298:
and much less in
Ottoman Turkish due to the small number of government officials in the area. The Albanian peasantry of the countryside spoke mainly the Albanian language as a mother tongue, especially if they were Muslim. As Albanians were employed in all levels of government in Yanya vilayet, of the local population who had knowledge in the Albanian language could speak it during their interactions with the Ottoman authorities. Over time Greek words have also been incorporated into the lexicon of the Tosk dialect. Gheg and Tosk Albanians are able to understand each other.
36:
331:
Tepelena, Mallakastra, Pogradec and in
Skrapar, Erseka and Gramsh. Other sects of Islam are present too, with Sunnis present mostly in cities and in far eastern regions (especially in Macedonia and Devoll) while there are also Halvetis in Berat. In almost all these areas, however, Christians, Bektashis and sometimes other sects of Muslims live side by side. Christians and Muslims were historically (around the time of the fall of the Ottoman Empire) almost evenly distributed in the Korça District and the area in and around the cities of Berat and Lushnja.
439:
287:
384:
Ottoman authorities while settling small disputes among the peasants in their own way. In some statistics the landowner received 50-60 percent of earnings by the peasantry of whom also had to pay tax to
Ottoman authorities. Peasants often had little to live on and households were poor, with up to seven families at a time residing in a two or three room dwelling. Ottomans outside the area viewed Tosk society as split between the classes of
354:
305:, who claimed that this decision deprived the Albanian language of its richness at the expense of the Ghegs, and referred to the literary Albanian language as a "monstrosity" produced by the Tosk communist leadership which conquered anti-Communist north Albania militarily, and imposed their Tosk Albanian dialect on the Ghegs. Although Albanian writers in former
388:(oppressor) and mazlum (oppressed). During the Hamidian period, Tosk towns underwent slow growth of the Albanian middle class that was composed of government officials, lawyers, physicians, teachers, merchants and artisans. Some middle class Albanians over time joined the beys to generate an intellectual class that worked toward a cultural and linguistic
434:
By the middle of the nineteenth century Toskëria was considerably better integrated within the
Ottoman system and had better connections with the wider world than its northern regional counterpart of Gegënia. Despite Toskëria being integrated within the Ottoman system, the area still showed levels of
379:
who sold their agricultural produce to Italy and apart from their economic power also exercised powerful influence upon the local
Ottoman administration. The wealthy landowning class derived their income from lumbering, mining, farming and other smaller industries and were similar to the nobility of
297:
In the late
Ottoman period, the upper and middle classes of Tosk society, apart from speaking Albanian, knew Greek and some Ottoman Turkish. As Albanian and Greek cultures dominated in Yanya vilayet, at home they would speak Albanian, at school in Greek and outside resort to either Albanian or Greek
422:
There was a distinction between Ghegs and Tosks before the
Ottomans appeared in Albania at the end of the 14th century. In the Ottoman Empire this division was additionally solidified because Tosks established strong cultural and intellectual connection with Istanbul and generally, the rest of the
309:
were almost all Ghegs, they chose to write in Tosk for political reasons. This change of literary language has significant political and cultural consequences because the language is the main criterion for self-identification of the
Albanians. Despite all efforts to unify Albanian language in some
505:
calling for sociopolitical rights received support from Tosk leaders who sent telegrams to
Istanbul demanding autonomy and unification of four provinces: Shkodër, Kosovo, Monastir and Yanya into one province of Albania. The Ottoman government seeking to quell unrest decided to negotiate with Tosk
470:
that were against the territorial ambitions of its neighbors and for the creation of a unitary
Albanian province. Lacking a tribal network of the Ghegs, Tosk society instead relied on the Bektashi network to spread information and mobilise Albanians to resist any annexation by Greece of the Yanya
383:
Ruling as feudal lords over the peasantry, the landowning class would at times settle legal issues without resorting to usual government channels and the beys viewed themselves as patriarchs that defended and counseled their peasants. Members from the landowning class would represent a peasant to
231:
meaning land of the Tosks. During the late Ottoman period apart from the term Arnavudluk (Albania) being used for Albanian regions, the designation Toskalık was also used in documents by Ottomans. In the 1880s, Albanians defined the wider region of Toskalık (Toskland) as encompassing the Ottoman
370:
Tosks abandoned the tribal social organization by the end of 14th century and Ottoman conquest of the territory they lived. During the Ottoman period society in Toskëria was composed of a few rich wealthy Muslim Albanian landowning families that rose through the course of centuries within the
330:
in background. The Orthodox are more predominant in the regions around Gjirokastër, around Leskovik, and in the Myzeqe region (which includes the areas around Fier, Kuçova and Lushnja) and in the Dangëllia region (around Përmet) while Bektashis and are more heavily concentrated around Vlora,
408:
The Tosks have often been described as shorter, less slender and described as being of a darker Mediterranean type to the Ghegs. The Tosks have smaller noses and rounder faces than Ghegs. Some claim that this difference has been reduced due to population movement in post-Communist period.
361:
The Tosks maintained substantial contacts with outside world and were more influenced by it. Some authors believe Tosks are more progressive and open than Ghegs. Tosks intermarried with non-Albanians more than Ghegs. Nineteenth century Albanian views of the Tosks as expressed by
1701:... Ghegs speak a slightly different dialect of the language, and are often taller and thinner than Tosks, but these traditional differences (often exaggerated in vulgar anthropology) have been much diminished by population movement in the post-communist period
371:
imperial system owning large parts of the countryside and big estates. Tosk Albanians supplied the Ottoman empire with elites who served in high positions within the bureaucracy and military. The landowning notables were referred to as
1288:
Religious differences also existed before the coming of the Turks. Originally, all Albanians had belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church... Then the Ghegs in the North adopted in order to better resist the pressure of Orthodox
1409:
The Tosks live in southern Albania and parts of northern Greece. Because their territories were easily accessible, the Tosks developed substantial contacts with the outside world, and as a result, foreign influences were more
466:(pledges of honor) to arm themselves and shed blood to defend their rights. Other Albanians, mostly Tosks developed ideological arguments and led the information campaign for autonomy by sending petitions in 1878 to the
866:
the two ethnic sub-groups to which Albanians actually belong: the Ghegs in the north and the Tosks in the south... The Ghegs and Tosks differ from each other in linguistic, historical-cultural and socio-religious
458:(memorandum) that declared both Tosks and Ghegs had made an oath to defend the state and homeland in the name of Islam. Tosk Albanians living in Yanya vilayet had to deal with land claims by Greece based on the
322:. Although many Tosks remained Orthodox Christians, the sense of strong division between Catholic Albanians and Orthodox Albanians did not evolve until the middle of the 18th century. Most Tosks are either
366:
was that unity existed with the Ghegs along with few differences of dialect and pronunciation, while in warfare Tosks were better at perseverance and resistance than Ghegs who were skilled in attack.
1591:
Almost all of the Albanians who immigrated to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were Tosk peasants in search of a better life. Many Tosks also immigrated to northern Greece.
880:
227:
river. This region is widely referred to by Albanians as Toskëri and by foreigners as Toskeria. The Ottoman Turkish term, used during the times when Albania was included in the empire, was
1738:
These differences existed before appearance of Turks. Traditionally there has been the division between the Ghegs in the north and the Tosks in the south, the Shkumbi River being the line
2023:
The Communist victory had realized the transference of political power from the Ghegs to the Tosks, and as around three-quarters of the membership of the ACP were Tosks,
1972:
1494:
301:
Within an independent Albania, the Albanian communist regime based the standard Albanian language mostly on Tosk Albanian. This practice has been criticized, notably by
792:
The Albanians comprise two ethnic subgroups: the Ghegs, who generally occupy the area north of the Shkumbin river; and the Tosks, most of whom live south of the river.
375:
and formed the foundation of Ottoman control within southern Albania. Prominent families included the Vrioni and Vlora based in the fertile Myzeqe plain within the
2039:
1188:
Although the Albanian population in Yugoslavia is almost exclusively Gheg, the Albanian writers there have chosen, for sheer political reasons, to write in Tosk
260:. The wider area of Toskalık was divided into three distinct regions. The first was Toskalık, the second Laplık (Labëria) being composed of the areas of
192:
are separate southern Albanian subgroups which at times are also included in the category of Tosks due to ethno-cultural and dialectal similarities. The
937:"The Secret Past of the Greek-Albanian Borderlands. Cham Muslim Albanians: Perspectives on a Conflict over Historical Accountability and Current Rights"
925:"The Albanians are divided into two subgroups: southerners (Tosks, Labs and Chams) and northerners (Gegs), with a border formed by the river Shkumbin."
506:
Albanians at Tepelenë on 18 August 1911 for a solution and a deal was struck promising Albanian education, linguistic and a few sociopolitical rights.
471:
vilayet in 1880. During this time Tosks led the way in articulating Albanianism based on a national program demanding Albanian sociopolitical rights.
345:
Many Tosks are irreligious due to communist rule and a largely irreligious and secular population remains prevalent in much of Southern Albania.
1316:
945:"In historical literature the Chams are thought to form one of the four Albanian tribes (the Labs, Tosks and Gegs are the other three)."
1215:
The political-cultural relevance of the abolition of literary Gheg with literary Tosk....Albanians identify themselves with language...
338:, who are of Tosk descent, kept their Byzantine worship but reconciled with the Catholic Church, and today have their own rite, the
1960:
In the south, home of the Tosks, impoverished peasants were still treated essentially as serfs by their feudal Moslem landlords.
2068:
1440:
The peoples to the south of the River Shkumbin (the 'Tosks', more sober and refined in nature) were more open and progressive.
1349:....the sense of true separation between Catholic Albanians and Orthodox Ablanians dates only from the mid-eighteenth century.
2016:
1986:
1953:
1761:
1724:
1687:
1657:
1614:
1584:
1508:
1463:
1433:
1402:
1372:
1274:
1244:
1174:
1020:
990:
852:
815:
778:
490:
with some fighting in guerilla bands to end the Hamidian regime. The revolution had raised hopes among Albanians and the new
318:
Initially the population of Albania was Orthodox Christian, but in the middle of the 13th century the Ghegs converted to
216:. The name Toskëria itself is often used to name entire Tosk-speaking parts of Albania, in contrast to northern Gegëria.
478:
granted for permission to establish schools in Shkodër, Monastir and Yanya to teach the Albanian language. During the
2049:
1923:
1342:
936:
918:
890:
1768:
This dichotomy intensified through time as Tosks developed strong intellectual and cultural links with Istanbul,...
483:
339:
1753:
Rethinking the late Ottoman Empire: a comparative social and political history of Albania and Yemen, 1878-1918
1470:
The Ghegs, who make up about two-thirds of the total, are less intermarried with non-Albanians than the Tosks,
908:
770:
Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, and Analysis
455:
1139:
1115:
897:"In fact the Liaps and Tsams claimed to be autonomous tribes, distinct and separate from the Gegs and Tosks"
1379:... Ghegs are mostly Sunni Muslims,..., while Tosks are predominantly Bektashis and Orthodox Christians....
1251:... some Ghegs from the most remote regions of the north cannot converse with Tosks from the extreme south.
487:
829:
There were and there remain distinct cultural and linguistic differences between Albanian Ghegs and Tosks
389:
310:
cases Ghegs from remote northern regions can not have conversation with Tosks from the further south.
208:
are, mainly, descendants of Tosk-speaking settlers, as are the original inhabitants of the village of
1628:
Ghegs, who are often described as fair, are taller than Tosks, who are darker and more Mediterranean.
1141:
Canadian review of studies in nationalism: Revue canadienne des Ă©tudes sur le nationalisme, Volume 19
1117:
Canadian review of studies in nationalism: Revue canadienne des Ă©tudes sur le nationalisme, Volume 19
882:
Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas
519:
486:(CUP) members were one group in Albanian society that gave its support for the restoration of the
1306:
571:
498:
463:
1939:
807:
When East Meets West: Examining Classroom Discourse at the Albanian Socio-political Intersection
705:
622:
494:(CUP) government which had relied on Tosk and Gheg support promised them to better governance.
2006:
1714:
1677:
1362:
1332:
1264:
980:
842:
768:
556:
450:
resulted in Albanian resistance to partition by neighbouring powers with the formation of the
268:(Vlorë), Tepdelen (Tepelenë), Kurules (Kurvelesh) and Ergiri (Gjirokastër). The third Camlık (
1976:
1943:
1913:
1498:
1453:
1301:
1010:
805:
586:
502:
479:
335:
201:
110:
1423:
1320:. Vol. 01 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 481–487, see page 485.
735:
697:
679:
447:
272:) encompassed the areas of Margalic (Margariti), Aydonat (Paramithi) and Filat (Filiates).
8:
601:
100:
Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Islam (Sunni and Bektashi), Eastern Catholicism (minority)
40:
546:
1364:
Rediscovering the Umma: Muslims in the Balkans Between Nationalism and Transnationalism
687:
541:
428:
249:
241:
1649:
1576:
1236:
2045:
2012:
1982:
1949:
1919:
1757:
1720:
1683:
1653:
1610:
1580:
1504:
1459:
1429:
1398:
1368:
1338:
1334:
Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia
1270:
1240:
1170:
1016:
986:
914:
886:
848:
811:
774:
713:
691:
683:
665:
647:
518:. As a result, Tosk Albanians made up around three quarters of the membership of the
261:
253:
233:
177:
122:
35:
1664:
The Tosk people are shorter and have rounder faces and smaller noses than the Ghegs.
1515:...Tosks, who had abandoned the tribal system by the time of the Ottoman conquest...
551:
396:
and almost all of them were Tosks. There was also substantial migration of Tosks to
673:
639:
612:
591:
531:
323:
265:
257:
237:
64:
723:
363:
1751:
1604:
1392:
1200:
1164:
731:
651:
467:
376:
72:
462:
to areas of Toskëria that they lived in. During the crisis Tosks and Ghegs made
739:
717:
616:
606:
475:
451:
327:
245:
185:
76:
1642:
1569:
1229:
576:
392:. At the end of 19th and beginning of 20th century many Albanians migrated to
168:
population of southern Albania and internal subgroups include the Myzeqars of
2062:
1455:
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
1311:
743:
709:
566:
424:
393:
281:
88:
1915:
The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
976:
596:
581:
442:
Ismail Qemali, first president and prime minister of an independent Albania
438:
427:
of Albanian ethnicity to serve the empire, most of them were Tosks such as
626:
561:
459:
319:
1305:
738:
in the nineteenth century. He is widely regarded as a precursor of both
474:
Tosk Albanians in July 1906 were unable to have their request to sultan
669:
643:
633:
491:
306:
302:
294:
The Tosks speak Tosk Albanian, one of the two main Albanian dialects.
2041:
Engendering song: Singing and subjectivity at Prespa Albanian weddings
173:
727:
701:
209:
193:
165:
130:
655:
286:
630:
536:
269:
224:
213:
189:
150:
142:
1978:
Out Of Albania: From Crisis Migration to Social Inclusion in Italy
1500:
Out Of Albania: From Crisis Migration to Social Inclusion in Italy
659:
997:
The territory of the Tosks is poetically referred to as Toskeria.
747:
353:
220:
146:
138:
1012:
Ottoman Refugees, 1878-1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World
397:
197:
169:
1993:
The ACP was largely a creation of southern or Tosk Albanians.
840:
515:
205:
134:
1425:
Italy and Albania: Financial Relations in the Fascist Period
615:, Albanian national team goalkeeper who currently plays for
385:
1712:
1606:
Land of eagles: riding through Europe's forgotten country
1262:
372:
1144:. University of Prince Edward Island. 1992. p. 207
1120:. University of Prince Edward Island. 1992. p. 206
1602:
1869:
1596:
1641:
1568:
1394:Albania in transition: the rocky road to democracy
1228:
348:
690:and prelate of the Catholic Church who served as
417:
290:A map showing Tosk speakers in crimson and orange
2060:
1256:
841:Hugh Poulton; Suha. Taji Faruqi (January 1997).
834:
423:world. During the Ottoman period, of the thirty
2004:
1675:
913:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 96.
766:
1719:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 497.
1706:
1354:
1269:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 498.
1027:... the region of southern Albania—Toskalik...
847:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 117.
514:In the 1920s many Tosks were poverty-stricken
232:administrative units of Ergiri (Gjirokastër),
1948:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 34.
1905:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
879:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967).
726:, (15 August 1860 – 12 December 1939),was an
1679:The Albanian Question: Reshaping the Balkans
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1525:
1523:
1294:
1098:
1096:
1083:
1081:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1037:
1035:
803:
760:
730:painter, sculptor, architect, photographer,
1821:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1669:
1487:
1445:
1415:
1384:
609:, Former Albanian national team goalkeeper.
182:sing: Lab, pl. Lebër, also dial. sing.: Lap
129:) are one of two major ethnic subgroups of
1893:
1881:
1857:
1713:Leften Stavros Stavrianos (January 2000).
1475:
1458:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29.
1360:
1263:Leften Stavros Stavrianos (January 2000).
1162:
948:
900:
34:
1845:
1833:
1809:
1743:
1535:
1520:
1324:
1300:
1093:
1078:
1047:
1032:
906:
2037:
1918:. London: IB Tauris. pp. 190, 201.
1367:. Oxford University Press. p. 150.
1166:Albanian literature: social perspectives
1156:
1002:
969:
928:
872:
797:
437:
403:
352:
285:
1971:
1938:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1554:
1529:
1493:
1481:
1451:
1421:
1390:
1102:
1087:
1072:
1041:
963:
885:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 31.
878:
2061:
1603:Robin Hanbury-Tenison (15 July 2009).
1422:Roselli, Alessandro (22 August 2006).
1337:. Duke University Press. p. 202.
934:
694:(1497–1500). Son of Gjon Kastrioti II.
1749:
1330:
1008:
975:
1639:
1566:
1226:
844:Muslim Identity and the Balkan State
380:Europe, though on a smaller scale.
59:Regions with significant populations
734:, composer and engineer during the
629:football club. His family is from
357:Tosks in their traditional costumes
13:
2031:
400:, particularly its northern part.
153:characteristics.
43:, a prominent leader of the Tosks.
14:
2080:
1975:; Mai, Nicola (15 January 2013).
1497:; Mai, Nicola (15 January 2013).
1452:Minahan, James (1 January 2000).
1361:Merdjanova, Ina (21 March 2013).
431:(1851-1914) of the Vlora family.
1878:, pp. 3, 141, 150–151, 169.
1009:Blumi, Isa (12 September 2013).
985:. Scarecrow Press. p. 450.
982:Historical Dictionary of Albania
767:Piotr Eberhardt (January 2003).
708:in 1827–1828 and translated the
525:
248:(province) with Görice (Korçë),
2044:. University of Chicago Press.
2008:The Albanians: A Modern History
1998:
1965:
1932:
1633:
1560:
1220:
1193:
1132:
1108:
484:Committee of Union and Progress
349:Culture and social organization
223:live indicatively south of the
164:may refer to the Tosk-speaking
1981:. Berghahn Books. p. 33.
1640:Lear, Aaron (1 January 1987).
1567:Lear, Aaron (1 January 1987).
1503:. Berghahn Books. p. 62.
1397:. Westview Press. p. 16.
1227:Lear, Aaron (1 January 1987).
1205:. Telos Press. 1989. p. 1
704:scholar and cleric who became
482:(1908) Tosks, with some being
418:Pre-Ottoman and Ottoman period
340:Italo-Albanian Catholic Church
1:
2069:Albanian ethnographic regions
1609:. I. B. Tauris. p. 128.
1015:. A&C Black. p. 33.
754:
1169:. R. Trofenik. p. 173.
910:The far right in the Balkans
773:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 433.
488:Ottoman constitution of 1876
156:
7:
2011:. I.B.Tauris. p. 164.
1682:. I.B.Tauris. p. 270.
313:
275:
244:(Ioannina) sanjaks part of
10:
2085:
1756:. Isis Press. p. 29.
1331:Ramet, Sabrina P. (1998).
646:and mother of their child
509:
412:
279:
137:) differentiated by their
1945:Albania at War, 1939-1945
1648:. Chelsea House. p.
1575:. Chelsea House. p.
1428:. I.B.Tauris. p. 1.
1307:"Albania (Balkans)"
1235:. Chelsea House. p.
109:
104:
99:
94:
87:
82:
63:
58:
53:
48:
33:
26:
2005:Miranda Vickers (1999).
1912:Gawrych, George (2006).
1676:Miranda Vickers (2007).
935:Kretsi, Georgia (2002).
907:Stojarová, Vera (2016).
520:Albanian Communist Party
2038:Sugarman, Jane (1997).
1317:Encyclopædia Britannica
572:Kostandin Kristoforidhi
499:Albanian revolt of 1911
1716:The Balkans Since 1453
1391:Biberaj, Elez (1998).
1302:Bourchier, James David
1266:The Balkans Since 1453
706:Metropolitan of Athens
623:Giovanni Paramithiotti
443:
358:
291:
181:
126:
1940:Fischer, Bernd JĂĽrgen
804:Monika Shehi (2007).
700:, (died 1828) was an
587:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
480:Young Turk Revolution
441:
404:Physical anthropology
356:
289:
133:(the other being the
105:Related ethnic groups
941:Ethnologia Balkanica
736:Albanian Renaissance
698:Grigor Gjirokastriti
680:Costantino Castriota
448:Great Eastern Crisis
1750:Blumi, Isa (2003).
1163:Arshi Pipa (1978).
682:(1477–1500) was an
654:of nobles. Born in
501:and the subsequent
324:Orthodox Christians
23:
1830:, pp. 48, 60.
1806:, pp. 25, 35.
1782:, pp. 23, 28.
966:, pp. 21, 23.
688:House of Kastrioti
542:Ali Pasha Tepelena
444:
429:Mehmed Ferid Pasha
390:Albanian awakening
359:
336:Arbëreshë of Italy
292:
21:
2018:978-1-86064-541-9
1988:978-0-85745-390-7
1955:978-1-85065-531-2
1794:, pp. 46-47.
1763:978-975-428-242-9
1726:978-1-85065-551-0
1689:978-1-86064-974-5
1659:978-1-55546-166-9
1616:978-1-84511-855-6
1586:978-1-55546-166-9
1510:978-0-85745-390-7
1465:978-0-313-30984-7
1435:978-1-84511-254-7
1404:978-0-8133-3502-5
1374:978-0-19-996403-1
1276:978-1-85065-551-0
1246:978-1-55546-166-9
1176:978-3-87828-106-1
1022:978-1-4725-1538-4
992:978-0-8108-7380-3
979:(19 March 2010).
854:978-1-85065-276-2
817:978-0-549-12813-7
780:978-0-7656-1833-7
692:Bishop of Isernia
684:Albanian nobleman
666:Gjon Kastrioti II
648:Gjon Kastrioti II
176:(name version in
116:
115:
2076:
2055:
2026:
2025:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1942:(January 1999).
1936:
1930:
1929:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
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1795:
1789:
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1771:
1770:
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1710:
1704:
1703:
1698:
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1666:
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1631:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1574:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1234:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1045:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1006:
1000:
999:
973:
967:
961:
946:
944:
932:
926:
924:
904:
898:
896:
876:
870:
869:
863:
861:
838:
832:
831:
826:
824:
801:
795:
794:
789:
787:
764:
674:Donika Kastrioti
650:, born into the
640:Donika Kastrioti
613:Thomas Strakosha
592:Naum Veqilharxhi
547:Dhimitër Beratti
532:Ahmed Niyazi Bey
503:Greçë Memorandum
258:Monastir vilayet
111:Arbëreshë people
65:Southern Albania
49:Total population
38:
24:
20:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2034:
2032:Further reading
2029:
2019:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1748:
1744:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1638:
1634:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1511:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1420:
1416:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1299:
1295:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1206:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1048:
1040:
1033:
1023:
1007:
1003:
993:
974:
970:
962:
949:
933:
929:
921:
905:
901:
893:
877:
873:
859:
857:
855:
839:
835:
822:
820:
818:
802:
798:
785:
783:
781:
765:
761:
757:
732:cinematographer
652:Arianiti family
557:Midhat Frashëri
528:
512:
468:Berlin Congress
454:which issued a
420:
415:
406:
377:Sanjak of Berat
351:
316:
284:
278:
159:
73:Southern Epirus
44:
29:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2017:
1997:
1987:
1964:
1954:
1931:
1924:
1904:
1902:, p. 189.
1892:
1890:, p. 205.
1880:
1868:
1866:, p. 138.
1856:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1762:
1742:
1725:
1705:
1688:
1668:
1658:
1632:
1615:
1595:
1585:
1559:
1534:
1519:
1509:
1486:
1484:, p. 100.
1474:
1464:
1444:
1434:
1414:
1403:
1383:
1373:
1353:
1343:
1323:
1312:Chisholm, Hugh
1293:
1275:
1255:
1245:
1219:
1192:
1175:
1155:
1131:
1107:
1092:
1077:
1046:
1031:
1021:
1001:
991:
968:
947:
927:
919:
899:
891:
871:
853:
833:
816:
810:. p. 43.
796:
779:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
721:
718:Greek alphabet
695:
677:
663:
642:, The wife of
637:
620:
610:
607:Foto Strakosha
604:
602:Çerçiz Topulli
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
552:Mehdi Frashëri
549:
544:
539:
534:
527:
524:
511:
508:
476:Abdul Hamid II
452:Prizren League
419:
416:
414:
411:
405:
402:
350:
347:
315:
312:
280:Main article:
277:
274:
172:. The Labs of
158:
155:
114:
113:
107:
106:
102:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
85:
84:
80:
79:
77:Southern Italy
61:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
41:Çerçiz Topulli
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2081:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2053:
2051:9780226779720
2047:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1973:King, Russell
1968:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1925:9781845112875
1921:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1854:, p. 70.
1853:
1848:
1842:, p. 64.
1841:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1818:, p. 48.
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1629:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1563:
1557:, p. 24.
1556:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1532:, p. 28.
1531:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:King, Russell
1490:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1344:0-8223-2070-3
1340:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1216:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1105:, p. 27.
1104:
1099:
1097:
1090:, p. 26.
1089:
1084:
1082:
1075:, p. 23.
1074:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1044:, p. 22.
1043:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1005:
998:
994:
988:
984:
983:
978:
977:Elsie, Robert
972:
965:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
942:
938:
931:
922:
920:9781526117021
916:
912:
911:
903:
894:
892:9780198142539
888:
884:
883:
875:
868:
856:
850:
846:
845:
837:
830:
819:
813:
809:
808:
800:
793:
782:
776:
772:
771:
763:
759:
749:
745:
744:landscape art
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:Kolë Idromeno
722:
719:
715:
711:
710:New Testament
707:
703:
699:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
675:
671:
668:, The son of
667:
664:
661:
658:a village in
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
635:
632:
628:
625:, Founder of
624:
621:
618:
617:Brentford F.C
614:
611:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
567:Ismail Qemali
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
526:Notable Tosks
523:
521:
517:
507:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
440:
436:
435:regionalism.
432:
430:
426:
425:Grand Viziers
410:
401:
399:
395:
394:United States
391:
387:
381:
378:
374:
368:
365:
364:Sami Frashëri
355:
346:
343:
341:
337:
332:
329:
325:
321:
311:
308:
304:
299:
295:
288:
283:
282:Tosk Albanian
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:(Bitola) and
251:
247:
246:Yanya vilayet
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
219:The Tosks in
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
112:
108:
103:
98:
93:
90:
89:Tosk Albanian
86:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
32:
25:
16:
2040:
2022:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1977:
1967:
1959:
1944:
1934:
1914:
1907:
1900:Gawrych 2006
1895:
1888:Gawrych 2006
1883:
1876:Gawrych 2006
1871:
1864:Gawrych 2006
1859:
1852:Gawrych 2006
1847:
1840:Gawrych 2006
1835:
1828:Gawrych 2006
1823:
1816:Gawrych 2006
1811:
1804:Gawrych 2006
1799:
1792:Gawrych 2006
1787:
1780:Gawrych 2006
1775:
1767:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1730:. Retrieved
1715:
1708:
1700:
1693:. Retrieved
1678:
1671:
1663:
1643:
1635:
1627:
1620:. Retrieved
1605:
1598:
1590:
1570:
1562:
1555:Gawrych 2006
1530:Gawrych 2006
1514:
1499:
1489:
1482:Gawrych 2006
1477:
1469:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1333:
1326:
1315:
1296:
1287:
1280:. Retrieved
1265:
1258:
1250:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1207:. Retrieved
1201:
1195:
1187:
1180:. Retrieved
1165:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1140:
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1116:
1110:
1103:Gawrych 2006
1088:Gawrych 2006
1073:Gawrych 2006
1042:Gawrych 2006
1026:
1011:
1004:
996:
981:
971:
964:Gawrych 2006
940:
930:
909:
902:
881:
874:
865:
858:. Retrieved
843:
836:
828:
821:. Retrieved
806:
799:
791:
784:. Retrieved
769:
762:
597:Spiridon Ilo
582:Mehmet Shehu
513:
496:
473:
445:
433:
421:
407:
382:
369:
360:
344:
333:
317:
300:
296:
293:
228:
218:
161:
160:
118:
117:
68:
18:Ethnic group
15:
627:Inter Milan
577:LĂĽtfi Pasha
562:Enver Hoxha
460:Megali Idea
320:Catholicism
264:(Delvinë),
256:sanjaks of
1410:pronounced
1148:10 January
1124:10 January
867:character.
755:References
716:using the
670:Skanderbeg
644:Skanderbeg
634:Paramythia
492:Young Turk
307:Yugoslavia
303:Arshi Pipa
143:linguistic
943:(6): 173.
686:from the
456:Kararname
328:Bektashis
210:Mandritsa
202:Arbëreshë
194:Arvanites
157:Territory
151:religious
131:Albanians
83:Languages
2063:Category
1304:(1911).
728:Albanian
714:Albanian
702:Albanian
537:Ali Demi
314:Religion
276:Language
270:Chameria
250:Monastir
229:Toskalık
225:Shkumbin
214:Bulgaria
178:Albanian
166:Albanian
139:cultural
123:Albanian
95:Religion
69:Toskëria
1732:17 July
1695:17 July
1644:Albania
1622:17 July
1571:Albania
1314:(ed.).
1282:17 July
1231:Albania
1209:16 July
1182:15 July
860:13 July
823:13 July
786:13 July
748:Albania
740:realism
631:Çamëria
510:Albania
413:History
266:Avlonya
262:Delvine
254:Elbasan
234:Preveza
221:Albania
190:Çamëria
174:Labëria
54:Unknown
2048:
2015:
1985:
1952:
1922:
1760:
1723:
1686:
1656:
1613:
1583:
1507:
1462:
1432:
1401:
1371:
1341:
1289:Serbs.
1273:
1243:
1173:
1019:
989:
917:
889:
851:
814:
777:
656:Kaninë
398:Greece
198:Greece
184:) and
170:Myzeqe
147:social
127:Toskët
28:Toskët
1310:. In
1202:Telos
712:into
660:Vlore
516:serfs
464:besas
386:zalim
242:Yanya
238:Berat
206:Italy
186:Chams
135:Ghegs
119:Tosks
22:Tosks
2046:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1734:2013
1721:ISBN
1697:2013
1684:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1624:2013
1611:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1284:2013
1271:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1211:2013
1184:2013
1171:ISBN
1150:2012
1126:2012
1017:ISBN
987:ISBN
915:ISBN
887:ISBN
862:2013
849:ISBN
825:2013
812:ISBN
788:2013
775:ISBN
742:and
672:and
497:The
446:The
373:beys
334:The
240:and
200:and
162:Tosk
149:and
746:in
326:or
212:in
204:of
196:of
188:of
71:),
2065::
2021:.
1991:.
1958:.
1766:.
1736:.
1699:.
1662:.
1652:.
1650:50
1626:.
1589:.
1579:.
1577:51
1537:^
1522:^
1513:.
1468:.
1438:.
1407:.
1377:.
1347:.
1286:.
1249:.
1239:.
1237:52
1213:.
1186:.
1095:^
1080:^
1049:^
1034:^
1025:.
995:.
950:^
939:.
864:.
827:.
790:.
522:.
342:.
236:,
180::
145:,
141:,
125::
75:,
2054:.
1928:.
1152:.
1128:.
923:.
895:.
750:.
720:.
676:.
662:.
636:.
619:.
121:(
67:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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