2144:
526:. There have been many estimates of Earth's carrying capacity, each generally predicting a high-low range of maximum human population possible. The lowest low estimate is less than one billion, the highest high estimate is over one trillion. A statistical analysis of these historical estimates revealed that the median of high estimates of all of the ranges would be 12 billion, and the median of low estimates would be about 8 billion. According to this analysis, this planet may be entering a zone where its human carrying capacity could be exceeded. However, the large variance in these studies’ estimates diminishes our confidence in them, as such estimates are very difficult to make with current data and methods.
2326:
1754:
1649:
2991:
1938:
2314:
395:
802:
180:
2759:
researcher, estimates the
Lebanese population including undocumented migrants to be 8 million. Regardless, the population of Lebanese nationality continues to age and decline as financial struggles increase emigration and decrease marriages. Consequentially, the share of Lebanese nationals in Lebanon may have decreased to between 45 and 50 percent, a sharp decline from 80 percent in 2004, although a 2024 report estimated the share at 65 to 69 percent of the resident population.
1295:
1153:
9190:
7559:
1500:
942:
1665:
count put the population as of
October 1, 2015, at 127.1 million, down by 947,000 or 0.7% from the previous quinquennial census. The gender ratio is increasingly skewed; some 106 women per 100 men live in Japan. In 2019, Japan's population fell by a record-breaking 276,000; if immigration is excluded from the figures, the drop would have been 487,000. Given the population boom of the 1950s and 1960s, the total population is still 52% above 1950 levels.
835:
1260:
1465:
1189:
1013:
872:
732:
1330:
908:
767:
1366:
1117:
2751:, according to the UN's population division, Lebanon's population increased massively from 5.05 million in 2011 to 6.5 million in 2015, but the population began declining again in 2016, with a total population of 6.26 million, 6.11 million in 2017, 5.95 million in 2018, and 5.76 million in 2019. Between 2018 and 2023, the decline in the number of Lebanese accelerated from 25,000 per year to 78,000 due to massive emigration caused by the
978:
2132:
1432:
1953:
highest of all nations; this includes loss of territory and heavy net emigration. Eastern
Ukraine may yet lose many Russian-speaking citizens due to the new Russian citizenship law. An editorial projects significant gender and age imbalance in the population in Ukraine as a substantial problem if most refugees, as in other cases, do not return over time. Approximately 3.8 million more people have left the country during the
1225:
616:
1049:
1400:
1083:
598:, the "static" theory saw a population's absolute size as being one of the components of a country's national power. More recently, the "human capital" theory has emerged. This view holds that the quality and skill level of a labor force and the technology and resources available to it are more important than simply a nation's population size. While there were in the past advantages to high fertility rates, that "
9179:
7547:
2242:
has started to cause the population to decline rapidly, with over 117,000 people reportedly dying from COVID-19 in Poland by
October 2022. However, Poland also saw a large number of Ukrainian Refugees move into Poland, with over 7.8 million people having crossed the border by October 2022 between Poland and Ukraine since the war began, of which 1.4 million have stayed in Poland.
479:'s economy also began to grow rapidly from 1999 onward, even though its population had been shrinking since 1992–93. Many Eastern European countries have been experiencing similar effects to Russia. Such renewed growth calls into question the conventional wisdom that economic growth requires population growth, or that economic growth is impossible during a population decline.
487:
stability, however, would be most beneficial for standards of living when the analysis includes the effects of age structure on families as well as governments. Fertility moderately below replacement and population decline would maximize per capita consumption when the cost of providing capital for a growing labor force is taken into account.
2037:. From 2001 and 2011 main reason for the drop in population is due to a difference in the definition of permanent residency used in censuses till 2001 (censuses of 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001) and the one used in 2011. By 2021 the population dropped to 3,888,529, a 9.25% decrease from 2011 numbers.
2155:
Russia has become increasingly reliant on immigration to maintain its population; 2021 had the highest net immigration since 1994, despite which there was a small overall decline from 146.1 million to 145.4 million in 2021, the largest decline in over a decade. The natural death rate in
January 2020,
2079:
Although Italy had recorded more deaths than births continuously since 1993, the country's population only peaked in 2015 at 60,796,000 due to substantial immigration. The
Italian population fell by a record amount in 2020, and in 2021, it recorded the lowest number of births since its unification in
1977:
Hungary's population peaked in 1980, at 10,709,000, and has continued its decline to under 10 million as of August 2010. This represents a decline of 7.1% since its peak; however, compared to neighbors situated to the East, Hungary peaked almost a decade earlier yet the rate has been far more modest,
482:
More recently (2009–2017) Japan has experienced a higher growth of GDP per capita than the United States, even though its population declined over that period. In the United States, the relationship between population growth and growth of GDP per capita has been found to be empirically insignificant.
3142:
The table shows UN predictions of long-term decline of population growth rates in every region; however, short-term baby booms and healthcare improvements, among other factors, can cause reversals of trends. Population declines in Russia (1994–2008), Germany (1974–1984), and
Ireland (1850–1961) have
2857:
However, even assuming that more women would want to join the workforce, increasing their participation would give these countries only a short-term increase in their workforce, because at some point a participation ceiling is reached, further increases are not possible, and the impact on GDP growth
2241:
The population of Poland in the last 20 years has caused many years of recorded growth and decline with the population. The recorded population of Poland between 2002 and 2006 had shown a decreasing trend while between 2007 and 2012 the population had an increasing trend. Though since 2020, COVID-19
1734:
of 2.1 since the beginning of the 1990s and reached a new low in 2022, at 1. Thailand 's population decline started in 2020 and
Thailand for the first time recorded more deaths than births in 2021. This negative natural population change amplified in 2022 and 2023 and, in the absence of substantial
676:
definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship, except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin. This means that population growth in this table includes
2905:
A country can increase the size of its workforce by importing more migrants into their working age population. Even if the indigenous workforce is declining, qualified immigrants can reduce or even reverse this decline. However, this policy can only work if the immigrants can join the workforce and
1911:
When Latvia split from the Soviet Union, it had a population of 2,666,567, which was very close to its peak population. The latest census recorded a population of 2,067,887 in 2011, while the state statistics reported an estimate of 1,986,086 for 2015. This represents a 25.5% decline since the peak
1664:
turned negative as early as 2005, the 2010 census result figure was slightly higher, at just above 128 million, than the 2005 census. Factors implicated in the puzzling figures were more
Japanese returnees than expected as well as changes in the methodology of data collection. However, the official
457:
economic (and other) effects from a slow and continuous population decline (e.g. due to low fertility rates) are mainly theoretical since such a phenomenon is a relatively new and unprecedented one. The results of many of these studies show that the estimated impact of population growth on economic
386:
After World War I birth rates in the United States and many
European countries fell below replacement level. This prompted concern about population decline. The recovery of the birth rate in most western countries around 1940 that produced the "baby boom", with annual growth rates in the 1.0 – 1.5%
3016:
The table below summarizes the United Nations projections for future population growth. Any such long-term projections are necessarily highly speculative. The UN divides the world into six regions. Under their projections, during the period 2045–2050, Europe's population will be in decline and all
2909:
For example, starting in 2019 Japan, a country with a declining workforce, will allow five-year visas for 250,000 unskilled guest workers. Under the new measure, between 260,000 and 345,000 five-year visas will be made available for workers in 14 sectors suffering severe labor shortages, including
2784:
A country with a declining population will struggle to fund public services such as health care, old age benefits, defense, education, water and sewage infrastructure, etc. To maintain some level of economic growth and continue to improve its citizens’ quality of life, national efforts to confront
2151:
The decline in Russia's total population is among the largest in numbers, but not in percentage. After having peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, the population then decreased, falling to 142,737,196 by 2008. This represents a 4.0% decrease in total population since the peak census figure. However, the
2012:
Bulgaria's population declined from a peak of 9,009,018 in 1989 and since 2001, has lost yet another 600,000 people, according to 2011 census preliminary figures to no more than 7.3 million, further down to 7,245,000. This represents a 24.3% decrease in total population since the peak and a −0.82%
1928:
When Lithuania split from the Soviet Union, it had a population of 3.7 million, which was close to its peak population. The latest census recorded a population of 3.05 million in 2011, down from 3.4 million in 2001, further falling to 2,988,000 on September 1, 2012. This represents a 23.8% decline
2215:
In Germany, a continuously low birth rate has been offset by waves of immigration. From 2002 to 2011 the population declined by 2 million, the most since the Cold War. The 2011 national census recorded a population of 80.2 million people, following which official estimates showed an increase of 3
2183:
The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%. The UN's 2024 scenarios project Russia's population to be between 74 million and 112 million in
534:
The effects of a declining population can also be negative. As a country's population declines, GDP growth may grow even more slowly or may even decline. If the decline in total population is not matched by an equal or greater increase in productivity (GDP/capita), and if that condition continues
1968:
stated that "egardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8
486:
Attempting to better understand the economic impact of these pluses and minuses, Lee et al. analyzed data from 40 countries. They found that typically fertility well above replacement and population growth would be most beneficial for government budgets. Fertility near replacement and population
2091:
Uruguay's fertility rate had been consistently low in Latin America since the 20th century at 3 children per women, with the fertility rates in Latin American countries converging at 2 children beginning in the 1990s, but Uruguay's fertility rate declined sharply from 2 in 2015 to 1.28 in 2022,
2032:
to 4,456,096 (by the old statistical method) of which 4,284,889 are permanent residents (by the new statistical method), in 2011, a decline of 8% (11.5% by the new definition of permanent residency in 2011 census). The main reasons for the decline since 1991 are: low birth rates, emigration and
1952:
and subsequently experiencing war, the population dropped to 42,981,850 as of August 2014. This represents a 19.7% decrease in total population since the peak figure, but 16.8% above the 1950 population even without Crimea. Its absolute total decline (9,263,000) since its peak population is the
466:
The effects of a declining population can be positive. The single best gauge of economic success is the growth of GDP per person, not total GDP. GDP per person (also known as GDP per capita or per capita GDP) is a rough proxy for average living standards. A country can both increase its average
2206:
Armenia's population peaked at 3,604,000 in 1991 and declined to a post-Soviet low of 2,961,500 at the beginning of 2020, in spite of a continuous natural population increase. This represented a 17.2% decrease in the total population since the peak census figure. Armenia's population began to
2163:
reported that "Over the past three years the country has lost around 2 million more people than it would ordinarily have done, as a result of war , disease and exodus." According to Russian economist Alexander Isakov, "Russia’s population has been declining and the war will reduce it further.
1991:
Albania's population in 1989 recorded 3,182,417 people, the largest for any census. Since then, its population declined to an estimated 2,893,005 in January 2015. The decline has since accelerated with a 1.3% drop in population reported in 2021 leaving a total population of 2.79 million. This
2758:
However, the number of births to refugees has been increasing and the country hosts a large population of unregistered refugees, other illegal residents, and other people without legal documentation, making it difficult to count the population of Lebanon. Dr. Ali Faour, a population affairs
2721:
opportunities. It may also be noted that in recent times, a large proportion of white South African emigrants have chosen to return home. For instance, in May 2014, Homecoming Revolution estimated that around 340,000 white South Africans had returned to South Africa in the preceding decade.
2179:
and Maxim Mironov, Russia may lose more than 10% of men aged 20–29 as a result of losses in the war and emigration. In June 2024, it was estimated that approximately 2% of all Russian men between the ages of 20 and 50 may have been killed or seriously wounded in Ukraine since February 2022.
2951:
In the context of a stable or declining population, increasing workforce productivity is better than mostly short-term efforts to increase the size of the workforce. Economic theory predicts that in the long term, most growth will be attributable to intensive growth, that is, new
1630:
China's population peaked at 1.41 billion in 2021 and began declining in 2022. China recorded more deaths than births for the first time in 2022 with a net decrease of 850 thousand, and this trend continued in 2023 when deaths overnumbered births by a margin of more than 2 million.
2785:
declining populations will tend to focus on the threat of a declining GDP. Because a country's GDP is dependent on the size and productivity of its workforce, a country confronted with a declining population, will focus on increasing the size and productivity of that workforce.
2232:
and later emigration. The population of the Republic of Ireland hit a bottom at 2.8 million in the 1961 census, but it then rose and in 2011 it was 4.58 million. As of 2020, it is estimated to be just under 5 million according to the country's Central Statistics Office.
128:
faster than its population is declining, the results, in terms of its economy, the quality of life of its citizens, and the environment, can be net positive. If it cannot increase workforce productivity faster than its population's decline, the results can be negative.
6129:
The U.S. court of Appeals ruled that Norfolk was rightly concerned with the white exodus from public schools and that the decision to end mandatory busing was not based on discriminatory intent, but on the desire to keep enough whites in the school system to prevent
2967:
Increasing workforce productivity through intensive growth can only succeed if workers who become unemployed through the introduction of new technology can be retrained so that they can keep their skills current and not be left behind. Otherwise, the result is
2853:
currently (2018) lags men's in all but three countries worldwide. Among developed countries, the workforce participation gap between men and women can be especially wide. For example, currently (2018), in South Korea 59% of women work compared with 79% of men.
102:. To maintain its population, ignoring migration, a country requires a minimum fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman of childbearing age (the number is slightly greater than 2 because not all children live to adulthood). However, most societies experience a
428:
The era of rapid global population increase, and concomitant concern about a population explosion, has been short compared with the span of human history. It began roughly at the beginning of the industrial revolution and appears to be now drawing to a close.
2884:
Pension reform. Many retirement policies encourage early retirement. For example, in 2018 less than 10% of Europeans between ages 64–74 were employed. Instead of encouraging work after retirement, many public pension plans restrict earnings or hours of
2152:
Russian population then rose to 146,870,000 in 2018. This recent trend can be attributed to a lower death rate, higher birth rate, the annexation of Crimea and continued immigration, mostly from Ukraine and Armenia. It is some 40% above the 1950 population.
1685:'s total fertility rate has been consistently lower than that of Japan, breaking below 1 in 2018, and fell to 0.778 in 2022. As a result, its population fell in 2020 for the first time in the country's history from 51.8 million in 2020 to 51.6 in 2022.
3017:
other regions will experience significant reductions in growth; then, by the end of the 21st century (the period 2095–2100) three of these regions will be showing population decline and global population will have peaked and started to decline.
2262:
difficult, but the UN estimates that it peaked in 2012 at 22.9 million and dropped to 18.9 million in 2018, a decline of 17%. Since then Syria's population has resumed growing, and the UN projects that by 2025 it will have reached 24.9 million.
630:. It is unclear how the threshold that constitutes a low birth rate, high death rate, etc. has been determined. It is also unclear what about footnotes 3, 4, 5, and 6 makes them significant enough for inclusion compared to other similar events.
114:
and a reduced need for children as a source of family labor or retirement welfare, both of which reduce the incentive to have many children. Better access to education for young women, which broadens their job prospects, is also often cited.
2016:
The Bulgarian population has fallen by more than 844,000 people, or 11.5 percent, in the last decade, the National Institute of Statistics in Sofia said during a presentation of the results so far of the 2021 census, the first since 2011.
2734:
of India have one of the lowest fertility rates in the world (0.8 children per woman in 2017); this coupled with emigration has resulted in population decline at least since the 1940s. Their population has more than halved from its peak.
2057:
Romania's 1991 census showed 23,185,084 people, and the October 2011 census recorded 20,121,641 people, while the state statistical estimate for 2014 is 19,947,311. This represents a decrease of 16.2% since the historical peak in 1991.
1882:
In the last Soviet census of 1989, it had a population of 1,565,662, which was close to its peak population. The state statistics reported an estimate of 1,314,370 for 2016. This represents a 19.2% decline since the peak census figure.
575:
All these negative effects could be summarized under the heading of “Underpopulation”. Underpopulation is usually defined as a state in which a country's population has declined too much to support its current economic system.
7044:
2722:
Furthermore, immigration from Europe has also supplemented the white population. The 2011 census found that 63,479 white people living in South Africa were born in Europe; of these, 28,653 had moved to South Africa since 2001.
6322:
69:, the global population grew very slowly, at about 0.04% per year. After about 1800, the growth rate accelerated to a peak of 2.1% annually during the 1962–1968 period, but since then, due to the worldwide collapse of the
5201:
2192:
Between 2011 and 2021, Portugal's population declined from 10.56 to 10.34 million people. The fertility rate has been consistently below 2 since the early 1980s, and the gap is increasingly being made up by immigrants.
1710:, thus starting an era of demographic decline for the foreseeable future. Taiwan's population fell from 23.6 million in 2020 to 23.4 in 2023, while the total fertility rate decreased from 1.05 in 2020 to 0.85 in 2023.
2879:
Raising the retirement age has the effect of increasing the working-age population, but raising the retirement age requires other policy and cultural changes if it is to have any impact on the size of the workforce:
6671:
1688:
The UN's Population Division, assuming that South Korea's total fertility rate will rise from 0.72 in 2023 to 1.3 by 2100, projects its population to fall to nearly 22 million by 2100, a decline of about 58%.
409:
But after 1968 the global population growth rate started a long decline, and in the period 2022–2027 the UN estimates it to be about 0.9%, less than half of its peak during the period 1962 - 1968. Although
2870:
is the ratio between the size of the workforce and the size of the working-age population. In 1969 the labor force participation rate of men in their prime years of 25–54 was 96% and in 2015 was under 89%.
1873:
Belarus's population peaked at 10,151,806 in the 1989 Census and declined to 9,480,868 as of 2015 as estimated by the state statistical service. This represents a 7.1% decline since the peak census figure.
8307:
8152:
2888:
Workplace cultural reform. Employer attitudes towards older workers must change. Extending working lives will require investment in training and working conditions to maintain the productivity of older
2818:
Support for parents to combine family and work. This includes maternity-leave policies, parental-leave policies that grant (by law) leaves of absence from work to care for their children, and childcare
2893:
One study estimated that increasing the retirement age by 2–3 years per decade between 2010 and 2050 would offset declining working-age populations faced by "old" countries such as Germany and Japan.
1948:
Ukraine census in 1989 resulted in 51,452,034 people. Ukraine's own estimates show a peak of 52,244,000 people in 1993; however, this number has plummeted to 45,439,822 as of December 1, 2013. Having
8265:
8060:
3544:
1713:
The UN's Population Division, assuming that Taiwan's total fertility rate will rise from 0.87 in 2023 to 1.33 by 2100, projects its population to fall to 10 million by 2100, a decline of about 57%.
2526:
A combination of long-term trends, housing affordability, falling birthrates and rising death rates from the COVID-19 pandemic have caused as many as 16 US states to start declining in population.
1865:, and death rates generally rose sharply. In addition, in the 25 years after 1989, some 20 million people from Eastern Europe are estimated to have migrated to Western Europe or the United States.
5868:
1668:
The UN's Population Division, assuming that Japan's total fertility rate will rise from 1.2 in 2023 to 1.47 by 2100, projects its population to fall to 77 million by 2100, a decline of about 38%.
475:
went into recovery around the time their populations began to decline (2003–2006). In other words, both the total and per capita GDP in both countries grew more rapidly after 2005 than before.
2092:
largely due to decreased births to women under 20. Uruguay recorded more deaths than births for the first time in 2021 and the population decline has been only offset slightly by immigration.
6097:
report ... concluded that "Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white" ... Black urban in-migration and White exodus had developed concentrations of impoverished persons.
2762:
Regionallu, the mountainous and Christian-majority areas have low fertility rates comparable to European nations, with most of the population increase being concentrated in northern Lebanon.
2004:
that produced tens of thousands of civilian victims and refugees. The latest census of 2016 reported a population of 3,511,372. This represents a 19.8% decline since the peak census figure.
1634:
The UN's Population Division, assuming that China's total fertility rate will rise from 1 in 2022 to 1.34 by 2100, projects its population to be 633 million by 2100, a decline of about 56%.
8172:
7595:
1912:
census figure, with only one of two nations worldwide falling below 1950 levels. The decline is caused by both a negative natural population growth (more deaths than births) and a negative
2066:
Serbia recorded a peak census population of 7,822,795 in 1991 in the Yugoslav era, falling to 7,186,862 in the 2011 census. That represents a decline of 5.1% since its peak census figure.
8275:
91:, whose population has peaked and is currently (2022 – 2026) declining at the rate of about 0.04%. By 2050, Europe's population is projected to be declining at the rate of 0.3% per year.
2834:", published in 1934. Today, (2017) Sweden has extensive parental leave that allows parents to share 16 months of paid leave per child, the cost divided between both employer and State.
583:. This is particularly true in regions where different ethnic or racial groups have different growth rates. Low fertility rates that cause long-term population decline can also lead to
8713:
8422:
7717:
7943:
3240:
399:
5708:
2045:
Greece's population declined by about half a million people between its 2011 and 2021 censuses. The main drivers are increased emigration rates and lower birth rates following the
8302:
8219:
5198:
3013:
Because of the global decline in the fertility rate, projections of future global population show a marked slowing of population growth and the possibility of long-term decline.
2374:'s population peaked at almost 2 million in 1953, and then declined to less than 700,000 by 2020. Other cities whose populations have dramatically shrunk since the 1950s include
8354:
8339:
8157:
8050:
375:
accelerated to around 0.6% per year, a rate that was over ten times the rate of population growth of the previous 12,000 years. This rapid increase in global population caused
5317:
6777:
3683:"Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study"
387:
range, and which peaked during the period 1962 -1968 at 2.1% per year, temporarily dispelled prior concerns about population decline, and the world was once again fearful of
73:, it has slowed to 0.9% as of 2023. The global growth rate in absolute numbers accelerated to a peak of 92.8 million in 1990, but has since slowed to 64.7 million in 2021.
6162:
Even success in desegregating downtown stores and buses was now undercut by the white exodus. As they fled the cities, many whites lost interest in the civil rights issue.
2165:
4582:
2811:
is a set of government policies and cultural changes that promote parenthood and encourage women to bear more children. These generally fall into three broad categories:
7646:
2705:, or parts of that continent, driven by levels of violent crime and anti-colonial state policies. In recent decades, there has been a steady and proportional decline in
8137:
6791:
587:, an imbalance in the population age structure. Population aging in Europe due to low fertility rates has given rise to concerns about its impact on social cohesion.
7789:
7588:
2207:
increase again to 2,962,300 in 2021; 2,969,200 in 2022 and 2,990,900 in 2023. As of the beginning of 2024 the population had rebounded to 3,015,400 at 1978 levels.
8167:
8127:
7882:
6642:
6532:
458:
growth is generally small and can be positive, negative, or nonexistent. A recent meta-study found no relationship between population growth and economic growth.
7013:
6265:
4004:
1965:
8415:
7451:
6908:
Race Against The Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy
5764:
8611:
8236:
2709:'s white community, due to higher birth rates among other South African ethnic groups, as well as a high rate of emigration. In 1977, there were 4.3 million
2104:
of almost 1% per year, Venezuela's population has declined during the 2015-20 period due to emigration caused by threats of violence as well as shortages of
98:, from 5.3 in 1963 to 2.3 in 2021. The decline in the total fertility rate has occurred in every region of the world and is a result of a process known as
8589:
7581:
3445:
135:
to date have been focused on the possible negative economic consequences and have been centered on increasing the size and productivity of the workforce.
8552:
8132:
7996:
7986:
7604:
5010:
672:
The table below shows the countries that have been affected by population decline between 2010 and 2020. The term "population" used here is based on the
269:
3700:
Derek D. Headey; Andrew Hodge (2009). "The Effect of Population Growth on Economic Growth: A Meta-Regression Analysis of the Macroeconomic Literature".
8242:
7727:
6375:
5384:
4800:
5664:
3811:
425:. The decline in the total fertility rate has occurred in every region of the world and has brought renewed concern from some for population decline.
8408:
2216:
million over the next decade. The official estimate for 2020 was a slight decrease from 2019. Third-party estimates show a slight increase, instead.
79:
indicate that the growth rate of the human population of the planet will continue to slow and that before the end of the 21st century, it will reach
6001:
8230:
7629:
7624:
6416:
4284:
6711:
579:
Population decline can cause internal population pressures that then lead to secondary effects such as ethnic conflict, forced refugee flows, and
8122:
7707:
2948:
of that workforce "intensive growth". In this case, GDP growth is driven by increased output per worker, and by extension, increased GDP/capita.
5768:
4863:
4414:
8626:
8621:
8594:
8270:
8224:
7742:
7737:
7691:
7674:
1949:
8142:
8025:
7991:
7981:
7887:
7053:
5359:
4556:
2838:
5735:
4971:
3784:
8579:
8527:
8297:
7971:
3143:
seen long-term reversals. The UK, having seen almost zero growth during the period 1975–1985, is now (2015–2020) growing at 0.6% per year.
3002:, coupled with a net immigration rate that fails to compensate for the excess of deaths over births. A long-term decline is accompanied by
4094:
2930:
has also found that emigration can have net positive effects on sending countries, so this would argue against any attempts to reduce it.
8601:
8574:
8547:
8522:
8349:
8344:
7908:
7476:
5683:"Призванная республика – Из-за войны Россия может потерять больше 10% молодых мужчин. Анализ экономистов Олега Ицхоки и Максима Миронова"
3168:
1941:
438:
6667:
5144:
4734:
3495:
2849:
Encouraging those women in the working-age population who are not working to find jobs would increase the size of the workforce. Female
2797:
is that segment of its working-age population that is employed. Working age population is generally defined as those people aged 15–64.
8030:
7976:
7918:
7389:
5533:
5646:
348:
In spite of these short-term population shocks, world population has continued to grow. From around 10,000 BC to the beginning of the
8933:
8673:
8080:
8006:
7679:
5491:
5453:
5341:
3362:"World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Medium variant tab, Population Growth Rate (percentage) column"
2815:
Financial incentives. These may include child benefits and other public transfers that help families cover the cost of children.
2504:
2351:
2338:
In spite of a growing population at a national level, some formerly large American municipalities have dramatically shrunk after the
1895:. The state statistics reported an estimate of 4,010,000 for the 2014 Census, which includes estimated numbers for quasi-independent
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to workers and children. When a sub-replacement fertility rate remains constant, population decline accelerates over the long term.
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5599:. Институт демографии НИУ ВШЭ имени А.Г. Вишневского (Institute of Demography, National Research University A.G. Vishnevsky). 2022
414:, the UN predicts that global population will level out around 2086, and some sources predict the start of a decline before then.
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5474:"World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Estimates tab, Natural Change - Births minus Deaths column"
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3664:"World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Estimates tab, Population Growth Rate(percentage) column"
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Stamp depicting Russian soldier killed in Ukraine. The war in that country has further exacerbated Russia's demographic crisis.
6031:"World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Estimates tab, Total Population, as of 1 January column"
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5092:"Albania: Prefectures, Municipalities, Municipal Units, Cities and Agglomerations – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"
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1861 at only 399,431, with its population being projected to shrink to 47.2 million in 2070, a decline of nearly 20 percent.
678:
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5177:
4247:"World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population, as of 1 January column"
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1903:. This represents a 25.7% decline since the peak census figure, but nevertheless somewhat higher than the 1950 population.
1862:
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grew very slowly, around 0.04% per year. During that period, population growth was governed by conditions now labeled the “
5199:
Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857.-2001. (eng. Settlements and Population of Croatia 1857–2001) (in Croatian)
2944:
Development economists would call increasing the size of the workforce "extensive growth". They would call increasing the
2530:
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decreased from about 76.3 – 78% of the state's population in 1970 to 36.6%% in 2018 and 39.3% of the total population was
1304:
8886:
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2228:, the population has fluctuated dramatically. The population of Ireland was 8 million in 1841, but it dropped due to the
247:
5622:"Natural population decrease in Russia down by 21% in Jan 2022 vs Jan 2021, but twice higher than in Jan 2020 - Rosstat"
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living standard and grow its total GDP even though its population growth is low or even negative. The economies of both
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in Ukraine was 28% lower in the first six months of 2023 compared to the same period in 2021. A July 2023 study by the
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A reduction over time in a region's population can be caused by sudden adverse events such as outbursts of infectious
62:; however, current projections suggest that this long-term trend of steady population growth may be coming to an end.
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Historical episodes of short-term human population decline have been common and have been caused by several factors.
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Coleman, David (25 January 2011). "Who's afraid of population decline? A critical examination of its consequences".
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3401:"World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Estimates tab, Total Fertility Rate column"
2713:, constituting 16.4% of the population at the time. An estimated 800,000 emigrated between 1995 and 2016, citing
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from one calendar quarter to the next, it follows that a country would experience a decline in GDP, known as an
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6814:"Men who do not work during their prime years: What do the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth data reveal?"
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4312:"World Population Prospects 2024, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Fertility Rate column"
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Lebanon has recorded major waves of emigration from the late 19th century to early 20th century and during the
2046:
2020:
The country currently employs just over 6.5 million people, compared to 7.3 million in the previous workforce.
626:
3380:"World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Estimates tab, Population Change column"
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A smaller national population can also have geo-strategic effects, but the correlation between population and
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5891:"Census Population (Germany): Federal States, Cities and Communes – Population Statistics, Charts and Map"
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million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching."
1653:
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6990:"World Population Prospects 2019, Methodology of the United Nations population estimates and projections"
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6323:"B03002 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE – California – 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"
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and other disasters which caused large-scale population losses (approximately 60 million excess deaths).
121:
of long-term national population decline can be net negative or positive. If a country can increase its
8194:
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5597:"Миграция в России, предварительные итоги 2021 года (Migration in Russia, preliminary results of 2021)"
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In the United States, the labor force participation of men has been falling since the late 1960s. The
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4024:"Economic Downturns and Population Mental Health: Research Findings, Gaps, Challenges and Priorities"
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4654:"Georgia: Regions, Major Cities & Urban Settlements – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"
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This article is about human population decline. For radical losses in any particular species, see
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Difficulties in funding entitlement programs because there are fewer workers relative to retirees
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net changes from immigration and emigration. For a table of natural population changes, see the
539:. If these conditions become permanent, the country could find itself in a permanent recession.
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4626:"Estonia: Regions, Municipalities, Cities and Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"
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peaked in 2000 at 3.8 million and has since declined to 3.3 million in 2020, due to a negative
2411:
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2000:
Bosnia and Herzegovina's population peaked at 4,377,033 in the 1991 Census, shortly before the
1698:
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A crisis in end-of-life care for the elderly because there are insufficient caregivers for them
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4682:"Latvia: Regions, Municipalities, Cities and Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"
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immigration, this trend will continue in the coming years due to the very low fertility rate.
483:
This evidence shows that individual prosperity can grow during periods of population decline.
8484:
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6792:"Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki: The "500+" Programme is an investment in Poland's future"
5951:
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4838:"Population (by estimate) as of August 1, 2014. Average annual populations January–July 2014"
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Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011, First Results by Settlements (PDF file)
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The table above shows that long-term persistent emigration, often caused by what is called "
2433:
In addition, starting from the 1950s, the United States has witnessed the phenomenon of the
1960:
The Russian invasion of Ukraine considerably deepened the country's demographic crisis. The
1891:
In the last Soviet census of 1989, it had a population of 5,400,841, which was close to its
1753:
1707:
1706:
recorded more deaths than births for the first time in 2020, despite recording virtually no
633:
511:
the environment through more money for investment in more stringent environmental protection
421:, from 5.3 in 1963 to 2.3 in 2021, as the world continues to move through the stages of the
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523:
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Another approach to possible positive effects of population decline is to consider Earth's
418:
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233:
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95:
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5330:(in Serbian and English). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2012. p. 14.
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in some areas led to more families moving out of former areas. More recently, as of 2018,
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8:
9148:
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Nicholas Eberstadt. 2005. "Russia, the Sick Man of Europe". Public Interest, Winter 2005
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that have low or declining populations. Due to continued emigration, many departments in
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2359:
2280:
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1611:
1598:
1092:
411:
349:
337:
106:. The tendency of women in wealthier countries to have fewer children is attributed to a
3941:
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87:, whose population is currently (2022–2026) declining at the rate of 0.5% per year, and
9163:
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33:
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4186:"Adjusting to the fertility bust. What is the best response to declining populations?"
1937:
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growth that leads to an increase in both per capita GDP and total GDP can bring other
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Note: the UN's methods for generating these numbers are explained at this reference.
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3785:"Russia, the sick man of Europe | Public Interest | Find Articles at BNET"
3593:
3520:
Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945
2926:", is often one of the major causes of a county's population decline. However,
594:
is a tenuous one. Technology and resources often play more significant roles. Since
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After the Dream: Black and White Southerners since 1965 (Civil Rights and Struggle)
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444:
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111:
55:
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4902:
4885:
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3831:"Is Low Fertility Really a Problem? Population Aging, Dependency, and Consumption"
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9003:
8903:
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7527:
7288:
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The world's cities : contrasting regional, national, and global perspectives
5938:"Population and Migration Estimates April 2019 - CSO - Central Statistics Office"
5205:
4608:
3245:
2915:
2775:
2391:
2343:
1744:
1569:
448:
357:
183:
Collapse of population in Mexico during the 16th century, attributed to repeated
164:
4941:
4778:
4482:
2489:, although racial segregation of public schools had ended there long before the
250:
in the 13th century, which may have reduced the population of Hungary by 20–40%,
9153:
9048:
8948:
8876:
8663:
7532:
7050:
Population and the Japanese Economy: Longevity, Innovation, and Economic Growth
5528:
5293:"Romania: Counties and Major Cities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"
5292:
5270:
3812:"The Great Growth Disconnect: Population Growth Does Not Equal Economic Growth"
3566:
3250:
3235:
2698:
2626:
2450:
2034:
1992:
represents a decrease of 12% in total population since the peak census figure.
1842:
1643:
261:
179:
4039:
2747:
which led to the exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon. Due to the
2606:
2371:
1857:), as well as high emigration rates. In Russia and the former communist bloc,
1845:
is rapidly shrinking due to low birth rates, very high death rates (linked to
522:. Global population decline would begin to counteract the negative effects of
94:
Population growth has declined mainly due to the abrupt decline in the global
9223:
9136:
9091:
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8668:
7271:
7220:
6035:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
5722:
5713:
5478:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
4911:
4316:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
4251:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
3830:
3765:
3668:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
3631:
3614:
3457:
3405:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
3384:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
3366:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
3230:
2827:
2500:
2395:
2250:
Syria's population declined during the period 2012 - 2018 due to an ongoing
2176:
2122:
2001:
1900:
1858:
1748:
6749:"Very low fertility in Pacific Asian Countries: Causes and policy responses"
5977:"Poland: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data"
5730:
5091:
5011:"Ukraine's birth rate plummets in aftermath of Russian invasion, data shows"
4653:
4625:
4201:
3919:
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2830:
from the 1930s and onward, partly as a consequence of the debate following "
320:
Some population declines result from indeterminate causes, for example, the
8829:
8824:
8812:
8772:
8757:
8445:
7320:
6621:
4919:
4681:
4505:"Communism continues to cause heavy drinking in Eastern European countries"
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2598:
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2427:
2284:
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1854:
1556:
595:
491:
417:
The principal cause of this phenomenon is the abrupt decline in the global
265:
125:
6142:
Timothy J. Minchin; John A. Salmond (2011). "Chapter 8 'Mixed Outcomes'".
3927:
3829:
Lee, Ronald; Mason, Andrew; members of the NTA Network (10 October 2014).
3431:
502:
the workforce through higher wages, benefits and better working conditions
8943:
8898:
8767:
8740:
7773:
7203:
6511:
5385:"Italy's population could shrink by 11.5 mln by 2070 - statistics agency"
2898:
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2399:
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2255:
2105:
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1299:
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219:
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37:
4605:"Belarus population at 9,457,500 as of 1 July 2012 - Society / News / …"
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2449:
regions. The term has more recently been applied to other migrations by
2430:
from isolated agricultural counties, has been going on since the 1930s.
2266:
9008:
8017:
7088:
6298:"Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, California"
3446:"Thanks to education, global fertility could fall faster than expected"
2953:
2939:
2508:
2407:
2383:
2083:
As of April 2024, Italian population stands at 58,968,501 inhabitants.
1961:
1846:
327:
168:
132:
51:
5458:
2582:
2469:. Migration of middle-class white populations was observed during the
214:
that devastated Europe in the 14th and 17th centuries, the arrival of
9131:
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7258:
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6585:
6114:
4775:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"
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3570:
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2453:, from older, inner suburbs to rural areas, as well as from the U.S.
2403:
2387:
2375:
2363:
1504:
1499:
1157:
1152:
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514:
governments through higher tax proceeds to fund government activities
324:, which has been described as the worst disaster in ancient history.
281:
122:
5765:"Resident population (No.) by Place of residence, Sex and Age group"
4483:"Taiwan saw 12,000 more deaths than births in first quarter of 2021"
3021:
Annual percent change in population for three periods in the future
2654:
2630:
2156:
2021, and 2022 have each been nearly double the natural birth rate.
644:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
7768:
7330:
7253:
7214:
6868:"Bucking a Global Trend, Japan Seeks More Immigrants. Ambivalently"
6844:
6630:
Things Fall Apart: Containing the Spillover from an Iraqi Civil War
5578:
5492:"Explainer: So, why are so many Venezuelans leaving their country?"
5267:"Greek Population Has Declined by Up to Half a Million in a Decade"
4976:
4560:
4285:"China population decline accelerates as birthrate hits record low"
4093:
Rogers, Alisdair; Castree, Noel; Kitchin, Rob (19 September 2013),
2808:
2771:
2590:
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2367:
2131:
1896:
1727:
1539:
1264:
1259:
839:
834:
306:
293:
277:
188:
104:
drastic drop in fertility to well below 2 as they grow more wealthy
5665:"Putin's War Escalation Is Hastening Demographic Crash for Russia"
3828:
1572:
caused an extreme surge in the traditional migration flows to the
8958:
8908:
6942:"The robot that takes your job should pay taxes, says Bill Gates"
6643:"Study warns of 'drastic change in Lebanon's demographic fabric'"
6141:
5388:
4735:"Lithuanian census shows steep fall in population - BusinessWeek"
4389:"Statistics Bureau Home Page/Population Estimates Monthly Report"
4145:"The Evolving View of Population as a National Security Variable"
3241:
List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate
2642:
2486:
2478:
2446:
1838:
1543:
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1334:
1329:
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1017:
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871:
771:
766:
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363:
After 1700, driven by increases in human productivity due to the
207:
144:
8220:
Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies
5246:
4886:"Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the future demographic crisis"
4005:"Death Spiral Demographics: The Countries Shrinking The Fastest"
3564:
2800:
Policies that could increase the size of the workforce include:
1610:
General socio-economic collapse caused by the ongoing political
8782:
8114:
7603:
7235:
6002:"Refugees from Ukraine in Poland, profiling update August 2022"
2731:
2666:
2634:
2586:
2570:
2562:
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2442:
2441:
from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous
1917:
1703:
1656:, Hokkaido: an area which has suffered sharp population decline
1370:
1365:
1229:
1224:
1121:
1116:
982:
977:
542:
Other possible negative impacts of a declining population are:
476:
225:
148:
6712:"Many countries suffer from shrinking working-age populations"
5433:"The big decline: Lowest-low fertility in Uruguay (2016–2021)"
3169:
History of Easter Island#Destruction of society and population
1588:
that caused high civilian deaths and a massive refugee crisis.
553:
A loss of culture and the diminishment of trust among citizens
276:
Less frequently, short-term population declines are caused by
260:
A combination of these. The first half of the 20th century in
7057:
5790:"Brazilians flock into Portugal for the fourth straight year"
3575:"Excess mortality during the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19)"
2956:
and new and better ways of doing things plus the addition of
2933:
2682:
2662:
2614:
2558:
1738:
1730:'s total fertility rate has been consistently lower than the
1436:
1431:
1404:
1399:
1087:
1082:
1053:
1048:
468:
6734:
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)
6072:
5815:
5360:"Italy's Population Fell the Most in Over 100 Years in 2020"
4527:"HIV and AIDS in Eastern Europe & Central Asia Overview"
3681:
Vollset, Emil; Goren, Emily; Yuan, Chun-Wei (14 July 2020).
2331:
US population change and the components of change since 2000
6668:"Lebanon in 2023: A demographic bomb on verge of exploding"
5976:
4465:"South Korea's fertility rate falls to lowest in the world"
4329:"Japan's Population Fell This Year, Sooner Than Expected".
3967:
3699:
2697:
The term 'white flight' has also been used for large-scale
2658:
2594:
1850:
1762:
550:
which would increase the economic pressure on the workforce
303:
7052:(Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, 2020).
6512:
White flight from South Africa | Between staying and going
6348:
6075:
The Oxford Handbook of Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice
5647:"Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse"
4972:"'Terrible toll': Russia's invasion of Ukraine in numbers"
4446:
3477:
3420:"Replacement level fertility and future population growth"
2822:
Broad social change that encourages children and parenting
313:
have caused short-term drops in fertility and significant
6484:(1st ed.). Texas A&M University Press. pp.
6478:
Reinhardt, Steven G.; Reinhartz, Dennis P., eds. (2006).
6238:
After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation
5413:. Istat. Instituto Nazionale di Statistica. 30 April 2024
4415:"Japan's shrinking population suffers new record decline"
3573:; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Hasell, Joe (22 December 2020).
1929:
since the peak census figure, and some 13.7% since 2001.
565:
A decline in innovation since change comes from the young
243:
152:
7035:. Environment, development and sustainability 3.1: 1-15.
6997:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
5709:"How many Russian soldiers have been killed in Ukraine?"
5232:"Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census"
3552:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
2910:
caregiving, construction, agriculture and shipbuilding.
2258:
countries. The civil war makes an accurate count of the
7014:"Human population numbers as a function of food supply"
6769:"Take five months parental leave, Swedish fathers told"
6349:"Census Estimates Show Population Decline in 16 States"
5529:"Russia's Second, Silent War Against Its Human Capital"
4266:"What will China's population drop mean for the world?"
3893:"Population Growth and Earth's Human Carrying Capacity"
568:
A strain on mental health caused by permanent recession
7452:
International Conference on Population and Development
6609:"Glimmer of hope at last for India's vanishing Parsis"
6233:
5556:
5319:НАЦИОНАЛНА ПРИПАДНОСТ: Подаци по општинама и градовима
4583:"Emigration and Its Economic Impact on Eastern Europe"
4171:
Journal of Population and Social Security (Population)
2998:
A long-term population decline is typically caused by
2541:, due to natural disasters and economic difficulties.
292:
about 6 million, and, in the 1970s, the population of
8237:
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
6417:"Mosiuoa 'Terror' Lekota threatens to topple the ANC"
5816:"Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia"
4557:"Report: Tuberculosis still raging in Eastern Europe"
4164:"Family Policies and Low Fertility in Western Europe"
2841:
during the 1967–90 period and Poland's 500+ program.
2788:
2499:
in 1954. In the 1970s, attempts to achieve effective
2267:
Declines within regions or ethnic groups of a country
2254:. During that period many Syrians emigrated to other
1562:
6586:"Community Profiles > Census 2011 > Migration"
6463:
Bradshaw, York W.; Ndegwa, Stephen N., eds. (2001).
6111:
People and Politics in Urban America, Second Edition
5224:
5048:"STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital statistics (1900–)"
4864:"UN confirms flight of Ukrainian refugees to Russia"
4092:
328:
Long-term historic trends in world population growth
8430:
6266:
The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945–1980
5236:
Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011
5030:"Ukraine: Population loss endangers reconstruction"
4942:"Refugees fleeing Ukraine (since 24 February 2022)"
2342:, and in particular during the 1950s–1970s, due to
1966:
Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies
1604:
133:
National efforts to confront a declining population
8158:Health expenditure by country by type of financing
7041:Japan’s Population Implosion: The 50 Million Shock
6905:
6767:
6477:
6235:
6052:(1st ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 355.
5734:
4648:
4646:
4620:
4618:
3545:"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fertility"
2972:. Funding for worker retraining could come from a
2766:National efforts to confront declining populations
605:
6437:
5641:
5639:
5616:
5614:
4676:
4674:
2845:Encourage more women to join the workforce.
1591:
1549:
1532:
694:
9221:
8231:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
6210:Forced Justice: School Desegregation and the Law
6176:The Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society
5579:"How Russia's population changed over the years"
3680:
6966:Generational accounting: theory and application
6206:
6108:
4643:
4615:
1579:
174:
8225:Programme for International Student Assessment
6672:Lebanon Broadcasting Corporation International
6530:
6462:
6315:
5636:
5611:
4671:
2557:are seeing declines in population, including:
2437:or white exodus, the large-scale migration of
2196:
1950:lost Crimean territory to Russia in early 2014
1849:and high rates of infectious diseases such as
1597:General socio-economic collapse following the
508:owners and shareholders through higher profits
284:. For example, it has been estimated that the
8416:
7589:
7073:
6578:
6557:
6382:. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016
6373:
6073:Barry C. Feld; Donna M. Bishop, eds. (2013).
5074:"Hungarian Population Falls Below 10 Million"
4934:
3983:"Americans Will Struggle to Grow Old at Home"
3516:
2473:in the 1950s and 1960s out of cities such as
2028:Croatia's population declined from 4,784,265
379:and others to raise the first concerns about
8128:Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza
6833:"Pension Reform and Return to Work Policies"
6551:
5863:
5861:
5454:"Are Uruguayans on the verge of extinction?"
5324:Ethnicity: Data by municipalities and cities
4993:"The War in Ukraine Is Just Getting Started"
4761:"Lithuania's population less than 3 million"
3481:War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century
529:
461:
7477:United Nations world population conferences
6906:Brynjolfsson, Erik; McAfee, Andrew (2011).
6830:
6414:
6367:
4073:"Is Japan's Population Aging Deflationary?"
3615:"The Role of Population in Economic Growth"
3523:. Cambridge University Press. p. 167.
2906:if the indigenous population accepts them.
1957:, and thousands have died in the conflict.
439:Economic consequences of population decline
255:forced migration of the population of Syria
8423:
8409:
8173:Total healthcare spending as % of GDP
8153:Percentage suffering from undernourishment
7596:
7582:
7390:Population and housing censuses by country
7080:
7066:
6560:"Why white South Africans are coming home"
6376:"(Almost) Out of Africa: The White Tribes"
5871:. Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis). 2020
5796:. South Atlantic News Agency. 18 June 2021
5534:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
5526:
4729:
4727:
4707:"Latvijas oficiālā populācijas statistika"
4441:
4439:
4437:
4142:
3484:. Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
2979:
2934:Increase the productivity of the workforce
2826:For example, Sweden built up an extensive
1739:Eastern Europe and former Soviet republics
685:Population decline by country and factors
268:was marked by a succession of major wars,
118:
65:From antiquity until the beginning of the
8934:Environmental issues in the United States
6959:
6957:
6955:
6811:
6746:
5858:
4901:
4861:
4209:
4047:
3862:
3630:
3304:
2862:Stop the decline of men in the workforce.
1995:
1978:averaging −0.23% a year over the period.
660:Learn how and when to remove this message
54:size. Throughout history, Earth's total
8919:Effects of climate change on agriculture
8276:Official Development Assistance received
7113:Estimates of historical world population
6837:The National Bureau of Economic Research
6465:The uncertain promise of Southern Africa
6442:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 213.
6173:
4883:
4184:Smeeding, Timothy M. (10 October 2014).
4183:
4070:
3612:
3006:and creates an increase in the ratio of
2989:
2687:List of French departments by population
2175:According to the analysis of economists
2142:
2130:
1936:
1752:
1647:
571:Deflation caused by the aging population
432:
393:
344:Estimates of historical world population
240:which caused tens of millions of deaths,
178:
6939:
6883:
6881:
6831:Fitzpatrick, Maria D. (November 2018).
6807:
6805:
6262:
5357:
4990:
4724:
4434:
4282:
4263:
3809:
3613:Peterson, E. Wesley (11 October 2017).
3290:
14:
9222:
8924:Effects of climate change on livestock
8248:World Intellectual Property Indicators
6952:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6507:
6505:
6269:. New York City: Basic Books. p.
6047:
5527:Kolesnikov, Andrei (8 February 2023).
5175:
5071:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4021:
4002:
3965:
3810:Florida, Richard (30 September 2013).
2994:Births and deaths per year (1950-2100)
2976:, although the idea is controversial.
2549:The term 'Empty diagonal' is used for
218:during European colonization, and the
83:. Examples of this emerging trend are
8404:
8138:Infant and under-five mortality rates
7577:
7061:
6963:
6920:
6780:from the original on 12 January 2022.
6765:
6285:School desegregation and White Flight
5841:"Statistical Indicators - Demography"
5027:
4507:. University of Kent. 18 October 2018
4361:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4161:
3998:
3996:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3763:
3733:
3731:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3498:from the original on 4 September 2015
3417:
2439:people of various European ancestries
2319:US population growth rates since 1900
1920:had a total population of 1,862,700.
1761:, from the CIA World Factbook, 2017:
679:list of countries by natural increase
155:or by long-term trends, for example,
9178:
9034:Tropical cyclones and climate change
7546:
6889:"Has the ideas machine broken down?"
6878:
6865:
6802:
6606:
6531:Peet van Aardt (24 September 2006).
5952:"Fertility rate: children per woman"
5624:. Interfax News Agency. 6 March 2022
5072:Gulyas, Veronika (28 October 2010).
4884:Matsuura, Hiroaki (2 January 2022).
4107:10.1093/acref/9780199599868.001.0001
3591:
3395:
3393:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
609:
9067:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
8350:Number of billionaires (US dollars)
8345:Number of millionaires (US dollars)
8168:Total health expenditure per capita
8051:Ethnic and cultural diversity level
7482:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
6940:Delaney, Kevin (17 February 2017).
6685:
6502:
5358:Salzano, Giovanni (26 March 2021).
4295:
4129:
3980:
3478:Jay Winter, Emmanuel Sivan (2000).
2111:
24:
7888:Past and future population density
7006:
6521:, The Economist, 25 September 2008
6440:The atlas of changing South Africa
6174:Schaefer, Richard T., ed. (2008).
5869:"Population of Germany, 1950-2020"
5254:Notes on methodology (Census 2011)
4952:from the original on 10 March 2022
4364:"Japan's Net Loss: 947,000 People"
4283:Gorvett, Zaria (17 January 2024).
4264:Gorvett, Zaria (18 January 2023).
4226:
4143:Nichiporuk, Brian (January 2000).
3993:
3879:
3728:
3647:
3592:Mark, Joshua (20 September 2019).
3082:Latin America & the Caribbean
2789:Increase the size of the workforce
2491:Supreme Court of the United States
2013:annual rate in the last 10 years.
216:Old World diseases in the Americas
25:
9261:
8714:pharmaceuticals and personal care
7374:Population and Development Review
6923:"The "Robot Tax" Debate Heats Up"
6921:Rubin, Richard (8 January 2020).
6766:Crisp, James (20 December 2017).
6533:"Million whites leave SA – study"
6467:. Indiana Univ. Press. p. 6.
5769:Instituto Nacional de Estatística
5751:"World Population Prospects 2024"
4991:Hussain, Murtaza (9 March 2023).
4862:Obrazkova, Marina (9 July 2014).
4412:
4071:Anderson, Derek (4 August 2014).
3702:Population and Development Review
3390:
3337:
3293:Population and Development Review
3273:
2964:to spread them to the workforce.
2832:Crisis in the Population Question
2515:population in the United States;
2304:Demographics of the United States
1557:Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
9189:
9188:
9177:
8865:decline in amphibian populations
8570:Deforestation and climate change
8308:planetary pressures–adjusted HDI
7558:
7557:
7545:
7422:Population concern organizations
7128:Projections of population growth
6982:
6933:
6914:
6899:
6866:Rich, Motoko (7 December 2018).
6859:
6824:
6812:Rothstein, Donna (August 2019).
6784:
6759:
6740:
6722:
6660:
6635:
6615:
6600:
6524:
6471:
6456:
6431:
6408:
6341:
6290:
6256:
6227:
6200:
6182:
6167:
6135:
6102:
6066:
6041:
6023:
5994:
5969:
5944:
5930:
5908:
5883:
5833:
5808:
5782:
5757:
5743:
5701:
5675:
4890:Biodemography and Social Biology
4003:Kotkin, Joel (1 February 2017).
3714:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00274.x
3315:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00385.x
2986:Projections of population growth
2685:. For more information, see the
2503:(or "integration") using forced
2426:, caused by a very high rate of
2424:depopulation of the Great Plains
2324:
2312:
2293:
1955:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1498:
1463:
1430:
1398:
1364:
1328:
1293:
1258:
1223:
1187:
1151:
1115:
1081:
1047:
1011:
976:
940:
906:
870:
833:
800:
765:
730:
614:
257:because of the Syrian Civil War.
203:High mortality rates caused by:
8999:Land surface effects on climate
8456:Environmental impact assessment
8432:Human impact on the environment
7523:Human impact on the environment
7457:Population Action International
6818:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
6753:Singapore Management University
6566:from the original on 3 May 2014
6415:Johnson, RW (19 October 2008).
6374:Joshua Hammer (May–June 2010).
6234:Clotfelter, Charles T. (2004).
5657:
5589:
5571:
5541:
5520:
5502:
5484:
5466:
5446:
5425:
5403:
5377:
5351:
5310:
5285:
5259:
5211:
5191:
5169:
5137:
5109:
5084:
5065:
5040:
5028:Knapp, Andreas (13 July 2023).
5021:
5003:
4984:
4964:
4877:
4855:
4830:
4819:
4793:
4767:
4753:
4699:
4597:
4575:
4549:
4519:
4497:
4475:
4457:
4406:
4381:
4362:Hongo, Jun (26 February 2016).
4355:
4337:
4322:
4276:
4257:
4177:
4155:
4099:A Dictionary of Human Geography
4086:
4064:
4022:Zivkin, K (14 September 2010).
4015:
3974:
3959:
3934:
3822:
3803:
3776:
3757:
3693:
3674:
3606:
3585:
3558:
2692:
606:Contemporary decline by country
602:" has now largely disappeared.
367:, particularly the increase in
296:declined because of wide-scale
288:caused 1.5 million deaths, the
253:Civil unrest, for example, the
8384:List of international rankings
8210:International Innovation Index
8133:HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
7472:United Nations Population Fund
7087:
6747:Straughan, Paulin Tay (2008).
6242:. Princeton University Press.
6213:. Oxford University Press US.
5252:Croatian Bureau of Statistics
5217:Croatian Bureau of Statistics
5197:Croatian Bureau of Statistics
4585:. International Montetary Fund
3981:Kim, Tammy (25 January 2011).
3537:
3510:
3471:
3438:
3411:
3372:
2868:labor force participation rate
2851:participation in the workforce
2511:had the largest ethnic/racial
2184:2100, a decline of 25 to 50%.
1944:entering Romania, 5 March 2022
1671:
562:A decline in military strength
505:customers through lower prices
298:executions by the Khmer Rouge.
13:
1:
9245:Demographic economic problems
8870:decline in insect populations
8243:Tertiary education attainment
6607:Dore, Bhavya (21 July 2017).
6048:Jacobs, Andrew James (2013).
5240:Croatian Bureau of Statistics
4903:10.1080/19485565.2022.2061524
3267:
2461:to the warmer climate in the
232:of the 19th century, and the
27:Concept in human demographics
8355:Percentage living in poverty
8266:Access to financial services
7043:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
6558:Jane Flanagan (3 May 2014).
6148:University Press of Kentucky
5510:"Russia's decaying villages"
4485:. Taiwan News. 10 April 2021
4447:"registered through Argeweb"
4162:Neyer, Gerda (3 June 2003).
2139:are scattered across Russia.
2127:Demographic crisis of Russia
2095:
1923:
1863:the fall of the Soviet Union
1620:
175:Short-term population shocks
50:, is a reduction in a human
7:
7893:Person-to-arable land ratio
7497:World Population Foundation
7487:World Population Conference
7400:World population milestones
4101:, Oxford University Press,
4080:International Monetary Fund
3739:"Grossly distorted picture"
3146:
2496:Brown v. Board of Education
2224:In the current area of the
2197:Purportedly halted declines
2187:
2007:
1716:
1678:Demographics of South Korea
640:the claims made and adding
404:Population Reference Bureau
222:pandemic after World War I,
36:. For losses in fauna, see
10:
9266:
8195:Bloomberg Innovation Index
8123:Antidepressant consumption
7795:World population estimates
7790:Past and future population
7369:Population and Environment
6438:Christopher, A.J. (2000).
6194:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
4827:Statistical Table Dec 2013
3599:World History Encyclopedia
3261:Aging of the United States
3189:Negative Population Growth
2983:
2970:technological unemployment
2937:
2769:
2738:
2300:Aging of the United States
2297:
2270:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2120:
2086:
2052:
2047:2007–2008 financial crisis
2023:
1986:
1981:
1972:
1932:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1817:
1791:
1765:
1742:
1720:
1696:
1675:
1641:
442:
436:
341:
331:
317:in a number of countries.
31:
9172:
9107:Environmental engineering
9057:
8954:Environmental degradation
8845:
8731:fishing down the food web
8508:
8438:
8378:
8340:Share of income of top 1%
8256:
8187:
8113:
8015:
7957:
7901:
7873:
7782:
7751:
7700:
7645:
7637:Demographics of the world
7615:
7541:
7505:
7430:
7382:
7361:
7279:Human population planning
7244:
7190:
7141:
7103:Demographics of the world
7095:
7025:, Durham, NC, USA;)* and
6910:. Digital Frontier Press.
6588:. Statistics South Africa
6400:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4040:10.1017/S003329171000173X
3184:Human population planning
3154:Sub-replacement fertility
3000:sub-replacement fertility
2875:Raise the retirement age.
2839:Romania's natalist policy
2753:Lebanese liquidity crisis
2544:
2289:White demographic decline
2236:
2116:
2061:
2040:
1906:
1859:birth rates fell abruptly
1759:natural population change
1692:
713:
710:
707:
704:
699:
689:
530:Possible negative effects
462:Possible positive effects
402:(2023), according to the
369:agricultural productivity
352:(generally 1500 – 1800),
248:Mongol invasion of Europe
157:sub-replacement fertility
138:
9112:Environmental mitigation
8969:Greenhouse gas emissions
8929:Environmental insecurity
8188:Education and innovation
7284:Compulsory sterilization
6839:. Working Paper Series.
6730:"Working age population"
6535:. 24.com. Archived from
6423:. London. Archived from
6207:Armor, David J. (1986).
6109:Robert W. Kweit (2015).
5318:
5117:"Popullsia e Shqipërisë"
4377:– via www.wsj.com.
3632:10.1177/2158244017736094
2725:
2531:Puerto Rico's population
2362:and emigration from the
2245:
2074:
2069:
1723:Demographics of Thailand
1637:
1625:
9240:Control of demographics
9159:Sustainable consumption
8500:Social ecology (ethics)
8293:Human Development Index
8205:Global Innovation Index
8143:Maternal mortality rate
7718:Commonwealth of Nations
7226:Malthusian growth model
6927:The Wall Street Journal
6626:Kenneth Michael Pollack
6263:Ravitch, Diane (1983).
6079:Oxford University Press
5549:"Интерактивная витрина"
5411:"Italy population 2024"
5078:The Wall Street Journal
4202:10.1126/science.1260504
3987:Bloomberg Business Week
3966:Putnam, Robert (2000).
3920:10.1126/science.7618100
3891:Cohen, Joel E. (1995).
3855:10.1126/science.1250542
2980:Long-term future trends
2837:Other examples include
2100:In spite of a positive
520:human carrying capacity
9102:Ecological engineering
8882:runaway climate change
8271:Development aid donors
7909:Population growth rate
7353:Zero population growth
7348:Sustainable population
7272:Malthusian catastrophe
7231:Overshoot (population)
7108:Demographic transition
7021:Russell Hopfenberg (1
6964:Bonin, Holger (2001).
6517:12 August 2016 at the
5256:, accessed 7 July 2013
5221:, accessed 7 July 2013
5208:, accessed 7 July 2013
4413:Parry, Richard Lloyd.
4345:"政府統計の総合窓口 GL08020104"
4028:Psychological Medicine
3517:Mark Harrison (2002).
3159:Zero population growth
2995:
2170:war-related casualties
2168:, lower fertility and
2148:
2140:
1996:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1945:
1834:
1828: Data unavailable
1699:Demographics of Taiwan
1657:
1652:An abandoned house in
807:Bosnia and Herzegovina
702:population change (%)
700:Average annual rate of
423:Demographic Transition
406:
197:
100:demographic transition
8485:List of global issues
8031:Age at first marriage
7919:Net reproduction rate
7865:Population milestones
7647:Continents/subregions
7609:population statistics
7462:Population Connection
7326:Mere addition paradox
7165:Physiological density
6481:Transatlantic history
6380:World Affairs Journal
5895:www.citypopulation.de
5096:www.citypopulation.de
4686:www.citypopulation.de
4658:www.citypopulation.de
4630:www.citypopulation.de
3594:"Bronze Age Collapse"
2993:
2770:Further information:
2749:Syrian refugee crisis
2675:Territoire de Belfort
2471:Civil rights movement
2420:Wilmington (Delaware)
2146:
2134:
2121:Further information:
1940:
1756:
1651:
443:Further information:
433:Possible consequences
397:
365:Industrial Revolution
332:Further information:
302:In modern times, the
182:
119:Possible consequences
77:Long-term projections
67:Industrial Revolution
9087:Community resilience
8887:in the United States
8855:Biodiversity threats
8528:cannabis cultivation
8495:Planetary boundaries
8461:Environmental issues
8451:Ecological footprint
8081:Number of households
8066:Linguistic diversity
8061:Immigrant population
8007:past life expectancy
7492:World Population Day
7447:Church of Euthanasia
7336:Non-identity problem
7311:Political demography
7267:Human overpopulation
7048:Yoshikawa, Hiroshi.
6178:. SAGE publications.
5916:"Germany Population"
5687:Новая газета. Европа
5498:. 21 September 2022.
5440:Demographic Research
5204:May 5, 2012, at the
3256:Aging of South Korea
3194:Political demography
3179:Human overpopulation
2711:White South Africans
2529:The Commonwealth of
1916:. As of 1 May 2024,
600:demographic dividend
524:human overpopulation
419:total fertility rate
398:Map of countries by
234:Great Chinese Famine
96:total fertility rate
71:total fertility rate
9149:Restoration ecology
9082:Climate engineering
9019:Ocean acidification
9009:Loss of green belts
8979:Holocene extinction
8974:Habitat destruction
8649:Environmental crime
8315:Human Poverty Index
8303:inequality-adjusted
8288:Irrigated land area
8026:Age at childbearing
7949:Past fertility rate
7341:Reproductive rights
7172:Population dynamics
7123:Population momentum
7039:Funabashi, Yoichi.
5689:. 25 September 2022
5391:. 22 September 2022
5347:on 2 December 2012.
5178:"Kapital Quarterly"
5157:on 14 November 2018
4980:. 14 February 2023.
4611:on 3 December 2012.
4471:. 24 February 2021.
4368:Wall Street Journal
4333:. 24 December 2005.
3942:"Carrying Capacity"
3912:1995Sci...269..341C
3847:2014Sci...346..229L
3764:Roser, Max (2019).
3565:Giattino, Charlie;
3452:. 2 February 2019.
3299:(Suppl 1): 217–48.
3022:
2517:Non-Hispanic whites
2422:. In addition, the
2360:deindustrialization
2281:New Great Migration
2226:Republic of Ireland
1599:Russo-Ukrainian War
695:Population estimate
686:
453:Predictions of the
350:Early modern period
338:Population dynamics
322:Bronze Age Collapse
246:, for example, the
228:, for example, the
210:, for example, the
159:, persistently low
9250:Population decline
9164:Waste minimization
9122:Mitigation banking
9117:Industrial ecology
9077:Cleaner production
9029:Resource depletion
8565:Corporate behavior
8523:animal agriculture
8076:Net migration rate
8056:Ethnic composition
7875:Population density
7752:Cities/urban areas
7625:Current population
7605:Lists of countries
7467:Population Matters
7182:Population pyramid
7160:Population density
7155:Population decline
7033:, Ithaca, NY, USA)
7031:Cornell University
6895:. 12 January 2013.
6872:The New York Times
6327:U.S. Census Bureau
5671:. 18 October 2022.
5559:on 30 January 2017
5462:. 6 December 2023.
5124:www.instat.gov.al/
4331:The New York Times
3020:
2996:
2745:Lebanese Civil War
2719:lack of employment
2703:whites from Africa
2551:French departments
2149:
2141:
2137:abandoned villages
1946:
1942:Ukrainian refugees
1914:net migration rate
1837:Population in the
1835:
1658:
684:
625:possibly contains
537:economic recession
407:
238:Great Leap Forward
230:Great Irish Famine
198:
108:variety of reasons
44:Population decline
34:endangered species
9217:
9216:
9039:Water degradation
8914:Ecological crisis
8860:biodiversity loss
8659:Industrialisation
8644:Genetic pollution
8490:Impact assessment
8398:
8397:
8370:Wealth inequality
8365:Unemployment rate
7902:Growth indicators
7764:National capitals
7571:
7570:
7442:7 Billion Actions
7316:Population ethics
7209:Carrying capacity
7118:Population growth
6975:978-3-540-42266-2
6427:on 30 April 2011.
6355:. 21 January 2021
6095:Kerner Commission
5956:Our World in Data
5940:. 27 August 2019.
5753:. United Nations.
5337:978-86-6161-025-7
5297:citypopulation.de
5145:"Demography 2016"
4196:(6206): 163–164.
4116:978-0-19-959986-8
4095:"underpopulation"
3906:(5222): 341–346.
3841:(6206): 229–234.
3770:Our World in Data
3766:"Economic Growth"
3579:Our World in Data
3530:978-0-521-89424-1
3424:Population Trends
3214:Societal collapse
3204:Population growth
3137:
3136:
3096:Northern America
2273:Majority minority
2260:Syrian population
1833:
1832:
1529:
1528:
670:
669:
662:
627:original research
581:hyper-nationalism
373:population growth
334:Population growth
311:COVID-19 pandemic
286:Armenian genocide
60:continued to grow
16:(Redirected from
9257:
9230:Aftermath of war
9192:
9191:
9181:
9180:
9014:Phosphorus cycle
8994:Land consumption
8989:Land degradation
8964:Freshwater cycle
8763:Overexploitation
8736:marine pollution
8543:cocoa production
8425:
8418:
8411:
8402:
8401:
8389:Lists by country
8100:Urban population
8041:Dependency ratio
7929:Number of deaths
7924:Number of births
7914:Natural increase
7701:Intercontinental
7598:
7591:
7584:
7575:
7574:
7561:
7560:
7549:
7548:
7518:Green Revolution
7299:Two-child policy
7294:One-child policy
7217:
7177:Population model
7133:World population
7082:
7075:
7068:
7059:
7058:
7036:
7018:
7001:
7000:
6994:
6986:
6980:
6979:
6961:
6950:
6949:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6885:
6876:
6875:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6809:
6800:
6799:
6798:. 19 March 2019.
6788:
6782:
6781:
6771:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6708:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6647:L'Orient-Le Jour
6639:
6633:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6539:on 16 April 2008
6528:
6522:
6509:
6500:
6499:
6495:978-1-5854-44861
6475:
6469:
6468:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6449:978-0-2031-85902
6435:
6429:
6428:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6399:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6280:978-0-4650-87570
6260:
6254:
6253:
6241:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6220:978-0-1953-58179
6204:
6198:
6197:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6006:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5865:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5733:. Archived from
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5643:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5618:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5555:. Archived from
5545:
5539:
5538:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5437:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5340:. Archived from
5329:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5273:. 2 October 2021
5263:
5257:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5242:. December 2012.
5228:
5222:
5215:
5209:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5156:
5150:. Archived from
5149:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5121:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5017:. 2 August 2023.
5007:
5001:
5000:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4905:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4834:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4807:on 5 August 2012
4803:. Archived from
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4781:on 24 March 2010
4777:. Archived from
4771:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4737:. Archived from
4731:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4711:data.stat.gov.lv
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4678:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4650:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4607:. Archived from
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4443:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4349:www.e-stat.go.jp
4341:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4308:
4293:
4292:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4243:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4149:Rand Corporation
4140:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4077:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3946:World Population
3938:
3932:
3931:
3897:
3888:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3791:on 7 August 2008
3787:. Archived from
3780:
3774:
3773:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3660:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3397:
3388:
3387:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3358:
3335:
3334:
3308:
3288:
3199:Population cycle
3174:Human extinction
3023:
3019:
3004:population aging
2780:Child tax credit
2370:. For instance,
2356:high crime rates
2340:Second World War
2328:
2316:
2112:Resumed declines
2102:natural increase
1827:
1821:
1814: –5 – –0.01
1813:
1807:
1801:
1796: 10 – 14.99
1795:
1788: 15 – 19.99
1787:
1782: 20 – 24.99
1781:
1776: 25 – 29.99
1775:
1769:
1763:
1732:replacement rate
1662:natural increase
1615:
1608:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1586:Syrian civil war
1583:
1577:
1566:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1538:Figure includes
1536:
1503:
1502:
1468:
1467:
1435:
1434:
1403:
1402:
1369:
1368:
1333:
1332:
1298:
1297:
1263:
1262:
1228:
1227:
1192:
1191:
1156:
1155:
1120:
1119:
1086:
1085:
1052:
1051:
1016:
1015:
981:
980:
945:
944:
911:
910:
875:
874:
838:
837:
805:
804:
770:
769:
735:
734:
708:High death rate
687:
683:
665:
658:
654:
651:
645:
642:inline citations
618:
617:
610:
585:population aging
548:dependency ratio
445:Dependency ratio
354:world population
315:excess mortality
290:Jewish Holocaust
167:, and continued
112:infant mortality
110:, such as lower
56:human population
46:, also known as
21:
9265:
9264:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9254:
9220:
9219:
9218:
9213:
9168:
9127:Organic farming
9053:
9044:Water pollution
9024:Ozone depletion
9004:Loss and damage
8904:Desertification
8841:
8753:Overconsumption
8674:cleaning agents
8575:Energy industry
8538:meat production
8504:
8434:
8429:
8399:
8394:
8393:
8374:
8330:Income equality
8283:Employment rate
8252:
8200:Education Index
8183:
8178:Body mass index
8109:
8011:
7959:Life expectancy
7953:
7897:
7883:Current density
7869:
7783:Past and future
7778:
7747:
7696:
7641:
7611:
7602:
7572:
7567:
7537:
7501:
7435:
7433:
7426:
7378:
7357:
7306:Overconsumption
7289:Family planning
7246:
7240:
7213:
7197:
7194:
7186:
7148:
7145:
7137:
7091:
7086:
7023:Duke University
7016:
7012:
7009:
7007:Further reading
7004:
6992:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6976:
6962:
6953:
6938:
6934:
6919:
6915:
6904:
6900:
6887:
6886:
6879:
6864:
6860:
6829:
6825:
6810:
6803:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6764:
6760:
6745:
6741:
6728:
6727:
6723:
6710:
6709:
6686:
6676:
6674:
6666:
6665:
6661:
6651:
6649:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6620:
6616:
6605:
6601:
6591:
6589:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6569:
6567:
6556:
6552:
6542:
6540:
6529:
6525:
6519:Wayback Machine
6510:
6503:
6496:
6476:
6472:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6436:
6432:
6413:
6409:
6393:
6392:
6385:
6383:
6372:
6368:
6358:
6356:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6330:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6304:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6281:
6261:
6257:
6250:
6232:
6228:
6221:
6205:
6201:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6172:
6168:
6158:
6140:
6136:
6125:
6107:
6103:
6089:
6071:
6067:
6060:
6046:
6042:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6014:
6012:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5983:
5981:covid19.who.int
5975:
5974:
5970:
5960:
5958:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5921:
5919:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5899:
5897:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5859:
5849:
5847:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5824:
5822:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5771:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5739:on 9 July 2024.
5717:. 5 July 2024.
5707:
5706:
5702:
5692:
5690:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5653:. 4 March 2023.
5645:
5644:
5637:
5627:
5625:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5562:
5560:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5525:
5521:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5442:. 6 March 2024.
5435:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5416:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5392:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5368:
5366:
5356:
5352:
5344:
5338:
5327:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5301:
5299:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5251:
5247:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5216:
5212:
5206:Wayback Machine
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5170:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5128:
5126:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5070:
5066:
5056:
5054:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5026:
5022:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4989:
4985:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4955:
4953:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4882:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4844:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4820:
4810:
4808:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4733:
4732:
4725:
4715:
4713:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4624:
4623:
4616:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4563:. 17 March 2015
4555:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4451:www.geohive.com
4445:
4444:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4360:
4356:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4310:
4309:
4296:
4281:
4277:
4262:
4258:
4245:
4244:
4227:
4182:
4178:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4141:
4130:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4091:
4087:
4075:
4069:
4065:
4020:
4016:
4001:
3994:
3979:
3975:
3968:"Bowling Alone"
3964:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3895:
3889:
3880:
3827:
3823:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3792:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3746:
3745:. 13 March 2008
3737:
3736:
3729:
3698:
3694:
3679:
3675:
3662:
3661:
3648:
3611:
3607:
3590:
3586:
3567:Ritchie, Hannah
3563:
3559:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3492:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3416:
3412:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3360:
3359:
3338:
3306:10.1.1.700.5979
3289:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3246:Aging of Europe
3149:
2988:
2982:
2942:
2936:
2791:
2782:
2776:Artificial womb
2768:
2741:
2728:
2695:
2547:
2523:(of any race).
2521:Hispanic-Latino
2344:suburbanization
2336:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2306:
2296:
2291:
2269:
2248:
2239:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2199:
2190:
2159:In March 2023,
2129:
2119:
2114:
2098:
2089:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2043:
2026:
2010:
1998:
1989:
1984:
1975:
1935:
1926:
1909:
1893:peak population
1889:
1880:
1871:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1751:
1745:Aging of Europe
1743:Main articles:
1741:
1725:
1719:
1708:COVID-19 deaths
1701:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1660:Though Japan's
1654:Yubari district
1646:
1640:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1570:Hurricane Maria
1567:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1537:
1533:
1497:
1462:
1429:
1397:
1363:
1327:
1292:
1257:
1222:
1186:
1150:
1114:
1080:
1046:
1010:
975:
939:
905:
869:
832:
799:
764:
729:
715:
705:Low birth rate
701:
696:
691:
666:
655:
649:
646:
631:
619:
615:
608:
532:
464:
451:
449:Pensions crisis
441:
435:
358:Malthusian Trap
346:
340:
330:
262:Imperial Russia
177:
165:mortality rates
141:
41:
28:
23:
22:
18:Underpopulation
15:
12:
11:
5:
9263:
9253:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9185:
9173:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9154:Sustainability
9151:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9063:
9061:
9055:
9054:
9052:
9051:
9049:Water scarcity
9046:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8984:Nitrogen cycle
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8949:Forest dieback
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8884:
8877:Climate change
8874:
8873:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8851:
8849:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8833:
8832:
8822:
8821:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8744:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8694:nanotechnology
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8640:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8599:
8598:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8556:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8514:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8481:
8480:
8478:on marine life
8470:
8469:
8468:
8466:list of issues
8458:
8453:
8448:
8442:
8440:
8436:
8435:
8428:
8427:
8420:
8413:
8405:
8396:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8279:
8278:
8268:
8262:
8260:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8234:
8228:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8191:
8189:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8119:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8022:
8020:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7963:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7944:Fertility rate
7941:
7939:Mortality rate
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7879:
7877:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7755:
7753:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7728:European Union
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7651:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7630:United Nations
7621:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7601:
7600:
7593:
7586:
7578:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7555:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7533:Sustainability
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7509:
7507:
7506:Related topics
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7438:
7436:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7424:
7419:
7418:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7397:
7395:Largest cities
7392:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7264:
7256:
7250:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7215:I = P × A × T
7211:
7206:
7200:
7198:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7157:
7151:
7149:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7085:
7084:
7077:
7070:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7046:
7037:
7027:David Pimentel
7008:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6981:
6974:
6951:
6932:
6913:
6898:
6877:
6858:
6845:10.3386/w25299
6823:
6801:
6796:premier.gov.pl
6783:
6758:
6739:
6721:
6684:
6659:
6634:
6614:
6599:
6577:
6550:
6523:
6501:
6494:
6470:
6455:
6448:
6430:
6407:
6366:
6340:
6314:
6289:
6279:
6255:
6248:
6226:
6219:
6199:
6190:"white flight"
6181:
6166:
6157:978-0813129785
6156:
6134:
6130:resegregation.
6124:978-1138012028
6123:
6101:
6088:978-0199338276
6087:
6065:
6058:
6040:
6022:
5993:
5968:
5943:
5929:
5907:
5882:
5857:
5845:www.armstat.am
5832:
5820:www.armstat.am
5807:
5781:
5756:
5742:
5700:
5674:
5656:
5635:
5610:
5588:
5570:
5540:
5519:
5501:
5483:
5465:
5445:
5424:
5402:
5376:
5350:
5336:
5309:
5284:
5271:Greek Reporter
5258:
5245:
5223:
5210:
5190:
5168:
5136:
5108:
5083:
5064:
5039:
5020:
5002:
4983:
4963:
4933:
4876:
4854:
4829:
4818:
4792:
4766:
4752:
4741:on 25 May 2011
4723:
4698:
4670:
4642:
4614:
4596:
4574:
4548:
4537:. 4 April 2017
4518:
4496:
4474:
4456:
4433:
4405:
4393:www.stat.go.jp
4380:
4354:
4336:
4321:
4294:
4275:
4256:
4225:
4176:
4154:
4128:
4115:
4085:
4063:
4014:
3992:
3973:
3958:
3933:
3878:
3821:
3802:
3775:
3756:
3727:
3708:(2): 221–248.
3692:
3673:
3646:
3605:
3584:
3557:
3554:. August 2021.
3536:
3529:
3509:
3491:978-0521794367
3490:
3470:
3437:
3418:Craig (1994).
3410:
3389:
3371:
3336:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Aging of Japan
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:Empty diagonal
3233:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
2984:Main article:
2981:
2978:
2935:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2903:
2902:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2863:
2847:
2846:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2790:
2787:
2767:
2764:
2740:
2737:
2727:
2724:
2701:emigration of
2694:
2691:
2627:Lot-et-Garonne
2546:
2543:
2535:natural change
2330:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2295:
2292:
2268:
2265:
2256:Middle eastern
2247:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2042:
2039:
2035:war in Croatia
2025:
2022:
2009:
2006:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1908:
1905:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1843:Eastern Europe
1831:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1808: 0 – 4.99
1804:
1802: 5 – 9.99
1798:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1740:
1737:
1718:
1715:
1694:
1691:
1673:
1670:
1644:Aging of Japan
1642:Main article:
1639:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1603:
1590:
1578:
1568:Aftermaths of
1561:
1548:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
993:
990:
985:
972:
971:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
949:
936:
935:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
902:
901:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
879:
866:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
842:
829:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
796:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
782:
779:
774:
761:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
747:
744:
739:
726:
725:
722:
718:
717:
712:
709:
706:
703:
698:
697:(1 July 2020)
693:
668:
667:
622:
620:
613:
607:
604:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
546:A rise in the
531:
528:
516:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
463:
460:
437:Main article:
434:
431:
400:fertility rate
389:overpopulation
381:overpopulation
329:
326:
274:
273:
258:
251:
241:
236:caused by the
223:
176:
173:
140:
137:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9262:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9186:
9184:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9143:
9140:
9139:
9138:
9137:Reforestation
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9092:Cultured meat
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9072:Birth control
9070:
9068:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9056:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8894:Deforestation
8892:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8875:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8848:
8844:
8838:
8835:
8831:
8828:
8827:
8826:
8823:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8723:
8722:
8719:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8671:
8670:
8669:Manufacturing
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8617:nuclear power
8615:
8613:
8612:fracking (US)
8610:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8603:
8600:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8577:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8520:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8507:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8474:
8471:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8426:
8421:
8419:
8414:
8412:
8407:
8406:
8403:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8377:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8360:Public sector
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8238:
8235:
8232:
8229:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8215:Literacy rate
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8186:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8118:
8116:
8112:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8036:Age structure
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8019:
8014:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8002:world regions
8000:
7998:
7997:South America
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7987:North America
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7960:
7956:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7872:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7775:
7774:Megalopolises
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7750:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7738:Latin America
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7693:
7692:South America
7690:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7675:North America
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7638:
7635:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7599:
7594:
7592:
7587:
7585:
7580:
7579:
7576:
7564:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7513:Bennett's law
7511:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7434:organizations
7429:
7423:
7420:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7381:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7243:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7221:Kaya identity
7219:
7216:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7189:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7140:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7083:
7078:
7076:
7071:
7069:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7015:
7011:
7010:
6998:
6991:
6985:
6977:
6971:
6967:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6947:
6943:
6936:
6928:
6924:
6917:
6909:
6902:
6894:
6893:The Economist
6890:
6884:
6882:
6873:
6869:
6862:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6819:
6815:
6808:
6806:
6797:
6793:
6787:
6779:
6775:
6774:The Telegraph
6770:
6762:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6735:
6731:
6725:
6718:. 5 May 2018.
6717:
6716:The Economist
6713:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6673:
6669:
6663:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6622:Byman, Daniel
6618:
6610:
6603:
6587:
6581:
6565:
6562:. Bbc.co.uk.
6561:
6554:
6538:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6508:
6506:
6497:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6474:
6466:
6459:
6451:
6445:
6441:
6434:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6403:
6397:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6329:. 1 July 2018
6328:
6324:
6318:
6303:
6299:
6293:
6286:
6282:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6259:
6251:
6249:9780691119113
6245:
6240:
6239:
6230:
6222:
6216:
6212:
6211:
6203:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6096:
6090:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6069:
6061:
6059:9780415894852
6055:
6051:
6044:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6011:. August 2022
6010:
6009:Reliefweb.Int
6003:
5997:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5939:
5933:
5917:
5911:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5752:
5746:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5714:The Economist
5710:
5704:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5652:
5651:The Economist
5648:
5642:
5640:
5623:
5617:
5615:
5598:
5592:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5523:
5516:. 2 May 2014.
5515:
5511:
5505:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5449:
5441:
5434:
5428:
5412:
5406:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5255:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5220:
5214:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5194:
5179:
5172:
5153:
5146:
5140:
5125:
5118:
5112:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5053:
5052:portal.ksh.hu
5049:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5006:
4998:
4997:The Intercept
4994:
4987:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4865:
4858:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4826:
4822:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4762:
4756:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4584:
4578:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4536:
4532:
4531:www.avert.org
4528:
4522:
4506:
4500:
4484:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4409:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4034:(7): 1343–8.
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3962:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3816:Bloomberg.com
3813:
3806:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3744:
3743:The Economist
3740:
3734:
3732:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3553:
3546:
3540:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3450:The Economist
3447:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3426:(78): 20–22.
3425:
3421:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Russian Cross
3229:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:Case studies:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:welfare state
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2733:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:post-colonial
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:desegregation
2498:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2327:
2315:
2305:
2301:
2294:United States
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2208:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:Oleg Itskhoki
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2161:The Economist
2157:
2153:
2145:
2138:
2135:Thousands of
2133:
2128:
2124:
2123:Russian Cross
2109:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2084:
2081:
2067:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2003:
2002:Yugoslav wars
1993:
1979:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1904:
1902:
1901:South Ossetia
1898:
1894:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1822: < –5
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1749:Russian Cross
1746:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1632:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1574:U.S. mainland
1571:
1565:
1558:
1555:Includes the
1552:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
979:
974:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
943:
938:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
914:
909:
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
873:
868:
867:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
836:
831:
830:
827:
824:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
808:
803:
798:
797:
794:
791:
789:
786:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
768:
763:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
733:
728:
727:
723:
720:
719:
688:
682:
680:
675:
664:
661:
653:
643:
639:
635:
629:
628:
623:This section
621:
612:
611:
603:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
577:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
545:
544:
543:
540:
538:
527:
525:
521:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
500:
499:
497:
493:
488:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
459:
456:
450:
446:
440:
430:
426:
424:
420:
415:
413:
412:still growing
405:
401:
396:
392:
390:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
345:
339:
335:
325:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
305:
300:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
249:
245:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
205:
204:
201:
196:
195:
190:
186:
181:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
136:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:
35:
30:
19:
8830:urban sprawl
8825:Urbanization
8773:Particulates
8758:Overdrafting
8473:Human impact
8446:Anthropocene
8335:Labour force
8163:Suicide rate
8148:Obesity rate
8105:Urbanization
8046:Divorce rate
8018:demographics
7759:World cities
7550:
7362:Publications
7321:Antinatalism
7259:
7236:World3 model
7154:
7096:Major topics
7049:
7040:
7020:
6996:
6984:
6968:. Springer.
6965:
6945:
6935:
6926:
6916:
6907:
6901:
6892:
6871:
6861:
6836:
6826:
6817:
6795:
6786:
6773:
6761:
6755:. p. 8.
6752:
6742:
6733:
6724:
6715:
6675:. Retrieved
6662:
6650:. Retrieved
6637:
6629:
6617:
6602:
6590:. Retrieved
6580:
6568:. Retrieved
6553:
6541:. Retrieved
6537:the original
6526:
6480:
6473:
6464:
6458:
6439:
6433:
6425:the original
6420:
6410:
6384:. Retrieved
6379:
6369:
6357:. Retrieved
6352:
6343:
6331:. Retrieved
6317:
6305:. Retrieved
6301:
6292:
6284:
6264:
6258:
6237:
6229:
6209:
6202:
6193:
6184:
6175:
6169:
6161:
6143:
6137:
6128:
6110:
6104:
6092:
6074:
6068:
6049:
6043:
6034:
6025:
6013:. Retrieved
6008:
5996:
5984:. Retrieved
5980:
5971:
5959:. Retrieved
5955:
5946:
5932:
5920:. Retrieved
5918:. CEIC. 2022
5910:
5900:16 September
5898:. Retrieved
5894:
5885:
5873:. Retrieved
5848:. Retrieved
5844:
5835:
5825:16 September
5823:. Retrieved
5819:
5810:
5798:. Retrieved
5793:
5784:
5772:. Retrieved
5759:
5745:
5736:the original
5712:
5703:
5693:26 September
5691:. Retrieved
5686:
5677:
5668:
5659:
5650:
5626:. Retrieved
5601:. Retrieved
5591:
5582:
5573:
5563:16 September
5561:. Retrieved
5557:the original
5552:
5543:
5532:
5522:
5513:
5504:
5495:
5486:
5477:
5468:
5457:
5448:
5439:
5427:
5415:. Retrieved
5405:
5393:. Retrieved
5379:
5367:. Retrieved
5363:
5353:
5342:the original
5323:
5312:
5302:16 September
5300:. Retrieved
5296:
5287:
5275:. Retrieved
5261:
5248:
5235:
5226:
5213:
5193:
5183:16 September
5181:. Retrieved
5176:Capital.bg.
5171:
5159:. Retrieved
5152:the original
5139:
5127:. Retrieved
5123:
5111:
5101:16 September
5099:. Retrieved
5095:
5086:
5077:
5067:
5057:16 September
5055:. Retrieved
5051:
5042:
5033:
5023:
5015:The Guardian
5014:
5005:
4996:
4986:
4975:
4966:
4954:. Retrieved
4945:
4936:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4869:16 September
4867:. Retrieved
4857:
4847:16 September
4845:. Retrieved
4841:
4832:
4821:
4809:. Retrieved
4805:the original
4801:"Population"
4795:
4783:. Retrieved
4779:the original
4769:
4755:
4743:. Retrieved
4739:the original
4714:. Retrieved
4710:
4701:
4691:16 September
4689:. Retrieved
4685:
4663:16 September
4661:. Retrieved
4657:
4635:16 September
4633:. Retrieved
4629:
4609:the original
4599:
4587:. Retrieved
4577:
4565:. Retrieved
4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4530:
4521:
4509:. Retrieved
4499:
4487:. Retrieved
4477:
4468:
4459:
4450:
4424:. Retrieved
4418:
4408:
4398:16 September
4396:. Retrieved
4392:
4383:
4373:16 September
4371:. Retrieved
4367:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4324:
4315:
4289:The Guardian
4288:
4278:
4269:
4259:
4250:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4170:
4157:
4148:
4122:13 September
4120:, retrieved
4098:
4088:
4079:
4066:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4008:
3986:
3976:
3961:
3949:. Retrieved
3945:
3936:
3903:
3899:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3815:
3805:
3795:26 September
3793:. Retrieved
3789:the original
3778:
3769:
3759:
3749:16 September
3747:. Retrieved
3742:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3686:
3676:
3667:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3597:
3587:
3578:
3560:
3551:
3539:
3519:
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3480:
3473:
3461:. Retrieved
3449:
3440:
3423:
3413:
3404:
3383:
3374:
3365:
3296:
3292:
3224:
3223:
3219:Antinatalism
3209:Rural flight
3164:Birth dearth
3141:
3138:
3015:
3012:
2997:
2966:
2950:
2946:productivity
2943:
2921:
2908:
2904:
2892:
2878:
2865:
2856:
2848:
2836:
2825:
2807:
2799:
2793:A country's
2792:
2783:
2761:
2757:
2742:
2729:
2707:South Africa
2696:
2693:South Africa
2623:Loir-et-Cher
2611:Haute-Vienne
2599:Eure-et-Loir
2548:
2528:
2525:
2494:
2435:white flight
2432:
2428:rural flight
2337:
2285:Antinatalism
2277:White flight
2249:
2240:
2230:Irish famine
2223:
2214:
2205:
2191:
2182:
2174:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2099:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2065:
2056:
2044:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2011:
1999:
1990:
1976:
1959:
1947:
1927:
1910:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1836:
1726:
1712:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1667:
1659:
1633:
1629:
1606:
1593:
1581:
1564:
1551:
1534:
716:of abortion
673:
671:
656:
647:
624:
596:World War II
589:
578:
574:
541:
533:
517:
492:productivity
489:
485:
481:
465:
454:
452:
427:
416:
408:
385:
362:
347:
319:
301:
275:
266:Soviet Union
202:
199:
193:
142:
131:
126:productivity
117:
93:
75:
64:
48:depopulation
47:
43:
42:
29:
8944:Externality
8939:Coral reefs
8899:Defaunation
8768:Overgrazing
8741:overfishing
8721:Marine life
8595:electricity
8518:Agriculture
7743:Middle East
7245:Society and
7204:Biocapacity
6333:25 November
5986:31 December
5961:31 December
5553:cbsd.gks.ru
4842:ukrstat.org
2924:Brain Drain
2899:immigration
2607:Haute-Saône
2603:Haute-Marne
2493:' decision
2483:Kansas City
2400:New Orleans
2348:urban decay
2106:basic needs
1683:South Korea
1672:South Korea
1509:28,609,886
1474:41,390,728
1441:18,207,894
1409:46,745,896
1300:Puerto Rico
1093:126,476,461
711:Emigration
650:August 2022
490:A focus on
220:Spanish flu
212:Black Death
161:birth rates
38:defaunation
9224:Categories
9209:mitigation
9204:assessment
9199:by country
9097:Decoupling
9059:Mitigation
8788:Reservoirs
8709:pesticides
8654:Explosives
8632:reservoirs
8533:irrigation
8298:by country
8090:Irreligion
8071:Median age
7934:Birth rate
7769:Megacities
7713:Arab world
7660:Antarctica
7432:Events and
7247:population
7193:Population
7144:Population
7089:Population
6570:15 January
6302:Census.gov
5794:MercoPress
5731:Q127275136
5514:Al Jazeera
5277:6 December
5238:. Zagreb:
5161:24 October
4896:(1): 1–2.
4270:BBC Future
3951:6 February
3687:The Lancet
3571:Roser, Max
3268:References
3124:The World
3035:2095–2100
2954:technology
2940:Automation
2938:See also:
2916:emigration
2539:emigration
2509:California
2416:Youngstown
2408:Pittsburgh
2384:Cincinnati
2352:race riots
2298:See also:
2271:See also:
2166:Emigration
1962:birth rate
1847:alcoholism
1770: ≥ 30
1721:See also:
1697:See also:
1676:See also:
1542:and South
1375:6,740,936
1340:19,237,691
1270:10,196,709
1235:37,846,611
1059:60,461,826
988:10,423,054
917:1,326,804
811:3,276,845
724:2015–2020
721:2010–2015
692:or region
634:improve it
342:See also:
194:cocoliztli
169:emigration
52:population
9132:Recycling
8798:Transport
8783:Quarrying
8778:Pollution
8637:transport
8627:petroleum
8622:oil shale
8585:biodiesel
8095:Sex ratio
7680:Caribbean
7528:Migration
7405:6 billion
6853:239843977
6592:31 August
6421:The Times
6396:cite news
6307:7 October
6115:Routledge
6015:1 January
5723:0013-0613
5669:Bloomberg
5496:CBS Miami
5364:Bloomberg
4928:247953665
4912:1948-5565
4785:2 January
4420:The Times
3641:158150556
3619:SAGE Open
3458:0013-0613
3301:CiteSeerX
2974:robot tax
2962:education
2897:Increase
2819:services.
2795:workforce
2475:Cleveland
2467:Southwest
2463:Southeast
2455:Northeast
2404:St. Louis
2388:Cleveland
2376:Baltimore
2364:Rust Belt
2252:civil war
2164:Reasons?
2096:Venezuela
1924:Lithuania
1621:East Asia
1505:Venezuela
1305:3,285,874
1199:4,033,963
1163:2,678,864
1158:Lithuania
1127:1,864,884
1023:9,660,351
952:3,989,167
882:4,105,267
845:6,520,314
777:2,877,797
714:High rate
638:verifying
282:execution
185:epidemics
123:workforce
9194:Category
8818:shipping
8803:aviation
8689:plastics
8679:concrete
8664:Land use
8580:biofuels
8548:palm oil
8258:Economic
8086:Religion
7708:Americas
7563:Category
7331:Natalism
7254:Eugenics
6778:Archived
6632:. p. 139
6564:Archived
6515:Archived
5922:16 April
5875:16 April
5800:24 March
5774:24 March
5727:Wikidata
5628:26 March
5603:26 March
5417:27 March
5202:Archived
5129:17 April
4977:Euractiv
4956:23 March
4950:Archived
4948:. 2022.
4920:35379045
4811:5 August
4561:Euractiv
4220:25301602
4058:20836907
3873:25301626
3722:25487661
3496:Archived
3463:30 April
3323:21280372
3147:See also
3110:Oceania
3032:2045–50
3029:2022–27
3008:retirees
2928:research
2889:workers.
2858:ceases.
2809:Natalism
2804:Natalism
2772:Natalism
2591:Dordogne
2575:Charente
2567:Ardennes
2513:minority
2443:suburban
2412:Scranton
2368:Sun Belt
2188:Portugal
2008:Bulgaria
1897:Abkhazia
1728:Thailand
1717:Thailand
1540:Abkhazia
1265:Portugal
840:Bulgaria
674:de facto
496:benefits
309:and the
307:pandemic
294:Cambodia
280:or mass
278:genocide
264:and the
189:smallpox
9183:Commons
8959:Erosion
8909:Ecocide
8847:Effects
8793:Tourism
8726:fishing
8684:fashion
8607:fashion
8560:Bitcoin
8439:General
8325:Exports
8320:Imports
8239:(TIMSS)
8233:(PIRLS)
7992:Oceania
7733:Islands
7723:Eurasia
7687:Oceania
7552:Commons
7195:ecology
7146:biology
6999:. 2019.
6736:. 2020.
6677:16 July
6652:16 July
6486:149–150
6353:pew.org
6037:. 2022.
5850:17 July
5480:. 2022.
5459:El País
5395:17 July
5389:Reuters
5369:29 July
4489:29 July
4469:Reuters
4318:. 2022.
4253:. 2022.
4211:6102710
4190:Science
4049:3846090
3928:7618100
3908:Bibcode
3900:Science
3864:4545628
3843:Bibcode
3835:Science
3670:. 2022.
3502:20 July
3432:7834459
3407:. 2022.
3386:. 2022.
3368:. 2022.
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