croatia 4453:Holmes, Linda Goetz (2001). 4425:online scholarly book review 4385:Bass, Gary Jonathan (2000). 4143:Brackman, Arnold C. (1987). 3828:Brackman, Arnold C. (1987), 3806:. JapanFocus. Archived from 2613:Khabarovsk war crimes trials 2397:, foreign minister (1940–41) 2391:, finance minister (1941–44) 2385:, foreign minister (1943–45) 2294:Arthur Strettell Comyns Carr 1458: 1434:Forty-two suspects, such as 1419:published an article in the 1139: 880:, commander, Burma Area Army 563:beyond any justification of 297:U.S. government intervention 7: 9412:International speech crimes 9193:Customary international law 8248:Supreme Court of Judicature 7892:End of World War II in Asia 7732:Western invasion of Germany 7239:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7216:Second Battle of El Alamein 6779:Hundred Regiments Offensive 6751:Battle of the Mediterranean 6604:Italian invasion of Albania 4771:Air warfare of World War II 4522:Sherman, Christine (2001). 3662:Barenblatt, Daniel (2004). 2675:プライド運命の瞬間 ("Praido", Pride) 2628:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal 2598:Indian National Army trials 2570: 2200:Supreme Court of Queensland 1942:Attorney and Member of the 1242:, as it happened without a 1145:Charges of victors' justice 1114:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials 764: 146: 10: 9509: 9233:Convention Against Torture 9177:International criminal law 8959:Second Philippine Republic 8732:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 7818:Naval bombardment of Japan 7179:First Battle of El Alamein 7098:Battle of Christmas Island 7043:Japanese invasion of Burma 6807:Italian invasion of Greece 6723:German invasion of Belgium 6695:German invasion of Denmark 6668:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 6537:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 4794:Comparative military ranks 4437:. New York: Penguin Books. 4284:Watanabe, Shōichi (2008). 4214:International Conciliation 4027:Legal-tools.org/doc/462134 4003:Legal-tools.org/doc/fb16ff 3955:Legal-tools.org/doc/675a23 3931:Legal-tools.org/doc/d1ac54 3742:Maguire, Peter H. (2000). 3670:. Harper Collins. p. 2802:Guillemin, Jeanne (2017). 2670:Yokohama War Crimes Trials 2641:The Rape of Nanking (book) 1914:President of the Tribunal 1825:United Press International 1630:San Francisco Peace Treaty 1624:San Francisco Peace Treaty 941:, major instigator of the 731: 700:The Tribunal embraced the 590:of the over-run countries. 468: 367:The judges (July 29, 1946) 39: 29: 9402:Joint criminal enterprise 9384: 9315: 9246: 9183: 9067: 9040: 8982: 8936: 8893: 8886: 8840:Japan during World War II 8795:Pacification of Manchukuo 8765: 8695: 8687:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 8682:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 8620: 8613: 8564: 8551:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 8504: 8430: 8423: 8370: 8288: 8281: 8273:Imperial Japanese Airways 8180: 8127: 8092: 8081: 7985: 7907: 7739:Bratislava–Brno offensive 7679: 7670:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 7407: 7294:Allied invasion of Sicily 7248: 7147:Aleutian Islands campaign 7119:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7066: 7057:Greek famine of 1941–1944 6952:Second Battle of Changsha 6857:German invasion of Greece 6825: 6702:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 6677: 6615: 6510: 6391: 6117: 6027: 5868: 5571: 5562: 5320: 5145: 5037:North and Central Pacific 4998: 4760: 4753: 4680: 4485:Maga, Timothy P. (2001). 4462:Lael, Richard L. (1982). 4045:Personal correspondence, 3267:10.1017/S0963180113000753 2358:, chief cabinet secretary 2298:British MP and Barrister 2166: 2163: 2044:Associate Justice of the 1897: 1894: 1891: 1881: 1802: 964:, Chief Cabinet Secretary 675: 667: 659: 651: 643: 635: 627: 619: 611: 606: 603: 227:General Douglas MacArthur 168:Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal 142: 137: 127: 122: 112: 104: 96: 72: 56: 49: 30:For the documentary, see 9443:War crimes organizations 9322:(in order of foundation) 8815:Second Sino-Japanese War 8757:Racial Equality Proposal 8337:Agriculture and Commerce 7331:Allied invasion of Italy 7308:Solomon Islands campaign 7050:Third Battle of Changsha 6647:First Battle of Changsha 6553:Second Sino-Japanese War 5486:German military brothels 5352:United States war crimes 4517:. Boston: Da Capo Press. 4113: 3615:Powell, John W. (1981). 3464:Rowman & Littlefield 3382:Journal of Asian Studies 2955:Madoka Futamura (2007). 2710: 2453:, war minister (1938–39) 2446:, war minister (1939–40) 2422:, war minister (1931–34) 2025:of the New Zealand Army 1862:at the end of April 2019 1628:Under Article 11 of the 1386:Three justices wrote an 1258:Pal's dissenting opinion 943:second Sino-Japanese War 757:Former Foreign Minister 9448:Crimes against humanity 9260:Crimes against humanity 8727:Washington Naval Treaty 8672:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 8657:First Sino-Japanese War 8476:Nuclear weapons program 8218:Great Japan Youth Party 8145:National seals of Japan 7753:Second Guangxi campaign 7608:Philippines (1944–1945) 7105:Battle of the Coral Sea 7008:Fall of the Philippines 6654:Battle of South Guangxi 6560:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 5959:Italian Social Republic 4513:Rees, Laurence (2001). 4361: 3376:Brook, Timothy (2001). 3158:Röling & Rüter 1977 3143:Röling & Rüter 1977 2929:Oxford University Press 2513:, ambassador to Germany 2021:of New Zealand; former 2013:Erima Harvey Northcroft 1923:Edward Stuart McDougall 1911:High Court of Australia 1343:According to historian 1306:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu 1224:bombing of Pearl Harbor 1072:Other war crimes trials 1008:, Ambassador to Germany 926:between 1952 and 1958: 333:Instrument of Surrender 192:crimes against humanity 91:crimes against humanity 9417:Universal jurisdiction 9392:Command responsibility 9285:Incitement to genocide 9223:United Nations Charter 8805:Motherland controversy 8775:Shōwa financial crisis 8567:Imperial Japanese Navy 8507:Imperial Japanese Army 8238:Peace Preservation Law 7338:Armistice of Cassibile 7133:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7084:Battle of the Java Sea 6987:Attack on Pearl Harbor 6887:Syria–Lebanon campaign 6880:Battle of South Shanxi 6850:Invasion of Yugoslavia 6633:Battle of the Atlantic 6247:Korean Liberation Army 5953:(until September 1943) 5910:(until September 1944) 5888:(until September 1944) 4408:Bass, Gary J. (2023). 4295: 4096:Imtfe.law.virginia.edu 3666:A Plague upon Humanity 2783:imtfe.law.virginia.edu 2725:"More about the IMTFE" 2583:Bangka Island massacre 2331: 2150:The chief prosecutor, 2101:Judge Advocate General 2023:Judge Advocate General 1977:University of Calcutta 1639: 831: 780:constitutional monarch 710:command responsibility 686:Evidence and testimony 594:The chief prosecutor, 592: 551:, wantonly destroying 458: 383:Tokyo War Crimes Trial 368: 320: 8717:Siberian Intervention 8526:Railways and Shipping 8342:Commerce and Industry 8038:Industrial production 7502:Second Battle of Guam 7398:Bengal famine of 1943 7368:Second Battle of Kiev 7324:Battle of the Dnieper 7193:Kokoda Track campaign 7022:Battle of Wake Island 6894:East African campaign 6836:Battle of South Henan 6481:atrocities by Germans 6254:Korean Volunteer Army 5228:Occupation of Germany 4982:Music in World War II 4541:Totani, Yuma (2009). 4256:Totani, Yuma (2008). 3430:. 2010. p. 167. 2830:"Potsdam Declaration" 2373:, Ambassador to Italy 2329: 2267:Ronald Henry Quilliam 1866:Crown Prince Naruhito 1634: 1322:Truman Administration 1302:Prince Yasuhiko Asaka 1240:1907 Hague Convention 1134:human experimentation 1028:, Ambassador to Italy 970:, Minister of Finance 828: 538:forcing them to labor 526: 456: 366: 359:Creation of the court 314: 162:), also known as the 9318:International courts 9218:Nuremberg principles 9135:Political dissidence 8984:Occupied territories 8722:General Election Law 8546:Taiwan Army of Japan 7788:Surrender of Germany 7266:Battle of West Hubei 7223:Guadalcanal campaign 7186:Battle of Stalingrad 7112:Battle of Madagascar 5879:Albania protectorate 5666:(formerly Swaziland) 5375:Wehrmacht war crimes 5191:Expulsion of Germans 4975:Art and World War II 4873:British contribution 4822:Governments in exile 4639:at Wikimedia Commons 4220:(November): 473–584. 4192:Dower, John (1999). 3702:on February 21, 2001 3235:Harris, S.H. (2002) 2963:Taylor & Francis 2931:. pp. 548–549. 2881:on February 22, 1999 2729:Guides @ Georgia Law 1859:Chrysanthemum Throne 1674:improve this section 1600:in the Tojo cabinet. 1548:: Leader of the pro- 1496:improve this section 1347:, Brigadier General 415:improve this section 184:crimes against peace 83:crimes against peace 9453:Crime of aggression 9265:Crime of aggression 9228:Genocide Convention 8954:Wang Jingwei regime 8864:Potsdam Declaration 8855:Soviet–Japanese War 8810:Anti-Comintern Pact 8800:January 28 incident 8785:London Naval Treaty 8662:Triple Intervention 8491:Supreme War Council 8375:deliberative bodies 7878:Potsdam Declaration 7767:Italy (Spring 1945) 7530:Liberation of Paris 6980:Siege of Sevastopol 5991:(until August 1944) 5894:Wang Jingwei regime 5716:from September 1943 5676:from September 1944 5614:from September 1944 5474:Romanian war crimes 5465:Persecution of Jews 5451:Croatian war crimes 5421:Japanese war crimes 5235:Occupation of Japan 5184:First Indochina War 4896:Military production 4808:Declarations of war 4412:. New York: Knopf. 4205:Unit 731: Testimony 3849:on November 8, 2006 3810:on October 16, 2007 3633:1981BuAtS..37h..44P 3579:Sensô saiban yoroku 3577:Kumao Toyoda 豊田隈雄, 3544:, pp. 323–325. 3512:"Herbert P. Bix on 3032:, pp. 122–123. 2693:: a 2016 miniseries 2603:Japanese war crimes 2545:, commander of the 2534:Lieutenant General 2516:Lieutenant General 2509:Lieutenant General 2484:Lieutenant General 2196:Senior Puisne Judge 1983:Calcutta High Court 1174:Western colonialism 1158:, a justice of the 1031:Lieutenant General 1011:Lieutenant General 1004:Lieutenant General 883:Lieutenant General 329:Potsdam Declaration 9270:Crime of apartheid 9208:Geneva Conventions 8677:Russo-Japanese War 8647:Two Lords Incident 8302:Imperial Household 7871:Surrender of Japan 7704:Battle of Iwo Jima 7553:Belgrade offensive 6959:Siege of Leningrad 6843:Battle of Shanggao 6772:British Somaliland 6737:Dunkirk evacuation 6688:Norwegian campaign 6626:Invasion of Poland 6453:Japanese prisoners 5414:Italian war crimes 5345:British war crimes 5260:Soviet occupations 5044:South-West Pacific 4931:Allied cooperation 4889:Military equipment 4584:Edwin Mellen Press 4580:Lewiston, New York 4226:Minear, Richard H. 4203:Gold, Hal (2003). 3832:New York: Morrow. 3466:. pp. 41–61. 3044:, pp. 122–23. 2588:Bataan Death March 2338:Civilian officials 2332: 2237:Prosecutor of the 2105:United States Army 2063:Judge (Scottish), 2003:Utrecht University 1959:Chief Prosecutor, 1741:John Foster Dulles 1730:tonikaku shakuho o 1310:Prince Higashikuni 1244:declaration of war 1216:Ben Bruce Blakeney 1160:U.S. Supreme Court 1090:Netherlands Indies 832: 702:best evidence rule 565:military necessity 534:civilian internees 510:Taiwanese subjects 499:Bataan Death March 459: 369: 321: 283:wars of aggression 9425: 9424: 9251:international law 9213:Nuremberg Charter 9203:Hague Conventions 9143: 9142: 9115:Socialist thought 9063: 9062: 9002:Dutch East Indies 8964:Empire of Vietnam 8882: 8881: 8652:Satsuma Rebellion 8632:Meiji Restoration 8609: 8608: 8419: 8418: 8357:Greater East Asia 8243:Political parties 8198:Foreign relations 7945: 7944: 7903: 7902: 7746:Battle of Okinawa 7645:Burma (1944–1945) 7479:Mariana and Palau 7259:Tunisian campaign 7077:Fall of Singapore 7001:Fall of Hong Kong 6744:Battle of Britain 6597:Operation Himmler 6506: 6505: 6170:Dutch East Indies 5806:Southern Rhodesia 5558: 5557: 5458:Genocide of Serbs 5361:German war crimes 5338:Soviet war crimes 5331:Allied war crimes 5177:Division of Korea 5156:Chinese Civil War 4954:Strategic bombing 4866:Manhattan Project 4635:Media related to 4593:978-0-7734-8313-2 4552:978-0-674-03339-9 4533:978-1-56311-728-2 4496:978-0-8131-2177-2 4431:Frank, Richard B. 4348:Pal, Radhabinod. 4335:Missing or empty 4248:978-90-6042-041-6 3784:. January 4, 2003 3761:978-0-231-12051-7 3437:978-1-8454-5844-7 3173:Baird, J. Kevin. 2938:978-0-1987-4462-7 2815:978-0-231-54498-6 2759:history.state.gov 2525:Shigetarō Shimada 2434:Kingorō Hashimoto 2402:Military officers 2383:Mamoru Shigemitsu 2350:Kiichirō Hiranuma 2319: 2318: 2132: 2131: 1788:Shimada Shigetarô 1768:Hiranuma Kiichirô 1748:Hashimoto Kingorô 1710: 1709: 1702: 1560:Yoshisuke Ayukawa 1546:Fusanosuke Kuhara 1532: 1531: 1524: 1326:General MacArthur 1278:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1169:the Philippines. 1166:Justice Jaranilla 1156:Robert H. Jackson 1124:, MacArthur gave 1054:Mamoru Shigemitsu 1052:Foreign minister 1045:Foreign minister 1020:Shigetarō Shimada 956:Kiichirō Hiranuma 939:Kingorō Hashimoto 745:international law 683: 682: 567:; (perpetrating) 479:war of aggression 451: 450: 443: 345:Douglas MacArthur 337:Moscow Conference 325:Cairo Declaration 231:Nuremberg Charter 152: 151: 108:December 12, 1948 16:(Redirected from 9500: 9385:Related concepts 9323: 9280:Genocidal intent 9170: 9163: 9156: 9147: 9146: 9105:Shinmin no Michi 9095:Internment camps 9007:French Indochina 8891: 8890: 8737:Taishō Democracy 8618: 8617: 8541:Japanese holdout 8428: 8427: 8352:Colonial Affairs 8286: 8285: 8213:Yokusan Sonendan 8119: 8111: 8103: 8087: 8086: 8013:Economic history 7972: 7965: 7958: 7949: 7948: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7921:World portal 7919: 7918: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7806: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7781:Prague offensive 7776: 7774:Battle of Berlin 7769: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7720: 7718:Vienna offensive 7713: 7706: 7699: 7697:Battle of Manila 7692: 7672: 7663: 7654: 7647: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7587: 7578: 7571: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7481: 7474: 7465: 7456: 7447: 7440: 7438:Korsun–Cherkassy 7433: 7422: 7400: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7356: 7349: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7319: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7280:Bombing of Gorky 7275: 7268: 7261: 7241: 7234: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7140:Battle of Midway 7135: 7128: 7126:Battle of Gazala 7121: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7036:Battle of Borneo 7031: 7029:Malayan campaign 7024: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6973:Bombing of Gorky 6968: 6966:Battle of Moscow 6961: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6818: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6730:Battle of France 6725: 6718: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6583:Munich Agreement 6578: 6571: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6539: 6532: 6517: 6516: 6499: 6492: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6468:Soviet prisoners 6462: 6455: 6448: 6439: 6432: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6408:German prisoners 6404: 6384: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5939: 5937:French Indochina 5932: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5881: 5861: 5852: 5845: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5784:from August 1944 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5667: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5569: 5568: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5510: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5476: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5428:Nanjing Massacre 5423: 5416: 5407: 5405:Nuremberg trials 5398: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5246: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5138: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5053: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5009:Asia and Pacific 4991: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4940: 4938:Mulberry harbour 4933: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4780: 4773: 4758: 4757: 4746: 4739: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4634: 4626:, vol. 27 (2013) 4597: 4556: 4537: 4518: 4509: 4500: 4481: 4469: 4458: 4449: 4438: 4423: 4404: 4392: 4357: 4344: 4338: 4333: 4331: 4323: 4320:archives.cnd.org 4314: 4312: 4310: 4291: 4280: 4261: 4252: 4233: 4221: 4208: 4199: 4195:Embracing Defeat 4188: 4176: 4162: 4150: 4139: 4130: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4063: 4057: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3876:. Archived from 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3839: 3833: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3749: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3698:. Archived from 3692: 3686: 3685: 3669: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3460:Lanham, Maryland 3448: 3442: 3441: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3373: 3362: 3361: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3325:on 30 April 2013 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3286: 3246: 3240: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3188: 3179: 3178: 3170: 3161: 3155: 3146: 3140: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3071: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3002:9-7807-3916-9414 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972:9-7811-3409-1317 2952: 2943: 2942: 2918: 2909: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2877:. Archived from 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2721: 2623:Nanjing Massacre 2558:Other defendants 2451:Seishirō Itagaki 2371:Toshio Shiratori 2277:New Zealand Army 2273:Adjutant-General 2246:P. Govinda Menon 2173:Joseph B. Keenan 2161: 2160: 2152:Joseph B. Keenan 2041:Attorney General 2036:Delfin Jaranilla 1944:Legislative Yuan 1889: 1888: 1870:Japanese history 1833:victor's justice 1705: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1654: 1646: 1588:Ryōichi Sasakawa 1527: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1507: 1476: 1468: 1440:Yoshisuke Aikawa 1320:explained, "The 1295:Japanese emperor 1274:Nanking Massacre 1210:with respect to 1194:other big cities 1152:Nuremberg trials 1026:Toshio Shiratori 1022:, naval minister 1001:, naval minister 958:, prime minister 871:Seishirō Itagaki 841:Two defendants, 815:victor's justice 788:Delfín Jaranilla 692:Emperor Hirohito 601: 600: 596:Joseph B. Keenan 549:private property 530:prisoners of war 446: 439: 435: 432: 426: 395: 387: 377:Nuremberg trials 225:, United States 196:Second World War 138:Court membership 132:Nuremberg trials 61: 52: 47: 46: 21: 9508: 9507: 9503: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9497: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9397:Superior orders 9380: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9311: 9253: 9250: 9242: 9198:Peremptory norm 9179: 9174: 9144: 9139: 9125:Yasukuni Shrine 9059: 9036: 8978: 8932: 8878: 8830:Tripartite Pact 8825:Rape of Nanking 8761: 8747:Tapani incident 8691: 8667:Boxer Rebellion 8625: 8605: 8569: 8560: 8509: 8500: 8435: 8415: 8409:Representatives 8377: 8374: 8373:Legislative and 8366: 8332:Foreign Affairs 8295: 8292: 8277: 8176: 8155:Government Seal 8140:Rising Sun Flag 8123: 8117: 8109: 8101: 8088: 8079: 7981: 7979:Empire of Japan 7976: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7913: 7911: 7899: 7890: 7883: 7876: 7869: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7837: 7832:Atomic bombings 7830: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7675: 7668: 7657: 7650: 7643: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7590: 7581: 7574: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7535: 7528: 7523:Eastern Romania 7521: 7516:Warsaw Uprising 7514: 7509:Tannenberg Line 7507: 7500: 7495:Western Ukraine 7493: 7484: 7477: 7468: 7459: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7425: 7416: 7403: 7396: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7313: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7287:Battle of Kursk 7285: 7278: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7244: 7237: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7168: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7091:St Nazaire Raid 7089: 7082: 7075: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6915: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6873:Anglo-Iraqi War 6871: 6864:Battle of Crete 6862: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6821: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6793:Eastern Romania 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6611: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6535: 6528: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6479: 6472: 6467: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6435: 6428: 6419: 6412: 6407: 6400: 6387: 6380: 6371: 6364: 6359: 6354:Western Ukraine 6352: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6298:Northeast China 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5997:Slovak Republic 5995: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5968:Empire of Japan 5966: 5957: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5884: 5877: 5864: 5857: 5848: 5841: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5670: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5554: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5513: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5480:Sexual violence 5479: 5472: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5403: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5249: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5210: 5203: 5198:Greek Civil War 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5141: 5134: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5023:South-East Asia 5021: 5014: 5007: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4882:Military awards 4880: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4776: 4769: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4676: 4671: 4616:ICC Legal Tools 4605: 4600: 4594: 4563: 4561:Primary sources 4553: 4534: 4497: 4478: 4420: 4401: 4380: 4378:Further reading 4364: 4336: 4334: 4325: 4324: 4308: 4306: 4298: 4277: 4249: 4185: 4159: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4044: 4040: 4031: 4029: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4007: 4005: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3981: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3957: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3933: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3880:on May 22, 2012 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3660: 3656: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3518:. HarperCollins 3510: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3394:10.2307/2700106 3374: 3365: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3247: 3243: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3189: 3182: 3177:. The Diplomat. 3171: 3164: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2987: 2980: 2973: 2965:. p. 116. 2953: 2946: 2939: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851:"IMTFE Charter" 2849: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2800: 2796: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2761: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2735:on 11 July 2018 2723: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2696: 2682:The Tokyo Trial 2618:Manila massacre 2573: 2560: 2549:, chief of the 2543:Yoshijirō Umezu 2404: 2395:Yōsuke Matsuoka 2340: 2324: 2233:Robert L. Oneto 2223:Hsiang Che-chun 2180: 2156:Harry S. Truman 2148: 2140:John P. Higgins 2107: 2096:Myron C. Cramer 2078:Chief Justice, 2074:John P. Higgins 2043: 1980: 1958: 1927:Justice of the 1913: 1909:Justice of the 1884: 1879: 1855: 1821:Arnold Brackman 1815:Yasukuni Shrine 1805: 1706: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1671: 1655: 1644: 1626: 1564:Mukden Incident 1554:Rikken Seiyukai 1528: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1493: 1477: 1466: 1461: 1452: 1432: 1411:, commander of 1406: 1365:Mitsumasa Yonai 1333:Mitsumasa Yonai 1291: 1260: 1147: 1142: 1074: 1058:Ichiro Hatoyama 1040:Yoshijirō Umezu 843:Yōsuke Matsuoka 834:One defendant, 823: 767: 734: 721:Tanaka Memorial 688: 514:forced laborers 491:Rape of Nanking 471: 447: 436: 430: 427: 412: 396: 385: 361: 309: 186:, conventional 180:Empire of Japan 178:leaders of the 68: 50: 45: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9506: 9496: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9388: 9386: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9327: 9325: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9282: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9256: 9254: 9249:Crimes against 9247: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9189: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9173: 9172: 9165: 9158: 9150: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9071: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9056: 9055: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8988: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8969:State of Burma 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8940: 8938: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8897: 8895: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8790:Musha Incident 8787: 8782: 8780:Jinan incident 8777: 8771: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8701: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8637:Beipu uprising 8634: 8628: 8626: 8621: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8601:Treaty Faction 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8572: 8570: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8531:Imperial Guard 8528: 8523: 8518: 8512: 8510: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8472: 8471: 8456: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8438: 8436: 8431: 8425: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8380: 8378: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8298: 8296: 8291:Administration 8289: 8283: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8142: 8137: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8121: 8113: 8105: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7975: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7952: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7932: 7925: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7851: 7848:South Sakhalin 7844: 7843: 7842: 7828: 7821: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7693: 7685: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7648: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7588: 7579: 7572: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7542: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7482: 7475: 7466: 7457: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7423: 7413: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7385: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7327: 7320: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7273:Battle of Attu 7269: 7262: 7254: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7235: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7157: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7072: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7015:Battle of Guam 7011: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6938:Battle of Kiev 6934: 6927: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6831: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6683: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6621: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6556: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6525: 6523: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6477: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6449: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437:United Kingdom 6433: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6405: 6397: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6369: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6250: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6123: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5882: 5874: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5834:British Empire 5827:United Kingdom 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5668: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5643:Czechoslovakia 5639: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5577: 5575: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5543: 5540:Rape of Manila 5536: 5529: 5522: 5511: 5496: 5489: 5477: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5461: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5417: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5392: 5378: 5371: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5326: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5311:United Nations 5307: 5300: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5256: 5247: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5170:Decolonization 5166: 5159: 5151: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5116: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5070: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5004: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4934: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4862: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4846: 4843:United Kingdom 4839: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4766: 4764: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4689: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4628: 4618: 4612: 4604: 4603:External links 4601: 4599: 4598: 4592: 4571: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4551: 4538: 4532: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4495: 4482: 4476: 4459: 4450: 4439: 4427: 4418: 4405: 4399: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4345: 4315: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4281: 4276:978-0231179225 4275: 4262: 4253: 4247: 4234: 4222: 4209: 4200: 4189: 4183: 4163: 4157: 4140: 4131: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4083: 4071:164.100.107.37 4058: 4038: 4014: 3990: 3966: 3942: 3918: 3891: 3860: 3834: 3821: 3795: 3767: 3760: 3734: 3713: 3687: 3680: 3654: 3607: 3605:, p. 562. 3595: 3593:, p. 584. 3583: 3570: 3568:, p. 585. 3558: 3556:, p. 583. 3546: 3529: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3473:978-0742523913 3472: 3443: 3436: 3428:Berghahn Books 3415: 3388:(3): 673–700. 3363: 3357:978-0199541928 3356: 3336: 3310: 3298: 3261:(2): 220–230. 3241: 3228: 3226:, p. 109. 3216: 3214:, p. 447. 3204: 3200:978-0231179225 3180: 3162: 3160:, p. 496. 3147: 3145:, p. 478. 3132: 3122: 3120:, p. 120. 3110: 3098: 3096:, p. 118. 3086: 3058: 3046: 3034: 3022: 3008: 3001: 2978: 2971: 2944: 2937: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2866: 2842: 2821: 2814: 2794: 2770: 2746: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2694: 2686: 2678: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2638: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2539: 2536:Teiichi Suzuki 2532: 2521: 2514: 2511:Hiroshi Ōshima 2507: 2500: 2491:Fleet Admiral 2489: 2482: 2475: 2468: 2461: 2458:Heitarō Kimura 2454: 2447: 2442:Field Marshal 2440: 2430: 2423: 2416: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2377:Shigenori Tōgō 2374: 2368: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2339: 2336: 2330:The defendants 2323: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2269: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2203: 2202: 2193: 2191:Alan Mansfield 2186: 2185: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2147: 2144: 2134:Legal scholar 2130: 2129: 2127: 2123:Member of the 2121: 2119:I. M. Zaryanov 2112: 2111: 2109: 2098: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2083:Superior Court 2076: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2061: 2056:The Honourable 2052: 2051: 2048: 2038: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2005: 1996: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1973: 1971:Radhabinod Pal 1967: 1966: 1963: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1907: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1854: 1851: 1804: 1801: 1792:Suzuki Teiichi 1784:Ôshima Hiroshi 1708: 1707: 1658: 1656: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1601: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1570:Toshizō Nishio 1567: 1557: 1543: 1540:Nobusuke Kishi 1530: 1529: 1480: 1478: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1436:Nobusuke Kishi 1431: 1428: 1417:John W. Powell 1405: 1402: 1381:Nobusuke Kishi 1349:Bonner Fellers 1290: 1287: 1269:Radhabinod Pal 1259: 1256: 1212:aerial warfare 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1098:United Kingdom 1073: 1070: 1062: 1061: 1050: 1047:Shigenori Tōgō 1043: 1036: 1033:Teiichi Suzuki 1029: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1006:Hiroshi Ōshima 1002: 995: 988: 981: 971: 965: 959: 952: 951:, war minister 947:Field Marshal 945: 935: 934:, war minister 908: 907: 896: 895: 888: 881: 878:Heitarō Kimura 874: 873:, war minister 867: 861: 822: 819: 811:Radhabinod Pal 766: 763: 759:Shigenori Tōgō 733: 730: 687: 684: 681: 680: 677: 673: 672: 669: 665: 664: 661: 657: 656: 653: 649: 648: 645: 641: 640: 637: 633: 632: 629: 625: 624: 621: 617: 616: 613: 609: 608: 605: 522: 521: 502: 483: 470: 467: 449: 448: 399: 397: 390: 384: 381: 360: 357: 308: 305: 271:United Kingdom 172:military trial 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 135: 134: 129: 128:Related action 125: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 100:April 29, 1946 98: 94: 93: 76: 70: 69: 62: 54: 53: 26: 18:Tokyo tribunal 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9505: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9319: 9314: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9297:Slave trading 9295: 9293: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9245: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9171: 9166: 9164: 9159: 9157: 9152: 9151: 9148: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9080:Fukoku kyōhei 9078: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9066: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8937:Puppet states 8935: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8885: 8875: 8872: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8764: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8596:Fleet Faction 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8576:General Staff 8574: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8563: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8516:General Staff 8514: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8503: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8469:military code 8468: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8429: 8426: 8422: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8399:Imperial Diet 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8389:Privy Council 8387: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8369: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8307:Home Ministry 8305: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8150:Imperial Seal 8148: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8135:Flag of Japan 8133: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7973: 7968: 7966: 7961: 7959: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7855:Kuril Islands 7852: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7622:Syrmian Front 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7568:Market Garden 7564: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7427:Monte Cassino 7424: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6786:Baltic states 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6430:United States 6427: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6366:Quốc dân Đảng 6363: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066:Liechtenstein 6063: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6018:Collaboration 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843:United States 5840: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5533:Comfort women 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5517: / 5516: 5512: 5509: 5506: / 5505: 5502: / 5501: 5497: 5494: 5493:Camp brothels 5490: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382:The Holocaust 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5368:forced labour 5365: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5221:Marshall Plan 5218: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5074:Eastern Front 5071: 5068: 5067:Western Front 5064: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4961:Puppet states 4958: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4903:Naval history 4900: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4850:United States 4847: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4595: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4477:9780842022026 4473: 4468: 4467: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4419:9781101947104 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4400:9780691049229 4396: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4382: 4373: 4369: 4368:Judging Japan 4366: 4365: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4329: 4321: 4316: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4289: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4184:0-394-75172-8 4180: 4175: 4174: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4158:9780688047832 4154: 4149: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3879: 3875: 3874:rjkoehler.com 3871: 3864: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3771: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3738: 3723: 3717: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3683: 3681:9780060186258 3677: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3517: 3515: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452:Falk, Richard 3447: 3439: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3307: 3306:Horowitz 1950 3302: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3176: 3169: 3167: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3126: 3119: 3114: 3108:, p. 22. 3107: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3075: 3068: 3062: 3056:, p. 60. 3055: 3054:Brackman 1987 3050: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3018: 3012: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2983: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2949: 2940: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2917: 2915: 2905: 2896: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2852: 2846: 2831: 2825: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2798: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2716: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2660:Sugamo Prison 2658: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2593:Comfort women 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2552: 2548: 2547:Kwantung Army 2544: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2502:Vice Admiral 2501: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2465:Kuniaki Koiso 2462: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2444:Shunroku Hata 2441: 2439: 2436:, founder of 2435: 2431: 2428: 2427:Kenji Doihara 2424: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2356:Naoki Hoshino 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2335: 2328: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2216:Canadian Army 2213: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116:Major-General 2114: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2093:Major General 2091: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2080:Massachusetts 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2019:Supreme Court 2017:Judge of the 2016: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1981:Judge of the 1978: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1956: 1954: 1953:Henri Bernard 1951: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1890: 1887: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1830: 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