Total fertility rate

2689:"The Behavior of U.S. minority CJK groups have another logical referent—the behavior of Chinese, Japanese and Korean national populations (shown in Fig. 1). What can we learn about low fertility in the origin countries from those that trace their origin there? Or in other words, what can the East Asian diaspora tell us about lowest-low fertility in East Asia? The most common explanation for fertility differences across developed countries (like those shown in Fig. 1) are institutional differences (see for instance, McDonald 2000a, b). However, it is striking that East Asians who have moved to a new location—to the U.S. with its dramatically different social institutions and one of the highest fertility rates in the developed world—have a fertility pattern that seems impervious to this dramatic contextual change. This simple observation challenges much contemporary thinking about policies to ameliorate low fertility and its negative consequences." 1100: 853: 283:—if age of childbearing increases, and life cycle fertility is unchanged, then while the age of childbearing is increasing, TPFR will be lower, because the births are occurring later, and then the age of childbearing stops increasing, the TPFR will increase, due to the deferred births occurring in the later period, even though the life cycle fertility has been unchanged. In other words, the TPFR is a misleading measure of life cycle fertility when childbearing age is changing, due to this statistical artifact. This is a significant factor in some countries, such as the 2360: 2348: 121: 27: 363: 1553: 407: 1377: 997:, reproductive rights "rest on the recognition of the basic rights of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. It also includes the right to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence, as expressed in human rights documents". 772: 1484: 2293:(EU-27) was calculated at 1.53 children per female in 2021. In 2021, France had the highest TFR among EU countries at 1.84, followed by Czechia (1.83), Romania (1.81), Ireland (1.78) and Denmark (1.72). In 2021, Malta had the lowest TFR among the EU countries, at 1.13. Other southern European countries also had very low TFR (Portugal 1.35, Cyprus 1.39, Greece 1.43, Spain 1.19, and Italy 1.25). 1091:

seven children during their lifetime. In 1900, child mortality in the US had declined to 23%, a reduction of almost one third, and the TFR had declined to 3.9, a reduction of 44%. By 1950, child mortality had declined dramatically to 4%, a reduction of 84%, and the TFR declined to 3.2. By 2018, child mortality had declined further to 0.6% and the TFR declined to 1.9, below replacement level.

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TFR, which fell to 0.92 in 2019. Koreans are yet to find viable solutions to make the birthrate rebound, even after trying out dozens of programs over a decade, including subsidizing rearing expenses, giving priorities for public rental housing to couples with multiple children, funding day care centers, reserving seats in public transportation for pregnant women, and so on.

163:(annual number of births per thousand population) because it is independent of the age structure of the population, but it is a poorer estimate of actual completed family size than the total cohort fertility rate, which is obtained by summing the age-specific fertility rates that actually applied to each cohort as they aged through time. 107:

childbearing years in a single year, subject to the age-specific fertility rates for that year. In simpler terms, the TFR is the number of children a woman would have if she were to experience the prevailing fertility rates at all ages from a single given year and survived throughout her childbearing years.

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The example from the US of the correlation between child mortality and the fertility rate is illustrative. In 1800, child mortality in the US was 33%, meaning that one third of all children born would die before their fifth birthday. The TFR in 1800 was 7.0, meaning that the average female would bear

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The low Eastern German value was influenced by a change to higher maternal age at birth, with the consequence that neither older cohorts (e.g. women born until the late 1960s), who often already had children, nor younger cohorts, who were postponing childbirth, had many children during that time. The

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Replacement fertility is the total fertility rate at which women give birth to enough babies to sustain population levels, assuming that mortality rates remain constant and net migration is zero. If replacement level fertility is sustained over a sufficiently long period, each generation will exactly

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The Indian fertility rate has declined significantly over the early 21st century. The Indian TFR declined from 5.2 in 1971 to 2.2 in 2018. The TFR in India declined to 2.0 in 2019-2020, marking the first time it has gone below replacement level. In 2023, the TFR in India declined to an all time low

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In South Korea, a low birthrate is one of its most urgent socio-economic challenges. Rising housing expenses, shrinking job opportunities for younger generations, insufficient support to families with newborns either from the government or employers are among the major explanations for its crawling

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families, most of whom come to the US from countries with higher fertility. However, the fertility rate of immigrants to the US has been found to decrease sharply in the second generation, correlating with improved education and income. In 2021, the US TFR was 1.664, ranging between over 2 in some

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For example, fertility rates in Europe before 1800 ranged from 4.5 in Scandinavia to 6.2 in Belgium. In 1800, the TFR in the United States was 7.0. Fertility rates in Asia during this period were similar to those in Europe. In spite of these high fertility rates, global population growth was still

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In particular, the TFR does not necessarily predict how many children young women now will eventually have, as their fertility rates in years to come may change from those of older women now. However, the TFR is a reasonable summary of current fertility levels. TFR and long term population growth

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The TFR is a measure of the fertility of an imaginary woman who experiences the age-specific fertility rates for ages 15–49 that were recorded for a specific population in a given year. It represents the average number of children a woman would potentially have if she were to go through all her

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In 2023, the TFR of Brazil, the most populous country in the region, was estimated at 1.75. In 2021, the second most populous country, Mexico, had an estimated TFR of 1.73. The next most populous four countries in the region had estimated TFRs of between 1.9 and 2.2 in 2023, including Colombia

414:

A population that maintained a TFR of 3.8 over an extended period, without a correspondingly high death or emigration rate, would increase rapidly, doubling period ~ 32 years. A population that maintained a TFR of 2.0 over a long time would decrease, unless it had a large enough immigration.

422:, because the age distribution must reach equilibrium. For example, a population that has recently dropped below replacement-level fertility will continue to grow, because the recent high fertility produced large numbers of young couples, who would now be in their childbearing years. 879:

Governments have often set population targets, to either increase or decrease the total fertility rate, or to have certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups have a lower or higher fertility rate. Often such policies have been interventionist, and abusive. The most notorious

760: 103:. It also does not involve counting the total number of children born over their lifetime. Instead, the TFR is based on the age-specific fertility rates of women in their "child-bearing years," typically considered to be ages 15–44 in international statistical usage. 132:(NRR), which calculates the number of daughters a female would have in her lifetime if she were subject to prevailing age-specific fertility and mortality rates in a given year. When the NRR is exactly 1, each generation of females is precisely replacing itself. 1627:

In 2022, Japan had a TFR of 1.26. Japan's population is rapidly aging due to both a long life expectancy and a low birth rate. The total population is shrinking, losing 430,000 in 2018, to a total of 126.4 million. Hong Kong and Singapore mitigate this through

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of population groups they considered undesirable. Such policies were carried out against ethnic minorities in Europe and North America in the first half of the 20th century, and more recently in Latin America against the Indigenous population in the 1990s; in

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Many of these factors may differ by region and social class. For instance, Scandinavian countries and France are among the least religious in the EU, but have the highest TFR, while the opposite is true about Portugal, Greece, Cyprus, Poland and Spain.

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In the past 20 years, South Korea has recorded some of the lowest fertility and marriage levels in the world. As of 2022, South Korea is the country with the world's lowest total fertility rate, at 0.78. In 2022, the TFR of the capital Seoul was 0.57.

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Wealthy countries, those with high per capita GDP, usually have a lower fertility rate than poor countries, those with low per capita GDP. This may seem counter-intuitive. The inverse relationship between income and fertility has been termed a

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in the United States also exhibits lowest-low fertility. At one point in the late 20th century and early 21st century this was also observed in Eastern and Southern Europe. Since then, the fertility rate has risen in most countries of Europe.

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The chart shows that the decline in the TFR since the 1960s has occurred in every region of the world. The global TFR is projected to continue declining for the remainder of the century, and reach a below-replacement level of 1.8 by 2100.

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peaked at about 3.8 children per female in the late 1950s, dropped to below replacement in the early 70s, and by 1999 was at 2 children. Currently, the fertility is below replacement among those native born, and above replacement among

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Emigration of young adults from Eastern Europe to the West aggravates the demographic problems of those countries. People from countries such as Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine are particularly moving abroad.

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After 1800, the Industrial Revolution began in some places, particularly Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, and they underwent the beginnings of what is now called the demographic transition.

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replace itself. In 2003, the replacement fertility rate was 2.1 births per female for most developed countries (2.1 in the UK, for example), but can be as high as 3.5 in undeveloped countries because of higher

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In 2021, the United Kingdom had a TFR of 1.53. In 2021 estimates for the non-EU European post-Soviet states group, Russia had a TFR of 1.60, Moldova 1.59, Ukraine 1.57, and Belarus 1.52.

232: 72:, fertility rates tend to be higher. Families desire children for their labor and as caregivers for their parents in old age. Fertility rates are also higher due to the lack of access to 3734: 823:, partner reluctance to having children, a low level of gender inequality, and infertility. The effect of all these factors can be summarized with a plot of total fertility rate against 2410: 3666: 3388: 3702: 994: 691: 143:. This is a significant consideration in world population dynamics, especially given the high level of gender imbalance in the heavily populated nations of China and India. The 1009:, fertility rates around the world were high by 21st-century standards. The onset of the Industrial Revolution around 1800 AD brought about what has come to be called the 4000: 2309:(1.94), Argentina (2.17), Peru (2.18), and Venezuela (2.20). Belize had the highest estimated TFR in the region at 2.59 in 2023. In 2021, Puerto Rico had the lowest, at 1.25. 792:

Factors generally associated with increased fertility include the intention to have children, very high level of gender inequality, inter-generational transmission of values,

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These reductions in mortality rates, particularly reductions in child mortality, that increased the fraction of children surviving, plus other major societal changes such as

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has developed. Such rights are based on the concept that each person freely decides if, when, and how many children to have - not the state or religion. According to the

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The table shows that after 1965, the demographic transition spread around the world, and the global TFR began a long decline that continues in the 21st century.

835: 3483: 3971: 314:. The global average for the replacement total fertility rate, eventually leading to a stable global population, for 2010–2015, was 2.3 children per female. 2915: 99:

The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is not based on the actual fertility of a specific group of women, as that would require waiting until they have completed

42:) of a population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific 2625: 3134: 1362:

rate for 2010–2015 was 2.3, humanity has achieved or is approaching a significant milestone where the fertility rate is equal to the replacement rate.

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predicts that global fertility will continue to decline for the remainder of this century and reach a below-replacement level of 1.8 by 2100, and that

2706: 597:. At the left side is shown the empirical relation between the two variables in a cross-section of countries with the most recent y-y growth rate. 3553: 1579:

have the lowest-low fertility, defined as TFR at or below 1.3, and are among the lowest in the world. In 2004, Macau had a TFR below 1.0. In 2018,

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After a relatively stable birth rate for thirty years, the number of live births per 100 women aged 15 to 44 resumed a decline beginning in 2008.

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The United Nations Population Division divides the world into six geographical regions. The table below shows the estimated TFR for each region.

3280: 3724: 845:, a former minister of population in India. At a 1974 United Nations population conference in Bucharest, he said "Development is the best 3893: 3353: 3332: 3159: 1087:

of the demographic transition. There was a reduction in fertility rates, because there was simply no longer a need to birth so many children.

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could reach 50% and the need to produce workers, male heirs, and old-age caregivers required a high fertility rate by 21st-century standards.

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TFR (net) and long-term population growth rate, g, are closely related. For a population structure in a steady state and with zero migration,

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The NRR is not as commonly used as the TFR, but it is particularly relevant in cases where the number of male babies born is very high due to

3794: 3445: 1048: 3079: 3380: 3193: 856:

Total fertility rate vs per capita GDP for selected countries, 2016. Population size shown as bubble area. 30 largest countries in bold.

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The fertility rate fell from 6.8 in 1970–1975, to 2.0 in 2020, an interval of about 47 years, or a little less than two generations.

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A plot of population growth rate vs total fertility rate (logarithmic), 2014. Symbol radius reflects the population size each country

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are determinants of the number of children that an individual is likely to have. Fertility factors are mostly positive or negative

443: 2745: 3254: 3575: 3410:"Tokyo's fertility rate lowest in Japan as births fall for 7th year | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis" 3024: 3002:

Kligman, Gail. "Political Demography: The Banning of Abortion in Ceausescu's Romania". In Ginsburg, Faye D.; Rapp, Rayna, eds.

4037: 3050: 2860: 4043: 3992: 3938: 3870: 3848: 3605: 786: 354:, China) which had a TFR of 0.41 in 2000. Outside China, the lowest TFR ever recorded was 0.80 for Eastern Germany in 1994. 2978: 3756: 3505: 863: 4065: 2818: 834:

Another common way of summarizing the relationship between economic development and fertility is a plot of TFR against

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After World War II, Australia's TFR was approximately 3.0. In 2017, Australia's TFR was 1.74, i.e. below replacement.

1099: 3467: 2480: 1013:, and the TFR began a long-term decline in almost every region of the world. This has continued in the 21st century. 696: 3963: 1028: 950:

drive was carried out in India, but it is considered to be a failure and is criticized for being an abuse of power.

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because evolutionary biology suggests that greater means should enable the production of more offspring, not fewer.

838:, a proxy for standard of living. This chart shows that per capita GDP is also inversely correlated with fertility. 291:

in the 1990s. Some measures seek to adjust for this timing effect to gain a better measure of life-cycle fertility.

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as a result of a sterilization program put in place by his administration targeting indigenous people (mainly the

270: 174: 3215:"World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Estimates tab, Total Fertility Rate column" 2365:

The fertility rate in the U.S. has been in a downward trend, and is now below the replacement rate of 2.1 births.

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rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were to live from birth until the end of their reproductive life.

30:

A 2023 map of countries by fertility rate. Blue indicates negative fertility rates. Red indicates positive rates.

3667:"National Family and Health Survey: More women than men in India for the 1st time; Hindustan Times Nov 25, 2021" 3556:(Press release). Korean Statistical Information Service. Korean Statistical Information Service. August 30, 2023 3233:"World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Fertility Rate column" 2907: 2651:"Persistent low fertility among the East Asia descendants in the United States: perspectives and implications" 2614: 1605:

measure to control the ever-growing population at the time. In January 2016, the policy was replaced with the

4120: 782: 748: 3126: 852: 1084: 3531: 2699: 80:, and lower rates of female employment. It does not significantly correlate with any particular religion. 3830:"Fertility of Men and Women Aged 15–49 in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2015–2019" 3006:

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995 :234–255. Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE KIE/49442.

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was very aggressive, including outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women,

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was introduced, as China's population is aging faster than almost any other country in modern history.

911:, and legal discrimination against childless people. It resulted in large numbers of children put into 812: 801: 661: 3276: 2435: 1602: 754: 300: 69: 3636:"Better education of women helped push total fertility rate down | India News - Times of India" 632: 511: 159:

The TFR, sometimes called TPFR—total period fertility rate, is a better index of fertility than the

3885: 3324: 3155: 1629: 816: 3786: 3436: 540: 120: 4105:

Human Fertility Database: Collection of age specific fertility rates for some developed countries

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Because all nations before the Industrial Revolution found themselves in what is now labeled the

975: 824: 764: 603: 144: 3839:(179). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics: 1–22. 3275:

Searchinger, Tim; Hanson, Craig; Waite, Richard; Lipinski, Brian; Leeson, George (8 July 2013).

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have significantly lower fertility rates, generally correlated with greater wealth, education,

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Fertility tends to be inversely correlated with levels of economic development. Historically,

3190:"World Population Prospects 2019, Dept of Economic and Social Affairs, File: Total Fertility" 3189: 1006: 958: 943: 326:

is defined as a TFR at or below 1.3. Lowest-low fertility is found almost exclusively within

129: 4080: 3232: 3214: 1051:, mostly due to high mortality rates and the equally slow growth in the production of food. 418:

It may take several generations for a change in the total fertility rate to be reflected in

2768: 2567: 2425: 1645: 1633: 908: 828: 808: 237: 3310: 893: 8: 2769:"East Germany Overtakes West Germany: Recent Trends in Order-Specific Fertility Dynamics" 2521: 2396: 990: 953:

Some governments have sought to regulate which groups of society could reproduce through

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in the 1990s, when many orphanages were closed and the children ended up on the streets,

912: 426: 395: 61: 2571: 437:. This time-lag effect is of great importance to the growth rates of human populations. 376:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

171:, are closely related. For a population structure in a steady state, growth rate equals 4125: 3866: 3640: 2942: 2881: 2731: 2680: 2590: 2555: 2525: 2359: 2347: 1610: 3250: 26: 4092: 4033: 3840: 3475: 3016: 2856: 2684: 2672: 2613:

Kohler, Hans-Peter; Billari, Francesco C.; Ortega, José Antonio (February 15, 2006).

2595: 2472: 1686: 889: 885: 2529: 1064:

of this process fueled a steady reduction in mortality rates due to improvements in

2737: 2662: 2585: 2575: 2517: 1706: 1606: 1598: 1532: 1520:, had an estimated TFR of 4.57. In 2023, the second most populous African country, 1480:

were below the global replacement-level fertility rate of 2.1 children per female.

1477: 1447: 967: 935: 924: 160: 136: 88: 77: 3046: 1552: 49:

As of 2023, the total fertility rate varied widely across the world, from 0.72 in

4104: 4027: 3927: 3829: 3409: 2580: 2323: 1712: 1632:. In Japan, a serious demographic imbalance has developed, partly due to limited 1536: 1040: 939: 916: 331: 311: 148: 3613: 800:, maternal and social support, rural residence, pro family government programs, 406: 4130: 2852: 2667: 2650: 2290: 1622: 1592: 1528: 1032: 979: 307: 284: 84: 73: 4098: 3354:"China's fertility rate drops to record low 1.09 in 2022- state media Reuters" 841:

The impact of human development on TFR can best be summarized by a quote from

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The lowest TFR recorded anywhere in the world in recorded history, is for the

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United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division

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United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division

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the government sought to lower the fertility rate, and, as such, enacted the

846: 820: 140: 3844: 3697: 2599: 2464: 2373: 1080: 920: 831:, that is, in general, the lower a country's HDI the higher its fertility. 797: 351: 280: 100: 65: 16:

Number of children a woman is expected to have barring select circumstances

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Total fertility rate in Europe by region/province/federal subject in 1960

827:(HDI) for a sample of countries. The chart shows that the two factors are 3729: 3725:"Late marriages, late births: Turkish population below replacement level" 2378: 1580: 1572: 1376: 897: 842: 50: 3787:"Canada's fertility rate has hit a record low. What's behind the drop?" 2741: 2415: 1065: 1036: 904: 419: 370:

Parts of this article (those related to Korea is lower now) need to be

327: 147:(GRR) is the same as the NRR, except that, like the TFR, it disregards 20: 3303:"WHO - Family planning in sub-Saharan Africa: progress or stagnation?" 425:

This phenomenon carries forward for several generations and is called

1568: 1560: 874: 807:

Factors generally associated with decreased fertility include rising

43: 3693:"Iran's demographic issue: fertility reaches lowest rate in 8 years" 3004:

Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction.

1689:(March 2019 – March 2020), Iran's total fertility rate fell to 1.8. 1516:

have the highest TFR. In 2023, the most populous country in Africa,

1487:

A map of when European fertility rates fell below replacement levels

2908:"China's Generation of Only Children Wants the Same for Their Kids" 1783: 1521: 971: 881: 793: 2615:"Low Fertility in Europe: Causes, Implications and Policy Options" 2556:"Is half the world's population really below 'replacement-rate'?" 2411:

List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate

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The Total Fertility Rate for six regions and the World, 1950-2100

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years, way off the mark because of population momentum. E.g. for

347: 4070: 1483: 1027:, improvements in standards of living could be achieved only by 1576: 1497: 1469: 1427: 1407: 995:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

3468:"South Korea's Plan to Rank Towns by Fertility Rate Backfires" 3274: 739:, g should be exactly zero, which is seen not to be the case. 501:{\textstyle g={\tfrac {\log({\text{TFR}}/2)}{{\text{X}}_{m}}}} 3532:"S. Korea records world's lowest fertility rate at mere 0.78" 1564: 1513: 1501: 931: 775: 288: 54: 2554:

Gietel-Basten, Stuart; Scherbov, Sergei (December 2, 2019).

3828:

Martinez, Gladys M.; Daniels, Kimberly (January 10, 2023).

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in homes and schools, and over 9,000 women who died due to

3993:"Australian women are now having children older than ever" 3818:"The modern family size is changing. Four charts show how" 2622:

University of Pennsylvania - School of Arts & Sciences

2506:"The surprising global variation in replacement fertility" 2465:"Replacement level fertility and future population growth" 759: 4099:

Fertility Trends, Marriage Patterns and Savant Typologies

3576:"Fertility rate in Bangladesh 2.0, life expectancy 73yrs" 3156:"Bubble Chart of 'Babies per Woman' vs 'Child Mortality'" 3112:

A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World

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Population Reference Bureau Glossary of Population Terms

3506:"South Korea's fertility rate falls to record low - CNN" 2767:

Goldstein, Joshua R.; Kreyenfeld, Michaela (July 2011).

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of women in East Germany did not drop as significantly.

2503: 3913:"How Fertility Changes Across Immigrant Generations." 3757:"Central and Eastern Europe Face Emigration Challenge" 1556:

A map of East Asia by total fertility rate (TFR), 2021

1094: 709: 699: 666: 664: 608: 606: 543: 454: 446: 124:

The total fertility rate for selected countries, 2010

3381:"China's Aging Population Becoming More Of A Problem" 2553: 1597:

In 2022, China's TFR was 1.09. China implemented the

635: 514: 240: 177: 4066:

CIA World Factbook - Total Fertility Rate by country

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NBC's Graphic: Joe Murphy. ● Bendix and Murphy cite

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EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History

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The total fertility rate in the United States after

3867:"Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom" 2938:"Country Comparison :: GDP - per capita (PPP)" 2766: 2736:(MS thesis). Texas A&M University. p. 52. 2733:

Fertility In China In 2000: A County Level Analysis

2612: 1496:Africa has a TFR of 4.4, the highest in the world. 1035:(via wars, plagues, famines, etc) or reductions in 1005:From around 10,000 BC to the beginning of the 4093:How Fertility Changes Across Immigrant Generations 3435: 2303: 875:National efforts to increase or decrease fertility 778:has the highest TFR in the world at 6.73, in 2023. 731: 685: 650: 621: 589: 529: 500: 253: 226: 1000: 915:by parents who could not cope with raising them, 4112: 3809: 2998: 2996: 989:Within these historical contexts, the notion of 732:{\textstyle {\log }({\tfrac {\text{TFR}}{2}})=0} 3827: 3917:, Public Policy Institute of California, 2002. 3858: 3816:Bendix, Aria; Murphy, Joe (January 12, 2023). 3127:"Fertility and Mortality in the United States" 884:policies of the 20th century include those in 154: 2993: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2946:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 2885:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 2776:Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 2504:Espenshade TJ, Guzman JC, Westoff CF (2003). 1539:, and the encouragement of smaller families. 1358:In 2022, the global TFR was 2.3. Because the 271:Sub-replacement fertility § Tempo effect 3815: 3192:. United Nations Population Division. 2019. 2877:"Country Comparison :: Population size" 2819:"Country Comparisons - Total Fertility Rate" 2649:Cai, Yong; Morgan, S. Philip (1 June 2019). 537:is mean age for childbearing women and thus 227:{\displaystyle \log(\mathrm {TFR} /2)/X_{m}} 94: 2730:Terrell, Heather Kathleen Mary (May 2005). 1583:had the highest TFR in East Asia, at 1.95. 938:(1978–2015), which included abuses such as 128:An alternative measure of fertility is the 4071:eurostat - Your key to European statistics 4029:Reducing Fertility in Developing Countries 3886:"Fertility rate, total (births per woman)" 3529: 3251:"Fertility rate, total (births per woman)" 2961: 3503: 2666: 2648: 2589: 2579: 1697:In 2019, the TFR of Turkey reached 1.88. 1372:List of countries by total fertility rate 811:, value and attitude changes, education, 3504:Kwon, Jake; Yeung, Jessie (2019-08-29). 3465: 3427: 3047:"Mass sterilisation scandal shocks Peru" 2976: 2655:China Population and Development Studies 2431:List of countries by past fertility rate 2289:The average total fertility rate in the 1551: 1482: 1375: 1098: 851: 770: 758: 405: 401: 394:total cohort fertility rate of each age 261:is the mean age for childbearing women. 119: 115: 25: 4025: 3433: 2900: 2729: 1076:, which reduced the number of famines. 787:correlations without certain causations 317: 4113: 4087:Java Simulation of Population Dynamics 3797:from the original on 26 September 2024 3378: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 1359: 742: 3864: 3379:Rapoza, Kenneth (February 21, 2017). 3277:Achieving Replacement Level Fertility 3109: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 2918:from the original on January 28, 2022 2748:from the original on 14 December 2022 2510:Population Research and Policy Review 2462: 2328:In 2023, the TFR of Canada was 1.26. 110: 3873:from the original on April 27, 2024. 3784: 2846: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2499: 2497: 2458: 2456: 1527:The poverty of Africa, and the high 356: 294: 68:, and other factors. Conversely, in 3956: 3928:"Births: Provisional Data for 2021" 3372: 3173: 2312: 1095:1950 to the present and projections 91:will peak in the period 2084–2088. 13: 4081:Java Simulation of Total Fertility 4018: 3985: 3964:"Ageing Baby Boomers in Australia" 3854:from the original on June 3, 2023. 3837:National Health Statistics Reports 3824:from the original on June 3, 2023. 3705:from the original on 28 April 2022 3673:from the original on 30 April 2022 3325:"Fertility rate, Macau SAR, China" 3283:from the original on 13 March 2023 3243: 3225: 3124: 3096: 3027:from the original on 18 April 2019 2522:10.1023/B:POPU.0000020882.29684.8e 686:{\textstyle {\tfrac {1}{0.02}}=50} 194: 191: 188: 14: 4142: 4059: 3586:from the original on 7 April 2022 3017:"Shock at Chinese abortion photo" 2796: 2547: 2494: 2453: 279:fertility rate) is affected by a 4032:. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 3944:from the original on 24 May 2022 3785:Aziz, Saba (25 September 2022). 3530:Lee Ji-hye (February 23, 2023). 3434:Harding, Robin (12 April 2019). 3053:from the original on 21 May 2019 2989:from the original on 2023-04-05. 2382:states and under 1.6 in others. 2358: 2346: 2331: 1658: 1524:, had an estimated TFR of 3.92. 1114:World historical TFR (1950–2020) 361: 4046:from the original on 2021-02-25 4003:from the original on 2020-03-12 3997:Australian Bureau of Statistics 3974:from the original on 2023-06-03 3920: 3907: 3896:from the original on 2022-04-07 3878: 3865:Saric, Ivana (April 25, 2024). 3778: 3767:from the original on 2017-06-13 3749: 3737:from the original on 1 May 2022 3717: 3685: 3659: 3648:from the original on 2022-04-07 3628: 3598: 3568: 3546: 3523: 3512:from the original on 2019-12-28 3497: 3486:from the original on 2019-05-03 3459: 3448:from the original on 2022-12-10 3402: 3391:from the original on 2019-12-10 3346: 3335:from the original on 2022-04-12 3317: 3295: 3268: 3257:from the original on 2019-11-29 3207: 3196:from the original on 2018-10-22 3162:from the original on 2016-03-04 3148: 3137:from the original on 2022-04-07 3118: 3085:from the original on 2020-03-11 3065: 3039: 3009: 2930: 2869: 2840: 2829:from the original on 2021-06-30 2785:from the original on 2022-01-20 2712:from the original on 2023-02-02 2631:from the original on 2017-11-19 2536:from the original on 2023-05-31 2483:from the original on 2022-04-12 2304:Latin America and the Caribbean 1728:Region/Province/Federal Subject 1692: 1547: 1474:Latin America and the Caribbean 1438:Latin America and the Caribbean 1054: 1029:reductions in population growth 903:The natalist policy in Romania 804:and increased food production. 264: 2760: 2723: 2692: 2642: 2606: 1639: 1535:had led to calls from WHO for 1016: 1001:History and future projections 720: 705: 651:{\displaystyle {\text{X}}_{m}} 582: 573: 569: 562: 553: 547: 530:{\displaystyle {\text{X}}_{m}} 479: 463: 206: 184: 1: 3612:. May 6, 2019. Archived from 3466:Sang-Hun, Choe (2016-12-30). 3114:. Princeton University Press. 2446: 1663: 1601:in January 1979 as a drastic 749:Fertility factor (demography) 629:should be an estimate of the 590:{\textstyle P(t)=P(0)^{(gt)}} 336:East Asian American community 2581:10.1371/journal.pone.0224985 2390: 1731:Total Fertility Rate (1960) 1380:The total fertility rate in 1365: 1360:global fertility replacement 1031:through either increases in 864:demographic-economic paradox 767:for selected countries, 2011 622:{\textstyle {\tfrac {1}{b}}} 76:, generally lower levels of 7: 3875:Axios credits CDC for data. 3606:"How Long Is A Generation?" 3061:– via news.bbc.co.uk. 2404: 155:Total period fertility rate 10: 4147: 3968:National Seniors Australia 2668:10.1007/s42379-019-00024-7 2421:Fertility and intelligence 2394: 2385: 2338:Aging of the United States 2335: 2321: 1710: 1704: 1643: 1620: 1590: 1369: 944:national emergency of 1975 813:female labor participation 752: 746: 298: 268: 18: 4026:Bulatao, Rodolfo (1984). 2436:Sub-replacement fertility 2317: 1840:Subcarpathian Voivodeship 1700: 1491: 1112: 755:Sub-replacement fertility 301:Sub-replacement fertility 95:Parameter characteristics 70:least developed countries 3291:– via www.wri.org. 1671: 1616: 1586: 948:compulsory sterilization 763:Total fertility rate vs 19:Not to be confused with 3110:Clark, Gregory (2007). 2977:Eurostat (March 2023). 2847:Weil, David N. (2004). 1680: 1542: 1135:Less developed regions 1132:More developed regions 976:crimes against humanity 942:. In India, during the 825:Human Development Index 765:Human Development Index 145:gross reproduction rate 2979:"Fertility statistics" 2823:CIA The World Factbook 2700:"Fertility statistics" 2441:Zero population growth 2126:North Rhine-Westphalia 2005:Västra Götaland County 1557: 1488: 1385: 1104: 1011:demographic transition 909:taxes on childlessness 857: 779: 768: 733: 687: 652: 623: 591: 531: 502: 411: 255: 228: 125: 31: 2395:Further information: 2336:Further information: 1687:Iranian calendar year 1644:Further information: 1621:Further information: 1591:Further information: 1555: 1486: 1379: 1102: 1007:Industrial Revolution 959:forced sterilizations 905:between 1967 and 1989 855: 774: 762: 753:Further information: 734: 688: 653: 624: 592: 532: 503: 435:population-lag effect 409: 402:Population-lag effect 299:Further information: 269:Further information: 256: 254:{\displaystyle X_{m}} 229: 130:net reproduction rate 123: 116:Net reproduction rate 29: 4121:Human overpopulation 3999:. 11 December 2018. 3701:. 11 November 2020. 3669:. 25 November 2021. 2426:Income and fertility 1983:Rhineland-Palatinate 1646:Aging of South Korea 1634:immigration to Japan 1468:In 2013, the TFR of 970:has been accused of 957:policies, including 829:inversely correlated 697: 662: 633: 604: 541: 512: 444: 324:lowest-low fertility 318:Lowest-low fertility 238: 175: 36:total fertility rate 3508:. Edition.cnn.com. 3313:on October 6, 2013. 2572:2019PLoSO..1424985G 2397:Ageing of Australia 2280:Västerbotten County 1721: 1603:population planning 1392: 991:reproductive rights 966:, former President 913:Romanian orphanages 743:Influencing factors 431:population inertia, 427:population momentum 62:developed countries 3915:Research Brief #58 3641:The Times of India 3472:The New York Times 3253:. The World Bank. 2943:The World Factbook 2882:The World Factbook 2203:South East England 1720: 1611:three-child policy 1609:. In July 2021, a 1558: 1529:maternal mortality 1489: 1391: 1386: 1105: 858: 817:population control 780: 769: 729: 718: 683: 675: 648: 619: 617: 587: 527: 498: 496: 412: 344:Xiangyang district 295:Replacement rates 251: 224: 126: 111:Related parameters 32: 4039:978-0-8213-0444-0 3414:The Asahi Shimbun 3125:Haines, Michael. 3078:. www.ohchr.org. 2862:978-0-201-68026-3 2469:Population Trends 2463:Craig, J (1994). 2287: 2286: 2269:Norrbotten County 1950:Baden-Württemberg 1917:Central Macedonia 1630:immigrant workers 1466: 1465: 1352: 1351: 1066:public sanitation 1047:very slow, about 925:illegal abortions 894:Nicolae Ceaușescu 890:communist Albania 886:communist Romania 783:Fertility factors 717: 713: 674: 640: 616: 519: 495: 487: 469: 391: 390: 332:Southern European 4138: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4008: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3943: 3932: 3924: 3918: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3834: 3825: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3772: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3616:on April 7, 2022 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3360:. 15 August 2023 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3309:. Archived from 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3186: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3107: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3077: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3049:. 24 July 2002. 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3023:. 14 June 2012. 3013: 3007: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2974: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2950:on June 13, 2007 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2889:on June 13, 2007 2873: 2867: 2866: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2815: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2784: 2773: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2670: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2630: 2619: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2593: 2583: 2566:(12): e0224985. 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2488: 2460: 2362: 2350: 2313:Northern America 2060:Castile and León 2027:Stockholm County 1829:Northern Ireland 1722: 1719: 1707:Ageing of Europe 1607:two-child policy 1599:one-child policy 1533:infant mortality 1478:Northern America 1448:Northern America 1393: 1390: 1110: 1109: 1070:personal hygiene 968:Alberto Fujimori 940:forced abortions 936:one-child policy 738: 736: 735: 730: 719: 711: 710: 704: 692: 690: 689: 684: 676: 667: 658:; here equal to 657: 655: 654: 649: 647: 646: 641: 638: 628: 626: 625: 620: 618: 609: 596: 594: 593: 588: 586: 585: 536: 534: 533: 528: 526: 525: 520: 517: 507: 505: 504: 499: 497: 494: 493: 488: 485: 482: 475: 470: 467: 455: 386: 383: 377: 365: 364: 357: 275:The TPFR (total 260: 258: 257: 252: 250: 249: 233: 231: 230: 225: 223: 222: 213: 202: 197: 161:crude birth rate 137:gender imbalance 89:world population 78:female education 4146: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4111: 4110: 4062: 4057: 4049: 4047: 4040: 4021: 4019:Further reading 4016: 4015: 4006: 4004: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3977: 3975: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937:. 24 May 2022. 3930: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3908: 3899: 3897: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3832: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3783: 3779: 3770: 3768: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3733:. 6 July 2020. 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3651: 3649: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3513: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3487: 3464: 3460: 3451: 3449: 3442:Financial Times 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3392: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3358:www.reuters.com 3352: 3351: 3347: 3338: 3336: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3273: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3174: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3140: 3138: 3123: 3119: 3108: 3097: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3001: 2994: 2975: 2962: 2953: 2951: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2892: 2890: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2855:. p. 111. 2849:Economic Growth 2845: 2841: 2832: 2830: 2817: 2816: 2797: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2771: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2728: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2647: 2643: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2617: 2611: 2607: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2502: 2495: 2486: 2484: 2461: 2454: 2449: 2407: 2399: 2393: 2388: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2340: 2334: 2326: 2324:Aging of Canada 2320: 2315: 2306: 1715: 1713:Aging of Russia 1709: 1703: 1695: 1683: 1674: 1666: 1661: 1648: 1642: 1625: 1619: 1595: 1589: 1550: 1545: 1537:family planning 1494: 1384:countries, 2023 1374: 1368: 1129:Global Average 1097: 1057: 1041:Child mortality 1033:mortality rates 1024:Malthusian Trap 1019: 1003: 930:Conversely, in 917:street children 877: 757: 751: 745: 708: 700: 698: 695: 694: 665: 663: 660: 659: 642: 637: 636: 634: 631: 630: 607: 605: 602: 601: 572: 568: 542: 539: 538: 521: 516: 515: 513: 510: 509: 489: 484: 483: 471: 466: 456: 453: 445: 442: 441: 404: 387: 381: 378: 375: 366: 362: 334:countries. The 320: 312:child mortality 308:mortality rates 303: 297: 273: 267: 245: 241: 239: 236: 235: 218: 214: 209: 198: 187: 176: 173: 172: 157: 149:life expectancy 118: 113: 97: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4144: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4109: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4061: 4060:External links 4058: 4056: 4055: 4038: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4013: 3984: 3955: 3919: 3906: 3890:The World Bank 3877: 3857: 3808: 3777: 3748: 3716: 3684: 3658: 3627: 3597: 3567: 3545: 3522: 3496: 3458: 3444:. www.ft.com. 3426: 3401: 3371: 3345: 3329:The World Bank 3316: 3294: 3267: 3242: 3224: 3206: 3172: 3147: 3117: 3095: 3064: 3038: 3008: 2992: 2960: 2929: 2912:Foreign Policy 2899: 2868: 2861: 2853:Addison-Wesley 2839: 2795: 2759: 2722: 2691: 2661:(4): 384–400. 2641: 2605: 2546: 2493: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2406: 2403: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2364: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2330: 2322:Main article: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2291:European Union 2285: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2200:United Kingdom 2197: 2196: 2193: 2192:Halland County 2190: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2167:United Kingdom 2164: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1848:United Kingdom 1845: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1826:United Kingdom 1823: 1822: 1819: 1818:Moldova region 1816: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1705:Main article: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1641: 1638: 1623:Aging of Japan 1618: 1615: 1593:Aging of China 1588: 1585: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1493: 1490: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1370:Main article: 1367: 1364: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1096: 1093: 1056: 1053: 1049:0.04% per year 1018: 1015: 1002: 999: 900:respectively. 876: 873: 836:per capita GDP 747:Main article: 744: 741: 728: 725: 722: 716: 707: 703: 682: 679: 673: 670: 645: 615: 612: 600:The parameter 584: 581: 578: 575: 571: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 524: 492: 481: 478: 474: 465: 462: 459: 452: 449: 403: 400: 389: 388: 382:September 2024 369: 367: 360: 330:countries and 319: 316: 296: 293: 285:Czech Republic 266: 263: 248: 244: 221: 217: 212: 208: 205: 201: 196: 193: 190: 186: 183: 180: 156: 153: 117: 114: 112: 109: 96: 93: 85:United Nations 74:contraceptives 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4143: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3720: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3688: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3647: 3644:. 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