1505:"Goldreich and Harold Wolpe, a lawyer, used South African Communist Party funds to buy Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia in 1961 for use as a secret meeting place. The secret life of the revolutionaries at Liliesleaf had a very brief flowering – the key years were 1961 to mid-1963. Arthur Goldreich lived as the tenant of Liliesleaf with his then wife Hazel and his two sons, Nicholas and Paul. They were white, the 'right colour' to belong in Rivonia, so their presence did not attract attention; this was the perfect cover.... The farm outbuildings became home to various key ANC black members who posed as 'servants' of the white Goldreich family. Here the leaders of a hoped for revolution developed a plan for guerrilla warfare (Operation Mayibuye) with its own printing press and a secret radio transmitter."
1211:
and hostility between the various races of this country which is not produced even by war. Secondly, we felt that without violence there would be no way open to the
African people to succeed in their struggle against the principle of white supremacy. All lawful modes of expressing opposition to this principle had been closed by legislation, and we were placed in a position in which we had either to accept a permanent state of inferiority, or take over the Government. We chose to defy the law. We first broke the law in a way which avoided any recourse to violence; when this form was legislated against, and then the Government resorted to a show of force to crush opposition to its policies, only then did we decide to answer with violence.
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ordnance played a crucial role in the MK's sabotage campaign and in guerrilla engagements with the South
African security forces. Military equipment was usually smuggled into South Africa from neighbouring states where the ANC was operating in exile. Once inside the country, they were cached in major urban centers where the ANC enjoyed a large political following. MK established enormous arms depots in Botswana, Mozambique, and Swaziland to facilitate these operations, and also had smaller quantities of weapons cached in Angola, Zambia, and Tanzania.
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47:
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recruits were trained by Cuban military advisers. Between 1976 and 1979, over 1,000 MK guerrillas were trained at Novo
Catengue. In recognition of Cuba's role in supervising the training programme, the third MK intake to muster out was named the "Moncada Detachment". There were also a number of smaller MK training camps established throughout Angola, namely at Quibaxe. Aside from Cuba, the Soviet Union also contributed some instructors at the request of
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2022:. At least 100 MK cadres were killed during the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, making that engagement of enormous symbolic importance, as it was the largest single loss of life in MK's history. Furthermore, MK's prestige inside South Africa was greatly enhanced by its participation in a conventional battle, and apparent willingness to directly confront a South African military force.
1651:
1991:, the ANC's internal security service. During this time, the ANC detained and executed a number of MK dissidents suspected of subversion or disloyalty. In one case mutineers killed ANC members and after the mutiny was suppressed seven mutineers were executed (with further executions only halted after the personal intervention of
1949:. Both movements were drawn into a practical and ideological friendship because of their shared links with the Soviet Union through the communist parties of their respective nations. At the First International Conference of Solidarity with the Fighting People of Southern Africa and the Portuguese Colonies, organised by the
2084:
Soviet arms deliveries to MK, valued collectively at 36 million rubles, began in 1963 and ceased in 1990. Despite the cessation of Soviet military aid, MK had still amassed enough conventional weapons inside South Africa to mount an effective urban guerrilla campaign as needed by 1991. The movement's
1493:
Opinions in the ANC were divided on the viability of launching a military campaign. For this reason, MK did not publicly associate itself with the ANC at first. Its initial attacks were "characterised by their simplicity": reflecting the
Africans' lack of military training, and the fact that although
4926:
The commission finds that 'suspected agents' were routinely subjected to severe torture and other forms of severe ill-treatment and that there were cases where such individuals were charged and convicted by tribunals without proper attention to due process being afforded them, sentenced to death and
2080:
which were sympathetic to the ANC's cause also provided the movement with small quantities of materiel. The SACP was able to use its political contacts in the Soviet government to obtain these weapons, and was primarily responsible for MK's logistics from the beginning of the armed struggle. Soviet
2057:
Concerning MK's alliance with ZIPRA, Oliver Tambo stated: "We have had close political relations with ZAPU, and these developed into relations at the military level, until we were in a position to fight together. This close alliance is the first of its kind one can recall in the liberation movement.
1200:
This conclusion was not easily arrived at. It was only when all else had failed, when all channels of peaceful protest had been barred to us, that the decision was made to embark on violent forms of political struggle, and to form uMkhonto weSizwe. We did so not because we desired such a course, but
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In the six or so months between making the decision to form the organisation (June) and the first acts of sabotage (December), the MK high command set up regional commands in the main centres. The people chosen to be part of these commands were chosen either because they had the necessary technical
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Firstly, we believed that as a result of
Government policy, violence by the African people had become inevitable, and that unless responsible leadership was given to canalise and control the feelings of our people, there would be outbreaks of terrorism which would produce an intensity of bitterness
1972:
The ANC-MPLA alliance assumed new significance in the mid-1970s with
Angolan independence. After consolidating power with Cuban support, the MPLA granted MK permission to establish training facilities in Angola. The primary MK base in Angola was located at Novo Catengue, where intakes of up to 500
1196:
At the beginning of June 1961, after a long and anxious assessment of the South
African situation, I, and some colleagues, came to the conclusion that as violence in this country was inevitable, it would be unrealistic and wrong for African leaders to continue preaching peace and non-violence at a
1927:
The TRC also noted in its report that although "ANC had, in the course of the conflict, contravened the Geneva
Protocols and was responsible for the commission of gross human rights violations…of the three main parties to the conflict, only the ANC committed itself to observing the tenets of the
1223:
Our men are armed and trained freedom fighters not "terrorists". We are fighting for democracy—majority rule—the right of the
Africans to rule Africa. We are fighting for a South Africa in which there will be peace and harmony and equal rights for all people. We are not racialists, as the white
1710:
with explosives, leaving only material damage. On 21 November MK members shot dead an officer in
Chiawelo, Gauteng. On 29 October, a grenade attack was reported against the West Rand police station, Gauteng Province. The following day, the MK attacked the Consul of the House of Transkei with
4927:
executed...With regard to allegations of torture, the commission finds that, although it was not anc policy to use torture, the security department of the anc routinely used torture to extract information and confessions from those being held in camps, particularly in the period 1979–89.
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many whites had military training, most had not seen service since the Second World War. The state responded with laws that allowed detention without trial and an unlimited power to ban organisations, and also by establishing military and civilian intelligence organisations.
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South African police statistics indicate that, in the period 1976 to 1986, approximately 130 people were killed by guerrillas. Of those killed, about thirty were members of various security forces and one hundred were civilians. Of the civilians, 40 were white and 60 black.
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of its intent to increase resistance if the government did not take steps toward constitutional reform and increase political rights, uMkhonto weSizwe launched its first attacks against government installations on 16 December 1961. The group was subsequently classified as a
1911:. This tactic was abandoned due to the high rate of civilian casualties—especially among black labourers. The ANC estimated that there were 30 landmine explosions resulting in 23 deaths, while the government submitted a figure of 57 explosions resulting in 25 deaths.
1923:
by uMkhonto weSizwe was "routine", as were executions "without due process" at ANC detention camps. This was particularly true in the period of 1979–1989, although torture was not official ANC policy. It called the Durban bombing a "gross violation of human rights".
2038:(ZIPRA), the armed wing of ZAPU. MK became interested in using ZIPRA's infiltration routes to smuggle supplies to its fighters in South Africa, and organised a joint expedition with the latter in August 1967. A combined MK-ZIPRA force was largely eliminated by the
1205:
The time comes in the life of any nation when there remain only two choices – submit or fight. That time has now come to South Africa. We shall not submit and we have no choice but to hit back by all means in our power in defence of our people, our future, and our
1726:, which caused material damage, the abandonment of a limpet mine in a fuel depot in Alberton as well as other sabotage of railways. On 21 July, an attack on an electrical plant in Pretoria was reported, with at least six explosions recorded in three facilities.
1682:
In June 1980, MK members attacked the Booysens Police Station, leaving two officers wounded. In 2000, the Amnesty Committee of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) granted amnesty for the attack. In the night of 31 May – 1 June, MK members attacked two
1532:
headquarters outside Johannesburg at the end of 1962. This effectively neutralised MK within South Africa for the next decade. However, the organisation had established itself—and its key relationship as a disciplined part of the ANC—and did not disappear.
2054:. Historian Rocky Williams assesses that MK and ZIPRA "fought well under difficult conditions" and that although the incursion failed, the Rhodesian authorities were forced to rely on clandestine military assistance from South Africa to counter them.
1536:
The early 1970s were a low point for the ANC in many ways, including in the military sphere. Attempts to rebuild uMkhonto weSizwe inside South Africa resulted in many losses, although, as noted by the Military History Journal, some members, including
2085:
preexisting arsenal was deemed sufficient to continue operations against the South African state for the foreseeable future in the event that ongoing negotiations to dismantle the apartheid system failed. MK cadres were primarily armed with Soviet
1870:
officers and injured a further 15; a court in Newcastle had been attacked in a similar way the previous year, injuring 24. Also in 1987, a bomb exploded at a military command centre in Johannesburg, killing one person and injuring 68 personnel.
1895:, and supermarkets occurred during the late 1980s, killing and wounding many people. Wimpy were specifically targeted because of their perceived rigid enforcement of many apartheid laws, including excluding non-whites from their restaurants.
1527:
A lack of familiarity with the necessities of covert military work, and the reliance on high-profile leaders like Nelson Mandela, contributed to the South African state's ability to capture the organisation's leadership at their
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The consequence in these cases, such as the magoo's bar and the durban esplanade bombings, were gross violations of human rights in that they resulted in injuries to and the deaths of civilians.
1479:
would be launched unless the government agreed to call for a national constitutional convention. Six months later, on 16 December 1961, Mandela led uMkhonto weSizwe in launching its campaign.
1630:. In 5 May, guerrillas opened fire in the Moroka Police Station, killing one and wounding three more policemen and three civilians. Next, an explosive device was found in a railway in
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1744:. Explosive attacks on administrative offices followed in the following weeks. On 28 May, MK claimed responsibility for the attack on a fuel depot and power transformer,
1634:. On 15 November, members of MK attacked the Orlando SAP Station, leaving two officers dead and other two wounded. In the same day, the house of the Lt Magezi Ngobeni of
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1966:
1723:
1486:. This was followed by many more acts of sabotage over a year and a half, including attacks on government posts, machines and power facilities, and crop burning. At the
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1675:, the next confrontation between security forces and MK members left five dead (three attackers), and approximately 20 wounded. In March, MK shot dead two officers in
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1524:, outside Cape Town, later recognised as the first MK training centre inside South Africa; however it had to be abandoned early due to Security Police interest.
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received the death penalty for this bombing, which became known as the "Magoo's Bar bombing". McBride received amnesty and became a senior police officer.
1737:(SADF), which was destroyed by a rocket and grenade attack. Days later, attacks against substations in Pretoria are attributed, between 12 and 14 October.
1729:
On 11 August, MK members attacked the Voortrekker military base in Pretoria with grenade launchers. On 1 November, MK members attacked a border post with
1201:
solely because the government had left us with no other choice. In the Manifesto of uMkhonto published on 16 December 1961, which is exhibit AD, we said:
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2003:
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to seek military training. This enabled uMkhonto weSizwe to rebuild an army — one capable of attacking prestigious targets such as the refineries at
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1763:. Weeks later, two bombs cause extensive damage to the railway depot, pump station, stores and vehicles in Scheepersnek. A triple blasts in the
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1950:
1752:, and detonated an explosive in the offices of the Presidential Council, leaving one civilian killed. In 28 June that MK attacked railways in
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MK possessed some heavy weapons, namely 90 man-portable, single-tube Grad-P rocket launchers. The Soviet Union also supplied MK with over 40
1541:, were able to remain undetected for a long period. Meanwhile, MK cadres had access to a growing range of military training opportunities in
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515:
8772:
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1153:, in which ten leaders of the ANC were tried for 221 militant acts that the prosecution said were designed to "foment violent revolution".
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SAP Station was attacked by an explosive device, leaving one officer injured. Days later, members of the MK took 25 hostages in a bank in
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assault rifle firing the same 7.62×39mm cartridge. MK also received over 6,000 handguns of various types, primarily derivatives of the
2006:(UNITA) insurgents near Kibashe. In 1986, three battalions of newly trained MK recruits were deployed to guard FAPLA rear areas during
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of 1976 led to a large exodus of young black men and women. Anxious to strike back at the apartheid regime, they crossed the border to
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5609:"Human Security and the Transformation of the South African National Security Environment from 1990–2004: Challenges and Limitations"
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1981:
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1984:(PLAN). PLAN and MK frequently shared facilities in Angola and coordinated the transportation of supplies and war materiel.
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The following medals and awards, some with post-nominal titles, were retrospectively defined and awarded to members of MK:
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1928:
Geneva Protocols and, in the main, conducting the armed struggle in accordance within the international humanitarian law".
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On 5 June, the MK bombs kill one person when the explosive blasts in a lift at the offices of the presidents Council in
1722:
recruitment building. In June of the same year, the MK took credit for the arson attack against the headquarters of the
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1962:
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carbines. By the late 1980s, it was beginning to supplement both these weapon types with the slightly more modern
1698:. In this period, the attacks with explosives continued. On 29 October, a grenade attack was reported against the
8110:
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3070:, Vol. 11, No 5, June 2000, The other armies: A brief historical overview of Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), 1961 – 1994.
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970:
595:
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In no previous instance has there actually been fighting by freedom fighters drawn from different territories."
1184:, all of the founding members of the uMkhonto weSizwe, including himself, were also members of the ANC. In his "
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1977:; between 1976 and 1991, 200 Soviet military personnel served at various MK camps in Angola as training staff.
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detonated an explosive in a rubbish bin at a shopping centre shortly before Christmas. In a submission to the
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killed two and injured 37 civilians. A multitude of bombs at restaurants and fast food outlets, including
1475:
In June 1961, Mandela sent a letter to South African newspapers warning the government that a campaign of
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referred to by Mandela, adduced by the prosecution at his trial as Exhibit AD, included the statements:
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615:
525:
520:
5129:
Callinicos, Luli (2012). "Oliver Tambo and the Dilemma of the Camp Mutinies in Angola in the Eighties".
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1622:, Eastern Cape. In February, Sergeant Benjamin Letlako, a Police Special Branch member, is shot dead in
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police station. On 10 March 1978, a bomb exploded outside the offices of the Bantu Affairs building in
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oppressors are. The African National Congress has a message of freedom for all who live in our country.
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on the Natal South Coast, five civilians were killed and 40 were injured when uMkhonto weSizwe cadre
1583:, killing one civilian and wound three others. On 21 August 1978, B. Mayeza, personnel member of the
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https://v1.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/apartheid-repression/cross-border-raids.htm
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1980:
The ANC and MK presence in Angola re-ignited its alliance with SWAPO and its own armed wing, the
1811:
1595:. On 9 December 1978, an explosive blast severely damaged the Soweto Community Council building.
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1042:
995:
763:
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In 1962, Mandela went to Algeria, Egypt, and Ghana to get international backing for the group.
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explosives, leaving only material damage. In this period, attacks with explosives continued.
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was attacked with grenades, leaving five children wounded. In the next month, a railway near
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in 1988, in which four civilians were killed and 18 injured. Also in 1988, a bomb outside a
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After MK was disbanded, the movement passed its logistical records to the newly integrated
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The armed struggle continued with attacks on a series of soft targets, including a bank in
1867:
1614:. The next day, a large quantity of explosives on the line were found and defused, between
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728:
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535:
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363:
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1987:
In 1984, there was a series of mutinies in MK's Angolan camps that were suppressed by the
1834:(TRC), the ANC stated that Zondo's act, though "understandable" as a response to a recent
1497:
MK began planning a campaign called "Operation O Mayibuye", or "Operation Mayibuye", from
1168:, on 16 December 1993, although its armed struggle had been suspended earlier, during the
8:
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1954:
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Police Station, causing only superficial damage. On 14 December, guerrillas attacked the
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1005:
19:
This article is about the former military wing of the ANC. For the political party, see
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2119:(SANDF) to ensure that the stored equipment was properly inventoried and disposed of.
1626:. On 15 April, an improvised device was discovered and defused on a railway line near
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1999:
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5512:"The other armies: A brief historical overview of Umkhonto We Sizwe (MK), 1961-1994"
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MK received nearly all its military equipment from the Soviet Union, although other
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or military skills or because they were members of Congress Alliance organisations.
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2848:"State vs Nelson Mandela and 9 Others (Rivonia Trial), Alphabetical Exhibits List"
1945:(MPLA) and pursued close military relations with that party, then involved in the
1192:, Mandela outlined the motivations that led to the formation of uMkhonto weSizwe:
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and ANC funds, as non-whites were unable to own a property in that area under the
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5326:
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2319:
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1557:
1498:
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1161:
1146:
1138:
985:
975:
485:
135:
2182:, the assassinated chief of staff of the uMkhonto weSizwe and the leader of the
1501:. The South African Heritage Portal describes how they were able to meet there:
8256:
7971:
7845:
7488:
7402:
7085:
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7013:
6731:
6657:
6503:
6463:
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793:
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758:
733:
130:
120:
110:
70:
57:
5476:
2138:
was released (posthumously) in an act of solidarity with the uMkhonto weSizwe.
2014:, fighting against a joint South African and UNITA expeditionary force during
1838:
raid in Lesotho, was not in line with ANC policy. Zondo was executed in 1986.
8701:
8173:
7887:
6992:
6971:
6941:
6934:
6643:
6183:
6168:
6126:
5996:
5954:
5856:
5511:
5484:
5234:
The South African Communist Party: Adapting to Thrive in a Post-Communist Age
2429:
2419:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2264:
2214:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2109:
2105:
1957:, the MPLA and ANC entered into a formal military alliance together with the
1740:
On 7 January 1982, MK tried to attack the West Rand Board of Administration,
1676:
1615:
1487:
1446:
1404:
1329:
1313:
1189:
1154:
1150:
1141:, Rivonia. (The farm was privately owned by Arthur Goldreich and bought with
1134:
1000:
873:
823:
495:
480:
115:
80:
46:
5679:
5460:
1490:, the government accused them of committing 193 acts of sabotage in total.
8399:
8391:
7831:
7440:
7261:
7212:
6375:
6289:
5960:
5948:
5936:
5915:
5886:
5844:
5791:
5779:
5434:
2459:
2454:
2444:
2439:
2399:
2304:
2284:
2269:
2249:
2169:
2129:
2077:
1992:
1974:
1827:
1745:
1690:
There was a lull until 21 April 1981, when the MK attacked a substation in
1550:
1122:
901:
863:
853:
843:
743:
407:
309:
274:
160:
75:
5461:"Unsung Heroes: The Soviet Military and the Liberation of Southern Africa"
3081:
1850:, a bomb was detonated in a bar, killing three civilians and injuring 69.
8532:
7424:
6367:
5909:
5862:
5803:
4998:
Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics of Decolonization, 1945–90
4799:
2825:
2449:
2424:
2329:
2324:
2279:
2259:
2229:
2209:
2162:
1764:
1695:
1610:
border. On 23 January, an explosion damaged the railway near New Canada,
1229:
1130:
803:
798:
783:
718:
95:
85:
5599:
5583:
5204:
The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960
3062:
3060:
3058:
1706:
Province. The following day, the MK attacked the Consul of the House of
1125:. On 11 July 1963, nineteen ANC and uMkhonto weSizwe leaders, including
8006:
7537:
6650:
6595:
6455:
6439:
5966:
5921:
5868:
5809:
5584:"Towards the creation of an African civil-military relations tradition"
5166:
Mobility Conquers: The Story Of 61 Mechanised Battalion Group 1978–2005
3040:
2698:
2464:
2414:
2349:
2234:
2179:
1880:
1538:
1458:
1452:
1270: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
911:
878:
753:
738:
723:
580:
105:
100:
5443:
1914:
8464:
7458:
7449:
7380:
6786:
6763:
6752:
6132:
3055:
2434:
2219:
2098:
1760:
1730:
1623:
1565:
1318:
1216:
932:
896:
833:
429:
90:
5648:"The Question of Violence in Contemporary African Political Thought"
2165:, Everything Falls Apart, Kafka Prosess, S.C.A.*, and 76% Uncertain.
1245:
8235:
7726:
7371:
6495:
6352:
2047:
1888:
1807:
1774:
On 8 November, an improvised device causes important damage at the
1707:
1672:
1668:
1607:
1580:
1561:
1476:
1157:, chief of uMkhonto weSizwe at the time, escaped during the trial.
359:
323:
289:
2186:, and includes the refrain: "Hani, Hani, won't you dance with me?"
6636:
2073:
1920:
1887:
killed three. At the Ellis Park rugby stadium in Johannesburg, a
1753:
1703:
1611:
1603:
1542:
1529:
1118:
437:
259:
5564:"Demobilisation and Reintegration: The South African Experience"
4796:"AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS Appendix Four: List of MK Operations"
1121:, which was rural at that time but is now an affluent suburb of
7363:
6519:
6298:
5423:"The Turn to Sabotage by The Congress Movement in South Africa"
2818:"Nelson Mandela's Statement from the Dock at the Rivonia Trial"
2051:
1749:
1741:
1715:
1691:
1627:
1592:
1588:
1165:
922:
346:
212:
2480:
About eleven ANC members were killed in cross-border raids by
1919:
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission found that the use of
1197:
time when the government met our peaceful demands with force.
6511:
3086:
2086:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1684:
1650:
1546:
335:
245:
5164:
Steenkamp, Willem; Helmoed-Römer, Heitman (September 2016).
4940:"Findings and Recommendations – Holding the ANC Accountable"
2748:"The African National Congress website – Umkhonto we Sizwe"
2002:. In August 1983, an MK battalion was deployed against the
1967:
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde
1232:
such as power pylons and avoid any injury or loss of life.
226:
5537:"Moscow and ANC: Three Decades of Co-operation and Beyond"
5371:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
5274:. London: Hurst & Company. pp. 51, 105–106, 268.
4947:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
4899:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
4855:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
4742:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
4695:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
4651:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
3865:"South African guerrillas strike at nation's oil lifeline"
2945:"Curnick Muzuvukile Ndlovu | South African History Online"
2920:"Percy John "Jack" Hodgson | South African History Online"
1941:
In January 1969, the ANC declared its solidarity with the
1687:
oil from coal plants, leaving important material damages.
5299:. Alberton: Galago Publishing Company. pp. 60, 113.
5106:
My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics
3011:"On This Day: Nelson Mandela Sentenced to Life in Prison"
2775:"Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK): The ANC's Armed Wing, 1961–1993"
2094:
2090:
1336:
1160:
The organisation was formally disbanded in a ceremony at
5625:"Security sector reform and post-conflict peacebuilding"
8743:
Defunct organizations designated as terrorist in Africa
8723:
Recipients of the Operational Medal for Southern Africa
8373:
2149:
was released on the Dutch label Konkurrel. It featured
2046:, and the survivors driven back across the border into
1998:
MK's presence in Angola inevitably embroiled it in the
1814:
headquarters, resulting in 19 deaths and 217 injuries.
1748:, Mpumalanga Province. In June MK attacked railways in
5623:
Ehrhart, Hans-Georg; Schnabel, Albrecht, eds. (2005).
5236:. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. pp. 56–58.
5163:
2168:
Zimbabwean-born African-American author and filmmaker
1903:
From 1985 to 1987, there also was a campaign to place
6287:
5206:. London: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 200–202.
3135:"South African history: The good guys were often bad"
1969:(PAIGC). This became known as the Khartoum alliance.
1654:
List of attacks attributed to MK and compiled by the
5000:. London: Kegan Paul International. pp. 59–60.
2068:
List of military equipment used by UMkhonto we Sizwe
1714:
On 27 May, the MK took credit for another attack in
5108:. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 65–79.
2172:
embraced the initials M. K. after uMkhonto weSizwe.
2004:
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
1915:
Findings by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1841:
1105:After warning the South African government in June
8763:Military units and formations established in 1961
8713:Recipients of the uMkhonto we Sizwe Service Medal
4494:"Bomb Kills One In South African Violent Upsurge"
8699:
5516:South African Military History Society - Journal
5297:Umkhonto We Siswe: Fighting for a Divided People
5272:Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in South Africa
5080:. London: Pluto Press. pp. 92–93, 249–253.
4469:"BOMBS KILL THREE IN SOUTH AFRICA AND SWAZILAND"
3164:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 71–26.
2992:
2990:
1235:
8718:Recipients of the MK South Africa Service Medal
8708:Recipients of the uMkhonto we Sizwe Merit Medal
7077:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
5622:
5168:. Solihull: Helion & Company. p. 706.
5078:The Hot "Cold War": The USSR in Southern Africa
2779:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
2153:, Challenger Crew, Morzelpronk, Social Unrest,
1898:
1786:to attack a rural police station and temporary
1606:, one member was captured, others escaped over
5674:Collection of uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) documents
2998:The Nelson Mandela (Rivonia) Trial: An Account
2970:"Fred Carneson | South African History Online"
1943:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
1931:
1857:
1797:
1662:
398:
300:
265:
8359:
6273:
5709:
5695:
5652:PRAXIS International: A Philosophical Journal
5294:
2987:
1188:" speech, delivered at the conclusion of the
1114:by the South African government, and banned.
1043:
5364:"The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990"
5320:Statement of Nelson Mandela at Rivonia trial
5197:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5185:
4892:"The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990"
4848:"The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990"
4735:"The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990"
4688:"The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990"
4644:"The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990"
3066:The South African Military History Society,
2895:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 66.
1817:
1571:On 24 February 1977, a bomb exploded at the
1302:
1175:
231:
8748:Defunct organisations based in South Africa
5429:(245) (published 3 October 2019): 221–255.
5038:. New York: Frank Cass Publishers. p.
3840:"Guerrillas Hit Oil Plants in South Africa"
1951:Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation
1520:helped to organise a training camp held at
16:Armed wing of the African National Congress
8366:
8352:
6280:
6266:
5702:
5688:
5128:
1598:On 14 January, seven members clashed with
1050:
1036:
350:
314:
280:
5627:. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
5442:
5295:Luthuli, Daluxolo; Bopela, Thula (2005).
5227:
5225:
5223:
5182:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
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4979:
4729:
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3359:
3357:
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3349:
3347:
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3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3110:"Liliesleaf – Making a case for survival"
3101:
1656:Committee on South African War Resistance
1286:Learn how and when to remove this message
1102:to bring an end to its racist policies.
250:
8758:History of the African National Congress
8434:Institute for Justice and Reconciliation
7150:Reconstruction and Development Programme
5606:
5581:
5561:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5157:
5099:
5097:
4466:
3715:"3 Blacks Killed in Pretoria Bank Siege"
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3159:
3082:"Gradings: Site Reference: 9/2/228/0221"
2890:
2108:surface-to-air missile launchers and 60
1959:South West African People's Organisation
1649:
1440:
203:
8783:National liberation movements in Africa
6746:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
5676:– from anc.org, timeline and manifesto.
5420:
5313:
3790:"ANC attack on Booysens Police Station"
3079:
2787:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.1098
2772:
2135:Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation)
1642:, Eastern Cape was damaged by a blast.
1398:
1381:
1098:. Its mission was to fight against the
991:Music in the movement against apartheid
8700:
7227:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
6224:Congress of South African Trade Unions
5723:
5645:
5458:
5231:
5220:
5201:
5122:
5103:
5076:Shubin, Vladimir Gennadyevich (2008).
5075:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5029:
5014:
4995:
4976:
4724:
3080:Jackson, Clinton (12 September 2016).
3073:
2914:
2912:
2025:
1337:Johannesburg (later Transvaal) command
217:
8347:
6261:
5683:
5616:Journal of Security Sector Management
5571:Journal of Security Sector Management
5556:Journal of Security Sector Management
5269:
5250:
5094:
4062:
4060:
3365:"List of uMkhonto weSizwe Operations"
3304:
3107:
3013:. Findingdulcinea.com. Archived from
2773:Lissoni, Arianna (22 December 2021).
2667:Operational Medal for Southern Africa
2122:
1422:
1069:
5588:African Journal of Political Science
5506:
2117:South African National Defence Force
2036:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
1907:on rural roads in what was then the
1553:and other communist-bloc countries.
1465:
1268:adding citations to reliable sources
1239:
1149:.) The arrests were followed by the
8773:Military wings of socialist parties
8733:1961 establishments in South Africa
8375:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
7157:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
6803:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
5379:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
5288:
5056:
4955:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
4907:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
4863:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
4782:"McBride Appointed as Head of IPID"
4750:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
4703:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
4659:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2909:
2471:
1982:People's Liberation Army of Namibia
1832:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1117:For a time it was headquartered in
1086:) was the paramilitary wing of the
466:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
13:
5927:Horatio L. Bud-M'belle (1919–1923)
5534:
5414:
4057:
3108:Munro, Kathy (14 September 2021).
2724:. 16 December 1961. Archived from
2190:
1645:
1482:The first target sabotaged was an
28:UMkhonto we Sizwe (disambiguation)
21:uMkhonto weSizwe (political party)
14:
8814:
8316:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
7944:South African Party (Cape Colony)
5667:
2850:. University of the Witwatersrand
2710:
2034:, MK was closely allied with the
1874:
1410:
8450:Azanian People's Liberation Army
8328:
8327:
6240:
6239:
6189:Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College
5662:on 17 October 2015 – via .
5554:Rocky Williams Articles in the
5421:Stevens, Simon (November 2019).
5131:South African Historical Journal
5034:The Cuban intervention in Angola
4822:"23 Hurt in South African Blast"
4467:Lelyveld, Joseph (5 June 1982).
3665:"Silverton and Soekmekaar trial"
2718:"Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe"
2694:Military history of South Africa
2684:Internal resistance to apartheid
2661:
2642:
2623:
2613:
2598:
2583:
2568:
2549:
2530:
2511:
2496:
1862:In 1987, an explosion outside a
1842:1986: Durban beach-front bombing
1782:. Days later, MK militants uses
1363:
1244:
1228:The aim was to act only against
1019:
1018:
981:Internal resistance to apartheid
436:
400:
386:Internal resistance to apartheid
352:
340:
329:
316:
302:
282:
267:
252:
233:
219:
205:
187:
176:
159:
45:
7958:South African Party (1977–1980)
7951:South African Party (1911–1934)
7867:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
7664:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
6107:Provincial Executive Committees
5459:Shubin, Vladimir (1 May 2007).
5400:
5356:
5331:
5232:Kolasa, Thomas Stanley (2016).
4932:
4884:
4840:
4814:
4788:
4774:
4680:
4636:
4611:
4586:
4561:
4536:
4511:
4486:
4460:
4435:
4410:
4385:
4360:
4335:
4310:
4285:
4260:
4235:
4210:
4185:
4160:
4135:
4110:
4085:
4032:
4007:
3982:
3957:
3932:
3907:
3882:
3857:
3832:
3807:
3782:
3757:
3732:
3707:
3682:
3657:
3632:
3607:
3582:
3557:
3532:
3507:
3482:
3457:
3432:
3407:
3382:
3279:
3253:
3228:
3203:
3178:
3153:
3127:
3029:
3003:
2962:
1963:Zimbabwe African People's Union
1658:(COSAWR) between 1980 and 1983.
1255:needs additional citations for
491:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
393:Designated as a terrorist group
8788:Pan-Africanism in South Africa
7276:2019 service delivery protests
7262:#FeesMustFall student protests
7007:1983 constitutional referendum
5646:Wiredu, Kwasi (October 1986).
3037:"Umkhonto we Sizwe – timeline"
2937:
2884:
2862:
2840:
2810:
2766:
2740:
2010:. MK also participated in the
1470:
1:
8597:A Human Being Died That Night
7734:Johannesburg Reform Committee
6963:Israel–South Africa Agreement
6356:
6341:
6318:
6311:
6229:South African Communist Party
3261:"Bomb Wrecks Soweto Building"
2704:
2184:South African Communist Party
1236:Command structure (1961–1964)
1170:negotiations to end apartheid
1143:South African Communist Party
8793:Rebel groups in South Africa
8738:Anti-apartheid organisations
7389:Black Consciousness Movement
7143:Government of National Unity
6102:National Executive Committee
5639:South African History Online
5343:South African History Online
5143:10.1080/02582473.2012.675813
3819:South African History Online
3794:South African History Online
3669:South African History Online
3369:South African History Online
3039:. Anc.org.za. Archived from
2061:
1899:1985–1987: Landmine campaign
1735:South African Defense Forces
1071:[um̩ˈkʰontoweˈsizwe]
956:Apartheid in popular culture
7:
8538:Saint James Church massacre
8405:National Research Director:
7100:Saint James Church massacre
6986:Weapons of mass destruction
2672:
2502:Conspicuous Leadership Star
2199:, notable members include:
2178:song "#36" is dedicated to
2112:anti-tank missile systems.
1947:Angolan War of Independence
1932:Foreign military activities
1858:1987: Johannesburg bombings
1836:South African Defence Force
1798:1983: Church Street bombing
1720:South African Defence Force
1663:First attacks in the decade
526:Saint James Church massacre
521:Assassination of Chris Hani
10:
8819:
8778:National liberation armies
8518:Heidelberg Tavern massacre
8513:Durban beach-front bombing
8429:Amy Biehl Foundation Trust
6840:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
6718:South West Africa campaign
6617:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
6582:French Huguenot settlement
6097:National Working Committee
5768:Zacharias Richard Mahabane
5750:Zacharias Richard Mahabane
3815:"SASOL plant under attack"
2996:Douglas O. Linder (2010).
2619:South Africa Service Medal
2195:In addition to co-founder
2065:
1848:Durban beach-front bombing
1767:Administration offices in
1600:SAP (South African Police)
531:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
25:
18:
8768:Socialism in South Africa
8630:
8609:
8578:
8571:
8485:
8442:
8421:
8381:
8325:
8302:African National Congress
8291:
8197:
8030:
7755:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
7478:
7469:
7327:
7123:
7093:1992 apartheid referendum
6762:
6707:
6626:
6564:
6537:
6530:
6296:
6237:
6212:
6142:
6089:
6020:
5902:
5825:
5730:
5719:
5712:African National Congress
5477:10.1080/14682740701284157
4623:Global Terrorism Database
4598:Global Terrorism Database
4573:Global Terrorism Database
4548:Global Terrorism Database
4523:Global Terrorism Database
4447:Global Terrorism Database
4422:Global Terrorism Database
4397:Global Terrorism Database
4372:Global Terrorism Database
4347:Global Terrorism Database
4322:Global Terrorism Database
4297:Global Terrorism Database
4272:Global Terrorism Database
4247:Global Terrorism Database
4222:Global Terrorism Database
4197:Global Terrorism Database
4172:Global Terrorism Database
4147:Global Terrorism Database
4122:Global Terrorism Database
4097:Global Terrorism Database
4072:Global Terrorism Database
4044:Global Terrorism Database
4019:Global Terrorism Database
3994:Global Terrorism Database
3969:Global Terrorism Database
3944:Global Terrorism Database
3919:Global Terrorism Database
3894:Global Terrorism Database
3769:Global Terrorism Database
3744:Global Terrorism Database
3694:Global Terrorism Database
3644:Global Terrorism Database
3619:Global Terrorism Database
3594:Global Terrorism Database
3569:Global Terrorism Database
3544:Global Terrorism Database
3519:Global Terrorism Database
3494:Global Terrorism Database
3469:Global Terrorism Database
3444:Global Terrorism Database
3419:Global Terrorism Database
3394:Global Terrorism Database
3291:Global Terrorism Database
3240:Global Terrorism Database
3215:Global Terrorism Database
3190:Global Terrorism Database
2822:African National Congress
2722:African National Congress
2487:
2040:Rhodesian Security Forces
2012:Battle of Cuito Cuanavale
1936:
1818:1985: Amanzimtoti bombing
1724:Federal Progressive Party
1303:Central (overall) command
1176:Motivations for formation
1088:African National Congress
779:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
391:
369:
296:
199:
171:
154:
144:
63:
53:
44:
39:
8455:Civil Cooperation Bureau
7748:Labour Party (1969–1994)
7741:Labour Party (1910–1958)
7297:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
7255:#RhodesMustFall protests
6854:1960 republic referendum
5562:Williams, Rocky (2005).
5535:Shubin, Vladimir (ed.).
5325:21 February 2009 at the
5104:Hughes, Geraint (2014).
3160:Goldberg, Denis (2016).
3068:Military History Journal
2891:Goldberg, Denis (2016).
2689:South African Border War
2255:Tryphina Mboxela Jokweni
2008:Operation Alpha Centauri
1585:Bureau of State Security
1100:South African government
966:Cape Qualified Franchise
378:South African Border War
8753:Guerrilla organizations
8553:Bombing of Khotso House
8200:terrorist organisations
8000:National Party of Venda
7283:2019 Johannesburg riots
6896:Constructive engagement
6861:International isolation
6679:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
5973:Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo
5756:Josiah Tshangana Gumede
5738:John Langalibalele Dube
5635:"uMkhonto weSizwe (MK)"
5339:"Mavuso Walter Msimang"
5030:George, Edward (2005).
4996:Dreyer, Ronald (1994).
2385:Refiloe Johannes Mudimu
996:Nostalgia for apartheid
8460:State Security Council
8408:Charles Villa-Vicencio
7206:Attack on Kennedy Road
6817:Congress of the People
6408:South African Republic
6159:Congress of the People
5270:Douek, Daniel (1997).
5202:Thomas, Scott (1995).
2076:member states such as
1778:fuel storage depot in
1659:
1507:
1226:
1213:
1208:
1112:terrorist organisation
971:Disinvestment campaign
696:State Security Council
8558:Trojan Horse Incident
8503:Church Street bombing
8498:Battle of Ventersdorp
7776:Natal Indian Congress
7496:Afrikaner Broederbond
7350:Afrikaner nationalism
7136:1994 general election
7107:Bophuthatswana crisis
7000:Church Street bombing
6780:Apartheid legislation
6773:1948 general election
6693:South Africa Act 1909
6488:Union of South Africa
6308:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
6288:Political history of
5607:Williams, R. (2005).
5582:Williams, R. (1998).
5381:: 327. Archived from
4957:: 333. Archived from
4909:: 366. Archived from
4865:: 333. Archived from
4752:: 333. Archived from
4705:: 330. Archived from
4619:"GTD ID:198211130004"
4569:"GTD ID:198210260022"
4544:"GTD ID:198206280005"
4519:"GTD ID:198206280004"
4443:"GTD ID:198206280005"
4418:"GTD ID:198206280004"
4393:"GTD ID:198206040007"
4368:"GTD ID:198206030015"
4343:"GTD ID:198205280005"
4318:"GTD ID:198205260002"
4293:"GTD ID:198203200004"
4268:"GTD ID:198201070006"
4243:"GTD ID:198111120015"
4218:"GTD ID:198111120015"
4193:"GTD ID:198111010004"
4168:"GTD ID:198107210003"
4143:"GTD ID:198107210003"
4118:"GTD ID:198105210013"
4093:"GTD ID:198105150008"
4068:"GTD ID:198105060009"
4040:"GTD ID:198104210003"
3990:"GTD ID:198105150008"
3965:"GTD ID:198105060009"
3940:"GTD ID:198010290008"
3915:"GTD ID:198010300019"
3890:"GTD ID:198010290008"
3765:"GTD ID:198004040011"
3740:"GTD ID:198003150006"
3690:"GTD ID:198001250009"
3640:"GTD ID:197912150003"
3615:"GTD ID;197911150009"
3590:"GTD ID;197911150008"
3565:"GTD ID:197906150007"
3540:"GTD ID:197905150003"
3515:"GTD ID:197905030009"
3490:"GTD ID:197904150005"
3465:"GTD ID:197902150013"
3440:"GTD ID;197901240008"
3415:"GTD ID;197901230003"
3390:"GTD ID:197901140010"
3287:"GTD ID;197812150008"
3236:"GTD ID:197803100014"
3211:"GTD ID:197712120006"
3186:"GTD ID:197702240007"
2679:Day of Reconciliation
2390:Phila Portia Ndwandwe
2295:Isaac Lesiba Maphotho
1828:Andrew Sibusiso Zondo
1810:in Pretoria near the
1653:
1503:
1484:electrical substation
1441:Ex-officio commanders
1221:
1203:
1194:
961:Apartheid legislation
951:Afrikaner nationalism
511:Cape Town peace march
501:Trojan Horse Incident
461:1948 general election
126:Isaac Lesiba Maphotho
8803:Resistance movements
8798:Rebellions in Africa
8548:Shell House massacre
8543:Sharpeville massacre
7410:Greater South Africa
7248:2014 platinum strike
7114:Shell House massacre
7042:Transkei coup d'état
6847:Sharpeville massacre
6610:Battle of Blaauwberg
6603:Battle of Muizenberg
6555:Battle of Salt River
6338:Mthethwa Paramountcy
6215:Allied organisations
6204:Shell House massacre
6174:Little Rivonia Trial
6122:ANC Veterans' League
6023:National Conferences
5762:Pixley ka Isaka Seme
5435:10.1093/pastj/gtz030
4661:: 36. Archived from
2974:www.sahistory.org.za
2949:www.sahistory.org.za
2924:www.sahistory.org.za
2517:Decoration for Merit
1399:Eastern Cape command
1382:Western Cape command
1264:improve this article
1186:I Am Prepared to Die
1096:Sharpeville massacre
1067:Xhosa pronunciation:
859:Eugène Terre'Blanche
729:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
536:Shell House massacre
506:Khotso House bombing
476:Sharpeville massacre
26:For other uses, see
8587:Country of My Skull
8563:Queenstown Massacre
8523:The Gugulethu Seven
8493:Amanzimtoti bombing
8309:Democratic Alliance
7479:Civic and political
7343:Afrikaner Calvinism
7336:African nationalism
7185:African Renaissance
6875:UNSC Resolution 591
6796:Internal resistance
6697:National Convention
6665:Transvaal Civil War
6589:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
6472:Orange River Colony
6090:Structure and wings
5658:(3). Archived from
4784:. 28 February 2014.
4498:The Washington Post
3114:The Heritage Portal
3043:on 13 December 2013
2754:on 20 February 2015
2728:on 17 December 2006
2141:In 1987, a benefit
2089:assault rifles and
2026:Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
1955:World Peace Council
1824:Amanzimtoti bombing
1620:King William's Town
1137:, were arrested at
1094:in the wake of the
1084:Spear of the Nation
1006:Sullivan Principles
7049:Ciskei coup d'état
6868:UN Resolution 1761
6833:Women's March 1956
6686:South African Wars
6672:Mineral Revolution
6112:ANC Women's League
5774:Alfred Bitini Xuma
5427:Past & Present
5388:on 4 November 2009
4916:on 4 November 2009
4872:on 4 November 2009
4759:on 4 November 2009
4712:on 4 November 2009
4668:on 4 November 2009
4473:The New York Times
3265:The New York Times
3162:A Life for Freedom
2893:A Life for Freedom
2410:Vejaynand Ramlakan
2176:Dave Matthews Band
2145:compilation album
2128:In 1984, musician
2123:In popular culture
2032:Rhodesian Bush War
1909:Northern Transvaal
1885:magistrate's court
1864:Johannesburg court
1804:Church Street bomb
1788:South African Army
1756:and Scheepersnek.
1733:, occupied by the
1667:On 4 January, the
1660:
1636:SAP Special Branch
1512:In December 1962,
1423:Explosives command
1090:(ANC), founded by
591:Conservative Party
471:1956 Treason Trial
382:Rhodesian Bush War
146:Dates of operation
8728:UMkhonto we Sizwe
8695:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8684:
8674:
8664:
8654:
8644:
8623:
8602:
8592:
8579:Non-fiction books
8472:Umkhonto we Sizwe
8341:
8340:
8294:political parties
8287:
8286:
8264:Orde van die Dood
7874:Progressive Party
7580:Congress Alliance
7396:Cape Independence
7328:Political culture
7323:
7322:
7290:COVID-19 pandemic
7220:Marikana massacre
7056:Venda coup d'état
6810:Defiance Campaign
6400:Orange Free State
6330:Dutch Cape Colony
6255:
6254:
6179:uMkhonto we Sizwe
6154:Defiance Campaign
6016:
6015:
6012:
6011:
5985:Kgalema Motlanthe
5903:Secretary-General
5875:Kgalema Motlanthe
5175:978-1-911096-52-8
5087:978-0-7453-2472-2
4802:on 8 October 2014
3267:. 9 December 1978
3141:. 12 January 2013
2796:978-0-19-027773-4
2300:Rudzani Maphwanya
2205:Tatamkhulu Afrika
2000:Angolan Civil War
1632:Eastern Transvaal
1587:was shot dead in
1466:Domestic campaign
1417:Washington Bongco
1296:
1295:
1288:
1060:
1059:
917:South-West Africa
415:
414:
374:Angolan Civil War
8810:
8682:
8672:
8669:Zulu Love Letter
8662:
8652:
8642:
8621:
8600:
8590:
8576:
8575:
8508:The Cradock Four
8397:Deputy chairman:
8368:
8361:
8354:
8345:
8344:
8331:
8330:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8280:
8273:
8266:
8259:
8252:
8245:
8238:
8231:
8224:
8217:
8210:
8198:Paramilitary and
8190:
8188:Umkosi Wezintaba
8183:
8176:
8169:
8162:
8155:
8148:
8141:
8134:
8127:
8120:
8113:
8106:
8099:
8092:
8085:
8078:
8071:
8064:
8057:
8050:
8043:
8033:social movements
8031:Trade unions and
8023:
8016:
8009:
8002:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7974:
7967:
7960:
7953:
7946:
7939:
7932:
7925:
7918:
7911:
7904:
7897:
7890:
7883:
7876:
7869:
7862:
7855:
7848:
7841:
7834:
7827:
7820:
7813:
7806:
7799:
7792:
7785:
7778:
7771:
7764:
7757:
7750:
7743:
7736:
7729:
7722:
7715:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7659:
7652:
7645:
7638:
7631:
7624:
7617:
7610:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7545:Boerestaat Party
7540:
7533:
7526:
7519:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7491:
7476:
7475:
7462:
7453:
7444:
7435:
7428:
7419:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7391:
7384:
7375:
7366:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7316:
7306:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7278:
7271:
7264:
7257:
7250:
7243:
7236:
7229:
7222:
7215:
7208:
7201:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7166:
7159:
7152:
7145:
7138:
7116:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7088:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7035:Dakar Conference
7030:
7023:
7016:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6965:
6958:
6956:Israeli alliance
6951:
6944:
6937:
6926:
6919:
6912:
6910:Sporting boycott
6905:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6882:Academic boycott
6877:
6870:
6863:
6856:
6849:
6842:
6835:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6755:
6748:
6741:
6739:Great Depression
6734:
6727:
6725:Maritz rebellion
6720:
6700:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6646:
6639:
6619:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6575:Dutch settlement
6557:
6550:
6548:Bantu migrations
6535:
6534:
6523:
6515:
6507:
6499:
6491:
6483:
6480:Transvaal Colony
6475:
6467:
6459:
6451:
6448:Nieuwe Republiek
6443:
6435:
6427:
6419:
6411:
6403:
6395:
6387:
6384:Natalia Republic
6379:
6371:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6353:Ndwandwe Kingdom
6348:
6346:
6343:
6333:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6259:
6258:
6248:
6243:
6242:
6216:
6146:
6117:ANC Youth League
6024:
5826:Deputy President
5728:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5713:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5681:
5680:
5663:
5642:
5641:. 20 March 2011.
5628:
5619:
5613:
5603:
5578:
5568:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5465:Cold War History
5455:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5368:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5335:
5329:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5267:
5248:
5247:
5229:
5218:
5217:
5199:
5180:
5179:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5101:
5092:
5091:
5073:
5054:
5053:
5037:
5027:
5012:
5011:
4993:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4963:
4944:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4915:
4896:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4852:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4828:. 24 August 1988
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4798:. Archived from
4792:
4786:
4785:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4739:
4731:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4692:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4648:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3361:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3077:
3071:
3064:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3017:on 13 April 2013
3007:
3001:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2872:. Public.wsu.edu
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2828:on 20 March 2015
2824:. Archived from
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2750:. Archived from
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2714:
2665:
2648:Star for Bravery
2646:
2629:Star for Bravery
2627:
2617:
2602:
2587:
2572:
2553:
2534:
2515:
2500:
2472:Number of deaths
2310:Vusumuzi Masondo
2290:Solomon Mahlangu
2240:Samuel Hlongwane
2170:M. K. Asante Jr.
2044:Operation Nickel
2020:Operation Packer
2016:Operation Hooper
1965:(ZAPU), and the
1822:In the 1985 the
1769:Pietermaritzburg
1702:police station,
1514:Looksmart Ngudle
1388:Looksmart Ngudle
1358:Arthur Goldreich
1291:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1248:
1240:
1127:Arthur Goldreich
1073:
1068:
1063:uMkhonto weSizwe
1052:
1045:
1038:
1022:
1021:
819:Albertina Sisulu
814:Benjamin Moloise
749:Arthur Goldreich
440:
417:
416:
410:
406:
404:
403:
370:Battles and wars
362:
358:
356:
355:
345:
344:
343:
334:
333:
332:
326:
322:
320:
319:
312:
308:
306:
305:
292:
288:
286:
285:
277:
273:
271:
270:
262:
258:
256:
255:
243:
239:
237:
236:
229:
225:
223:
222:
215:
211:
209:
208:
192:
191:
190:
181:
180:
179:
164:
163:
147:
49:
40:uMkhonto weSizwe
37:
36:
8818:
8817:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8698:
8697:
8696:
8687:
8626:
8605:
8567:
8481:
8438:
8417:
8377:
8372:
8342:
8337:
8321:
8314:
8307:
8300:
8293:
8283:
8276:
8269:
8262:
8255:
8248:
8241:
8234:
8227:
8220:
8213:
8206:
8199:
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7760:
7753:
7746:
7739:
7732:
7725:
7718:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7692:HNP (Herstigte)
7690:
7685:HNP (Herenigde)
7683:
7676:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7641:
7634:
7627:
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7606:
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7571:
7564:
7557:
7550:
7543:
7536:
7529:
7522:
7515:
7508:
7503:Afrikaner Party
7501:
7494:
7487:
7480:
7471:
7465:
7456:
7447:
7438:
7431:
7422:
7417:Honorary whites
7415:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7387:
7378:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7334:
7319:
7309:
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7288:
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7267:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7178:Soweto bombings
7176:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7126:
7119:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7091:
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7054:
7047:
7040:
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7019:
7012:
7005:
6998:
6991:
6984:
6979:Soweto Uprising
6977:
6970:
6961:
6954:
6947:
6940:
6933:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6903:Tar Baby Option
6901:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6824:Freedom Charter
6822:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6794:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6758:
6751:
6744:
6737:
6730:
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6502:
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6438:
6430:
6424:Griqualand West
6422:
6416:Griqualand East
6414:
6406:
6398:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6366:
6359:
6351:
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6321:
6314:
6306:
6292:
6286:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6233:
6214:
6208:
6164:Freedom Charter
6144:
6138:
6085:
6022:
6008:
5979:Cyril Ramaphosa
5943:Elijah Mdolomba
5898:
5881:Cyril Ramaphosa
5833:Walter Rubusana
5821:
5816:Cyril Ramaphosa
5744:Sefako Makgatho
5715:
5711:
5708:
5670:
5633:
5611:
5566:
5545:
5543:
5541:scnc.ukzn.ac.za
5525:
5523:
5508:Williams, Rocky
5497:
5495:
5449:
5447:
5417:
5415:Further reading
5412:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5347:
5345:
5337:
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5327:Wayback Machine
5318:
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3844:Washington Post
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2741:
2731:
2729:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2675:
2490:
2474:
2469:
2395:Godfrey Ngwenya
2360:Thabiso Mokhosi
2320:Lawrence Mbatha
2315:Davidson Masuku
2193:
2191:Notable members
2125:
2070:
2064:
2028:
1939:
1934:
1917:
1905:anti-tank mines
1901:
1877:
1860:
1844:
1820:
1800:
1718:, destroying a
1665:
1648:
1646:1980s: Bombings
1558:Soweto uprising
1499:Liliesleaf Farm
1473:
1468:
1443:
1434:Harold Strachan
1425:
1413:
1401:
1384:
1366:
1339:
1305:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1261:
1249:
1238:
1178:
1166:Soweto, Gauteng
1162:Orlando Stadium
1147:Group Areas Act
1139:Liliesleaf Farm
1066:
1056:
1011:
1010:
986:Kairos Document
976:Freedom Charter
946:
938:
937:
921:
892:
884:
883:
714:Vernon Berrangé
709:
701:
700:
661:Security Branch
551:
541:
540:
486:Soweto uprising
456:
455:
401:
399:
384:
380:
376:
353:
351:
349:
341:
339:
338:
330:
328:
327:
317:
315:
313:
303:
301:
283:
281:
279:
268:
266:
264:
253:
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232:
230:
220:
218:
216:
206:
204:
188:
186:
185:
177:
175:
158:
145:
140:
136:Godfrey Ngwenya
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8816:
8806:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
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8760:
8755:
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8693:
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8603:
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8505:
8500:
8495:
8489:
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8483:
8482:
8480:
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8474:
8469:
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8467:
8457:
8452:
8446:
8444:
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8402:
8394:
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8379:
8378:
8371:
8370:
8363:
8356:
8348:
8339:
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8326:
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8322:
8320:
8319:
8312:
8305:
8297:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8257:Ossewabrandwag
8253:
8246:
8239:
8232:
8225:
8218:
8211:
8203:
8201:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8163:
8156:
8149:
8142:
8135:
8128:
8121:
8114:
8107:
8100:
8093:
8086:
8079:
8072:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8044:
8036:
8034:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8024:
8017:
8010:
8003:
7996:
7993:Unionist Party
7989:
7982:
7975:
7972:Torch Commando
7968:
7961:
7954:
7947:
7940:
7933:
7926:
7919:
7912:
7905:
7898:
7891:
7884:
7877:
7870:
7863:
7856:
7849:
7846:Orde Boerevolk
7842:
7835:
7828:
7821:
7814:
7807:
7800:
7793:
7786:
7779:
7772:
7765:
7758:
7751:
7744:
7737:
7730:
7723:
7716:
7709:
7702:
7695:
7688:
7681:
7674:
7667:
7660:
7653:
7646:
7639:
7632:
7625:
7622:DP (1989–2000)
7618:
7615:DP (1973–1977)
7611:
7608:Dominion Party
7604:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7576:
7569:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7541:
7534:
7527:
7520:
7513:
7506:
7499:
7492:
7489:Afrikaner Bond
7484:
7482:
7473:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7454:
7445:
7436:
7429:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7403:Day of the Vow
7399:
7392:
7385:
7376:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7307:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7223:
7216:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7171:Floor crossing
7167:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7139:
7131:
7129:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7089:
7086:Bisho massacre
7082:
7081:
7080:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7028:Operation Vula
7024:
7021:Rubicon speech
7017:
7014:Langa massacre
7010:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6920:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6776:
6768:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6732:Rand Rebellion
6728:
6721:
6713:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6658:Boer Republics
6654:
6647:
6640:
6632:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6570:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6551:
6543:
6541:
6532:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6516:
6508:
6504:Bophuthatswana
6500:
6492:
6484:
6476:
6468:
6464:Klein Vrystaat
6460:
6452:
6444:
6436:
6428:
6420:
6412:
6404:
6396:
6388:
6380:
6372:
6364:
6349:
6334:
6326:
6303:
6301:
6294:
6293:
6285:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6220:
6218:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6199:Bisho massacre
6196:
6194:Operation Vula
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6148:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6028:
6026:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6005:(2022–present)
6003:Fikile Mbalula
6000:
5994:
5991:Gwede Mantashe
5988:
5982:
5976:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5931:TD Mweli Skota
5928:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5895:(2022–present)
5893:Paul Mashatile
5890:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5851:Nelson Mandela
5848:
5842:
5839:Nelson Mandela
5836:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5818:(2017–present)
5813:
5807:
5801:
5798:Nelson Mandela
5795:
5789:
5786:Albert Luthuli
5783:
5777:
5771:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5734:
5732:
5725:
5717:
5716:
5707:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5669:
5668:External links
5666:
5665:
5664:
5643:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5620:
5604:
5579:
5552:
5532:
5504:
5471:(2): 251–262.
5456:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5399:
5355:
5330:
5312:
5306:978-1919854168
5305:
5287:
5281:978-1849048804
5280:
5249:
5243:978-0786478040
5242:
5219:
5213:978-1850439936
5212:
5181:
5174:
5156:
5137:(3): 587–621.
5121:
5115:978-1845196271
5114:
5093:
5086:
5055:
5049:978-0415647106
5048:
5013:
5007:978-0710304711
5006:
4975:
4964:on 15 May 2012
4931:
4883:
4839:
4826:New York Times
4813:
4787:
4773:
4723:
4679:
4635:
4610:
4585:
4560:
4535:
4510:
4485:
4459:
4434:
4409:
4384:
4359:
4334:
4309:
4284:
4259:
4234:
4209:
4184:
4159:
4134:
4109:
4084:
4056:
4031:
4006:
3981:
3956:
3931:
3906:
3881:
3856:
3831:
3806:
3781:
3756:
3731:
3706:
3681:
3656:
3631:
3606:
3581:
3556:
3531:
3506:
3481:
3456:
3431:
3406:
3381:
3303:
3278:
3252:
3227:
3202:
3177:
3170:
3152:
3126:
3100:
3072:
3054:
3028:
3002:
2986:
2961:
2936:
2908:
2901:
2883:
2861:
2839:
2809:
2795:
2765:
2739:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2640:
2621:
2611:
2596:
2581:
2566:
2547:
2528:
2509:
2489:
2486:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Siphiwe Nyanda
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:Mavuso Msimang
2377:
2375:Fabian Msimang
2372:
2370:Alex Moumbaris
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:Raymond Mhlaba
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2275:Robert McBride
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Ronnie Kasrils
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Denis Goldberg
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2197:Nelson Mandela
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2173:
2166:
2159:Victims Family
2147:Viva uMkhonto!
2139:
2124:
2121:
2063:
2060:
2027:
2024:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1916:
1913:
1900:
1897:
1876:
1875:Other bombings
1873:
1859:
1856:
1852:Robert McBride
1843:
1840:
1819:
1816:
1799:
1796:
1664:
1661:
1647:
1644:
1581:Port Elizabeth
1518:Denis Goldberg
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1411:Border command
1409:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:Ronnie Kasrils
1372:
1370:Curnick Ndlovu
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1353:Denis Goldberg
1350:
1348:Ahmed Kathrada
1345:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1324:Raymond Mhlaba
1321:
1316:
1311:
1309:Nelson Mandela
1304:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1182:Nelson Mandela
1177:
1174:
1092:Nelson Mandela
1074:; abbreviated
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
945:Related topics
944:
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:
930:
925:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
876:
871:
869:H. F. Verwoerd
866:
861:
856:
851:
849:Adelaide Tambo
846:
841:
839:Robert Sobukwe
836:
831:
829:J. G. Strijdom
826:
821:
816:
811:
809:Raymond Mhlaba
806:
801:
796:
794:Nelson Mandela
791:
786:
781:
776:
774:Albert Luthuli
771:
769:Ahmed Kathrada
766:
761:
759:Bantu Holomisa
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
734:F. W. de Klerk
731:
726:
721:
716:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
651:National Party
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
552:
547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
457:
454:
453:
447:
446:
445:
442:
441:
433:
432:
426:
425:
413:
412:
396:
389:
388:
371:
367:
366:
298:
294:
293:
201:
197:
196:
173:
169:
168:
156:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
139:
138:
133:
131:Siphiwe Nyanda
128:
123:
121:Ronnie Kasrils
118:
113:
111:Raymond Mhlaba
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
71:Nelson Mandela
67:
65:
61:
60:
58:Nelson Mandela
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8815:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8681:
8680:
8676:
8671:
8670:
8666:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8651:
8650:
8649:In My Country
8646:
8641:
8640:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8629:
8620:
8619:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8608:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8589:
8588:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8577:
8574:
8570:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8484:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8441:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8422:Organisations
8420:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8369:
8364:
8362:
8357:
8355:
8350:
8349:
8346:
8336:
8335:
8324:
8317:
8313:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8290:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8268:
8265:
8261:
8258:
8254:
8251:
8247:
8244:
8240:
8237:
8233:
8230:
8226:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8212:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8196:
8189:
8185:
8182:
8178:
8175:
8174:Die Spoorbund
8171:
8168:
8164:
8161:
8157:
8154:
8150:
8147:
8143:
8140:
8136:
8133:
8129:
8126:
8122:
8119:
8115:
8112:
8108:
8105:
8101:
8098:
8094:
8091:
8087:
8084:
8080:
8077:
8073:
8070:
8066:
8063:
8059:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8045:
8042:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8029:
8022:
8018:
8015:
8014:Workers Party
8011:
8008:
8004:
8001:
7997:
7994:
7990:
7987:
7983:
7980:
7976:
7973:
7969:
7966:
7962:
7959:
7955:
7952:
7948:
7945:
7941:
7938:
7934:
7931:
7927:
7924:
7920:
7917:
7913:
7910:
7906:
7903:
7899:
7896:
7892:
7889:
7888:Radio Freedom
7885:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7871:
7868:
7864:
7861:
7857:
7854:
7850:
7847:
7843:
7840:
7839:Oranjewerkers
7836:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7822:
7819:
7815:
7812:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7787:
7784:
7780:
7777:
7773:
7770:
7766:
7763:
7759:
7756:
7752:
7749:
7745:
7742:
7738:
7735:
7731:
7728:
7724:
7721:
7717:
7714:
7710:
7707:
7703:
7700:
7696:
7693:
7689:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7675:
7672:
7668:
7665:
7661:
7658:
7654:
7651:
7647:
7644:
7640:
7637:
7633:
7630:
7626:
7623:
7619:
7616:
7612:
7609:
7605:
7602:
7598:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7584:
7581:
7577:
7574:
7570:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7556:
7553:
7549:
7546:
7542:
7539:
7535:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7493:
7490:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7481:organisations
7477:
7474:
7472:organisations
7468:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7434:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7418:
7414:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7365:
7361:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7347:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7315:
7313:
7308:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7269:Tshwane riots
7266:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7252:
7249:
7245:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7231:
7228:
7224:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7210:
7207:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7189:
7186:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7140:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7122:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7078:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7064:
7060:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7039:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6994:
6993:Project Coast
6990:
6987:
6983:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6972:Mafeje affair
6969:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6942:Durban Moment
6939:
6936:
6935:Rivonia Trial
6932:
6925:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6889:Disinvestment
6886:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6837:
6834:
6830:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6788:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6774:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6648:
6645:
6644:1820 Settlers
6641:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6529:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6354:
6350:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6283:
6278:
6276:
6271:
6269:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6250:
6249:
6236:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6184:Radio Freedom
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6169:Rivonia Trial
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6127:Luthuli House
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5997:Ace Magashule
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5955:Walter Sisulu
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5857:Walter Sisulu
5855:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5705:
5700:
5698:
5693:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5577:(2): 531–567.
5576:
5572:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5418:
5408:
5403:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5365:
5359:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5316:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5283:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5245:
5239:
5235:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5215:
5209:
5205:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5117:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5098:
5089:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5051:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5009:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4935:
4928:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4887:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4843:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4783:
4777:
4770:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4683:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4639:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4574:
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4474:
4470:
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4413:
4398:
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4388:
4373:
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4348:
4344:
4338:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4020:
4016:
4010:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
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3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3173:
3171:9780813166858
3167:
3163:
3156:
3140:
3139:The Economist
3136:
3130:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2902:9780813166858
2898:
2894:
2887:
2871:
2870:"Paul Brians"
2865:
2849:
2843:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2604:Service Medal
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2589:Service Medal
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:Service Medal
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Walter Sisulu
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Aubrey Sedibe
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:Lambert Moloi
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:Thandi Modise
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Wilton Mkwayi
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Duma Mdutyana
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:Moses Mabhida
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Anton Fransch
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2110:9M14 Malyutka
2107:
2106:9K32 Strela-2
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1961:(SWAPO), the
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1869:
1866:killed three
1865:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:In 1983, the
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1677:Bophutatswana
1674:
1670:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:Fort Beaufort
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1488:Rivonia Trial
1485:
1480:
1478:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:Lambert Moloi
1445:
1444:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1405:Vuyisile Mini
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:Fred Carneson
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:Natal command
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1330:Wilton Mkwayi
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Walter Sisulu
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1290:
1287:
1279:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1253:This section
1251:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1190:Rivonia Trial
1187:
1183:
1180:According to
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1155:Wilton Mkwayi
1152:
1151:Rivonia Trial
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Walter Sisulu
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:Project Coast
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
942:
941:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
907:Robben Island
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
888:
887:
880:
877:
875:
874:B. J. Vorster
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
824:Walter Sisulu
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
705:
704:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:Organisations
545:
544:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
496:Vaal uprising
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
481:Rivonia Trial
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
452:
449:
448:
444:
443:
439:
435:
434:
431:
428:
427:
423:
419:
418:
409:
397:
394:
390:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
365:
361:
348:
337:
325:
311:
299:
295:
291:
276:
261:
248:(Until 1990)
247:
242:
228:
214:
202:
198:
195:
184:
174:
170:
167:
162:
157:
153:
149:
143:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
116:Moses Mabhida
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
81:Walter Sisulu
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
35:
33:
29:
22:
8679:The Forgiven
8677:
8667:
8657:
8647:
8637:
8616:
8595:
8585:
8528:Mthatha Raid
8404:
8400:Alex Boraine
8396:
8392:Desmond Tutu
8388:
8332:
8292:Histories of
7986:United Party
7895:Reform Party
7832:Orangia Unie
7457:
7448:
7441:Swart gevaar
7439:
7423:
7379:
7370:
7311:
7213:Blikkiesdorp
6539:Pre-colonial
6392:Natal Colony
6376:Zulu Kingdom
6290:South Africa
6244:
6131:
5961:Oliver Tambo
5949:James Calata
5937:E. J. Khaile
5916:Selope Thema
5887:David Mabuza
5845:Oliver Tambo
5792:Oliver Tambo
5780:James Moroka
5660:the original
5655:
5651:
5638:
5615:
5594:(1): 20–41.
5591:
5587:
5574:
5570:
5555:
5544:. Retrieved
5540:
5524:. Retrieved
5519:
5515:
5496:. Retrieved
5468:
5464:
5448:. Retrieved
5426:
5402:
5390:. Retrieved
5383:the original
5374:
5370:
5358:
5346:. Retrieved
5342:
5333:
5315:
5296:
5290:
5271:
5233:
5203:
5165:
5159:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5105:
5077:
5033:
4997:
4966:. Retrieved
4959:the original
4950:
4946:
4934:
4925:
4918:. Retrieved
4911:the original
4902:
4898:
4886:
4874:. Retrieved
4867:the original
4858:
4854:
4842:
4830:. Retrieved
4825:
4816:
4804:. Retrieved
4800:the original
4790:
4776:
4768:
4761:. Retrieved
4754:the original
4745:
4741:
4714:. Retrieved
4707:the original
4698:
4694:
4682:
4670:. Retrieved
4663:the original
4654:
4650:
4638:
4626:. Retrieved
4622:
4613:
4601:. Retrieved
4597:
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4572:
4563:
4551:. Retrieved
4547:
4538:
4526:. Retrieved
4522:
4513:
4501:. Retrieved
4497:
4488:
4476:. Retrieved
4472:
4462:
4450:. Retrieved
4446:
4437:
4425:. Retrieved
4421:
4412:
4400:. Retrieved
4396:
4387:
4375:. Retrieved
4371:
4362:
4350:. Retrieved
4346:
4337:
4325:. Retrieved
4321:
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4296:
4287:
4275:. Retrieved
4271:
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4246:
4237:
4225:. Retrieved
4221:
4212:
4200:. Retrieved
4196:
4187:
4175:. Retrieved
4171:
4162:
4150:. Retrieved
4146:
4137:
4125:. Retrieved
4121:
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4096:
4087:
4075:. Retrieved
4071:
4047:. Retrieved
4043:
4034:
4022:. Retrieved
4018:
4009:
3997:. Retrieved
3993:
3984:
3972:. Retrieved
3968:
3959:
3947:. Retrieved
3943:
3934:
3922:. Retrieved
3918:
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3893:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3843:
3834:
3822:. Retrieved
3818:
3809:
3797:. Retrieved
3793:
3784:
3772:. Retrieved
3768:
3759:
3747:. Retrieved
3743:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3718:
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3693:
3684:
3672:. Retrieved
3668:
3659:
3647:. Retrieved
3643:
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3618:
3609:
3597:. Retrieved
3593:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3568:
3559:
3547:. Retrieved
3543:
3534:
3522:. Retrieved
3518:
3509:
3497:. Retrieved
3493:
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3468:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3443:
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3418:
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3393:
3384:
3372:. Retrieved
3368:
3294:. Retrieved
3290:
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3264:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3239:
3230:
3218:. Retrieved
3214:
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3189:
3180:
3161:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3138:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3113:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3085:
3075:
3067:
3045:. Retrieved
3041:the original
3031:
3019:. Retrieved
3015:the original
3005:
2977:. Retrieved
2973:
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2948:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:
2892:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2842:
2830:. Retrieved
2826:the original
2821:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2778:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2752:the original
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2726:the original
2712:
2655:
2651:
2636:
2632:
2607:
2592:
2577:
2562:
2558:
2543:
2539:
2524:
2520:
2505:
2491:
2479:
2475:
2460:Andrew Zondo
2455:Tony Yengeni
2445:Oliver Tambo
2440:Marion Sparg
2400:Wilson Nqose
2305:Jerry Masisi
2285:Dikgope Madi
2270:Ashley Kriel
2250:Moses Kotane
2194:
2157:, Depraved,
2146:
2133:
2130:Prince Far I
2114:
2103:
2099:TT-33 pistol
2083:
2078:East Germany
2071:
2056:
2029:
1997:
1993:Oliver Tambo
1988:
1986:
1979:
1975:Oliver Tambo
1971:
1940:
1926:
1918:
1902:
1878:
1861:
1846:In the 1986
1845:
1821:
1801:
1790:garrison at
1773:
1758:
1746:Hectorspruit
1739:
1728:
1713:
1696:limpet mines
1689:
1681:
1666:
1597:
1570:
1555:
1551:Soviet Union
1535:
1526:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1481:
1474:
1429:Jack Hodgson
1343:Jack Hodgson
1297:
1282:
1273:
1262:Please help
1257:verification
1254:
1230:hard targets
1227:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1179:
1159:
1123:Johannesburg
1116:
1104:
1083:
1075:
1062:
1061:
902:District Six
864:Desmond Tutu
854:Oliver Tambo
844:Helen Suzman
744:Bram Fischer
411:(until 1994)
408:South Africa
364:(Until 1974)
310:South Africa
278:(Until 1991)
275:Soviet Union
76:Oliver Tambo
34:
32:
8639:Forgiveness
8533:Pebco Three
8477:Third Force
7425:Rooi gevaar
7304:2021 unrest
7234:Nkandlagate
7063:Third Force
6924:Rugby union
6522:(1981–1994)
6514:(1979–1994)
6506:(1977–1994)
6498:(1976–1994)
6490:(1910–1961)
6482:(1902–1910)
6474:(1902–1910)
6466:(1886–1891)
6458:(1885–1887)
6450:(1884–1888)
6442:(1882–1885)
6434:(1882–1883)
6426:(1870–1873)
6418:(1861–1879)
6410:(1856–1902)
6402:(1854–1902)
6394:(1843–1910)
6386:(1839–1843)
6378:(1816–1897)
6370:(1795–1910)
6368:Cape Colony
6360: 1780
6345: 1780
6332:(1652–1806)
6322: 1220
6315: 1075
5999:(2017–2022)
5993:(2007–2017)
5987:(1997–2007)
5981:(1991–1997)
5975:(1969–1991)
5969:(1958–1969)
5963:(1955–1958)
5957:(1949–1955)
5951:(1936–1949)
5945:(1930–1936)
5939:(1927–1930)
5933:(1923–1927)
5924:(1917–1919)
5918:(1915–1917)
5912:(1912–1915)
5910:Sol Plaatje
5889:(2017–2022)
5883:(2012–2017)
5877:(2007–2012)
5871:(1997–2007)
5865:(1994–1997)
5863:Thabo Mbeki
5859:(1991–1994)
5853:(1985–1991)
5847:(1958–1985)
5841:(1952–1958)
5835:(1912–1936)
5812:(2007–2017)
5806:(1997–2007)
5804:Thabo Mbeki
5800:(1991–1997)
5794:(1967–1991)
5788:(1952–1967)
5782:(1949–1952)
5776:(1940–1949)
5770:(1937–1940)
5764:(1930–1936)
5758:(1927–1930)
5752:(1924–1927)
5746:(1917–1924)
5740:(1912–1917)
5558:and others
4968:17 December
4628:16 February
4603:16 February
4578:16 February
4553:16 February
4528:16 February
4503:16 February
4478:16 February
2929:24 November
2802:16 November
2732:30 December
2555:Merit Medal
2536:Merit Medal
2450:Lindile Yam
2425:Solly Shoke
2330:Thabo Mbeki
2325:Govan Mbeki
2280:Mac Maharaj
2260:Lennox Lagu
2230:Harry Gwala
2210:Sipho Binda
2163:Rhythm Pigs
2030:During the
1765:Drakensberg
1471:1960s–1970s
1461:(from 1964)
1455:(from 1964)
1449:(from 1964)
1436:(from 1962)
1377:(from 1963)
1332:(from 1963)
1326:(from 1962)
1131:Govan Mbeki
804:Thabo Mbeki
799:Govan Mbeki
789:D. F. Malan
784:Mac Maharaj
719:P. W. Botha
646:Broederbond
263:(From 1990)
155:Merged into
96:Lennox Lagu
86:Govan Mbeki
8702:Categories
8243:Greyshirts
8007:Volksparty
7538:Black Sash
7199:Xenophobia
7192:Travelgate
6949:Border War
6753:Bantustans
6651:Great Trek
6596:Xhosa Wars
6456:Upingtonia
6440:Stellaland
5967:Duma Nokwe
5922:Saul Msane
5869:Jacob Zuma
5810:Jacob Zuma
5444:1814/75043
4452:9 November
4427:9 November
4402:9 November
4377:9 November
4352:9 November
4327:9 November
4302:9 November
4277:9 November
4252:9 November
4227:9 November
4202:9 November
4177:9 November
4152:9 November
3949:1 November
3899:8 November
3145:21 January
2979:17 January
2954:17 January
2832:21 January
2758:21 January
2705:References
2699:Necklacing
2465:Jacob Zuma
2415:Tom Sebina
2350:Joe Modise
2235:Chris Hani
2180:Chris Hani
2161:, B.G.K.,
2066:See also:
1893:Wimpy Bars
1881:Roodepoort
1539:Chris Hani
1459:Tom Sebina
1453:Joe Modise
912:Sophiatown
879:Jacob Zuma
764:Joel Joffe
754:Chris Hani
739:Ruth First
724:Steve Biko
581:Black Sash
241:Mozambique
172:Allegiance
106:Chris Hani
101:Joe Modise
8465:Vlakplaas
8413:testimony
8389:Chairman:
7459:Volkstaat
7450:Uitlander
7381:Boerehaat
7357:Anarchism
7164:Arms Deal
7127:apartheid
6787:Pass laws
6764:Apartheid
6709:1910–1948
6628:1815–1910
6566:1652–1815
6133:ANC Today
5731:President
5493:154318774
5485:1468-2745
5392:12 August
5151:144909892
4920:12 August
4876:12 August
4763:12 August
4716:12 August
4672:12 August
4127:11 August
4024:11 August
3869:CSMonitor
2435:Joe Slovo
2220:Joe Gqabi
2132:'s album
2062:Equipment
1812:Air Force
1808:detonated
1761:Cape Town
1731:Swaziland
1700:West Rand
1624:Katlehong
1577:Germiston
1566:Sasolburg
1319:Joe Slovo
1276:June 2024
1217:manifesto
933:Vlakplaas
897:Bantustan
834:Joe Slovo
430:Apartheid
297:Opponents
150:1961–1993
91:Joe Slovo
8659:Red Dust
8618:Red Dust
8486:Massacre
8334:Category
8236:Boeremag
7727:Jeugkrag
7678:Het Volk
7372:Baasskap
7314:incident
6917:Olympics
6496:Transkei
6299:polities
6297:Defunct
6247:Category
6032:Morogoro
5600:23489912
5323:Archived
4594:"GTD ID"
4015:"GTD ID"
3047:29 April
3021:29 April
2876:29 April
2854:11 March
2673:See also
2482:the SADF
2143:hardcore
2048:Botswana
1953:and the
1889:car bomb
1708:Transkei
1673:Pretoria
1669:Morebeng
1608:Botswana
1573:Daveyton
1562:Rhodesia
1549:and the
1477:sabotage
1206:freedom.
1024:Category
928:Sun City
422:a series
420:Part of
360:Portugal
324:Rhodesia
290:Zimbabwe
8139:SAAPAWU
7470:Defunct
7433:Slavery
6637:Mfecane
6145:History
5724:Leaders
5618:: 1–18.
4832:18 July
4806:18 July
3999:11 July
3974:11 July
3924:11 July
3119:30 July
3093:30 July
2074:COMECON
2042:during
1989:Mbokodo
1921:torture
1754:Vryheid
1704:Gauteng
1612:Gauteng
1604:Zeerust
1543:Algeria
1530:Rivonia
1119:Rivonia
1080:English
260:Namibia
64:Leaders
54:Founder
8683:(2017)
8673:(2004)
8663:(2004)
8653:(2004)
8643:(2004)
8622:(2000)
8610:Novels
8601:(2003)
8591:(1998)
8382:People
8090:FOSATU
7937:SAYRCO
7909:SADECO
7825:Occupy
7364:Azania
7312:Lady R
7241:Racism
7070:CODESA
6531:Events
6520:Ciskei
6432:Goshen
6362:–1819)
6347:–1817)
6082:(2022)
6076:(2017)
6070:(2012)
6064:(2007)
6058:(2002)
6052:(1997)
6046:(1994)
6040:(1991)
6034:(1969)
5598:
5491:
5483:
5348:5 July
5303:
5278:
5240:
5210:
5172:
5149:
5112:
5084:
5046:
5004:
4102:7 July
4077:7 July
4049:7 July
3874:5 July
3849:5 July
3824:5 July
3799:5 July
3774:5 July
3749:5 July
3724:5 July
3699:5 July
3674:5 July
3649:5 July
3624:5 July
3599:5 July
3574:5 July
3549:5 July
3524:5 July
3499:5 July
3474:5 July
3449:5 July
3424:5 July
3399:5 July
3374:5 July
3296:5 July
3271:5 July
3245:5 July
3220:5 July
3195:5 July
3168:
2899:
2793:
2652:Silver
2608:Bronze
2593:Silver
2559:Bronze
2540:Silver
2488:Awards
2155:The Ex
2151:Scream
2052:Zambia
1937:Angola
1868:police
1784:RPG-7s
1750:Durban
1742:Soweto
1716:Durban
1692:Durban
1628:Soweto
1593:Durban
1589:Umlazi
923:Soweto
891:Places
708:People
656:COSATU
606:FOSATU
516:CODESA
451:Events
405:
357:
347:RENAMO
321:
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287:
272:
257:
238:
224:
213:Angola
210:
200:Allies
8631:Films
8572:Media
8271:PAGAD
8167:SATUC
8160:SARHU
8146:SACTU
8125:NURHS
8083:FNETU
8069:CTSWU
8062:CNETU
8055:BLATU
7930:SAYCO
7818:NUSAS
7699:IDASA
7510:AITUP
7125:Post-
6512:Venda
5612:(PDF)
5596:JSTOR
5567:(PDF)
5546:8 May
5526:8 May
5498:8 May
5489:S2CID
5450:8 May
5386:(PDF)
5367:(PDF)
5147:S2CID
4962:(PDF)
4943:(PDF)
4914:(PDF)
4895:(PDF)
4870:(PDF)
4851:(PDF)
4757:(PDF)
4738:(PDF)
4710:(PDF)
4691:(PDF)
4666:(PDF)
4647:(PDF)
3087:SAHRA
2087:AK-47
1792:Tonga
1780:Mkuze
1776:Mobil
1694:with
1685:Sasol
1640:Alice
1602:near
1547:Egypt
1522:Mamre
336:UNITA
246:SWAPO
166:SANDF
8443:Army
8278:SANF
8208:APLA
8153:SAIF
8132:PAWE
8118:NEUM
8111:MUSA
8076:FCWU
8021:WOSA
7965:TNIP
7923:SASO
7916:SAIC
7902:SABP
7853:PAVN
7587:COSG
7566:CTEG
7559:CNIP
6080:55th
6074:54th
6068:53rd
6062:52nd
6056:51st
6050:50th
6044:49th
6038:48th
5548:2023
5528:2023
5500:2023
5481:ISSN
5452:2023
5394:2013
5350:2021
5301:ISBN
5276:ISBN
5238:ISBN
5208:ISBN
5170:ISBN
5110:ISBN
5082:ISBN
5044:ISBN
5002:ISBN
4970:2013
4922:2013
4878:2013
4834:2014
4808:2014
4765:2013
4718:2013
4674:2013
4630:2024
4605:2024
4580:2024
4555:2024
4530:2024
4505:2024
4480:2024
4454:2023
4429:2023
4404:2023
4379:2023
4354:2023
4329:2023
4304:2023
4279:2023
4254:2023
4229:2023
4204:2023
4179:2023
4154:2023
4129:2023
4104:2023
4079:2023
4051:2023
4026:2023
4001:2023
3976:2023
3951:2023
3926:2023
3901:2023
3876:2023
3851:2023
3826:2023
3801:2023
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3751:2023
3726:2023
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3626:2023
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3526:2023
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3426:2023
3401:2023
3376:2023
3298:2023
3273:2023
3247:2023
3222:2023
3197:2023
3166:ISBN
3147:2015
3121:2023
3095:2023
3049:2013
3023:2013
2981:2023
2956:2023
2931:2022
2897:ISBN
2878:2013
2856:2016
2834:2015
2804:2022
2791:ISBN
2760:2015
2734:2006
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2635:) (
2633:Gold
2578:Gold
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2523:) (
2521:Gold
2050:and
2018:and
1806:was
1618:and
1556:The
1516:and
1215:The
1133:and
1107:1961
691:SACP
681:SAMA
676:SAIC
671:SADF
666:SACC
561:APLA
227:Cuba
194:SACP
8229:BBB
8222:AWB
8215:ARM
8181:UDF
8104:IWW
8097:ICU
8048:BCM
8041:APF
7979:UFP
7881:PRP
7860:PFP
7811:NRP
7804:NPP
7790:NNP
7783:NLP
7769:NCP
7720:ISL
7671:GNP
7643:ECC
7636:DSM
7629:DPP
7601:DLF
7573:COD
7552:CDA
7531:BPC
7524:AVF
7517:APO
5522:(5)
5473:doi
5439:hdl
5431:doi
5139:doi
5040:123
2783:doi
2656:SBS
2637:SBG
2563:MMB
2544:MMS
2525:DMG
2506:CLS
2095:AKM
2091:SKS
1995:).
1266:by
1164:in
686:SAP
641:UDF
636:PAC
626:HNP
621:PFP
601:ECC
586:CCB
576:BBB
571:AWB
566:IFP
556:ANC
183:ANC
8704::
8250:MK
7797:NP
7762:NA
7713:IP
7706:ID
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