Union Army - Knowledge

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Congress passed an act to raise the number of officers to forty-nine, and again several months later it was raised to seventy-six, adding an assistant quartermaster-general (colonel) and additional numbers of deputy quartermaster-generals (lieutenant colonel), quartermasters (major) and assistant quartermasters (captain) to support the QMG (brigadier-general). Although a substantial increase, this was not enough to meet the needs of the QMD, and so more than nine hundred assistant quartermasters of Volunteers were commissioned and a large number of Regular and Volunteer officers were detailed to serve as acting quartermasters during the war. Congress also authorized the number of storekeepers increased to twelve and the hiring of additional clerks and other civilian workers for the office (including women), which would grow to over 200 by 1863 and close to 600 by the war's end. To this were added the many civilians working at the quartermaster depots or with quartermasters in the field. Many of these workers were rowdy and difficult to manage, especially before Congress made QMD employees subject to military law and discipline. One exception were Black workers who proved more reliable and whom Quartermaster-General Meigs considered a great aid; by 1864 the QMD was largely reliant on them to fulfill various unskilled positions.

3537: 3426: 2220: 3889:(AG) with the rank of colonel, a lieutenant-colonel, four brevet majors, and eight brevet captains. In August 1861 the AG was raised to major-general and the strength of the AGD increased to twenty officers, and a year later it was reorganized to constitute the AG, two colonels, four lieutenant-colonels, and thirteen majors. The small number of civilian clerical staff supporting the officers was also increased as the war progressed, including the addition of up to ten noncommissioned officers by 1862. However to meet the need for assistant adjutant generals authorized for each corps, division and brigade, appointments were made from among the Volunteer forces, and by 1865 there were an additional 85 majors and 256 captains serving in these capacities. At the regimental level, one of the unit's lieutenants would be selected to serve as its adjutant. 5778:

were officially created a CS with the rank of lieutenant colonel was authorized to serve on their staff, and in February 1863 the department was further expanded when the CGS was promoted to brigadier general, a second assistant CGS was added with the rank of colonel, and two additional majors were authorized. Eventually in March 1865 Congress formally recognized wartime requirements by authorizing a chief CS with the rank of colonel for each field army, military department and division, and principle subsistence depot; an assistant CS with the rank of colonel assigned to Washington; up to six CS with the rank of lieutenant colonel to serve as inspectors or special duty assignment; a chief CS with the rank of lieutenant colonel for each army corps; and a CS with the rank of major for each division.

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were able to acquire about 159,000 small arms, 429 cannons, and 4.5 million rounds of small arms ammunition. ORDD was forced to make up the immediate shortfall by contracting with private companies or purchasing from European powers; many weapons bought under contract proved to be inferior to government standards or sold at inflated prices, while European governments were happy to get rid of their obsolete weapons. Eventually the fraud and corruption was brought under control and ORDD was able to bring its arsenals' productions levels up to where they could meet the Army's need. This can be seen with the rapid expansion of the Springfield Armory, which before the war averaged 800 muskets a month but by January 1863 was producing 24,000 muskets and rifles a month.

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number of desertions from the Union Army during the four years of the war at nearly 350,000. Using these numbers, 15% of Union soldiers deserted during the war. Official numbers put the number of deserters from the Union Army at 200,000 for the entire war, or about 8% of Union Army soldiers. Since desertion is defined as being AWOL for 30 or more days and some soldiers returned within that time period, as well as some deserters being labeled missing-in-action or vice versa, accurate counts are difficult to determine. Many historians estimate the "real" desertion rate in the Union Army as between 9–12%. About 1 out of 3 deserters returned to their regiments, either voluntarily or after being arrested and being sent back. Many deserters were professional "

2620:: Major generals were nominally the commanding officer of a division, although given the lack of higher grades of general officers they were also given command of army corps, field armies and geographic departments. In the event two or more officers of the same grade were present in the same army or department, command was decided by seniority. In an exception to this practice, the president was authorized by law to appoint a junior officer to command over his seniors. A major general was allowed a personal staff of three aides-de-camp. These were personally chosen by the general from among the captains and lieutenants of the Army and would accompany him whenever his command changed, being separate from the general staff of the unit he commanded. 4248:(IGs) with the rank of colonel whose duty was to conduct inspections and investigations to ensure the Army was organized and operating at full readiness, but these were done in an ad-hoc manner at the discretion of the Secretary of War. As the war progressed and membership in the inspectorate increased, the duties of IGs and assistant IGs were continually redefined, to the extent that any time a problem was identified the common response was simply to assign an inspector to it. Eventually in January 1863 a permanent office of the IG was established in Washington, and it was from here that the process of exerting a centralized control over IGs in the field and crafting standard policies and procedures was started. 5969: 49: 5595:

storage and distribution of supplies and the disbursement of funds for transportation and other services. Supplies could be manufactured within the depot or purchased from commercial interests, usually as part of a low-bid contract but in an emergency on the open market. In the first three years of the war depot commanders themselves were responsible for managing these contracts, but by July 1864 a more centralized system requiring approval from the QMG's office had been implemented to improve accountability. Based on unit quartermasters' requests, supplies would be shipped to advanced depots or railheads, where the unit quartermasters arraigned to have them picked up and issued to the unit.

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a number of rolls. Each congressional district was appointed a provost marshal who served on a "board of enrollment". The board included two other persons (one of whom was to be a licensed physician) and was charged with overseeing the enrollment of men for the draft. An enrolling officer could also be appointed per subdistrict (town, township or ward) on a temporary basis, as could special agents tasked with apprehending deserters. Additionally, all provost marshals and special agents were empowered to arrest any stragglers and send them to the nearest military post. By November 1864 the PMGB (not counting the Invalid Corps) included 4,716 officers and employees.

2196:, it was the Regulars who acted as rearguard during the retreat while the Volunteers fled, and when George McClellan was put in charge of what became the Army of the Potomac he used Regular officers and non-commissioned officers to train the Volunteers. Training the Volunteers, especially in regards to critical administrative and logistical matters, remained an important function of the Regulars during the war. This was particularly the case with Regular Army artillery, as they were more widely dispersed than the infantry and cavalry (making them more visible to the Volunteers) and were assigned to specific units to train their Volunteer counterparts. 5789:, Chicago, Cincinnati, Louisville, Philadelphia, St. Louis, San Francisco and Washington, D.C. Depot commissaries, assisted by civilian clerks and laborers, received purchases in bulk at these locations and repackaged them for shipment to armies in the field. The actual transportation of rations was handled by the Quartermaster Department, requiring close cooperation between the two. Major beef depots were also established in Alexandria, Virginia, Louisville and Washington. During the war the department developed a highly effective system of base, advanced, and temporary depots, and mobile beef herds which followed behind Union forces in the field. 1528: 5999:" of 1863. Stirred up by the instigating rhetoric of Democratic politicians, the Irish had shown the strongest support for Southern aims prior to the start of the war and had long opposed abolitionism and the free black population, regarding them as competition for jobs and blaming them for driving down wages. Alleging that the war was merely an upper-class abolitionist war to free slaves who might move north and compete for jobs and housing, the poorer classes did not welcome a draft, especially one from which a richer man could buy an exemption. The poor formed clubs that would buy exemptions for their unlucky members. As a result of the 68: 2938:: Sergeants were chosen from among a company's corporals and important for supervising the other soldiers. Each sergeant was in command of a squad of soldiers and directed them in carrying out their duties while in camp or garrison. In battle, sergeants kept the soldiers in ranks and prevented them from falling out; if necessary this included shooting them if they attempted to run away. Sergeants oversaw the changing of guards and pickets, confinement of prisoners (which, if numerous enough, would require one sergeant assigned as provost-sergeant), and led patrols and fatigue parties. One sergeant in the regiment would be chosen as the 2149: 4732:

Chief of Ordnance (brigadier general), two colonels, two lieutenant colonels, four majors, twelve captains, twelve first lieutenants, and twelve second lieutenants. This still was not enough, and so in March 1863 an additional lieutenant colonel, two majors, eight captains and eight first lieutenants were added, bringing the authorized strength to sixty-four officers where it would remain for the rest of the war. The number of ordnance sergeants and enlisted personnel were similarly increased on a yearly basis, until by 1865 they numbered 163 and 560 respectively, and the civilian staff was likewise increased.

3755:: the idea of women participating in such dangerous lines of work was simply not considered. Eventually though their opponents recognized their existence, and while female spies caught in the act were not typically executed like their male colleagues, they still faced the threat of lengthy prison sentences. For self-evident reasons many of these activities were kept secret and any documentation (if it existed) was often destroyed. As such the identity of many of these women will never be known. Of those who became famous for their espionage work during or after the end of the war, prominent examples include 2960:) were employed at the various arsenals and armories with manufacturing and caring for the various arms and equipment. They were referred to as master armorers, master carriage-makers or master blacksmiths early in the war. Sergeants of the Corps of Engineers, in addition to the normal duties of a sergeant, also had to be knowledgeable in the construction of bridges, forts and other military engineering projects. In the Signal Corps, a sergeant was assigned to each signal officer, from whom he took instruction in order to assist with the sending and receiving of signals and performing mounted reconnaissance. 2859: 4620:

and preparations. Burdened with an aged and conservative leadership, it took the injection of more enlightened leaders to make the necessary reforms for the AMD to meet these new challenges. By the war's end, the AMD had implemented a better method of evacuating battlefield casualties to field hospitals and general hospitals, established laboratories to test and certify drugs and other medicines, identified reliable sources of supply and implemented effective contracting procedures, and increased the number of medical personnel to see to the needs of over a million men under arms.

2286:. There was further differentiation between line officers, who were members of the artillery, cavalry or infantry branches, and staff officers, who were part of the various departments and bureaus of the War Department. All line officers outranked staff officers except in cases pertaining to their staff assignment, in which they received their orders from their respective department chiefs. Regular general officers outranked Volunteer general officers of the same grade regardless of their date of commission, a feature which could have become a subject of contention. The use of 534: 2866: 6030: 2873: 2852: 4099:, and the addition of two lieutenant colonels, four majors and six lieutenants to the Corps. The battalion had no formal headquarters but fell under the command of the most senior officer present. In March 1863, when the Corps of Topographical Engineers was disbanded and its function merged with the Corps of Engineers, Congress further revised the Corps to consist of a brigadier-general as Chief Engineer, four colonels, ten lieutenant-colonels, twenty majors, thirty captains, thirty first lieutenants and ten second lieutenants. 3708:– appointed Superintendent of Army Nurses – was responsible for setting hiring guidelines and starting a training program for prospective candidates. For the women who served, nursing during the Civil War was a hazardous occupation: grueling hours spent in close proximity to deadly diseases and nearby battlefields resulted in many suffering permanent disabilities or death. Added to this were the prejudices of the male medical officers in charge who did not want them there and frequently clashed with the nurses over issues of 5384:. The department's senior leadership was unwilling to wholeheartedly embrace this technology without extensive field testing, and worried over delays from retooling manufacturing equipment and other logistical concerns that went with their adoption. Nevertheless, a limited number of these weapons were purchased and distributed to troops in the field, and trials were undertaken to determine which one would become the Army's standard rifle for general use, although these weren't completed until well after the war ended. 526: 2887: 2880: 1206:. The general staff included representatives of the other combat arms, such as a chief of artillery and chief of cavalry (the infantry being typically represented by the commanding officer) and representatives of the staff bureaus and offices. The staff department officers typically assigned to an army or military department included an assistant adjutant general, a chief quartermaster, a chief commissary of subsistence, an assistant inspector general, an ordnance officer (all with the rank of 900:, and the General-in-Chief were not clearly delineated. Additionally, the efforts of the four "supply" departments (Quartermaster, Subsistence, Ordnance & Medical) were not coordinated with each other, a condition that would last throughout the war. Although the "War Board" could provide military advice and help coordinate military policy, it was not until the appointment of Ulysses Grant as General-in-Chief was there more than the vaguest coordination of military strategy and logistics. 3058: 2905:: The sergeant major was the senior-most enlisted soldier of a regiment and was expected to serve as a model for the other enlisted personnel. Appointed by the regiment's colonel, among his responsibilities was to issue orders to the first sergeants, maintain a roster of the sergeants and corporals detailed to various tasks, and assist the regimental adjutant in his duties. If a regiment didn't have a drum major or chief musician, he also had responsibility for overseeing the musicians. 2982:: Privates carried out the basic functions of being a soldier in the Union Army. When in camp or garrison they filled in on the various work details and fatigue parties, stood guard and policed the local area. They might be assigned to extra duties such as the company cook, tailor, clerk or as orderlies. In the field they were employed in tasks commiserate with their roles as infantry, cavalry or artillery soldiers. This included being deployed as pickets, skirmishers or flankers. 2538: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2415: 2408: 2401: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2359: 5658:, and Nashville, which could become as large and busy as any general depot. However, despite these depots being responsible for thousands of soldiers and millions of dollars in supplies, many of their commanders were only captains. Congress approved in July 1864 the appointment of ten depot commanders to the rank of colonel, while other commanders either received a Volunteer commission or brevet rank of brigadier general for as long as they remained at their depot. 5849:, which had an effective range of 500 yards versus the smoothbore's 100 yards. This led to predictions the defense would have the advantage over an attacker and render such linear tactics obsolete, which many contemporaries and early historians echoed. More recently, historians have questioned this narrative and argued based on research that most combat still took place at the range of smoothbore muskets and casualty rates were little different from during the 4740:. For brigades and higher echelons of command, an ordnance officer was authorized to serve on the unit's staff with similar responsibilities. However unlike with the other supply departments, the ordnance department did not commission any Volunteer officers to this role, instead relying on ORRD officers or (at division level and below) relying on Regular officers filling the role as acting ordnance officers or combining the role with the assigned quartermaster. 11335: 4708:. It was also responsible for the procurement of horses to pull artillery until June 1861 when the Quartermaster Department took over that job. The department faced challenges during the war, particularly during the early months as it struggled to arm the vastly expanded Union Army whilst traitorous forces seized control of a number of arsenals and depots. Eventually it was able to resolve many of these challenges and succeeded in providing thousands of 708: 11345: 5671:

mistakes and other mishaps, the Union Army was rarely deprived of the supplies and services provided by the QMD. Although the scope and scale of the Civil War was beyond any prewar planning, the professional competence of the department allowed it to quickly meet every challenge. It also exploited emerging technologies like railroads and steamboats with expertise to support the Union Army like never before at a strategic and operational level.

3612: 2968:: The lowest grade of NCO, corporals would be chosen from among a company's most competent privates and given charge of various tasks and duties. They might be given charge of small parties carrying out fatigue, police or guard duties, and in the absence of the sergeant they may take on their duties. The five most distinguished corporals of a regiment would be chosen to act as the color guard and accompany the color sergeant. 5774:

work at the office of the CGS in Washington were in charge of one of the subsistence depots or purchasing offices, or assigned to the staff of one of the military departments. Although there were no enlisted personnel in the department (all commissary positions at the regimental level being fulfilled by members of the regiment), a small civilian staff of clerks and laborers was assigned to the department.

2166:. The pre-war Regular Army numbered approximately 16,400 soldiers, but by the end while the Union Army had grown to over a million soldiers, the number of Regular personnel was still approximately 21,699, of whom several were serving with Volunteer forces. Only 62,000 commissions and enlistments in total were issued for the Regular Army during the war as most new personnel preferred Volunteer service. 2715: 3078: 2911:: The quartermaster sergeant was appointed by the regimental quartermaster to assist him in carrying out his duties. This included maintaining the store of supplies and serving as foreman for various work parties. Separately, each Union cavalry company was also authorized a quartermaster sergeant who performed similar tasks but was answerable to the company commander and first sergeant. 5498:, and recover stolen government property. Originally established as an office of the AGD in September 1862, it was made an independent department in May 1863 as part of the Conscription Act of 3 March 1863. The Conscription Act also made it responsible for the administration of the draft system, with two other responsibilities added later that year: first with the management of the 611:, returned to service at the outbreak of the Civil War. This group's loyalties were far more evenly divided. Clayton R. Newell (2014) states, 92 wore Confederate gray and 102 put on the blue of the United States Army. Hattaway and Jones (1983), John and David Eicher (2001), and Jennifer M. Murray (2012), state that 99 joined the Confederate Army and 114 returned to the Union forces. 1227:

principals between Regular and Volunteer units, and even simple misnaming all played a role. Thus for example, comparing two infantry regiments at their full authorized strength one might have twice as many soldiers as the other. Furthermore, even when units were of equivalent size, their actual effectiveness depended greatly on training, leadership, equipment and other factors.

4612:; and the thousands of regimental surgeons and assistant surgeons appointed to the Volunteer regiments by their respective state governors. Thousands more civilians were employed by the AMD as nurses, clerks, hospital attendants, laborers, etc. The AMD was further augmented by a number of private and semi-official philanthropic organizations, foremost among which was the 5793:

million in foodstuff and miscellaneous subsistence items from July 1, 1861, to June 30, 1865. The vast quantities of items managed by the department included over 504 million pounds of hardtack, 223 million pounds of bacon, 200 million pounds of brown sugar, 106 million pounds of fresh beef, 64 million pounds of roasted coffee and more than 322,000 live beef cattle.

2626:: A brigadier general was typically in command of a brigade, but like major generals it was not uncommon for them to command larger units. They were responsible for the organization and administration of their command, particularly when operating independently. As with major generals they were also allowed a personal staff of two aides-de-camp of lieutenant grade. 2632:: A colonel was the commanding officer of a regiment, though they might also be assigned the commanding officer of larger units or expeditions. They oversaw the recruitment, organization and training of their regiment; conducted parades, reviews and inspections; and managed the administration of the unit, ensuring that soldiers were clothed, fed, armed and paid. 4194:

company of engineers for the Topographical Engineers to be modeled after the Corps of Engineers. However this company was never formed, and the actual size of the Corps shrank as a number retired, died, defected to the Confederacy or became general officers of the Volunteers, until eventually the remaining officers were absorbed by the Corps of Engineers.

3704:. However, there was strong resistance against these efforts at first. Societal prejudices saw women as too delicate and the job too unsuitable for women of social rank, particularly at the thought of unmarried women surrounded by thousands of men in close quarters. Nevertheless, Congress eventually approved for women to serve as nurses, to which 3559:. When the Civil War began, many freedmen in the North attempted to enlist in federal service but were barred from doing so. Popularly-held prejudices doubted whether Black people could be effective soldiers, and President Lincoln believed allowing their enlistment would anger Northern whites and alienate not just the South but the 2211:. As one Volunteer put it, "For two years the U.S. Regulars taught us how to be soldiers in the Wheatfield at Gettysburg, they taught us how to die like soldiers." The Regulars became the standard by which the Volunteers were measured, and to be described as being as good or better than them was considered the highest compliment. 2932:: The first sergeant was the senior NCO of a company and appointed by the captain to serve as its immediate supervisor. Among his duties were taking roll call, arresting and confining soldiers for offenses committed, and overseeing the company stores (assisted by the company commissary and/or quartermaster sergeants if present). 2185:. This attitude remained unchanged during the Civil War, and afterwards many would attribute the Union's victory to the Volunteers rather than the leadership and staff work provided by the Regular Army. In return, officers of the Regular Army despised the militia and saw them as having dubious value. Commentators such as 5881:

through to attack the next position; if they became bogged down or forced to retreat, the next line would pass through to continue the attack. More likely, the attackers stopped within 100 yards of the enemy and begin exchanging fire with them until using up their ammunition and either be driven off or press home with a

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office was established. Congress eventually determined that each geographical department, army, corps, division and brigade would also be assigned an IG or assistant IG, however these positions were to be filled by Regular or Volunteer officers detailed from line units of the Army or from the other staff departments.

2921:: Regimental hospital stewards were responsible for the care of sick and wounded soldiers and their transportation to a general hospital, along with overseeing of any hospital property and medicines. Appointed by the colonel on the advice of the regiment's senior surgeon, they could direct any musicians (and later any 4724:, often placed in supervisory roles including command of some depots and arsenals; and four hundred enlisted men, most of whom were employed as technicians at the armories and arsenals. Hundreds of civilians were also employed, not only as clerks and laborers but also technicians and supervisors. There were also 4668:, another old soldier who was characterized by contemporaries as "utterly ossified and useless". Finley was slow to act, failed to reform the AMD to address the needs of the war, and particularly opposed to the use of female nurses. He was forced to retire by Secretary Stanton in April 1862 and replaced with 5743:. Myer was appointed to the rank of major and to lead the Signal Corps (albeit as its only officer) effective June 27, 1860. During the early years of the Civil War the Signal Corps did not have any personnel other than Myer appointed to it. Instead, officers and enlisted men were sent from other units to 4572:. However this number was barely adequate to meet the needs of the army in peacetime, and in May 1861 an additional ten surgeons and twenty assistant surgeons were added to cover the new Regular Army regiments being raised. Later that year in August, Congress authorized the appointment of fifty medical 5805:. Gibson, who at eighty-six was the older serving officer in the Army, had been in this position since the department was first created in April 1818 and as such was responsible for establishing its procurement and distribution methods. When he died on September 29, 1861, he was succeeded by his deputy, 4744:

expanded. By the middle of the war, the largest arsenals employed between one and two thousand civilians each. A substantial number of these employees were women and children, partly because they could be paid less than adult male workers, their small hands were thought to be better suited to assembling

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payments on contracts and other obligations incurred by the Army as those were handled by the respective department. Payments to officers and soldiers was supposed to be made on a bi-monthly basis, although circumstances might see these delayed significantly (as much as by eight months in some cases).

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Kautz, A. V. (1864). Customs of Service for Non-commissioned Officers and Soldiers, as Derived from Law and Regulations, and Practised in the Army of the United States: Being a Handbook for the Rank and File of the Army, Showing what are the Rights and Duties, how to Obtain the Former and Perform the

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and forwarded to the supervising paymaster of a given "pay district" or field headquarters. These funds were then distributed under armed guard to the officers and soldiers within the pay district. Pay districts generally coincided with the boundaries of military divisions, departments and districts,

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The ORDD maintained a number of arsenals, armories and depots, where the majority of the Army's arms, ammunition and other ordnance-related supplies were manufactured and/or stored. A number were seized before or at the war's outbreak, but more were created after fighting began and existing ones were

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In March 1865 the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was created by Congress with a mandate to see to the needs of all Black freedmen and white refugees, and the management of all lands within the rebel states which had been abandoned or otherwise come into the possession of the United

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and, for the first time, collecting all precedents, decisions and opinions which had become US military law into a single digest and publishing it in early 1865. One of the most controversial issues associated with the bureau was the use of military commissions to try civilians, an issue which would

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The responsibilities and functions of the Adjutant General's Department (AGD) were many and varied during the course of the Civil War, but principle among them was handling military correspondence between the President, Secretary of War and General-in-Chief, and the rest of the Army. Other functions

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or helped the wounded back to a field hospital. A related (and sometimes conflated) role was that of "daughter of the regiment". Often literally a daughter of one of the regimental officers, these women looked to the soldiers' well-being but also served as their regiment's "mascot" who inspired the

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NCOs in the Volunteer forces were quite different from their Regular counterparts as the war began. Appointed to their role as each regiment was created, they were often on a first-name basis with both their superior officers and the enlisted men they were tasked to lead. Discipline among friends and

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and brevet second. The last grade, limited to one per company, was given to West Point graduates and others worthy of the promotion but for whom there was no vacancy. Regardless of grade, lieutenants acted as assistants to the captain, and in his absence the senior-most lieutenant took command. Among

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Officer appointments depended on the commission grade and whether it was in the Regular or Volunteer forces. The President reserved the right to issue commission for all Regular officers and for general officers in the Volunteer forces. Volunteer field and company-grade officers could be commissioned

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The authorized strength of the department at the war's start was a Commissary General of Subsistence (CGS) with the rank of colonel, an assistant CGS with the rank of lieutenant colonel, and ten commissaries of subsistence (CS), two with the rank of major and the rest captains. Those not assigned to

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Of the $ 1.8 billion spent by the Federal government during the war, over a billion of that was distributed by the Quartermaster Department. Among the staggering number of supplies and services acquired by the QMD include approximately a million horses and half a million mules; the movement by rail

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The Quartermaster's Department (QMD) was the most important and extensive department of the Union Army, not least because it provided transportation services to the entire Army, including the other supply departments. The QMD was responsible for the procurement, storage and distribution of supplies

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In the aggregate, the PMGB was successful in the enrollment and maintenance of sufficient manpower for the Union Army. Over one million men were brought into the Union Army at a cost of $ 9.84 per man (versus $ 34.01 per man prior to the bureau's formation) and the arrest and return to duty of over

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Initially consisting of a single officer, the provost marshal general (PMG) himself, eventually the bureau was authorized fourteen additional officers split between several branches. However, a mix of officers from the Regulars, Volunteers, and Invalid Corps were also detailed to the PMGB to fulfill

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The rapid increase in the size of the Army presented a significant challenge to the Pay Department, as the number of soldiers needed to be paid was over fifty times greater than the pre-war size. This was particularly the case for sick and wounded soldiers who were separated from their units and so

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The inspectorate faced many challenges during the Civil War, including hostility and lack of cooperation from some commanders and the mixed performance of some IGs in the field. Despite these issues it was able to successfully meet the challenges of the war overall, particularly with bringing under

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assets) to assist in carrying out these duties. Hospital stewards assigned to general hospitals acted as supervisors to the rest of the hospital staff (except for the doctors). A single steward was considered sufficient for a 150-bed hospital, while a 500-bed hospital would require three stewards: a

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An organization that covered a defined region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein and for the field armies within their borders. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied. It was more common to name departments for rivers (such as

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Callan, J. F. (1864). The Military Laws of the United States, Relating to the Army, Volunteers, Militia, and to Bounty Lands and Pensions, from the Foundation of the Government to 4 July 1864: To which are Prefixed the Constitution of the United States (with an Index Thereto,) and a Synopsis of the

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In 1861 and 1862, the war was going badly for the Union Army and there were, by some counts, 180,000 desertions. In 1863 and 1864, the bitterest two years of the war, the Union Army suffered over 200 desertions every day, for a total of 150,000 desertions during those two years. This puts the total

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The QMD at the start of the war consisted of just thirty-seven officers, seven military storekeepers, and thirteen civilian clerks at the office of the Quartermaster-General (QMG), a situation which was considered understaffed even for peacetime requirements. Within a month of the conflict's start,

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When originally created as an office of the AGD, Colonel Simeon Draper was named the Provost Marshal General, which he held from October 1862 to March 1863. However, the PMGB did not live up to expectations under Draper's leadership. When it was made an independent department he was replaced with

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The chaotic aftermath of the first Battle of Bull Run – no coordination between field hospitals and casualty evacuation, regimental surgeons refusing to treat soldiers from other units, and the few ambulance drivers robbing their charges or fleeing – exemplified the inadequacies of pre-war planning

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in February 1865. Other responsibilities assumed during the war included care for disabled veterans and their families, prisoners of war, refugees and freed slaves; maintaining medical records of the dead and wounded; and preparing a medical and surgical history of the war. The AMD started out the

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The Topographical Engineers numbered forty-five officers before the Civil War. In August 1861 an additional two lieutenant colonels, four majors and six lieutenants were authorized by Congress. There were no enlisted men in the Corps, although when the Corps was expanded Congress also authorized a

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In spite of the rapid increase of the Army at the start presenting numerous challenges and being perpetually understaffed throughout the war, the AGD appears to have handled its responsibilities competently and with little disruption. The AGD also had fewer conflicts with field commanders compared

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Union soldier spoke to a slave woman whose husband was whipped, and was appalled by what she had to tell him of slavery. He stated that "I thought I had hated slavery as much as possible before I came here, but here, where I can see some of its workings, I am more than ever convinced of the cruelty

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in particular were vital in this role as general guides and their selection ideally reserved for the most distinguished soldiers. NCOs were also charged with training individuals in how to be soldiers. While the captain or other company-level officers were responsible for training the soldiers when

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on the active list; of these, 296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were then civilians, 400 returned to the U.S. Army and 99 to the Confederacy. The ratio of U.S. Army to Confederate professional officers was

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Lincoln's call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. It turned out that the war itself proved to be much longer and far more extensive in scope and scale than anyone on either side, Union North or Confederate South, expected or even

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The success of the Subsistence Department in meeting the challenges of the war was noted by Secretary Stanton, who observed in 1865 that no operation conducted by the Union Army failed on account of the department being unable to meet its obligations. In total, the department purchased over $ 361

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To meet the needs of feeding the rapidly-expanding Union Army, Congress authorized a CS with the rank of captain to be assigned to each brigade in July 1861, and in August 1861 the department was expanded with twelve additional officers, four majors and eight captains. A year later when army corps

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the acting Surgeon General. When Hammond was arrested, court-martialed and dismissed in August 1864, Barnes was promoted to fill his position. Barnes remained the Surgeon General until after the war's end and succeeded in continuing Hammond's reforms by maintaining an excellent relationship with

4651:

was not well understood and the average soldier made due with an inadequate diet for maintaining their health. The AMD's reliance on the Quartermaster and Subsistence departments for transportation and rations respectively left these subject to interdepartmental rivalry until late in the war, and

4583:

In April 1862, Congress authorized a substantial reorganization of the AMD. Beyond promoting the surgeon general to brigadier general and adding additional staff, one of the most controversial was the introduction of medical inspectors, as a number of these were appointed by Secretary Stanton for

4251:

In August 1861, Congress authorized an increase of two additional IGs with the rank of colonel and five assistant IGs with the rank of major from among the Regular Army. This number stayed the same throughout the entire war, with the addition of a small civilian clerical staff once the Washington

4189:

were instrumental in the westward expansion of the United States. During the war, the civilian nature of the Corps' mission was largely suspended and it undertook the role of reconnaissance, construction of defensive works and supplying maps to the Army. In these conditions drawing a distinction

3964:

To meet the demands of a vastly larger army, Congress authorized in July 1862 the appointment of a JAG with the rank of colonel and for President Lincoln to appoint a judge advocate of Volunteers with the rank of major for each army in the field. These judge advocates were to advise commanders on

8243:

Rioters were mostly Irish Catholic immigrants and their children. They mainly attacked the members of New York's small black population. For a year, Democratic leaders had been telling their Irish-American constituents that the wicked 'Black Republicans' were waging the war to free the slaves who

5769:

and related items in a timely manner. It was the smallest of the four supply departments, and even as the army grew to encompass over a million soldiers the department itself barely expanded in size. Yet it was able to meet its mission to such an extent that President Lincoln once remarked to an

5756:

led Secretary Stanton to replace Myer with Maj. William Nicodemus in November of that year. After an inadvertent release of confidential information, Nicodemus was in turn replaced by Colonel Bejamin Fisher, who would remain the Corps' commander until the end of the war. The Signal Corps proved

5670:

worth $ 10,000 that made them personally liable for their supplies. The exception to this was when the supplies were destroyed due to natural causes or to prevent them falling into enemy hands, a situation which perversely caused celebration among some quartermasters. While there were inevitably

5444:

As originally organized the Pay Department was headed by a paymaster general with the rank of colonel, two deputy paymasters general with the rank of lieutenant colonel, and twenty-five paymasters with the rank of major. There were also a small number of civilian clerks, but no enlisted personnel

5440:

The Pay Department had the responsibility of accounting for, maintaining records regarding, and disbursing of funds for payment to Army personnel, including allowances and bounties, as well as settling claims against the government related to pay and allowances. It was not however responsible for

5387:

After the war ORDD came under harsh criticisms, particularly over their conservatism in regards to new technology. However it did meet the challenge of equipping the Union Army with many modern weapons and other materiel. From the beginning of the war to the end, Federal arsenals produced 7,892

5364:

before the war, when he ordered the transfer of large numbers of arms from Northern to Southern arsenals and the sale of Federal arms to various Southern states. When the Southern states did seize the arsenals within their territory, in addition to the gun-making equipment at Harper's Ferry they

4731:

Even in peacetime the size of the ORDD was insufficient, as fifty-six officers alone would've been required to bring the arsenals to their full authorized strength, and it proved inadequate once the war began. In August 1861 Congress increased the authorized number of officers to forty-five: the

4607:

Added to the relatively small number of Regular Army medical personnel were a further 546 surgeons and assistant surgeons of US Volunteers, appointed by the president to supplement Regular Army personnel in staff positions; another 5,532 civilian doctors employed under contract (mainly in general

4603:

in general hospitals, medical purveyors who ran medical supply depots and laboratories, or as the medical director of a division, corps, field army or military department. Medical directors oversaw the operation of field hospitals and the associate medical personnel, field sanitation and medical

3594:

Even as they served their country, Black soldiers were subject to discrimination. They were more often assigned to menial labor. Some Union officers refused to employ them in combat, but when they were they often had to use inferior weapons and equipment. Black soldiers were paid less than white

2973:

Artillery corporals acted as gunners and would assist the Chief of Piece in maintaining and aiming the cannon. As with sergeants, corporals of the Ordnance Department were employed at its various facilities. Their formal titles were armorer, carriage-maker or blacksmith until revised later in the

5425:

took over as Chief of Ordnance and served out the remainder of the war heading the department. While resistant to the lobbyists like his predecessors, Dyer was a more enthusiastic proponent of breech-loading and repeating rifles. He was also more bureaucratically adept and able to remain on good

4197:

The most important role played by the Topographical Engineers, even after their merger with the regular Corps, was providing desperately-needed maps to Army commanders. Each field army headquarters established their own topographical departments under the supervision of engineer officers, which

3113:

immigrants arrived during the same period. Immigrant soldiers were among the most enthusiastic in the Union Army, not only from a desire to help save their adoptive home but to prove their patriotism towards it. To help cement immigrant enthusiasm and loyalty to the Union, several generals were

5594:

Officers of the QMD were assigned as commanders of the various quartermaster depots or to the staff of various field units (with the exception of regiments, whose quartermaster personnel were selected from among its own officers and NCOs). Depot commanders were responsible for the acquisition,

1226:

being the basis of recruitment, training and maneuvering. However, for a variety of reasons there could be vast differences in the number of actual soldiers organized even into units of the same type. Changes in how units were structured during the course of the war, contrasts in organizational

5880:

would advance on the enemy at a walking pace until the first line got to within 200 yards or less, whereupon (ideally) they broke into a charge to overrun the enemy's position, stopping only once to fire a volley. If successful the first line would regroup in place as the succeeding lines pass

5661:

In the early months of the conflict, the QMD struggled to clothe, equip and transport the rapidly-growing Union Army, especially as fraud, war profiteering and political interference was rampant. Under the able leadership of Quartermaster-General Meigs and legislation passed by Congress, this

3044:

harbored pro-Union sentiment as well. As many as 100,000 men living in states under Confederate control would serve in the Union Army or pro-Union guerilla groups. Although Southern Unionists came from all classes, most differed socially, culturally, and economically from the region's dominant

5781:

The need to fill CS positions among the field units primarily came from Volunteer officers or Regular officers detailed to the duty, and by the end of the war there were 535 commissaries of subsistence of Volunteers, bringing the total complement of officers in the department to 564. Although

517:; 25% of the white men who served were immigrants, and a further 18% were second-generation Americans. Of these soldiers, 596,670 were killed, wounded or went missing. The initial call-up was for just three months, after which many of these men chose to reenlist for an additional three years. 5479:

was appointed in his place and finished out the war as Paymaster General. Both Andrews and Brice argued that the position of Paymaster General should made a brigadier general and the number and rank of subordinate paymasters similarly increased, commensurate with the type of expansion other

3093:

Native-born White Americans made up roughly two-thirds of the soldiers in the Union Army, with the rest of many different ethnic groups, including large numbers of immigrants. About 25% of the white men who served in the Union Army were foreign-born. The U.S. experienced its heaviest rate of

2298:

common in the United States. While many of these officers were West Point graduates or had prior military experience, others had none, nor was military leadership a primary consideration in such appointments. Such a policy inevitably resulted in the promotion of inept officers over more able

6017:

by workers firing two Gatling guns. The principal victims of the rioting were African Americans and activists in the anti-slavery movement. Not until victory was achieved at Gettysburg could the Union Army be sent in; some units had to open fire to quell the violence and stop the rioters.

5956:. If the firefight did not achieve success, the dismounted portion could clear any obstacles to allow the mounted portion to charge with revolvers and sabers, and if not successful the force could remount and use their mobility to attack from another direction. In this way an enemy could be 5411:

was the Chief of Ordnance when the Civil War began, having served in that position since 1851. Craig received much of the blame for the poor state of affairs at the time, and angered many special interests by resisting the purchase of new and untested weapons in favor of increasing arsenal

2914:

Commissary Sergeant: Appointed by the regimental commissary, the commissary sergeant was responsible for assisting him in requisitioning and issuing rations to the regiment. Union cavalry companies and some artillery companies were also authorized a commissary sergeant to perform similar

4604:

supply within their command. However, there was no statutory basis for their assignment, and it wasn't until February 1865 when Congress bowed to pressure and provided for officers serving in these capacities to receive rank, pay and emoluments appropriate to their responsibilities.

8244:

would come north and take away the jobs of Irish workers. The use of black stevedores as scabs in a recent strike by Irish dockworkers made this charge seem plausible. The prospect of being drafted to fight to free the slaves made the Irish even more receptive to demogogic rhetoric.

5650:. New York, Philadelphia, and Washington were the primary depots supporting Union armies in the eastern theater, with Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Louisville the primary support depots in the western theater. Many advanced and temporary depots were established as needed, including at 3936:

had existed in the US Army since its founding, consisting at the start of the Civil War of a single officer with the rank of major and small civilian clerical staff in Washington. It was not until after the war began however that Congress formally authorized the appointment of a

4652:

personal conflict between military commanders and their supporting medical personnel could lead to problematic health outcomes. Despite these faults, AMD personnel did their best to alleviate the suffering of their fellow soldiers and laid the groundwork for future improvement.

4001:

was formally appointed as JAG. Holt played an important parts in helping to expanding the office of the JAG and oversaw some of the most important and sensitive trials of the war. However Holt also made many enemies while JAG and was severely criticized for his handling of the

4102:

The US Engineer Battalion served ably as part of the Army of the Potomac, but on its own was insufficient to see to the Army's need for engineers throughout the different theaters of war. A small number of Volunteer engineer regiments were formed during the war, including the

4021:

States. It consisted of a commissioner as head of the bureau, an assistant commissioner for each of the rebel states, and a small staff of one chief and nine other clerks. Additionally, any military officer could be assigned to duty on behalf of the bureau. Major General

3629:

Women took on many significant roles in the Union Army and were important to its ultimate success on the battlefield. The most direct way they could help was to enlist and fight as soldiers, although women were officially barred from doing so. Nevertheless, it is believed

3295:

The Confederate Army was less diverse: 91% of its soldiers were native-born white men and only 9% were foreign-born white men, with Irish being the largest group, other groups included Germans, French, British, and Mexicans. Most Mexicans happened to have been born when the

699:, but they produced fewer officers. Though officers were able to resign, enlisted soldiers did not have this right. As they usually had to either desert or wait until their enlistment term was over in order to join the Confederate States Army; their total number is unknown. 1210:) and a medical director. The actual number of personnel assigned to an army's headquarters could be quite large: at Gettysburg the headquarters of General Meade (excluding engineers, the artillery reserve and the headquarters of each corps) was no less than 3,486 strong. 3502:, commanded the 4th New York Cavalry and would rise to become one of the highest ranking Italian officer in the Union Army. He established a military school in New York City where many young Italians were trained and later served in the Union army. Di Cesnola received the 2294:

by either the president or their respective governor. Company officers were also unique in that they were usually elected by members of their company. The political appointment and/or election of Volunteer officers was part of a long-standing militia tradition and of a

663:

would also fight for the Union Army. An estimated 100,000 white soldiers from states within the Confederacy served in Union Army units. Between April 1861 and April 1865, at least 2,128,948 men served in the United States Army, of whom the majority were volunteers.

5700:

was appointed and took up his new duties on June 13, 1861. Considered one of the most effective leaders to serve in the Union Army, Meigs oversaw the expansion of the QMD to meet the demands of the war and continued to lead it well after its end. Meigs was also a

5502:

in April, and then the recruitment of white volunteers in May. Intended only as temporary organization for the duration of the war the PMGB was effectively terminated in August 1866, whereupon all records, funds and responsibilities were transferred to the AGD.

3634:

disguised themselves as men in order to enlist. While many were discovered and forced to quit, others were only found out after they were killed in combat, and a number managed to serve throughout the entire war with their true identity successfully concealed.

5931:

would attempt to knock out the enemy's artillery while skirmishers harassed the attacker as they advanced. Once within range, the defending infantry attempted to drive off the enemy with superior firepower or, if timed right, a counter-charge of their own.

3595:

soldiers ($ 10 vs $ 16 per month) until Congress yielded to public pressure and approved equal pay in June 1864. Black units were led predominantly by white officers, and while more than a hundred Black men were eventually made officers (not counting those

5979:

was a major problem for both sides. The daily hardships of war, forced marches, thirst, suffocating heat, disease, delay in pay, solicitude for family, impatience at the monotony and futility of inactive service, panic on the eve of battle, the sense of

5450:

which as the Army grew the number and size of pay districts grew likewise. This required the appointment of more paymasters during the course of the war and an increase in the number of civilian clerks, the latter of which reached a peak of 155 by 1864.

4095:) and sixty-four second-class privates (laborers). In August 1861 Congress authorized the formation of three more companies to be organized the same as Engineer Company A, with all four organized into a single battalion (the US Engineer Battalion, later 5470:

served as Paymaster General but was in poor health. He was temporarily relieved of duty in July 1862 due to illness and would die a few months later. From July until December of that year, Major Cary H. Fry served as the acting Paymaster General, when

4735:

In the field, each regiment was authorized an ordnance officer (to be chosen from among the unit's lieutenants) who, assisted by an ordnance sergeant, saw to the requisition and issuing of arms to the troops and management of the regimental ammunition

4584:"political" purposes. Charged with supervising all aspects of sanitary conditions within the Army, their purview included the inspection of quarters, camps, hospitals and transports; their duties were later expanded to include issuing certificates of 2789:

were carried out when deemed necessary. The promotion of soldiers to NCOs (and NCOs to officers) was also increasingly based on battlefield performance, although each state maintained their own standards for when and where promotions could be granted.

2666:: A captain was the commanding officer of a company and saw to its administration. This included selecting (with the colonel's approval) and training non-commissioned officers, issuing punishments and conducting courts martial, and maintaining company 5421:, was more open to the new weaponry but did not have the confidence of Secretary Stanton, who inserted Captain George T Balch into Ramsay's headquarters to "call the shots". Ramsay endured this situation until forced to retire on September 12, 1864. 3973:

During the war the JAG and his subordinates were able to satisfactorily handle the increased volume and complexity of legal matters that came with the exponential growth of the Army. Among their most important accomplishments was the creation of the

3536: 5416:

on April 23, 1861. However Ripley was similarly resistant to these same private contractors and their Congressional backers, particularly with adopting breech-loading rifles, and so was forced to retire on September 15, 1863. His replacement,

984:

The fighting force that was usually, but not always, assigned to a District or Department but could operate over wider areas. An army could contain between one and eight corps, with an average of three. Some of the most prominent armies were:

6747: 4119:

or laying small bridges, did not require the specialized skills of engineers, which were required for complex endeavors like constructing pontoon bridges or forts. Union armies typically detailed soldiers to form company-sized detachments of

5359:

The ORDD faced an immediate crisis when the war began as it was suddenly responsible for arming the rapidly-expanding number of troops being brought into Federal service. This job was made more difficult by actions taken by Secretary of War

5683:

of corn, 78 million of oat, 1.5 million tons of hay and 21,000 tons of straw and other fodder; more than $ 23 million for the rental, construction and maintenance of Army property; and over 51,000 standard Army wagons and 5,300 ambulances.

3570:

Before they were allowed to enlist, many Black people volunteered their services to the Union Army as cooks, nurses, and in other informal roles, and several Volunteer regiments of Black troops were raised by the states. These included the

3658:. Many were the wives or other female relatives of the soldiers themselves who saw to their personal needs and (if time allowed) looked to the well-being of other soldiers. A somewhat more formal role for some camp followers was that of 4080:. The Corps also exerted an influence beyond its small size as many of the Union's most prominent officers, including McClellan and Meade, were themselves trained as engineers and used their knowledge to influence the outcome of battles. 2955:

Sergeants in the artillery branch commanded individual cannons as the Chief of Piece and were responsible for keeping it maintained and directing its use in battle. Sergeants of the Ordnance Department (distinct from the separate rank of

5400:; more than 4 million small arms with over a billion rounds of small arms ammunition; over 13,000 tons of gunpowder and 45,000 tons of lead; and nearly 3 million complete sets of infantry and cavalry accoutrements and horse equipment. 802:

The gap from March 11 to July 23, 1862, was filled with direct control of the army by President Lincoln and Secretary Stanton, with the help of an unofficial "War Board" that was established on March 17, 1862. The board consisted of

2770:

or foreign military service) many at the start of the war were as equally ignorant as their officers in military matters. Training for these NCOs took place during off-duty hours and often involved lessons based on manuals such as

6003:, rioting began in several Northern cities, the most heavily hit being New York City. A mob reported as consisting principally of Irish immigrants rioted in the summer of 1863, with the worst violence occurring in July during the 5747:

to learn his system and in turn teach others. Myer continued to campaign for a more formal and permanent Signal Corps, which was finally granted by Congress on March 3, 1863. However, a dispute between the Signal Corps and the

1195:. Typically, the Department or District commander also had field command of the army of the same name, but some conflicts within the ranks occurred when this was not true, particularly when an army crossed a geographic boundary. 4676:

and promoting competent young men to positions of authority. His strong independent streak also earned the enmity of Secretary Stanton, who in September 1863 sent him on an extended tour of the western theater and made Colonel

3909:

resigned the join the Confederacy. While Thomas served as the AG throughout the entirety of the war, he eventually ran afoul of Secretary Stanton, who reassigned him to the job of recruiting soldiers for black regiments in the

5939:

were rarely used in actual battle in the first years of the war, instead being parceled out on scouting and raiding missions and often at a disadvantage against their Confederate counterparts. Under energetic commanders like

4322:

soldiers off the battlefield or constructing hospitals were handled were handled by other departments, though later in the war the AMD assumed many of these roles. In March 1864 it was placed in charge of casualty evacuation

2638:: A lieutenant colonel was the senior assistant to their regiment's colonel in carrying out his duties and taking command in his absence. When the regiment was split among several posts, the lieutenant colonel would command a 4112: 3858:. During the war, some of the department's responsibilities and functions were spun off to new offices while new ones were added. The recruitment of new white Volunteers and draftees, and the suppression and punishment of 5559:. Other assumed responsibilities included the acquisition, construction and maintenance of various military structures such as barracks, hospitals, wharves, storehouses, etc.; the charter, purchase and maintenance of all 3969:

function, and authorized the JAG to head it as a brigadier general alongside an assistant JAG with the rank of colonel. With these authorizations came a small increase in the size of the clerical staff assisting the JAG.

4272:, the junior IG. Churchill however took leave in April 1861 on account of his health and formally retired in September that year, while Mansfield was promoted to major-general and left to command troops in May. Colonel 3965:

legal issues, prosecute offenses, and review and maintain the records of courts-martial and other proceedings in the field. A year later, Congress legislated the creation of the Bureau of Military Justice, gave it an

5782:

educating them in the principles of their duty was a constant problem, it was a minor one eventually fixed with time and experience, and those who could not meet the standards of the department were relieved of duty.

4115:. However, in many cases engineering work was carried out by line soldiers under the supervision of officers with engineering backgrounds, if any were available. Most types of engineering work, such as digging simple 4226:. Colonel Abert had been responsible for lobbying Congress to make the Corps an independent branch of War Department and was appointed to lead his creation in 1838. He retired in September 1861 and was replaced by 2601:

allowed for its creation. A single lieutenant general was authorized to serve as the commander of all the field armies and geographic departments of the United States, under the direction and at the pleasure of the

4748:, and women were believed to be more safety-oriented. Their line of work was dangerous for obvious reasons, and a number died in accidental explosions during the war. In the single-worst accident of the war, the 4719:

When the Civil War began the Ordnance Department was commanded by a Chief of Ordnance and authorized forty officers, many in command of the Army's arsenals and depots; fifteen ORDD military storekeepers; seventy

2299:

commanders. As the war dragged on and casualties mounted, governors reacted to their constituents' complaints and instead began to issue commissions on the basis of battlefield rather than political competence.

3003:. In the Corps of Engineers, Ordnance Department, and Signal Corps, privates were further differentiated as first class or second class. First class Engineer and Ordnance privates were formerly referred to as 3893:

to some of the other departments, partly because its authority was well-established and issued few controversial orders itself, and it was less affected by matters of procurement and emerging technologies.

4043:

The Corps of Engineers was a small part of the Army prior to the Civil War but played an important role not only in the conflict but for the nation as a whole. The Corps was responsible for running the

3867: 1790: 5675:

of over 1.2 million troops; 590 ocean-going vessels under charter or owned outright providing over 190,000 tons of shipping, with another 599 riverine vessels; over 1.6 million tons of coal and 500,000

6771:

Kautz, A. V. (1866). Customs of Service for Officers of the Army: As Derived from Law and Regulations and Practiced in the United States Army. United States: J.B. Lippincott & Company. p. 378–380

5919:

could be constructed thanks to the widespread use of Black laborers. If field fortifications were not available, the main defensive line would be formed around a strong terrain feature (stone wall,

6283:

After the end of the American Civil War, Grant remained Commanding General of the United States Army until March 4, 1869 when he resigned to be sworn in as eighteenth President of the United States.

2302:

Officers tended to suffer a higher percentage of battle wounds on account of either the necessity of leading their units into combat and their conspicuousness when accompanied by staff and escorts.

1770: 5458:. In the four years and four months of the Civil War, the Pay Department disbursed $ 1,029,239,000 of which $ 541,000 was lost due to embezzlements and other causes, at an expense of $ 6,429,600. 4284:, by which point however his association with McClellan had soured Marcy's relationship with Secretary Stanton, who sent him on inspection tours of various geographical departments. Instead, the 1733: 5984:, the lack of confidence in commanders, and the discouragement of defeat (especially early on for the Union Army), all tended to lower the morale of the Union Army and to increase desertion. 4588:

for reasons of disability. Congress also gave the surgeon general the authority to hire as many hospital stewards as necessary, and a month later they authorized the addition of six trained

1422: 2987:

Soldiers could also be employed in special duties that were not strictly military in nature: mechanics and laborers, hospital attendants and cooks, regimental armorers, officers' servants,

1709: 5368:

A more persistent issue faced by ORDD were efforts by members of Congress, the general public, and even President Lincoln to get them to adopt many new military technologies, particularly

1338:

Actual size would vary as attrition reduced the regiment down to several hundred soldiers or fewer. Artillery regiments consisted of twelve batteries but were purely administrative units.

4310:

The Army Medical Department (AMD) was rivaled only by the Quartermaster's Department in the scope and complexity of its responsibilities: caring for sick and wounded soldiers, operating

2689:

their various duties they might be assigned to take the daily roll-call, conduct inspections of the troops, and assist with recordkeeping; oversee the posting of guards when in camp or

1780: 2426: 4064:

including building canals, bridges and similar projects. This focus on civil works did prevent the Corps from devoting its entire effort to the war though. Corps personnel acted as

1801: 1718: 4244:

At the start of the Civil War, there was technically no Inspector General's Department, with neither a set of operating practices or centralized direction. Instead there were two

680:, who initially was offered the assignment as commander of a field army to suppress the rebellion. Lee disapproved of secession, but refused to bear arms against his native state, 10993: 1852: 1501: 5948:

charging enemy infantry, a cavalry force would leave a portion of its troopers mounted while the rest dismounted to engage the enemy in a firefight. The widespread employment of

4190:

between the two corps became increasingly impractical, until in March 1863 the Corps of Topographical Engineers was disbanded and its mission taken up by the Corps of Engineers.

11312: 11139: 8854: 3527: 1623: 7433:

American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection : The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. (2013). United States: ABC-CLIO. p. 10-12, 14–15

2189:

would later argue that the reliance on militia for the nation's defense was responsible for prolonging conflicts and making them more expensive in both money and lives spent.

1832: 1749: 1702: 1671: 1666: 1512: 1427: 1417: 659:, who were also quick to volunteer. As more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Many 4664:, who at 97 years was on his deathbed and his duties were being carried out Major Robert C. Wood, one of his assistants. When he passed in May 1861 Lawson was succeeded by 1619: 1602: 6018:

Casualties were estimated as up to 1,000 killed or wounded. There were a few small scale draft riots in rural areas of the Midwest and in the coal regions of Pennsylvania.

4280:, father-in-law to George McClellan, in the same month. Serving as the chief of staff to McClellan, Marcy did not formally take up his duties as senior IG until after the 6680:

Staff Ride Handbook for the Battle of Perryville, 8 October 1862. (2005). Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, US Army Command and General Staff College. p. 3–6

4083:

Prior to the war, the Corps of Engineers consisted of just forty-eight officers and a single company of 150 engineer troops. Engineer Company A was first created for the

1837: 1821: 1687: 1550: 7828:

Beers, H. P., Munden, K. W. (1998). The Union: A Guide to Federal Archives Relating to the Civil War. Washington: National Archives and Records Administration. p. 284-287

3591:. Their efforts helped to dispel the notion that Black soldiers were a liability, allowing about 200,000 Black soldiers to serve in the Union Army during the Civil War. 1570: 4230:, who remained in the position until the Corps was disbanded. Thereafter he continued to serve in the Corps of Engineers as the senior officer to the Chief Engineer. 1816: 1811: 1555: 3961:; reviewing the records of courts-martial, military commissions and inquiries; and asserting the jurisdiction of military commissions over civilians in times of war. 4239: 1847: 1759: 1486: 839: 5454:

harder to located. However while payments were occasionally delayed, it never got to the point where soldiers felt compelled to mutiny as had been done during the

1785: 1775: 1692: 1661: 1607: 1597: 3825:

views of Union soldiers, who were appalled by its brutality. He stated that "Experience in the South reinforced the antislavery sentiments of many soldiers." One

2974:

war. Likewise, corporals in the Corps of Engineers were also required to be knowledgeable in practical military engineering in addition to their soldierly skills.

10822: 5809:. Taylor oversaw the department's expansion during the most eventful years of its history and served until his death on June 29, 1864. The senior assistant CGS 4025:

was appointed to head the bureau at its creation and lead it throughout its lifetime. While the Freedmen's Bureau was the center of much controversy during the

3812: 3789: 3563:

too. However he eventually changed his mind and persuaded Congress to authorize the first official Black enlistment system in late 1862, which evolved into the

1884: 1612: 1565: 10277: 10272: 7557:

While restoration of the Union was the main goal for which they fought, they became convinced that this goal was unattainable without striking against slavery.

3672:

expanded to include other responsibilities, including on the battlefield. Armed for their own protection, they brought water to thirsty soldiers, carried the

1723: 1496: 3681:

men by wearing stylish clothing and enduring the same hardships as them. Some of the most prominent women to accompany the Union armies in the field include

747: 393: 10282: 6942:

Latter, and Thereby Enabling Them to Seek Promotion and Distinction in the Service of Their Country. United States: J.B. Lippincott & Company. p. 172–174

3927: 1713: 1560: 1481: 1359:

With some exceptions, a battalion may refer to any two or more companies of a regiment or if a regiment consisted of between four and eight companies total.

847: 218: 4696:

The principal mission of the Ordnance Department (ORDD) during the Civil War was the development, procurement, storage, distribution and repair of all Army

2705:. Lieutenants were also chosen to serve on their regiment's staff, and may be assigned in an acting capacity to serve on the general staff of a higher unit. 11043: 10932: 10917: 8761: 3515: 3070: 1889: 4029:

and some of the relief it provided was less than satisfactory, its most important contribution was in providing education to many Blacks and poor whites.

10709: 10629: 9157: 7291:

Reid, R. M. (2014). African Canadians in Union Blue: Volunteering for the Cause in the Civil War. Canada: UBC Press. p. 229

4152: 4003: 2733:(NCOs) were important in the Union Army in maintaining the order and alignment of formations during marches, battles, and transitioning between the two. 1842: 1697: 855: 8891: 5757:

instrumental in coordinating the actions of the Union Army during the Civil War and afterwards Congress appointed Myers to once again lead it in 1866.

3309: 1874: 1628: 7300:

Winks, R. W. (1998). Civil War Years: Canada and the United States. Ukraine: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 179-185

4576:

to be chosen from young men with a liberal education and prior medical experience. They had the rank and pay of West Point cadets and were to act as

2785:

as a training center for both officers and NCOs. As the war progressed NCOs gained valuable experience and even drastic disciplinary measures such as

10737: 7442:

Cordell, M. R. (2016). Courageous Women of the Civil War: Soldiers, Spies, Medics, and More. United States: Chicago Review Press. Part IV: Vivandière

7126: 3292:); and the Scandinavian Regiment (15th Wisconsin). But for the most part, the foreign-born soldiers were scattered as individuals throughout units. 2766:

neighbors was not enforced as strictly as in the regular Army, and while some NCOs brought with them prior battlefield experience (whether from the

2192:

Despite these attitudes towards the Regulars, they would serve as an important foundation around which the Union Army was built. In the disastrous

9152: 8688: 4340:

war staffed by a conservative and inflexible leadership which negatively impacted its functioning, but would eventually be rectified by war's end.

3285: 978:

A territorial subdivision of a Department (e.g., District of Cairo, District of East Tennessee). There were also Subdistricts for smaller regions.

10927: 10902: 10704: 10612: 9162: 8896: 973: 936: 912: 859: 716: 5412:

production and limiting purchases to reputable domestic and international sources. His obstinate behavior saw Craig relieved and replaced with

715:

with staff and dignitaries, including from left to right: Gen. George W. Morell, Lt. Col. A.V. Colburn, Gen. McClellan, Lt. Col. N.B. Sweitzer,

10754: 10397: 9786: 9665: 6520: 3886: 3844: 835: 584:. There were only 16,367 servicemen in the U.S. Army, including 1,108 commissioned officers. Approximately 20% of these officers, most of them 5992:" who would enlist to collect the cash bonus and then desert to do the same elsewhere. If not caught and executed, this crime could pay well. 4599:

Most Regular Army medical officers served in staff positions, whether at the office in Washington or out in the field as regimental surgeons,

11281: 10639: 10392: 10387: 9813: 8187: 4104: 2738:

assembled into squads, platoons or as a company, experienced NCOs could take over this training as well. NCOs were also responsible for the

1278: 9645: 8715: 2642:

of four companies. Of those duties specific to a lieutenant colonel were taking care of the personal property of deceased officers; act as

684:, and resigned to accept the position as commander of the Virginian Confederate forces. Lee eventually became the overall commander of the 415: 3599:

as white), none were promoted to a rank higher than major. If captured by Confederate forces, Black soldiers risked being made slaves or

2219: 11202: 10732: 9781: 9540: 5770:

officer "Your department we scarcely hear of; it is like a well-regulated stomach, works so smoothly we are not conscious of having it."

863: 843: 667:

It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the large percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the

11296: 11159: 11144: 9575: 9191: 6083: 6068: 6011:

as well as the homes of prominent Protestant abolitionists. A mob was reportedly repulsed from the offices of the staunchly pro-Union

5895:

at West Point. Even when not conducting a siege, such defensive fortifications would be constructed if time allowed. Examples included

5489: 3631: 3102: 2224: 874: 8478: 3425: 11149: 10912: 10882: 10520: 10449: 9147: 9142: 8466:

Canfield, Daniel T. "Opportunity Lost: Combined Operations and the Development of Union Military Strategy, April 1861 – April 1862."

6063: 5857: 5544: 4697: 4565: 4052:, which supplied officers to all branches but whose top graduates were commissioned into the Corps. They were not only involved with 3911: 3511: 3453: 3445: 3387: 3383: 3110: 1508: 1148: 1104: 867: 8526: 3878:, and in the final year of the war the AGD was given the responsibility for collecting and editing documents which would constitute 3284:(55th New York); the Garibaldi Guard (39th New York); the Martinez Militia (1st New Mexico); the Polish Legion (58th New York); the 11063: 10998: 9700: 9675: 8911: 8886: 8836: 8816: 5927:. Supporting lines were placed behind the main line, on a hill overlooking it if possible but otherwise providing a ready reserve. 5533: 5446: 4091:. It was organized with ten sergeants (master-workmen), ten corporals (overseers), two musicians, sixty-four first-class privates ( 897: 622: 7186: 11266: 11241: 10957: 10654: 10550: 10402: 9735: 9615: 8826: 6053: 5705:

and from August 1863 to January 1864 he was busy handling logistical matters in the western theatre. During his absence, Colonel

5696:, who resigned shortly after on April 22, 1861, to join the Confederate Army. Major Ebenezer S. Sibly served as acting QMG until 3945:

department and forerunner to a true Judge Advocate General's Department. The principle functions of the JAG included conducting

9625: 8608: 5944:

however the Union cavalry grew into its own and developed tactics unique from their European counterparts. Instead of masses of

2742:, which helped the unit maintain formation and serve as a rally point for the regiment. Typically a sergeant was designated the 11207: 10952: 9695: 9690: 9365: 6448:

United States Army Logistics, 1775–1992: An Anthology. (1997). United States: Center of Military History, U.S. Army. p. 194-195

5718: 5584: 4096: 3826: 3623: 9535: 8663: 8273: 8142: 2169:

Since before the Civil War, the American public had a generally negative view of the nation's armed forces, attributable to a

10779: 9771: 9766: 9630: 9530: 8781: 8460: 8431: 8412: 8383: 8351: 8236: 6088: 5240: 4088: 4038: 3313: 3230: 8668: 11038: 10742: 10714: 9953: 9761: 9730: 9660: 9520: 9094: 6103: 4728:

on the rolls of the Army's artillery regiments who were responsible for the maintenance of weapons within their regiments.

3588: 3584: 3572: 3374:. Many Italians of note were interested in the war and joined the army, reaching positions of authority. Brigadier General 1638: 918: 538: 11028: 11018: 10669: 10377: 9740: 9705: 9600: 9178: 6073: 4198:

would provide the army with maps necessary for a given campaign. Such departments themselves were staffed with teams of

3946: 877:

was also created. Originally established on September 24, 1862, as an office in the Adjutant General's department under

812: 440: 9655: 1317:

Averaged four regiments for both infantry and cavalry. Artillery brigades consisted of between four and six batteries.

11179: 11169: 11154: 10922: 10747: 9776: 9725: 9670: 9635: 9620: 9610: 9595: 9570: 9525: 9510: 9445: 9322: 8771: 8622: 7535: 6078: 5877: 5802: 4678: 4661: 4428: 4305: 3576: 3560: 3341: 3020:. They were also known as Union Loyalists or Lincoln's Loyalists. Within the eleven Confederate states, states such as 2778: 2635: 2594: 2565: 2545: 2446: 681: 313: 7154:

Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home. (2009). United States: University of North Carolina Press. p. 2

6718: 5587:; and any expenses associated with Army movement and operations that did not fall under another department's purview. 3642:. Thousands of white and Black women accompanied Union armies in an unofficial capacity to provide their services as 636:

initially approved and authorized subsidy to allow and support a volunteer army of up to 500,000 troops to the cause.

11291: 11174: 11164: 10892: 10488: 10382: 10259: 9756: 9720: 9640: 9580: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9505: 8936: 8928: 8806: 8750: 8577: 8561: 8515: 8398: 8366: 8336: 8317: 8059: 8034: 7276: 7249: 7222: 6098: 5936: 5724: 4691: 4613: 4369: 4318:, and acquiring and distributing medicine, medical equipment, hospital food and similar supplies. Functions such as 3277: 2623: 2555: 2436: 1306: 886: 640: 503: 5666:) proved to be able and law-abiding. Undoubtedly this was due in part to the requirement that quartermasters file a 2926:

chief steward charged with administration, one to act as pharmacist and a third overseeing the preparation of meals.

568:. The regiments were scattered widely. Of the 197 companies in the U.S. Army, 179 occupied 79 isolated posts in the 9685: 9650: 9590: 9545: 8708: 6427: 3958: 3395: 3379: 3289: 3281: 3086: 376: 5960:

as these successive attacks forced them to spread out and allowed isolated elements to eventually be overwhelmed.

5094: 3510:. Two more famous examples were Francesco Casale and Luigi Tinelli, who were instrumental in the formation of the 2908: 2597:: The rank of lieutenant general did not exist in the Union Army for most of the war until February 1864, when an 2207:, the Regulars' fighting skill and orderly retirement under fire drew the admiration of many observers, including 830:

Reporting directly to the Secretary of War were the bureau chiefs or heads of staff departments which made up the

11251: 11236: 11118: 11078: 10977: 10962: 10947: 10942: 10774: 10679: 9710: 9605: 9565: 9286: 9122: 8595: 8123:

Chris Walsh, "'Cowardice Weakness or Infirmity, Whichever It May Be Termed': A Shadow History of the Civil War."

6048: 5968: 5766: 5572: 3479:. Garibaldi was offered a Major General's commission in the U.S. Army through the letter from Secretary of State 2719: 2208: 1458: 724: 581: 577: 99: 5511:

76,500 deserters. The bureau was also able to raise $ 26 million to fully fund its enrollment and draft duties.

11276: 10595: 10359: 9715: 9680: 9585: 9291: 8821: 8257:

The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War

5706: 4108: 4045: 3696:

Women also sought to serve more formally as nurses in the Union Army, many having been inspired by the work of

2929: 2902: 2603: 1960: 1343: 1122: 926: 736: 692: 672: 596: 398: 7954:

Hess, E. J. (2017). Civil War Logistics: A Study of Military Transportation. United States: LSU Press. page 22

3280:, 63rd New York, 88th New York, 28th Massachusetts, 116th Pennsylvania; the Swiss Rifles (15th Missouri); the 10634: 10555: 10372: 9838: 9296: 9104: 5749: 5576: 3304:. Some Confederate propaganda condemned foreign-born soldiers in the Union Army, likening them to the German 3273: 2813: 2617: 2550: 2431: 2422: 2162:

During the course of the Civil War, the vast majority of soldiers fighting to preserve the Union were in the

1586: 1581: 1448: 1322: 1192: 615: 513:

Over the course of the war, 2,128,948 men enlisted in the Union Army, including 178,895, or about 8.4% being

420: 10907: 10649: 10439: 10414: 10126: 9201: 8906: 8846: 5261: 3875: 3564: 3552: 3531: 3391: 3062: 2322: 1657: 1364: 1301: 1178: 1060: 1028: 947: 804: 514: 495: 318: 233: 48: 5494:

The Provost Marshal General's Bureau (PMGB) was created to oversee the apprehension of deserters, conduct

3798:

states that Union soldiers fought to preserve the United States, as well as to end slavery, stating that:

11338: 11086: 10837: 10674: 10664: 10659: 10617: 10041: 9340: 8791: 8701: 8628: 6524: 4470: 3367: 2663: 1870: 1369: 943: 696: 353: 328: 169: 123: 7451:

Tsui, B. (2006). She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War. United States: TwoDot. p. 73-80

4288:

leader of the inspectorate was whoever was the IG in charge of the Washington office, which was Colonel

2287: 11229: 10817: 10644: 10527: 10505: 10434: 10349: 9410: 9211: 9089: 9071: 6251: 6058: 5475:

was appointed to the position. He would remain in that position until retiring in November 1864, when

5455: 5059: 3297: 3095: 2126: 1676: 1577: 1517: 1491: 1443: 1270: 1182: 751: 464: 268: 17: 8130: 5662:

corruption was quickly brought under control and most quartermasters (with notable exceptions such as

4331:. In December it was given control over the construction and equipping of military hospitals, and of 3821:

McPherson states that witnessing the slave system of the Confederacy first-hand also strengthened the

2611: 1527: 908:

The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically.

11348: 11261: 11217: 11023: 10805: 10607: 10580: 10560: 10461: 10267: 10172: 9470: 9385: 9301: 8951: 8876: 8683: 8678: 8673: 6093: 6035: 5472: 3596: 3370:

in New York (1879-1904). Most of the Italian-Americans who joined the Union Army were recruited from

3245: 2786: 2730: 2656:: A major acted as an assistant to their regiment's colonel in carrying out his duties and commanded 2148: 1434: 955: 951: 896:

One drawback to this system was that the authority and responsibilities of the Secretary of War, his

363: 338: 323: 238: 53: 8473:

Kahn, Matthew E., and Dora L. Costa. "Cowards and Heroes: Group Loyalty in the American Civil War."

8453:

Citizen-Officers: The Union and Confederate Volunteer Junior Officer Corps in the American Civil War

3866:, was given to the newly formed Provost Marshal General's Bureau in May 1863, while the position of 2754:

who only opened fire in defense of the colors. There were a number of staff NCO positions including

2660:

of two or more companies. The specific duties of a major were also the same as a lieutenant colonel.

11224: 11108: 11033: 11008: 11003: 10967: 10887: 10585: 10570: 10151: 9435: 9400: 9335: 9276: 9271: 9001: 8618: 7663:

Military Legislation of Congress During the Revolutionary War. United States: G.W. Childs. p. 24–25

6236: 6211: 5568: 4084: 3880:

The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies

3871: 2965: 2935: 2767: 2685: 2585: 2466: 2318: 2193: 2163: 2111: 2086: 1980: 1859: 1754: 1593: 1536: 922: 618:

declaring secession from the United States, and with a shortage of soldiers in the army, President

604: 499: 303: 258: 243: 164: 8393:

Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, US Army Command and General Staff College, 2004.

8184: 8166:

Shannon Smith Bennett, "Draft Resistance and Rioting." in Maggi M. Morehouse and Zoe Trodd, eds.,

6510:

Griffith, P. (2001). Battle Tactics of the Civil War. United Kingdom: Yale University Press. p. 55

5785:

During the war the principle subsistence depots and purchasing offices were located in Baltimore,

2199:

In battle, the Regulars' performance could impress even the most battle-hardened Volunteers. At

11212: 10832: 10800: 10795: 10493: 10466: 9858: 9355: 9345: 9117: 9112: 8966: 7460:

Harper, J. E. (2004). Women During the Civil War: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 53-59

6241: 6231: 6206: 6182: 6157: 5920: 5377: 4809: 4623:

Some challenges remained however, against which only small progress was made. Although improved

4490: 4390: 4276:

replaced Mansfield that same month, but when Churchill retired his position was given to Colonel

4077: 3906: 3735:

No less vital were the thousands of women who provided service to the Union Army in the field of

3077: 2979: 2681: 2629: 2580: 2560: 2461: 2441: 2275: 2116: 2106: 2081: 2061: 2036: 1945: 1477: 1327: 1292:

Averaged three brigades for infantry divisions, two brigades for cavalry. Also included attached

1056: 759: 685: 668: 589: 507: 278: 208: 198: 178: 6400: 6342: 11197: 10897: 10471: 10061: 9898: 9873: 9405: 9306: 9221: 8961: 8870: 6323: 6246: 6226: 6216: 6201: 6191: 6177: 6152: 6132: 5480:

administrative departments experienced during the war, but their recommendations were ignored.

4749: 4725: 4092: 3938: 3580: 3495: 3363: 3004: 2755: 2170: 2121: 2101: 2091: 2076: 2066: 2056: 2031: 2011: 1940: 1915: 1828: 1766: 1745: 1683: 1453: 1413: 988: 963: 959: 633: 585: 358: 263: 203: 7527: 7266: 498:, but further fortified, augmented, and strengthened by the many temporary units of dedicated 11113: 11013: 10827: 10476: 10429: 10339: 10307: 10014: 10004: 9450: 9440: 9425: 9375: 9330: 8986: 8971: 8864: 8228: 7239: 7212: 6221: 6196: 6172: 6162: 6147: 6137: 6127: 6113: 6008: 5806: 5740: 5422: 4800: 4609: 4568:(with the rank of colonel), thirty surgeons, eighty-three assistant surgeons, and fifty-nine 4449: 4227: 4133: 4116: 3350:, for both demographic and ideological reasons, served in the Union Army (including generals 3210: 2858: 2823: 2808: 2657: 2653: 2639: 2570: 2451: 2271: 2235: 2096: 2071: 2051: 2041: 2026: 2016: 2006: 1985: 1970: 1965: 1879: 1348: 1219: 1144: 625:

for three months to put down the Confederate insurrection and defend the national capital in

569: 343: 333: 293: 188: 159: 8024: 5813:

was promoted to the position upon Taylor's death and served as CGS for the rest of the war.

3444:

recruited volunteers for the Union Army from Italy and other European countries to form the

533: 11271: 11123: 11096: 10565: 10344: 10327: 9984: 9480: 9465: 9460: 9430: 9415: 9395: 9013: 8917: 8801: 6167: 6142: 6122: 6108: 6004: 5996: 5928: 5826: 5753: 5655: 5651: 5639: 5115: 5076: 5041: 4795: 4745: 4701: 4648: 4324: 4186: 4053: 4049: 4015: 3716:. Tens of thousands of women served as nurses for the Union Army, among whom are included 3697: 2922: 2782: 2575: 2456: 2204: 2182: 2046: 2021: 2001: 1920: 1806: 1797: 1064: 1000: 996: 298: 273: 253: 174: 144: 8284:

Kenneth H. Wheeler, "Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance: Holmes County, Ohio."

6691:

Guardians of the Republic: A History of the Noncommissioned Officer Corps of the U.S. Army

6293: 3475:

meaning "God and people." In 1861 Garibaldi himself volunteered his services to President

3105:

constituted the largest group with a million arrivals between 1850 and 1860, many of them

8: 11369: 11256: 11048: 10937: 10811: 10456: 10409: 10156: 10116: 10101: 9994: 9843: 9515: 9475: 9350: 9311: 9281: 9236: 9196: 8796: 8786: 6350:. US Army Campaigns of the Civil War. US Army Center of Military History. pp. 50, 52 5702: 5697: 5445:

assigned to the department. Cash was received directly by the paymaster general from the

5341: 5133: 4989: 4644: 4640: 4600: 4577: 4319: 4269: 4265: 3725: 2314: 1955: 1863: 1470: 1438: 1108: 1100: 1086: 1004: 783: 743: 712: 429: 368: 348: 112: 7637:. United States: Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Office of History. p. 15–18 5765:

The mission of the Subsistence Department was the purchase, storage and distribution of

5571:; the construction, maintenance and management of all military railroad transportation ( 4256:

control the waste, fraud and abuse which had been rampant at the start of the conflict.

2865: 1059:, a briefly existing army operating on the Mississippi River, in two incarnations—under 773:. The role of general-in-chief was filled by several men during the course of the war: 11102: 10972: 10498: 10483: 10364: 10322: 10294: 10131: 10096: 9943: 9903: 9420: 9390: 9380: 9256: 9251: 9231: 9226: 9206: 8956: 8859: 8776: 8724: 8372: 8216: 7515: 7355: 5838: 5693: 5619: 5564: 5467: 5413: 5389: 5249: 5172: 4954: 4920: 4833: 4777: 4669: 4585: 4293: 4281: 4121: 4026: 4022: 3915: 3804:

they became convinced that this goal was unattainable without striking against slavery.

3795: 3600: 3449: 3403: 3355: 3305: 3188: 3017: 2988: 2723: 2643: 2263: 2243: 1910: 1164: 1160: 1068: 1046: 1032: 851: 820: 545: 460: 456: 283: 248: 223: 193: 183: 152: 31: 10076: 8289: 7398: 4564:

In April 1861 the AMD was the largest of the staff departments in the Regular Army: a

4174: 4157:

The Corps of Topographical Engineers had been established in 1831 with the mission of

3016:

Southerners who were against the Confederate cause during the Civil War were known as

1269:

Averaged three divisions, included a dedicated artillery brigade after 1863. See also

933:; and were modeled close to, though not synonymous with, the existing theaters of war. 506:. To this end, the Union Army fought and ultimately triumphed over the efforts of the 11344: 10600: 10202: 10136: 10071: 9974: 9893: 9853: 9455: 9261: 9216: 8831: 8638: 8573: 8557: 8538: 8511: 8456: 8427: 8419: 8408: 8394: 8379: 8362: 8347: 8332: 8313: 8232: 8221: 8125: 8055: 8030: 7541: 7531: 7520: 7272: 7245: 7218: 5949: 5892: 5865: 5830: 5728: 5156: 5024: 4937: 4868: 4850: 4816: 4721: 4245: 4139: 4061: 3981: 3768: 3729: 3721: 3673: 3480: 3419: 3399: 3347: 3198: 3066: 2957: 2947: 2872: 2851: 2818: 2772: 2759: 2739: 2690: 2310: 2283: 2251: 1935: 1546: 1385: 1293: 1138: 1126: 1094: 1042: 967: 930: 831: 660: 573: 288: 213: 8613: 7166:

Axelrod, A. (2017). Armies South, Armies North. United States: Lyons Press. p. 72-73

3885:

At the start of the Civil War, the AGD numbered just fourteen Regular Officers: the

1222:

of the United States Army was based on the traditions developed in Europe, with the

10212: 10081: 10051: 10046: 9979: 9918: 9913: 9868: 9370: 9360: 9266: 9246: 9241: 8991: 8981: 8941: 8323: 8268:

Shannon M. Smith, "Teaching Civil War Union Politics: Draft Riots in the Midwest."

6408:. US Army Campaigns of the Civil War. US Army Center of Military History. p. 9 6013: 5957: 5853:. Instead they assert these tactics still remained relevant during the Civil War. 5834: 5822: 5810: 5732: 5663: 5627: 5615: 5580: 5521: 5495: 5418: 5329: 5309: 5190: 5120: 5103: 5099: 5081: 5046: 5007: 4925: 4737: 4624: 4608:

hospitals) as acting assistant surgeons; a small number of medical officers of the

4569: 4544: 4328: 4315: 4223: 4182: 4178: 3587:, which became the most famous Black unit after their valiant participation in the 3548: 3241: 3222: 3214: 3167: 3119: 2918: 2279: 2228: 2156: 1975: 1950: 1930: 1905: 1650: 1463: 1203: 1174: 1168: 1156: 1082: 1074: 1020: 824: 816: 795: 789: 755: 720: 656: 648: 644: 626: 600: 443: 435: 308: 228: 8653: 8052:

Battle in the Civil War: Generalship and Tactics in the American Civil War 1861–65

7674:

Field Armies and Fortifications in the Civil War: The Eastern Campaigns, 1861–1864

2677: 11286: 10575: 10424: 10317: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10177: 10146: 10056: 9999: 9989: 9948: 8976: 8946: 8766: 8658: 8648: 8643: 8405:

Of Duty Well and Faithfully Done: A History of the Regular Army in the Civil War.

8305: 8191: 7676:(Civil War America). United Kingdom: University of North Carolina Press. p. 15–16 7268:

Civil War Citizens: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity in America's Bloodiest Conflict

5941: 5869: 5850: 5556: 5373: 5346: 5227: 5207: 5195: 5138: 4994: 4971: 4902: 4782: 4709: 4632: 4273: 4065: 3855: 3788:

In his 1997 book examining the motivations of the American Civil War's soldiers,

3764: 3541: 3507: 3476: 3441: 3434: 3430: 3415: 3411: 3226: 3218: 3157: 3094:

immigration during the 1850s, and the vast majority of these people moved to the

2838: 2833: 2828: 2743: 2598: 2239: 2178: 2174: 1925: 1134: 1116: 1014: 1010: 739: 691:

The Confederacy had the advantage of having several military colleges, including

619: 525: 401: 8532: 3638:

One of the more traditional roles played by women in the Union Army was that of

3057: 2674:. They also served as the officer of the day at a regimental camp or small post. 1255: 10354: 10302: 10141: 10106: 10066: 9958: 9938: 9933: 9888: 9167: 9008: 8996: 8689:

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in defense of the Union Volumes XXVII

8684:

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Volumes 24–27

8679:

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Volumes 22–23

8674:

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Volumes 20–21

8659:

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Volumes 16–17

8654:

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Volumes 13–15

6000: 5916: 5882: 5667: 5476: 5408: 5282: 5245: 5177: 4959: 4838: 4821: 4665: 4332: 4311: 4277: 4222:

The Chief of Topographical Engineers at the start of the Civil War was Colonel

4203: 4073: 4069: 4057: 3933: 3902: 3760: 3756: 3744: 3690: 3682: 3575:, the first Black regiment to be raised and the first to engage in combat; the 3503: 3375: 3359: 3351: 3177: 3143: 3106: 3037: 3025: 2996: 2939: 2886: 2879: 2306: 2255: 2200: 1393: 1090: 1024: 890: 881:, it was made an independent department in its own right on May 1, 1863, under 808: 777: 565: 423: 407: 8649:

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Volumes 9–12

8605:, by Samuel D. Gross, MD (1861), the manual used by doctors in the Union Army. 6723:. Washington: George W. Bowman, Public Printer. pp. 12–13. Archived from 643:, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 27:

Land force that fought for the Union (the North) during the American Civil War

11363: 10622: 10222: 10217: 10207: 10182: 10091: 10086: 9928: 9923: 9908: 9878: 9848: 9186: 8811: 8644:

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Volumes 1–8

8344:

Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers

5989: 5981: 5953: 5945: 5924: 5904: 5846: 5845:

on the enemy. The most notable development though was the widespread use of

5736: 5647: 5607: 5575:); the construction, maintenance and management of military telegraph lines ( 5499: 5435: 5397: 5361: 5297: 5029: 4942: 4855: 4705: 4336: 4170: 3639: 3615: 3484: 3371: 3288:; Sigel Rifles (52nd New York, inheriting the 7th); the Cameron Highlanders ( 3046: 3033: 2667: 2647: 2295: 2247: 1112: 878: 770: 766: 677: 608: 488: 73: 8621:, depicting over 50 Union Army camps, are available for research use at the 8179:

Peter Levine, "Draft evasion in the North during the Civil War, 1863–1865."

7545: 3905:

was named Adjutant General of the army on March 7, 1861, one day after Col.

3660: 3619: 11091: 11068: 11058: 11053: 10590: 10532: 10444: 10419: 10332: 10312: 10111: 10009: 8669:

Roll of Honor: names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Volume 19

8664:

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Volume 18

8633: 8483: 6724: 6720:

Regulations for the Uniform and Dress of the Army of the United States 1861

5611: 5369: 5314: 5064: 4907: 4885: 4873: 4589: 4289: 4211: 4207: 3822: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3468: 2702: 2607: 2267: 1199: 1130: 1036: 882: 652: 639:

The call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners,

632:

imagined at the outset on the date of July 22, 1861. That was the day that

8629:

Official Army register of the Volunteer Force 1861; 1862; 1863; 1864; 1865

8026:

Civil War Infantry Tactics: Training, Combat, and Small-Unit Effectiveness

5856:

In the first stage of an attack, preparatory fire would be carried out by

9863: 8901: 8881: 8590: 8439:

Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades.

5972:

Rioters attacking a building during the New York anti-draft riots of 1863

5861: 5842: 5825:

of the Union Army, as with their Confederate opponents, was derived from

5744: 5676: 5643: 5381: 5212: 5151: 5012: 4976: 4636: 4199: 4166: 4158: 3998: 3994: 3975: 3859: 3854:, maintaining personnel records, and issuing instruction books and other 3772: 3701: 3499: 3462: 3115: 2943: 2843: 2747: 2671: 2186: 8326: 7359: 7343: 3997:

serving as the judge advocate of the Army until September 3, 1862, when

3802:

While restoration of the Union was the main goal for which they fought,

3518:, there were over 200 Italians who served as officers in the U.S. army. 11246: 10121: 9883: 9084: 8600: 8542: 8391:

The Brigade: A History, Its Organization and Employment in the US Army.

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in the field; the collection and burial of the dead and maintenance of

5267: 4713: 4628: 3954: 3874:

was created within the AGD specifically to oversee the creation of the

3686: 3655: 3556: 3041: 2694: 1151:, operating through Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Georgia, and the 1050: 889:

was created and deployed for the first time, through the leadership of

707: 468: 7145:, Volume II. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1913. p. 258. 7127:

Southerner vs. Southerner: Union Supporters Below the Mason-Dixon Line

10510: 8693: 8168:

Civil War America: A Social and Cultural History with Primary Sources

5976: 5952:

gave Union cavalry a particular advantage, especially when utilizing

5896: 5631: 5623: 5603: 5393: 4593: 4162: 3966: 3863: 3736: 3677: 3647: 3321: 3021: 3000: 2734: 2698: 1152: 992: 553: 5539:

not already covered by another supply department, including various

4009: 3611: 3007:, while second class privates were formerly referred to as laborers. 2537: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2365: 2358: 769:

served as Secretary of War before being replaced in January 1862 by

10515: 5912: 5560: 5540: 5160: 4890: 4673: 4285: 3942: 3914:. From March 1863 on then, the assistant adjutant general Colonel 3851: 3752: 3748: 3551:

or Black population of the United States consisted of four million

3488: 3407: 3329: 3317: 3029: 2751: 1223: 1078: 561: 549: 8455:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2015. 7379:

Mack Smith, Denis, Garibaldi, Prentice-Hall, 1969, pp. 69–70

5891:

were used extensively on the defensive thanks to the teachings of

3850:

included administering recruitment, overseeing the appointment of

1013:, operated in the March to the Sea and the Carolinas commanded by 487:. It proved essential to the restoration and preservation of the 8426:. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, Inc., 2009 edition. 5635: 3950: 3643: 3325: 3153: 3082: 3040:

were home to the largest populations of Unionists. Many areas of

2992: 2259: 1207: 557: 8204:

The armies of the streets: the New York City draft riots of 1863

3272:

Many immigrant soldiers formed their own regiments, such as the

2714: 2181:" as being more in keeping with American ideals of equality and 11313:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

8534:

The Organization and Administration of the Union Army 1861–1865

5900: 5786: 5680: 5548: 4672:, who immediately went about reorganizing the AMD, eliminating 3740: 3709: 3665: 3528:

Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War

3410:

in New York, was soon appointed Brigadier General by President

3301: 3261:

Alternative estimates place the number of enlistees much lower.

502:, as well as including those who were drafted in to service as 8054:. Amazon Digital Services LLC – KDP Print US. pp. 46–59. 4264:

At the start of the war the inspectorate consisted of Colonel

917:

A collection of Departments reporting to one commander (e.g.,

6716: 5873: 5555:, and non-Ordnance vehicles including wagons, ambulances and 4573: 3651: 2309:(first Union general to be killed in battle during the war), 1381: 1198:

The commanding officer of an army was authorized a number of

655:

immediately responded to Lincoln's call, along with Northern

548:

began in April 1861, the U.S. Army included ten regiments of

9035: 8441:

Washington, DC: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1998.

7241:

The Blessed Peace of Freedom: Europeans in Civil War America

7214:

The Blessed Peace of Freedom: Europeans in Civil War America

588:, resigned, choosing to tie their lives and fortunes to the 8223:

Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War

5995:

Irish immigrants were the main participants in the famous "

5552: 3739:. Early in the war, women were at a distinct advantage as 2797: 929:). Military Divisions were similar to the more modern term 671:. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the 7187:"The Cosmopolitanism of the Union Army: What Did It Mean?" 3870:

was created to take over this function from the AGD. The

3498:, a former Italian and British soldier and veteran of the 2238:

in the Union Army could be divided in several categories:

4240:

Office of the Inspector General of the United States Army

3579:, raised from both freedmen and escaped slaves after the 2680:: In the US Army there were three grades of lieutenant – 1651:

Cavalry Corps of the Military Division of the Mississippi

8537:. 2 volumes. Gloucester, Massachusetts: P. Smith, 1965. 6007:. The mob set fire to African American churches and the 5524:, who served as the PMG until the bureau's dissolution. 4660:

The Surgeon General at the start of the war was Colonel

4627:

reduced disease rates and some advances like the use of

3941:(JAG) and creation of the Bureau of Military Justice, a 3394:. Colonel Enrico Fardella, of the same and later of the 529:

An illustration of a Union Army private infantry uniform

463:, the land force that fought to preserve the collective 8378:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994. 7526:. New York City: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 7522:

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

7510: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7309: 5876:

to draw off the enemy's attention. Successive lines of

3813:

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

3467:

They carried with them both a Union Flag as well as an

599:

graduates who previously left the U.S. Army, including

8359:

How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War

5692:

The Quartermaster General at the start of the war was

3521: 3390:

theaters of war and later commanded a division of the

3335: 758:, who oversaw the administration of the Army, and the 623:

called on the states to raise a force of 75,000 troops

8566:

The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations

8550:

The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations

8523:

All for the Regiment: the Army of the Ohio, 1861–1862

8331:. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. 6309: 6307: 4113:

1st United States Veteran Volunteer Engineer Regiment

3676:

and rallied their fellow soldiers to fight, provided

2606:. By law, they were allowed two secretaries and four 807:, the chairman, with Department of War bureau chiefs 7499: 6025: 3516:

Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies

2177:

as a threat to democracy and instead valorized the "

572:, and the remaining 18 manned garrisons east of the 8227:. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 5543:(clothing, tents, stoves, etc.), horses and mules ( 5483: 4173:. Topographical engineers (or "topogs") including 4153:

United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers

4146: 3456:, of whose 350 members were Italian, was nicknamed 762:, who directed the field operations of the Army. 8220: 7803:United States Army Logistics (1997), pages 199–200 7519: 6523:. North Carolina Museum of History. Archived from 6304: 4580:in the field and assistants in general hospitals. 4136:: December 7, 1838 – April 22, 1864 3928:Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army 3382:. He commanded both brigades and divisions in the 3310:British Army during the American Revolutionary War 786:: November 1, 1861 – March 11, 1862 8312:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. 4915:Discontinued 1835, seized by Virginia April 1861 4292:between January 1863 and March 1864, and Colonel 4233: 4124:to repair roads or bury the dead after a battle. 4010:Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands 3833: 3540:Portrait of an African American Union soldier at 1388:, contain between four and six artillery pieces. 1023:, the army operating in the region bordering the 11361: 10999:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 8424:The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference 7330:Images: A Pictorial History of Italian Americans 6344:The Regular Army before the Civil War, 1845–1860 5731:, an Army surgeon who had developed a system of 5598:The principal depots of the QMD were located in 4142:: April 22, 1864 – August 8, 1866 3838: 3061:The 26th U.S. Colored Volunteer Infantry of the 1398: 1191:Each of these armies was usually commanded by a 834:. These included, at the onset of the war, the 780:: July 5, 1841 – November 1, 1861 8591:Civil War Home: Ethnic groups in the Union Army 8556:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. 5185:Seized by South Carolina militia December 1860 2305:Among memorable field leaders of the army were 10823:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 8361:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. 8143:"Desertion (Confederate) during the Civil War" 8049: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7342:Belfiglio, Valentino J. (Spring–Summer 1978). 7076: 7074: 7017: 7015: 6982:. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. p. 281 6748:"General Orders, No. 87 (U.S. War Department)" 1081:and later Tennessee and Georgia, commanded by 798:: March 9, 1864 – March 4, 1869 792:: July 23, 1862 – March 9, 1864 676:642 to 283. One of the resigning officers was 8709: 8614:U.S. Civil War Era Uniforms and Accoutrements 8009: 8007: 8005: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7755: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7684: 7682: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7064: 7062: 7040: 7038: 7036: 5963: 5527: 5146:Seized by Arkansas authorities February 1861 4752:, 70 of the 78 victims were women and girls. 4105:1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment 3921: 3918:essentially was the acting AG in Washington. 3448:. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, 3418:. Later he commanded another unit, the famed 3366:, who later became the first Director of the 2290:was also a common feature of the Union Army. 8022: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7162: 7160: 6928: 6926: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6717:Adjutant General's Office (March 13, 1861). 6592: 6590: 5833:: soldiers marching shoulder-to-shoulder in 5128:Seized by North Carolina militia April 1861 4772:United States Arsenals, Armories and Depots 3114:appointed from these communities, including 1049:, 1864–65, commanded by Benjamin Butler and 494:The Union Army was made up of the permanent 8043: 7931:United States Army Logistics, pages 202–204 7927: 7925: 7923: 7799: 7797: 7640: 7635:The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: A History 7143:Chippewa County, Wisconsin Past and Present 7071: 7052: 7050: 7012: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6658: 6656: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6376: 6374: 3845:United States Army Adjutant General's Corps 3460:in his honor. The unit wore red shirts and 2610:with the rank of lieutenant colonel, and a 30:For the current active service branch, see 8716: 8702: 8002: 7984: 7975: 7934: 7906: 7897: 7881: 7865: 7840: 7806: 7750: 7734: 7716: 7679: 7627: 7603: 7594: 7059: 7033: 6674: 6580: 6578: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6402:The Civil War Begins, Opening Clashes 1861 6084:Native Americans in the American Civil War 6069:German Americans in the American Civil War 5490:United States Army Provost Marshal General 3868:Commissioner for the Exchange of Prisoners 3606: 2231:, in 1865, the final year of the Civil War 2225:3rd Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment 2143: 1791:District of West Florida and South Alabama 47: 8215: 7771: 7700: 7578: 7562: 7514: 7341: 7157: 6923: 6900: 6693:. United Kingdom: Stackpole Books. p. 111 6626: 6617: 6608: 6587: 6064:Irish Americans in the American Civil War 5841:and other formations in order to deliver 5760: 5002:Seized by Louisiana militia January 1861 4268:, the senior IG of the Army, and Colonel 3783: 3454:39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 2321:. Others, of lesser competence, included 1509:Department of Virginia and North Carolina 1213: 8912:Treatment of slaves in the United States 8545:. First published 1928 by A.H. Clark Co. 7920: 7794: 7047: 6696: 6665: 6653: 6566: 6513: 6495: 6486: 6472: 6460: 6371: 5967: 5534:Quartermaster Corps (United States Army) 5388:cannons with over six million artillery 4327:) and the organization and operation of 3610: 3535: 3424: 3126:Ethnic composition of Union enlistments 3081:John Haag, a 21-year-old immigrant from 3076: 3056: 2713: 2218: 2147: 706: 532: 524: 10655:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 8827:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 7429: 7427: 7425: 7184: 6575: 6539: 6437: 6054:Commemoration of the American Civil War 5089:Seized by Florida militia January 1861 5054:Seized by Alabama militia January 1861 4984:Seized by Georgia militia January 1861 4700:and ordnance-related equipment such as 3362:during the war, among whom was Colonel 1771:District of Baton Rouge and Port Hudson 873:After the war started, the position of 14: 11362: 10640:Modern display of the Confederate flag 8723: 8508:The Organized War to Victory 1864–1865 8403:Shrader, C. R., Newell, C. R. (2011). 7401:. Congressional Medal of Honor Society 6980:The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine 6548: 6521:"Civil War Army Organization and Rank" 6398: 5829:developed in Europe around the use of 5801:At the Civil War's start, the CGS was 5719:Signal Corps in the American Civil War 5235:Seized by Texas militia February 1861 4863:Discontinued 1855, reestablished 1861 4685: 4004:trial of President Lincoln's assassins 3993:The Civil War began with brevet Major 3402:brigadier general when the war ended. 3358:). Six Italian Americans received the 2646:for a brigade; and conduct regimental 1384:. Artillery equivalent referred to as 1202:as their personal staff and a general 903: 56:from 1863 until 1865 (35 states/stars) 10858: 10247: 9811: 9034: 8837:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 8735: 8697: 8510:. (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1960–71. 7344:"Italians and the American Civil War" 7294: 7237: 7210: 6089:Military history of African Americans 5630:, with other major depots located in 4299: 4087:and guarded President Lincoln at his 4060:and harbor defenses but also oversaw 4039:United States Army Corps of Engineers 4032: 3514:. According to one evaluation of the 3332:peoples, fought for the Confederacy. 3052: 3011: 2709: 2477: 2354: 1397: 862:, commissary general of subsistence, 8357:Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. 7422: 7285: 7264: 6428:CIVIL WAR SESQUICENTENNIAL: Unionism 6042: 5709:served as acting QMG in Washington. 4068:during battle, helping to construct 3585:54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment 3573:1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment 2246:, which was added on March 2, 1864, 1380:Cavalry equivalent referred to as a 919:Military Division of the Mississippi 539:1st New York Mounted Rifles Regiment 10994:Committee on the Conduct of the War 10670:United Daughters of the Confederacy 8013:Newell & Shrader, pages 112–118 7999:Newell & Shrader, pages 109–111 7981:Newell & Shrader, pages 292–303 7945:Newell & Shrader, pages 151–161 7917:Newell & Shrader, pages 142–151 7894:Newell & Shrader, pages 104–106 7862:Newell & Shrader, pages 109–110 7853:Newell & Shrader, pages 127–135 6745: 6074:Hispanics in the American Civil War 5816: 3522:African Americans in the Union Army 3336:Italian Americans in the Union Army 3085:, affiliated with Company B of the 2614:with the rank of brigadier general. 24: 11064:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 10859: 10403:impeachment managers investigation 8782:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 8639:Christian Commission of Union Dead 8623:Historical Society of Pennsylvania 7878:Newell & Shrader, pages 98–104 7310:The 52nd New York State Volunteers 6340: 6079:Italian Americans in the Civil War 5923:, etc.) which ideally allowed for 5868:was preferred, but if necessary a 5727:for the US Army was the result of 5466:When the Civil War began, Colonel 4750:explosion at the Allegheny Arsenal 4306:Medical Corps (United States Army) 3959:military laws of the United States 3378:was the original commander of the 3342:Italian Americans in the Civil War 2701:for general officers; and command 2227:defending the national capital of 1250:Union Army tactical organizations 1077:, the army operating primarily in 991:, the army operating primarily in 25: 11381: 10489:Reconstruction military districts 8937:Abolitionism in the United States 8892:Plantations in the American South 8807:Origins of the American Civil War 8584: 6099:United States National Cemeteries 5429: 4692:United States Army Ordnance Corps 4639:led to many deaths from disease, 4614:United States Sanitary Commission 3312:. A relatively smaller number of 3071:Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania 2718:Non-commissioned officers of the 1781:District of Key West and Tortugas 746:over the Army in his capacity as 496:regular army of the United States 11343: 11334: 11333: 10472:Enforcement Act of February 1871 10445:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 8596:"The Common Soldier", HistoryNet 8500:War Becomes Revolution 1862–1863 8278: 8262: 8249: 8209: 8196: 8173: 8160: 8135: 8117: 8104: 8095: 8086: 8077: 8068: 8016: 7966: 7957: 7948: 7856: 7831: 7822: 7819:Newell & Shrader, p. 122-127 7785: 7768:Newell & Shrader, p. 164-166 7762: 7759:Newell & Shrader, p. 188-192 7747:Newell & Shrader, p. 168-177 7725: 7722:Newell & Shrader, p. 163-164 7691: 7666: 7656: 7624:Newell & Shrader, p. 285–292 7600:Newell & Shrader, p. 106-107 7490: 7481: 7469:Cordell (2016), Part III: Nurses 6632:Newell & Shrader, p. 215-218 6623:Newell & Shrader, p. 283-285 6614:Newell & Shrader, p. 306-308 6596:Newell & Shrader, p. 308-312 6028: 5484:Provost Marshal General's Bureau 4808:Destroyed April 1861, seized by 4635:or general understanding of the 4410:Medical Inspector General (COL) 4202:and assistants and stocked with 4147:Corps of Topographical Engineers 4072:, repair roads and bridges, dig 3308:troops who fought alongside the 3290:79th New York Volunteer Infantry 3087:26th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment 2885: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2857: 2850: 2536: 2529: 2522: 2515: 2508: 2501: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2413: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2364: 2357: 1526: 856:chief of topographical engineers 66: 11257:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 11119:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 10680:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 8376:What They Fought For, 1861–1865 7472: 7463: 7454: 7445: 7436: 7413: 7391: 7382: 7373: 7335: 7323: 7314: 7303: 7258: 7231: 7204: 7185:Stanley, Matt (April 8, 2016). 7178: 7169: 7148: 7136: 7119: 7110: 7101: 7092: 7083: 7024: 7003: 6994: 6985: 6972: 6963: 6954: 6945: 6935: 6914: 6891: 6882: 6873: 6864: 6855: 6846: 6837: 6828: 6819: 6810: 6801: 6792: 6783: 6774: 6765: 6739: 6710: 6683: 6644: 6635: 6599: 6557: 6504: 6451: 6420: 6049:American Civil War Corps Badges 5712: 5573:United States Military Railroad 4363:Regular Army Medical Personnel 3830:and inhumanity of the system." 3816:(1997), p. 118, emphasis added. 3512:39th New York Infantry Regiment 3452:was a very popular figure. The 3255: 2720:93rd New York Infantry Regiment 2209:Prince Philippe, Count of Paris 1459:District of Southern California 702: 491:as a working, viable republic. 471:, was often referred to as the 10360:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 8619:Louis N. Rosenthal lithographs 8609:Union Army Historical Pictures 8475:Quarterly journal of economics 8407:University of Nebraska, 2011. 8346:. New York: Free Press, 1990. 8328:Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant 8112:Desertion During the Civil War 7972:Newell & Shrader, page 140 7903:Newell & Shrader, page 139 7791:Newell & Shrader, page 119 7713:Newell & Shrader, p. 90-94 7591:Newell & Shrader, p. 94-98 7575:Newell & Shrader, p. 85-90 7487:Cordell (2016), Part II: Spies 6978:Schroeder-Lein, G. R. (2015). 6392: 6383: 6380:Hattaway & Jones, pp. 9–10 6362: 6334: 6316: 6286: 6277: 5426:terms with Secretary Stanton. 4296:for the remainder of the war. 4234:Inspector General's Department 4109:1st New York Engineer Regiment 4046:United States Military Academy 3834:Army administration and issues 3778: 1853:District of Southwest Missouri 1502:Northern District (Charleston) 1147:, the most famous army in the 927:Military Division of the James 597:United States Military Academy 13: 1: 10775:Ladies' Memorial Associations 10477:Enforcement Act of April 1871 10373:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 10248: 8634:Civil War National Cemeteries 8029:. LSU Press. p. xi–xxi. 7244:. Potomac Books. p. 21. 7217:. Potomac Books. p. 15. 6265: 5750:U.S. Military Telegraph Corps 5577:U.S. Military Telegraph Corps 3839:Adjutant General's Department 1587:Department of the Susquehanna 1582:Department of the Monongahela 731: 10908:Confederate revolving cannon 10650:Sons of Confederate Veterans 10521:South Carolina riots of 1876 10499:Indian Council at Fort Smith 10450:South Carolina riots of 1876 10415:Knights of the White Camelia 8907:Slavery in the United States 8602:A Manual of Military Surgery 8492:The Improvised War 1861–1862 8101:Griffith (2021), pages 85–89 8083:Griffith (2021), pages 70–72 8074:Griffith (2021), pages 76-81 7837:Newell & Shrader, p. 124 7731:Newell & Shrader, p. 166 7175:Axelrod, A. (2017), p. 86-87 6920:Fisher (2001), pages 121–122 6911:Fisher (2001), pages 115–119 6650:Newell & Shrader, p. 312 6641:Newell & Shrader, p. 235 6605:Newell & Shrader, p. 210 6584:Newell & Shrader, p. 1-3 6434:. Retrieved January 29, 2021 6399:Murray, Jennifer M. (2012). 3876:United States Colored Troops 3565:United States Colored Troops 3532:United States Colored Troops 3392:United States Colored Troops 2777:. One notable exception was 2670:such as inventories and the 2138: 1833:District of Central Missouri 1750:District of Eastern Arkansas 1703:District of Western Kentucky 1672:District of Northern Alabama 1667:District of Middle Tennessee 1658:Department of the Cumberland 1513:District of Eastern Virginia 1428:District of Western New York 1418:District of Central New York 1399:Formations of the Union Army 1125:, the army operating in the 1103:, the principal army in the 1045:, the army operating on the 948:Department of the Cumberland 723:), and the prince's nephew, 520: 7: 11262:New York City riots of 1863 11087:Battle Hymn of the Republic 10838:United Confederate Veterans 10675:Children of the Confederacy 10665:United Confederate Veterans 10660:Southern Historical Society 9812: 9292:Price's Missouri Expedition 8762:Timeline leading to the War 8736: 8504:The Organized War 1863–1864 8468:Journal of Military History 8181:Journal of American History 8129:(2013) 59#4 pages: 492–526. 8114:(U of Nebraska Press, 1928) 7133:. Retrieved August 1, 2022. 7080:Kautz (1864), pages 102–111 7030:Kautz (1864), pages 124–125 6572:Newell & Shrader, p. 76 6501:newell & shrader, p. 71 6021: 4389:Assistant Surgeon General ( 3506:for his actions during the 3368:Metropolitan Museum of Arts 2762:, and commissary sergeant. 2214: 1871:Department of the Northwest 1620:Department of West Virginia 1177:, the army assembled under 944:Department of the Tennessee 697:Virginia Military Institute 578:Canada–United States border 124:Battle Hymn of the Republic 10: 11386: 11230:Confederate Secret Service 10818:Grand Army of the Republic 10710:Grand Army of the Republic 10528:Southern Claims Commission 8272:(2013) 27#2 pages: 33–36. 7271:. NYU Press. p. 100. 7265:Ural, Susannah J. (2010). 6752:americanhistorycentral.com 6328:American Battlefield Trust 6298:American Battlefield Trust 6059:Grand Army of the Republic 5964:Desertions and draft riots 5716: 5531: 5528:Quartermaster's Department 5487: 5433: 5392:and six million pounds of 4689: 4631:proved helpful, a lack of 4303: 4237: 4150: 4036: 4013: 3925: 3922:Bureau of Military Justice 3842: 3577:1st Louisiana Native Guard 3525: 3339: 3240: 3208: 3197: 3187: 3176: 3166: 3152: 3141: 2800: 2338: 2296:political patronage system 2153:The champions of the Union 1838:District of North Missouri 1822:District of Upper Arkansas 1688:District of East Tennessee 1677:District of West Tennessee 1624:District of Harper's Ferry 1578:Department of Pennsylvania 1551:Department of Rappahannock 1518:District of North Carolina 1492:District of North Carolina 1183:Northern Virginia Campaign 752:United States Armed Forces 537:Recruiting poster for the 477:Grand Army of the Republic 29: 11329: 11305: 11218:Confederate States dollar 11190: 11132: 11077: 11029:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 11024:Emancipation Proclamation 10986: 10918:Medal of Honor recipients 10875: 10871: 10854: 10806:Confederate Memorial Hall 10788: 10767: 10725: 10697: 10688: 10608:Confederate Memorial Hall 10581:Confederate History Month 10561:Civil War Discovery Trail 10541: 10462:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 10293: 10268:Reconstruction Amendments 10258: 10254: 10243: 10165: 10034: 10027: 9967: 9831: 9824: 9820: 9807: 9749: 9496: 9489: 9320: 9176: 9135: 9103: 9070: 9063: 9059: 9030: 8927: 8877:Emancipation Proclamation 8845: 8746: 8742: 8731: 7496:Harper (2004), p. 348-350 7478:Harper (2004), p. 285-292 7107:Kautz (1864), pages 91–96 7098:Kautz (1864), pages 44–60 7089:Kautz (1864), pages 22–44 7068:Kautz (1864), pages 67–68 7044:Kautz (1864), pages 64–65 6094:Uniform of the Union Army 6036:American Civil War portal 5679:of wood; over 22 million 5567:used by the Army and the 4790:Principal US Army armory 4596:as medical storekeepers. 3712:, patient treatments and 3414:and given command of the 3251: 2787:execution by firing squad 2731:Non-commissioned officers 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2535: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2500: 2493: 2486: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2363: 2356: 2349: 2344: 2341: 1994: 1898: 1732: 1637: 1571:District of Eastern Shore 1535: 1524: 1471:Department of the Potomac 1435:Department of the Pacific 1423:District of Massachusetts 1404: 956:Department of New England 952:Department of the Pacific 823:(Chief of Ordnance), and 815:(Quartermaster General), 765:At the start of the war, 414: 392: 387: 234:Jackson's Valley Campaign 130: 118: 105: 95: 87: 79: 61: 54:Flag of the United States 46: 41: 11292:U.S. Sanitary Commission 11203:Battlefield preservation 11109:Marching Through Georgia 11034:Hampton Roads Conference 11009:Confiscation Act of 1862 11004:Confiscation Act of 1861 10780:U.S. national cemeteries 10586:Confederate Memorial Day 10571:Civil War Trails Program 10440:New Orleans riot of 1866 8288:v.45#2 1999. pages 147+ 8147:encyclopediavirginia.org 8092:Griffith (2021), page 53 7399:"LOUIS PALMA DI CESNOLA" 7021:Kautz (1864), p. 130–131 7009:Kautz (1864), p. 118–124 7000:Kautz (1864), p. 116–118 6991:Kautz (1864), p. 131–149 6969:Kautz (1864), p. 149–152 6960:Kautz (1864), p. 152–164 6951:Kautz (1864), p. 165–172 6834:Kautz (1866), p. 223–260 6816:Kautz (1866), p. 275–276 6807:Kautz (1866), p. 278–314 6798:Kautz (1866), p. 276–277 6789:Kautz (1866), p. 375–376 6780:Kautz (1866), p. 376–377 5569:Western Gunboat Flotilla 3872:Bureau of Colored Troops 3101:Among these immigrants, 2950:on parade and in battle. 2339:General / flag officers 2319:William Tecumseh Sherman 2194:First Battle of Bull Run 2155:, an 1861 lithograph by 1981:Army of West Mississippi 1860:Department of New Mexico 1817:District of South Kansas 1812:District of North Kansas 1755:District of the Frontier 1603:District of Saint Mary's 1594:Department of Washington 1556:Department of Shenandoah 923:Middle Military Division 721:Louis Philippe of France 605:William Tecumseh Sherman 91:2,128,948 (700,000 peak) 11213:Confederate war finance 10833:Southern Cross of Honor 10801:1938 Gettysburg reunion 10796:1913 Gettysburg reunion 10494:Reconstruction Treaties 10467:Enforcement Act of 1870 10350:Freedman's Savings Bank 8967:Lane Debates on Slavery 8792:Lincoln–Douglas debates 8521:Prokopowicz, Gerald J. 8434:. First Published 2002. 8310:Civil War High Commands 8270:OAH Magazine of History 8050:Paddy Griffith (2021). 7238:Mahin, Dean. B (2002). 7211:Mahin, Dean. B (2002). 7131:Warfare History Network 4712:pieces and millions of 4097:1st Engineer Battalion) 3664:. Originally a female 3607:Women in the Union Army 3487:, the U.S. Minister at 3316:, including members of 2802:Enlisted Rank Structure 2144:Regulars vs. volunteers 1946:Army of the Mississippi 1848:District of Saint Louis 1760:District of Little Rock 1487:District of Hilton Head 1478:Department of the South 1111:, Ambrose E. Burnside, 1057:Army of the Mississippi 875:Provost Marshal General 508:Confederate States Army 11272:Richmond riots of 1863 11198:Baltimore riot of 1861 10978:U.S. Military Railroad 10898:Confederate Home Guard 10630:Historiographic issues 10596:Historical reenactment 9095:Revenue Cutter Service 8962:William Lloyd Garrison 8871:Dred Scott v. Sandford 8437:Wilson, J. B. (1998). 8422:, and Paul Finkelman. 8190:March 4, 2016, at the 7332:. New York, 1986, p.26 7116:Kautz (1864), page 287 6932:Fisher (2001), 109–114 6879:Kautz (1866), p. 73–77 6870:Kautz (1866), p. 27–68 6861:Kautz (1866), p. 22–26 6852:Kautz (1866), p. 17–21 6689:Fisher, E. F. (2001). 6432:digitalcommons.lsu.edu 6324:"Civil War Casualties" 5973: 5761:Subsistence Department 4169:, particularly in the 3939:Judge Advocate General 3819: 3791:For Cause and Comrades 3784:Anti-slavery sentiment 3626: 3581:Capture of New Orleans 3544: 3496:Luigi Palma di Cesnola 3446:39th New York Infantry 3437: 3380:51st New York Regiment 3364:Luigi Palma di Cesnola 3346:The great majority of 3090: 3074: 2942:and, protected by the 2909:Quartermaster Sergeant 2814:Quartermaster Sergeant 2756:quartermaster sergeant 2727: 2693:in the field, command 2232: 2159: 1961:Army of the Shenandoah 1916:Army of the Cumberland 1829:Department of Missouri 1786:District of La Fourche 1776:District of Carrollton 1767:Department of the Gulf 1746:Department of Arkansas 1693:Department of Kentucky 1684:Department of the Ohio 1662:District of the Etowah 1608:District of Washington 1598:District of Alexandria 1454:District of California 1414:Department of the East 1214:Tactical organizations 1123:Army of the Shenandoah 989:Army of the Cumberland 964:Department of the West 960:Department of the East 848:judge advocate general 827:(Commissary General). 819:(Chief of Engineers), 728: 541: 530: 377:Appomattox Court House 100:U.S. Department of War 11237:Great Revival of 1863 11114:Maryland, My Maryland 10903:Confederate railroads 10566:Civil War Roundtables 10435:Meridian riot of 1871 10430:Memphis riots of 1866 8987:George Luther Stearns 8972:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 8865:Crittenden Compromise 8496:The War for the Union 8488:The War for the Union 8418:Wagner, Margaret E., 8342:Glatthaar, Joseph T. 8304:Eicher, John H., and 8023:Earl J. Hess (2015). 7056:Kautz (1864), page 66 6825:Kautz (1866), 265–275 6330:. September 15, 2023. 6114:Army of the Southwest 6009:Colored Orphan Asylum 5971: 5807:Joseph Pannell Taylor 5754:electrical telegraphy 5579:); management of all 5423:Alexander Brydie Dyer 5326:Indianapolis Arsenal 4610:Veteran Reserve Corps 4329:medical supply trains 4228:Stephen Harriman Long 4134:Joseph Gilbert Totten 4056:such as constructing 3985:was decided in 1866. 3979:not be settled until 3800: 3614: 3589:Battle of Fort Wagner 3539: 3428: 3398:regiment, was made a 3080: 3060: 2717: 2236:Commissioned officers 2222: 2151: 1986:Army of West Virginia 1971:Army of the Tennessee 1966:Army of the Southwest 1885:District of Wisconsin 1880:District of Minnesota 1613:District of Annapolis 1566:District of Baltimore 1220:military organization 1145:Army of the Tennessee 898:Assistant Secretaries 860:quartermaster general 710: 673:U.S. Military Academy 616:Southern slave states 536: 528: 11124:Daar kom die Alibama 11039:National Union Party 10715:memorials to Lincoln 10635:Lost Cause mythology 10340:Eufaula riot of 1874 10328:Confederate refugees 9541:District of Columbia 9168:Union naval blockade 9014:Underground Railroad 8802:Nullification crisis 7963:Hess (2017), page 30 7672:Hess, E. J. (2005). 7633:Baldwin, W. (2008). 6897:Kautz (1866), p. 188 6888:Kautz (1866), p. 171 6843:Kautz (1866), p. 260 6727:on February 15, 2008 6313:McPherson, pp.36–37. 6109:Army of the Frontier 6104:National Union Party 6005:Battle of Gettysburg 5997:New York Draft riots 5929:Counter-battery fire 5872:was conducted, with 5752:over who controlled 5656:City Point, Virginia 5652:Alexandria, Virginia 5224:San Antonio Arsenal 5116:Fayetteville Arsenal 5077:Apalachicola Arsenal 5042:Mount Vernon Arsenal 4796:Harpers Ferry Armory 4716:for the Union Army. 4702:limbers and caissons 4649:Psychological trauma 4601:attending physicians 4578:ambulance attendants 4510:Medical Storekeeper 4325:U.S. Ambulance Corps 4187:Gouverneur K. Warren 4085:Mexican–American War 4054:military engineering 3810:James M. McPherson, 3698:Florence Nightingale 2768:Mexican–American War 2205:Battle of Gettysburg 2183:rugged individualism 1921:Army of the Frontier 1807:District of Nebraska 1802:District of Colorado 1798:Department of Kansas 1724:District of Michigan 1719:District of Illinois 1497:District of Savannah 1444:District of Humboldt 1065:William S. Rosecrans 1001:William S. Rosecrans 811:(Adjutant General), 754:. Below him was the 145:American Indian Wars 11282:Supreme Court cases 11049:Radical Republicans 10828:Old soldiers' homes 10812:Confederate Veteran 10738:artworks in Capitol 10457:Reconstruction acts 10318:Colfax riot of 1873 9282:Richmond-Petersburg 8887:Fugitive slave laws 8817:Popular sovereignty 8797:Missouri Compromise 8787:Kansas-Nebraska Act 8570:The Western Theater 8554:The Eastern Theater 8525:(UNC Press, 2014). 8477:2 (2003): 519–548. 8451:Bledsoe, Andrew S. 8373:McPherson, James M. 8217:McPherson, James M. 7653:Baldwin, p. 107–110 7516:McPherson, James M. 6707:Eicher, pages 60–61 6341:Newell, Clayton R. 5915:. Truly impressive 5698:Montgomery C. Meigs 5585:national cemeteries 5565:ocean-going vessels 5447:Treasury Department 5342:Rock Island Arsenal 5191:Leavenworth Arsenal 5152:Fort Monroe Arsenal 5134:Little Rock Arsenal 4990:Baton Rouge Arsenal 4773: 4686:Ordnance Department 4682:Secretary Stanton. 4645:secondary infection 4489:Assistant Surgeon ( 4469:Assistant Surgeon ( 4427:Medical Inspector ( 4364: 4270:Joseph K. Mansfield 4266:Sylvester Churchill 3726:Mary Edwards Walker 3555:and half a million 3282:Gardes de Lafayette 3127: 3063:U.S. Colored Troops 3042:Southern Appalachia 2781:, which designated 2746:and protected by a 2427:Commanding the Army 2315:George Henry Thomas 2264:lieutenant colonels 1956:Army of the Potomac 1864:District of Arizona 1714:District of Indiana 1710:Northern Department 1561:Mountain Department 1482:District of Florida 1439:District of Arizona 1294:artillery batteries 1251: 1109:George B. McClellan 1101:Army of the Potomac 1087:Ambrose E. Burnside 1005:George Henry Thomas 904:Major organizations 813:Montgomery C. Meigs 784:George B. McClellan 744:command and control 717:Prince de Joinville 713:George B. McClellan 576:, mostly along the 430:George B. McClellan 11103:A Lincoln Portrait 11044:Politicians killed 10968:U.S. Balloon Corps 10963:Union corps badges 10743:memorials to Davis 10613:Disenfranchisement 10484:Reconstruction era 10365:Timber Culture Act 10323:Compromise of 1877 9287:Franklin–Nashville 8957:Frederick Douglass 8860:Cornerstone Speech 8777:Compromise of 1850 8725:American Civil War 8548:Welcher, Frank J. 8389:McGrath, John J. 8286:Civil War History. 7191:Emerging Civil War 7125:Scott, E. Carele. 6457:Eicher, pp. 37–38. 6426:Crofts, Daniel W. 6300:. August 16, 2011. 5974: 5958:defeated in detail 5950:repeating firearms 5864:. When possible a 5831:smoothbore muskets 5723:The creation of a 5694:Joseph E. Johnston 5620:Steubenville, Ohio 5468:Benjamin F. Larned 5414:James Wolfe Ripley 5262:Fort Union Arsenal 5173:Charleston Arsenal 4955:Pikesville Arsenal 4921:Washington Arsenal 4834:Watervliet Arsenal 4801:Harper's Ferry, VA 4778:Springfield Armory 4771: 4722:ordnance sergeants 4670:William A. Hammond 4362: 4300:Medical Department 4294:James Allen Hardie 4282:Battle of Antietam 4246:Inspector Generals 4089:first inauguration 4033:Corps of Engineers 4027:Reconstruction era 4023:Oliver Otis Howard 3916:Edward D. Townsend 3796:James M. McPherson 3627: 3601:summarily executed 3545: 3463:bersaglieri plumes 3450:Giuseppe Garibaldi 3438: 3404:Francis B. Spinola 3356:Francis B. Spinola 3300:was still part of 3125: 3091: 3075: 3053:Ethnic composition 3036:at the time), and 3018:Southern Unionists 3012:Southern Unionists 2728: 2724:Bealeton, Virginia 2710:Enlisted personnel 2644:officer of the day 2636:Lieutenant colonel 2595:Lieutenant general 2566:Lieutenant colonel 2546:Lieutenant general 2447:Lieutenant colonel 2323:Benjamin F. Butler 2284:second lieutenants 2252:brigadier generals 2244:lieutenant general 2233: 2160: 2032:Seventh Army Corps 1911:Army of the Border 1890:District of Dakota 1449:District of Oregon 1249: 1165:James B. McPherson 1161:William T. Sherman 1069:John A. McClernand 1047:Virginia Peninsula 1033:Nathaniel P. Banks 852:chief of engineers 805:Ethan A. Hitchcock 748:commander-in-chief 742:exercised supreme 729: 661:Southern Unionists 546:American Civil War 542: 531: 461:United States Army 457:American Civil War 416:Commanding General 394:Commander-in-Chief 153:American Civil War 32:United States Army 11357: 11356: 11325: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11155:Italian Americans 11140:African Americans 11097:John Brown's Body 10850: 10849: 10846: 10845: 10763: 10762: 10601:Robert E. Lee Day 10345:Freedmen's Bureau 10308:Brooks–Baxter War 10239: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10023: 10022: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9212:Northern Virginia 9158:Trans-Mississippi 9131: 9130: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9021: 8918:Uncle Tom's Cabin 8855:African Americans 8531:Shannon, Fred A. 8461:978-0-8071-6070-1 8432:978-1-4391-4884-6 8420:Gary W. Gallagher 8413:978-0-8032-1910-6 8384:978-0-8071-1904-4 8352:978-0-02-911815-3 8324:Grant, Ulysses S. 8238:978-0-19-509679-8 8183:(1981): 816–834. 8126:Civil War History 7688:Baldwin, p. 21-27 7419:Belfiglio, p. 167 7388:Belfiglio, p. 167 7348:Italian Americana 7320:Belfiglio, p. 169 6545:McGrath, p. 17–20 6294:"Civil War Facts" 6262: 6261: 5893:Dennis Hart Mahan 5866:flanking maneuver 5729:Albert James Myer 5357: 5356: 5279:Louisville Depot 5241:Vancouver Arsenal 5157:Old Point Comfort 5025:St. Louis Arsenal 4938:Watertown Arsenal 4869:Frankford Arsenal 4851:Champlain Arsenal 4817:Allegheny Arsenal 4770: 4570:Hospital Stewards 4562: 4561: 4368:Surgeon General ( 4361: 4316:general hospitals 4140:Richard Delafield 4062:civil engineering 4016:Freedmen's Bureau 3982:Ex parte Milligan 3932:An office of the 3769:Elizabeth Van Lew 3730:Louisa May Alcott 3722:Susie King Taylor 3674:regimental colors 3632:hundreds of women 3491:, July 17, 1861. 3481:William H. Seward 3420:Excelsior Brigade 3348:Italian Americans 3270: 3269: 3109:. Nearly as many 3067:Camp William Penn 2958:Ordnance Sergeant 2948:regimental colors 2899: 2898: 2819:Ordnance Sergeant 2760:ordnance sergeant 2740:regimental colors 2668:records and books 2624:Brigadier general 2591: 2590: 2586:Second lieutenant 2556:Brigadier general 2467:Second lieutenant 2437:Brigadier general 2311:William Rosecrans 2280:first lieutenants 2135: 2134: 2037:Eighth Army Corps 2017:Fourth Army Corps 2007:Second Army Corps 1936:Army of the James 1843:District of Rolla 1734:Military Division 1698:District of Cairo 1639:Military Division 1547:Middle Department 1392: 1391: 1307:Brigadier general 1248: 1139:Horatio G. Wright 1127:Shenandoah Valley 1095:John M. Schofield 1043:Army of the James 968:Middle Department 913:Military division 864:chief of ordnance 844:paymaster-general 840:inspector general 832:Department of War 574:Mississippi River 450: 449: 354:Kennesaw Mountain 219:Mississippi River 214:Chambersburg Raid 16:(Redirected from 11377: 11347: 11337: 11336: 11160:Native Americans 11145:German Americans 10938:Partisan rangers 10933:Official Records 10873: 10872: 10856: 10855: 10748:memorials to Lee 10695: 10694: 10256: 10255: 10245: 10244: 10032: 10031: 9829: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9809: 9808: 9782:Washington, D.C. 9576:Indian Territory 9536:Dakota Territory 9494: 9493: 9411:Chancellorsville 9202:Jackson's Valley 9192:Blockade runners 9068: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9032: 9031: 8992:Thaddeus Stevens 8982:Lysander Spooner 8942:Susan B. Anthony 8744: 8743: 8733: 8732: 8718: 8711: 8704: 8695: 8694: 8292: 8282: 8276: 8266: 8260: 8255:Iver Bernstein, 8253: 8247: 8246: 8226: 8213: 8207: 8200: 8194: 8177: 8171: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8139: 8133: 8121: 8115: 8108: 8102: 8099: 8093: 8090: 8084: 8081: 8075: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8000: 7997: 7982: 7979: 7973: 7970: 7964: 7961: 7955: 7952: 7946: 7943: 7932: 7929: 7918: 7915: 7904: 7901: 7895: 7892: 7879: 7876: 7863: 7860: 7854: 7851: 7838: 7835: 7829: 7826: 7820: 7817: 7804: 7801: 7792: 7789: 7783: 7782:Eicher, p. 63-64 7780: 7769: 7766: 7760: 7757: 7748: 7745: 7732: 7729: 7723: 7720: 7714: 7711: 7698: 7695: 7689: 7686: 7677: 7670: 7664: 7660: 7654: 7651: 7638: 7631: 7625: 7622: 7601: 7598: 7592: 7589: 7576: 7573: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7552: 7525: 7512: 7497: 7494: 7488: 7485: 7479: 7476: 7470: 7467: 7461: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7443: 7440: 7434: 7431: 7420: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7395: 7389: 7386: 7380: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7318: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7292: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7167: 7164: 7155: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7123: 7117: 7114: 7108: 7105: 7099: 7096: 7090: 7087: 7081: 7078: 7069: 7066: 7057: 7054: 7045: 7042: 7031: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7010: 7007: 7001: 6998: 6992: 6989: 6983: 6976: 6970: 6967: 6961: 6958: 6952: 6949: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6930: 6921: 6918: 6912: 6909: 6898: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6862: 6859: 6853: 6850: 6844: 6841: 6835: 6832: 6826: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6808: 6805: 6799: 6796: 6790: 6787: 6781: 6778: 6772: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6746:Searles, Harry. 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6714: 6708: 6705: 6694: 6687: 6681: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6651: 6648: 6642: 6639: 6633: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6615: 6612: 6606: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6585: 6582: 6573: 6570: 6564: 6561: 6555: 6554:Wilson, p. 12–15 6552: 6546: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6527:on July 18, 2017 6517: 6511: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6493: 6490: 6484: 6483:Eicher, p. 65-66 6481: 6470: 6467: 6458: 6455: 6449: 6446: 6435: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6407: 6396: 6390: 6387: 6381: 6378: 6369: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6349: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6014:New York Tribune 5817:Military tactics 5811:Amos Beebe Eaton 5733:military signals 5703:hands-on manager 5664:Justus McKinstry 5628:Washington, D.C. 5616:Quincy, Illinois 5557:traveling forges 5522:James Barnet Fry 5496:counterespionage 5419:George D. Ramsay 5374:repeating rifles 5330:Indianapolis, IN 5310:Columbus Arsenal 5294:Nashville Depot 5121:Fayetteville, NC 5100:Governors Island 5095:New York Arsenal 5082:Apalachicola, FL 5047:Mount Vernon, AL 5008:Kennebec Arsenal 4926:Washington, D.C. 4874:Philadelphia, PA 4774: 4755: 4754: 4625:field sanitation 4545:Hospital Steward 4365: 4343: 4342: 4224:John James Abert 4204:printing presses 4183:William H. Emory 4179:Howard Stansbury 4066:combat engineers 3953:; codifying the 3887:Adjutant General 3817: 3549:African American 3314:Native Americans 3276:, including the 3262: 3259: 3168:African American 3128: 3124: 3120:Michael Corcoran 3032:(which included 2919:Hospital Steward 2889: 2882: 2875: 2868: 2861: 2854: 2798: 2774:Hardee's Tactics 2726:, in August 1863 2581:First lieutenant 2540: 2533: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2462:First lieutenant 2417: 2410: 2403: 2396: 2389: 2382: 2375: 2368: 2361: 2345:Junior officers 2342:Senior officers 2333: 2332: 2272:company officers 2240:general officers 2229:Washington, D.C. 2223:Officers of the 2173:ideal which saw 2157:Currier and Ives 2042:Ninth Army Corps 2027:Sixth Army Corps 2022:Fifth Army Corps 2012:Third Army Corps 2002:First Army Corps 1976:Army of Virginia 1951:Army of the Ohio 1941:Army of Kentucky 1931:Army of the Gulf 1906:Army of Arkansas 1875:District of Iowa 1629:Kanawha District 1530: 1464:District of Utah 1395: 1394: 1252: 1230: 1229: 1175:Army of Virginia 1169:Oliver O. Howard 1157:Ulysses S. Grant 1083:Don Carlos Buell 1075:Army of the Ohio 1021:Army of the Gulf 836:adjutant general 825:Joseph P. Taylor 817:Joseph G. Totten 796:Ulysses S. Grant 790:Henry W. Halleck 760:general-in-chief 756:Secretary of War 686:Confederate army 669:Confederate army 657:French Americans 645:German Americans 627:Washington, D.C. 601:Ulysses S. Grant 590:Confederate Army 444:Ulysses S. Grant 436:Henry W. Halleck 349:Petersburg siege 269:Chancellorsville 111: 72: 70: 69: 51: 39: 38: 21: 11385: 11384: 11380: 11379: 11378: 11376: 11375: 11374: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11317: 11301: 11186: 11150:Irish Americans 11128: 11073: 10982: 10973:U.S. Home Guard 10913:Field artillery 10867: 10866: 10842: 10784: 10759: 10721: 10690: 10684: 10576:Civil War Trust 10543: 10537: 10425:Ethnic violence 10410:Kirk–Holden war 10289: 10250: 10227: 10161: 10019: 9963: 9816: 9791: 9745: 9498: 9485: 9316: 9297:Sherman's March 9277:Bermuda Hundred 9172: 9127: 9099: 9055: 9054: 9018: 8977:J. Sella Martin 8947:James G. Birney 8923: 8841: 8767:Bleeding Kansas 8755: 8738: 8727: 8722: 8587: 8446:Further reading 8306:David J. Eicher 8296: 8295: 8283: 8279: 8267: 8263: 8254: 8250: 8239: 8214: 8210: 8201: 8197: 8192:Wayback Machine 8178: 8174: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8141: 8140: 8136: 8122: 8118: 8109: 8105: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8082: 8078: 8073: 8069: 8062: 8048: 8044: 8037: 8021: 8017: 8012: 8003: 7998: 7985: 7980: 7976: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7944: 7935: 7930: 7921: 7916: 7907: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7882: 7877: 7866: 7861: 7857: 7852: 7841: 7836: 7832: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7807: 7802: 7795: 7790: 7786: 7781: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7751: 7746: 7735: 7730: 7726: 7721: 7717: 7712: 7701: 7697:Baldwin, p. 283 7696: 7692: 7687: 7680: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7657: 7652: 7641: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7604: 7599: 7595: 7590: 7579: 7574: 7563: 7550: 7548: 7538: 7513: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7459: 7455: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7432: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7404: 7402: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7374: 7364: 7362: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7308: 7304: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7279: 7263: 7259: 7252: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7209: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7183: 7179: 7174: 7170: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7124: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7079: 7072: 7067: 7060: 7055: 7048: 7043: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7020: 7013: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6977: 6973: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6936: 6931: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6883: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6756: 6754: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6728: 6715: 6711: 6706: 6697: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6473: 6468: 6461: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6438: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6372: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6305: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6268: 6263: 6034: 6029: 6027: 6024: 5966: 5942:Philip Sheridan 5870:frontal assault 5858:field artillery 5851:Napoleonic Wars 5819: 5763: 5721: 5715: 5654:, Fort Monroe, 5536: 5530: 5492: 5486: 5473:Timothy Andrews 5438: 5432: 5347:Rock Island, IL 5228:San Antonio, TX 5208:Benicia Arsenal 5196:Leavenworth, KS 5139:Little Rock, AR 5060:Detroit Arsenal 4995:Baton Rouge, LA 4972:Augusta Arsenal 4903:Bellona Arsenal 4783:Springfield, MA 4710:field artillery 4694: 4688: 4633:aseptic surgery 4566:Surgeon General 4333:hospital trains 4308: 4302: 4274:Henry Lee Scott 4242: 4236: 4175:John C. Frémont 4155: 4149: 4070:pontoon bridges 4041: 4035: 4018: 4012: 3930: 3924: 3912:western theater 3847: 3841: 3836: 3818: 3809: 3786: 3781: 3765:Pauline Cushman 3609: 3542:Benton Barracks 3534: 3526:Main articles: 3524: 3508:Battle of Aldie 3477:Abraham Lincoln 3471:with the words 3458:Garibaldi Guard 3442:Garibaldi Guard 3435:Abraham Lincoln 3431:Garibaldi Guard 3416:Spinola Brigade 3412:Abraham Lincoln 3406:recruited four 3344: 3338: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3246:French-Canadian 3231:Native American 3185:18,000 – 50,000 3158:German-American 3069:in present-day 3055: 3014: 2923:Ambulance Corps 2744:standard-bearer 2712: 2703:fatigue parties 2599:Act of Congress 2425: 2217: 2179:citizen soldier 2175:standing armies 2164:Volunteer units 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2122:25th Army Corps 2117:24th Army Corps 2102:21st Army Corps 2097:20th Army Corps 2092:19th Army Corps 2087:18th Army Corps 2082:17th Army Corps 2077:16th Army Corps 2072:15th Army Corps 2067:14th Army Corps 2062:13th Army Corps 2057:12th Army Corps 2052:11th Army Corps 2047:10th Army Corps 1990: 1926:Army of Georgia 1894: 1737: 1735: 1728: 1642: 1640: 1633: 1538: 1537:Middle Military 1531: 1522: 1406: 1400: 1311:2–12 regiments 1216: 1155:; commanded by 1149:Western Theater 1135:Philip Sheridan 1117:George G. Meade 1107:, commanded by 1105:Eastern Theater 1067:in 1862; under 1029:Benjamin Butler 1027:, commanded by 1015:Henry W. Slocum 1011:Army of Georgia 999:, commanded by 950:,) or regions ( 906: 868:surgeon general 821:James W. Ripley 740:Abraham Lincoln 734: 705: 620:Abraham Lincoln 582:U.S. East Coast 523: 453: 439: 433: 427: 405: 402:Abraham Lincoln 383: 382: 381: 373: 324:New Hope Church 284:Vicksburg siege 239:Second Bull Run 149: 139: 109: 67: 65: 57: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11383: 11373: 11372: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11351: 11341: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11323: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11309: 11307: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11297:Women soldiers 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11252:Naming the war 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11222: 11221: 11220: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11194: 11192: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11136: 11134: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11083: 11081: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10888:Campaign Medal 10885: 10879: 10877: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10863:Related topics 10860: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10792: 10790: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10782: 10777: 10771: 10769: 10765: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10729: 10727: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10717: 10712: 10701: 10699: 10692: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10620: 10610: 10605: 10604: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10591:Decoration Day 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10547: 10545: 10544:Reconstruction 10539: 10538: 10536: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10524: 10523: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10502: 10501: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10400: 10398:second inquiry 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10370: 10369: 10368: 10362: 10355:Homestead Acts 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10303:Alabama Claims 10299: 10297: 10295:Reconstruction 10291: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10283:15th Amendment 10280: 10278:14th Amendment 10275: 10273:13th Amendment 10264: 10262: 10252: 10251: 10241: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10169: 10167: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10038: 10036: 10029: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9971: 9969: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9904:J. E. Johnston 9901: 9899:A. S. Johnston 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9839:R. H. Anderson 9835: 9833: 9826: 9818: 9817: 9805: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9753: 9751: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9701:South Carolina 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9676:North Carolina 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9502: 9500: 9491: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9401:Fredericksburg 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9341:Wilson's Creek 9338: 9333: 9327: 9325: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9183: 9181: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9153:Lower Seaboard 9150: 9145: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9109: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9076: 9074: 9065: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9049: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9036: 9028: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9009:Harriet Tubman 9006: 9005: 9004: 8997:Charles Sumner 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8933: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8851: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8839: 8834: 8832:States' rights 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8753: 8747: 8740: 8739: 8729: 8728: 8721: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8598: 8593: 8586: 8585:External links 8583: 8582: 8581: 8546: 8529: 8519: 8481: 8479:online version 8471: 8464: 8443: 8442: 8435: 8416: 8401: 8387: 8370: 8355: 8340: 8321: 8294: 8293: 8290:online edition 8277: 8261: 8248: 8237: 8208: 8195: 8172: 8159: 8134: 8116: 8103: 8094: 8085: 8076: 8067: 8060: 8042: 8035: 8015: 8001: 7983: 7974: 7965: 7956: 7947: 7933: 7919: 7905: 7896: 7880: 7864: 7855: 7839: 7830: 7821: 7805: 7793: 7784: 7770: 7761: 7749: 7733: 7724: 7715: 7699: 7690: 7678: 7665: 7655: 7639: 7626: 7602: 7593: 7577: 7561: 7537:0-19-509-023-3 7536: 7498: 7489: 7480: 7471: 7462: 7453: 7444: 7435: 7421: 7412: 7390: 7381: 7372: 7334: 7322: 7313: 7302: 7293: 7284: 7277: 7257: 7250: 7230: 7223: 7203: 7177: 7168: 7156: 7147: 7135: 7118: 7109: 7100: 7091: 7082: 7070: 7058: 7046: 7032: 7023: 7011: 7002: 6993: 6984: 6971: 6962: 6953: 6944: 6934: 6922: 6913: 6899: 6890: 6881: 6872: 6863: 6854: 6845: 6836: 6827: 6818: 6809: 6800: 6791: 6782: 6773: 6764: 6738: 6709: 6695: 6682: 6673: 6664: 6652: 6643: 6634: 6625: 6616: 6607: 6598: 6586: 6574: 6565: 6556: 6547: 6538: 6512: 6503: 6494: 6485: 6471: 6459: 6450: 6436: 6419: 6391: 6389:Eicher, p. 46. 6382: 6370: 6368:Newell, p. 52. 6361: 6333: 6315: 6303: 6285: 6275: 6274: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6023: 6020: 6001:Enrollment Act 5990:bounty jumpers 5965: 5962: 5917:trench systems 5905:wire obstacles 5883:bayonet charge 5847:rifled muskets 5818: 5815: 5799: 5798: 5762: 5759: 5717:Main article: 5714: 5711: 5707:Charles Thomas 5690: 5689: 5545:Cavalry Bureau 5532:Main article: 5529: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5488:Main article: 5485: 5482: 5477:Benjamin Brice 5464: 5463: 5434:Main article: 5431: 5430:Pay Department 5428: 5409:Henry K. Craig 5406: 5405: 5390:shot and shell 5370:breech-loading 5355: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283:Louisville, KY 5280: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5246:Fort Vancouver 5243: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5178:Charleston, SC 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960:Pikesville, MD 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839:Watervliet, NY 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822:Pittsburgh, PA 4819: 4813: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4780: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4690:Main article: 4687: 4684: 4666:Clement Finley 4658: 4657: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4527:Medical Cadet 4524: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4337:hospital ships 4304:Main article: 4301: 4298: 4278:Randolph Marcy 4262: 4261: 4238:Main article: 4235: 4232: 4220: 4219: 4151:Main article: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4137: 4130: 4129: 4078:reconnaissance 4076:, and conduct 4058:fortifications 4037:Main article: 4034: 4031: 4014:Main article: 4011: 4008: 3991: 3990: 3947:courts-martial 3934:Judge Advocate 3926:Main article: 3923: 3920: 3903:Lorenzo Thomas 3899: 3898: 3843:Main article: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3807: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3761:Mary Louvestre 3757:Harriet Tubman 3691:Nadine Turchin 3683:Anna Etheridge 3668:, the role of 3640:camp followers 3608: 3605: 3523: 3520: 3504:Medal of Honor 3429:Review of the 3376:Edward Ferrero 3360:Medal of Honor 3352:Edward Ferrero 3340:Main article: 3337: 3334: 3286:German Rangers 3268: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3144:White American 3140: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3107:Forty-Eighters 3089:in August 1862 3054: 3051: 3038:North Carolina 3026:East Tennessee 3013: 3010: 3009: 3008: 2984: 2983: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2946:, carried the 2940:color sergeant 2933: 2930:First Sergeant 2927: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2903:Sergeant Major 2897: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2824:First Sergeant 2821: 2816: 2811: 2809:Sergeant Major 2805: 2804: 2796: 2795: 2794:Enlisted ranks 2711: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2675: 2661: 2651: 2648:courts martial 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2612:chief of staff 2589: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2506: 2499: 2492: 2485: 2478: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2419: 2418: 2411: 2404: 2397: 2390: 2383: 2376: 2369: 2362: 2355: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2307:Nathaniel Lyon 2256:field officers 2248:major generals 2216: 2213: 2201:The Wheatfield 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2112:23d Army Corps 2109: 2107:22d Army Corps 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1867: 1866: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1654: 1653: 1647: 1645: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1533: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1474: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1390: 1389: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1283:Major general 1281: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1264: 1263:2–6 divisions 1261: 1260:Major general 1258: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1215: 1212: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1172: 1142: 1120: 1098: 1091:John G. Foster 1072: 1054: 1040: 1025:Gulf of Mexico 1018: 1008: 982: 979: 976: 971: 939: 934: 915: 905: 902: 891:Albert J. Myer 809:Lorenzo Thomas 800: 799: 793: 787: 781: 778:Winfield Scott 737:U.S. President 733: 730: 727:(on far right) 725:Count de Paris 704: 701: 566:mounted rifles 522: 519: 515:colored troops 451: 448: 447: 424:Winfield Scott 418: 412: 411: 408:Andrew Johnson 396: 390: 389: 385: 384: 372: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 329:Pickett's Mill 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 259:Fredericksburg 256: 251: 246: 244:South Mountain 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 172: 170:Wilson's Creek 167: 165:First Bull Run 162: 141: 140: 135: 134: 132: 128: 127: 120: 116: 115: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 63: 59: 58: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11382: 11371: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11340: 11332: 11331: 11328: 11314: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11304: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11267:Photographers 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11242:Gender issues 11240: 11238: 11235: 11231: 11228: 11227: 11226: 11223: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11189: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11131: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11104: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11080: 11076: 11070: 11069:War Democrats 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11059:Union Leagues 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10958:Turning point 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10928:Naval battles 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10862: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10813: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10787: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10766: 10756: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10696: 10693: 10691:and memorials 10687: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10615: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10551:Commemoration 10549: 10548: 10546: 10540: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10455: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10393:first inquiry 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10371: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10313:Carpetbaggers 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10292: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10246: 10242: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10164: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10026: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9966: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9810: 9806: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9748: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9736:West Virginia 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9656:New Hampshire 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9616:Massachusetts 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9356:Hampton Roads 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9346:Fort Donelson 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9319: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9242:Morgan's Raid 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9187:Anaconda Plan 9185: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9175: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9163:Pacific Coast 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9050: 9047: 9044: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8897:Positive good 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8812:Panic of 1857 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8772:Border states 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8719: 8714: 8712: 8707: 8705: 8700: 8699: 8696: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8579: 8578:0-253-36454-X 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8562:0-253-36453-1 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8517: 8516:1-56852-299-1 8513: 8509: 8505: 8502:. Volume 3, 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8484:Nevins, Allan 8482: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8440: 8436: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8400: 8399:9781428910225 8396: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8367:0-252-00918-5 8364: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8337:0-914427-67-9 8334: 8330: 8329: 8325: 8322: 8319: 8318:0-8047-3641-3 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8291: 8287: 8281: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8258: 8252: 8245: 8240: 8234: 8230: 8225: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8205: 8202:Adrian Cook, 8199: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8169: 8163: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8128: 8127: 8120: 8113: 8107: 8098: 8089: 8080: 8071: 8063: 8061:9798534453355 8057: 8053: 8046: 8038: 8036:9780807159385 8032: 8028: 8027: 8019: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7978: 7969: 7960: 7951: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7900: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7859: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7834: 7825: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7800: 7798: 7788: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7765: 7756: 7754: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7728: 7719: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7694: 7685: 7683: 7675: 7669: 7659: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7636: 7630: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7597: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7558: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7493: 7484: 7475: 7466: 7457: 7448: 7439: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7416: 7400: 7394: 7385: 7376: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7317: 7311: 7306: 7297: 7288: 7280: 7278:9780814785706 7274: 7270: 7269: 7261: 7253: 7251:9781574884845 7247: 7243: 7242: 7234: 7226: 7224:9781574884845 7220: 7216: 7215: 7207: 7192: 7188: 7181: 7172: 7163: 7161: 7151: 7144: 7139: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7113: 7104: 7095: 7086: 7077: 7075: 7065: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7027: 7018: 7016: 7006: 6997: 6988: 6981: 6975: 6966: 6957: 6948: 6938: 6929: 6927: 6917: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6894: 6885: 6876: 6867: 6858: 6849: 6840: 6831: 6822: 6813: 6804: 6795: 6786: 6777: 6768: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6713: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6692: 6686: 6677: 6671:Eicher, p. 34 6668: 6662:Eicher, p. 30 6659: 6657: 6647: 6638: 6629: 6620: 6611: 6602: 6593: 6591: 6581: 6579: 6569: 6563:Eicher, p. 46 6560: 6551: 6542: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6507: 6498: 6492:Eicher, p. 40 6489: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6469:Eicher, p. 58 6466: 6464: 6454: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6404: 6403: 6395: 6386: 6377: 6375: 6365: 6346: 6345: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6310: 6308: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6258: 6253: 6252:Cavalry Corps 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6037: 6026: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5982:war-weariness 5978: 5970: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5954:marching fire 5951: 5947: 5946:heavy cavalry 5943: 5938: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5925:flanking fire 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5803:George Gibson 5796: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5737:sign language 5734: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5648:San Francisco 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500:Invalid Corps 5497: 5491: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5442: 5437: 5436:Finance Corps 5427: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398:canister shot 5395: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5363: 5362:John B. Floyd 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5298:Nashville, TN 5296: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5030:St. Louis, MO 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4943:Watertown, MA 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4856:Vergennes, VT 4854: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4706:accoutrements 4703: 4699: 4693: 4683: 4680: 4679:Joseph Barnes 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4662:Thomas Lawson 4655: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4247: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4171:American West 4168: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3907:Samuel Cooper 3904: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3831: 3828: 3827:Pennsylvanian 3824: 3815: 3814: 3806: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3616:Kady Brownell 3613: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3561:Border States 3558: 3554: 3550: 3547:By 1860, the 3543: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3485:H. S. Sanford 3482: 3478: 3474: 3473:Dio e popolo, 3470: 3466: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3433:by President 3432: 3427: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3396:85th New York 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3372:New York City 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3278:69th New York 3275: 3274:Irish Brigade 3258: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3050: 3048: 3047:planter class 3043: 3039: 3035: 3034:West Virginia 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2618:Major general 2616: 2613: 2609: 2608:aides-de-camp 2605: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2551:Major general 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2504: 2497: 2490: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2432:Major general 2428: 2424: 2423:Major general 2420: 2416: 2409: 2402: 2395: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2367: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2335: 2334: 2329:Officer ranks 2328: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2128: 2127:Cavalry Corps 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1534: 1529: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1403: 1396: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1332:10 companies 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1286:2–6 brigades 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1271:Cavalry Corps 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:aide-de-camps 1196: 1194: 1193:major general 1184: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1113:Joseph Hooker 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 987: 986: 983: 980: 977: 975: 972: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 935: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 914: 911: 910: 909: 901: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 879:Simeon Draper 876: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 775: 774: 772: 771:Edwin Stanton 768: 767:Simon Cameron 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 738: 726: 722: 719:(son of King 718: 714: 709: 700: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 678:Robert E. Lee 674: 670: 665: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 641:abolitionists 637: 635: 629: 628: 624: 621: 617: 612: 610: 609:Braxton Bragg 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 564:, and one of 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 540: 535: 527: 518: 516: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 489:United States 486: 485:Northern Army 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 452:Military unit 445: 442: 437: 431: 425: 422: 419: 417: 413: 409: 403: 400: 397: 395: 391: 386: 380: 379: 378: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 279:Champion Hill 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 209:Shepherdstown 207: 205: 202: 200: 199:Harpers Ferry 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 157: 156: 155: 154: 148: 147: 146: 138: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 108: 104: 101: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 75: 74:United States 64: 60: 55: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11208:Bibliography 11191:Other topics 11133:By ethnicity 11101: 11054:Trent Affair 10953:Signal Corps 10810: 10533:White League 10420:Ku Klux Klan 10333:Confederados 10260:Constitution 10132:D. D. Porter 9985:Breckinridge 9696:Rhode Island 9691:Pennsylvania 9446:Spotsylvania 9406:Stones River 9386:2nd Bull Run 9336:1st Bull Run 9222:Stones River 9123:Marine Corps 9090:Marine Corps 9079: 8929:Abolitionism 8916: 8869: 8601: 8569: 8568:. Volume 2, 8565: 8553: 8549: 8533: 8522: 8507: 8506:. Volume 4, 8503: 8499: 8498:. Volume 2, 8495: 8491: 8490:. Volume 1, 8487: 8474: 8470:79.3 (2015). 8467: 8452: 8445: 8444: 8438: 8423: 8404: 8390: 8375: 8358: 8343: 8327: 8309: 8299:Bibliography 8298: 8297: 8285: 8280: 8269: 8264: 8256: 8251: 8242: 8222: 8211: 8203: 8198: 8180: 8175: 8167: 8162: 8150:. Retrieved 8146: 8137: 8124: 8119: 8111: 8106: 8097: 8088: 8079: 8070: 8051: 8045: 8025: 8018: 7977: 7968: 7959: 7950: 7899: 7858: 7833: 7824: 7787: 7764: 7727: 7718: 7693: 7673: 7668: 7658: 7634: 7629: 7596: 7556: 7549:. Retrieved 7521: 7492: 7483: 7474: 7465: 7456: 7447: 7438: 7415: 7405:December 21, 7403:. Retrieved 7393: 7384: 7375: 7365:December 21, 7363:. 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Retrieved 6343: 6336: 6327: 6318: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6270: 6269: 6256: 6012: 5994: 5986: 5975: 5934: 5887: 5855: 5820: 5800: 5791: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5764: 5725:Signal Corps 5722: 5713:Signal Corps 5691: 5673: 5660: 5612:Philadelphia 5597: 5593: 5589: 5581:wagon trains 5537: 5518: 5509: 5505: 5493: 5465: 5452: 5443: 5439: 5407: 5386: 5367: 5358: 5315:Columbus, OH 5266:Fort Union, 5065:Dearborn, MI 4908:Richmond, VA 4886:Rome Arsenal 4764:Established 4742: 4734: 4730: 4718: 4695: 4659: 4622: 4618: 4606: 4598: 4590:apothecaries 4582: 4563: 4309: 4290:Delos Sacket 4263: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4221: 4212:lithographic 4208:photographic 4196: 4192: 4156: 4101: 4082: 4042: 4019: 3992: 3980: 3972: 3963: 3931: 3900: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3848: 3823:anti-slavery 3820: 3811: 3803: 3801: 3794:, historian 3790: 3787: 3734: 3718:Clara Barton 3714:hospice care 3706:Dorothea Dix 3695: 3669: 3659: 3637: 3628: 3624:Rhode Island 3593: 3569: 3546: 3493: 3472: 3469:Italian flag 3461: 3457: 3439: 3345: 3294: 3271: 3257: 3211:Scandinavian 3142:Native-born 3100: 3096:Northeastern 3092: 3024:(especially 3015: 2895:No insignia 2892:No insignia 2801: 2773: 2764: 2729: 2473: 2350: 2304: 2301: 2292: 2288:brevet ranks 2242:, including 2234: 2198: 2191: 2171:Jeffersonian 2168: 2161: 2152: 1899:Field Armies 1296:until 1863. 1217: 1197: 1190: 1131:David Hunter 1037:Edward Canby 995:, and later 907: 895: 887:Signal Corps 883:James B. Fry 872: 829: 801: 764: 735: 703:Organization 690: 666: 653:Pennsylvania 638: 630: 613: 594: 543: 512: 493: 484: 481:Federal Army 480: 476: 472: 454: 375: 374: 359:Jonesborough 314:Spotsylvania 264:Stones River 204:Munfordville 151: 150: 143: 142: 136: 96:Part of 36: 11014:Copperheads 10726:Confederate 10618:Black Codes 9944:E. K. Smith 9825:Confederate 9772:New Orleans 9767:Chattanooga 9631:Mississippi 9531:Connecticut 9499:territories 9490:Involvement 9451:Cold Harbor 9441:Fort Pillow 9431:Chattanooga 9426:Chickamauga 9376:Seven Pines 9366:New Orleans 9331:Fort Sumter 9272:Valley 1864 9105:Confederacy 8902:Slave Power 8882:Fire-Eaters 8170:(2013) ch 1 8152:October 13, 8110:Ella Lonn, 7196:December 9, 6731:December 9, 6237:XXIII Corps 6212:XVIII Corps 5862:skirmishers 5843:volley fire 5745:Fort Monroe 5644:New Orleans 5382:Henry rifle 5213:Benicia, CA 5013:Augusta, ME 4977:Augusta, GA 4726:artificiers 4637:germ theory 4214:equipment. 4200:draughtsmen 4167:cartography 4159:exploration 3999:Joseph Holt 3995:John F. Lee 3976:Lieber Code 3955:laws of war 3860:absenteeism 3779:Motivations 3773:Mary Bowser 3702:Crimean War 3700:during the 3656:prostitutes 3648:laundresses 3557:free Blacks 3500:Crimean War 3116:Franz Sigel 2944:color guard 2748:color guard 2672:muster roll 2658:detachments 2336:Rank group 2203:during the 2187:Emory Upton 1738:Mississippi 1643:Mississippi 1407:Departments 1405:Independent 1374:2 platoons 693:The Citadel 595:Almost 200 586:Southerners 580:and on the 455:During the 446:(1864–1869) 438:(1862–1864) 432:(1861–1862) 426:(1841–1861) 404:(1861–1865) 344:Fort Pillow 334:Cold Harbor 319:Sabine Pass 299:Chattanooga 294:Chickamauga 189:South Mills 175:Forts Henry 160:Fort Sumter 137:See battles 131:Engagements 11370:Union Army 11247:Juneteenth 10768:Cemeteries 10645:Red Shirts 10556:Centennial 10506:Red Shirts 9914:Longstreet 9844:Beauregard 9787:Winchester 9762:Charleston 9731:Washington 9666:New Mexico 9661:New Jersey 9521:California 9497:States and 9481:Five Forks 9466:Mobile Bay 9436:Wilderness 9416:Gettysburg 9396:Perryville 9381:Seven Days 9312:Appomattox 9237:Gettysburg 9197:New Mexico 9064:Combatants 9039:Combatants 8952:John Brown 8572:. (1993). 8552:. Vol. 1, 7354:(2): 164. 6266:References 6242:XXIV Corps 6232:XXII Corps 6207:XVII Corps 6183:XIII Corps 6158:VIII Corps 5921:embankment 5909:land mines 5897:rifle pits 5889:Fieldworks 5827:traditions 5797:Leadership 5688:Leadership 5640:Louisville 5600:Cincinnati 5515:Leadership 5462:Leadership 5456:Revolution 5404:Leadership 4746:cartridges 4714:small arms 4656:Leadership 4629:chloroform 4320:evacuating 4260:Leadership 4218:Leadership 4128:Leadership 4117:earthworks 4093:artificers 4050:West Point 3989:Leadership 3897:Leadership 3687:Marie Tepe 3670:vivandière 3661:vivandière 3620:vivandière 3583:; and the 3131:Estimates 3005:artificers 2783:Fort Wayne 2678:Lieutenant 2640:detachment 2274:including 2258:including 1995:Army Corps 1239:Sub-units 1236:Commander 1051:Edward Ord 937:Department 732:Leadership 552:, four of 504:conscripts 500:volunteers 473:Union Army 406:President 388:Commanders 304:Wilderness 274:Gettysburg 254:Hartsville 184:Shenandoah 42:Union Army 18:Union army 11225:Espionage 11019:Diplomacy 10987:Political 10943:POW camps 10689:Monuments 10516:Scalawags 10511:Redeemers 10249:Aftermath 10198:Pinkerton 10137:Rosecrans 10102:McClellan 10005:Memminger 9741:Wisconsin 9706:Tennessee 9626:Minnesota 9601:Louisiana 9476:Nashville 9421:Vicksburg 9351:Pea Ridge 9302:Carolinas 9257:Red River 9252:Knoxville 9232:Tullahoma 9227:Vicksburg 9207:Peninsula 9179:campaigns 9045:Campaigns 8822:Secession 7551:March 10, 6531:August 6, 6247:XXV Corps 6227:XXI Corps 6217:XIX Corps 6202:XVI Corps 6192:XIV Corps 6178:XII Corps 6153:VII Corps 6133:III Corps 5977:Desertion 5913:palisades 5739:known as 5735:based on 5632:Baltimore 5624:St. Louis 5604:Milwaukee 5394:grapeshot 5376:like the 4761:Location 4594:druggists 4586:discharge 4448:Surgeon ( 4346:Position 4163:surveying 3967:appellant 3951:inquiries 3864:desertion 3852:chaplains 3753:saboteurs 3749:smugglers 3737:espionage 3678:first aid 3408:regiments 3322:Chickasaw 3298:Southwest 3139:1,400,000 3098:states. 3073:, in 1865 3022:Tennessee 2752:corporals 2735:Sergeants 2604:President 2474:1864–1866 2351:1861–1864 2139:Personnel 1344:Battalion 1242:Soldiers 1179:John Pope 1153:Carolinas 1061:John Pope 993:Tennessee 614:With the 560:, two of 556:, two of 554:artillery 544:When the 521:Formation 483:, or the 399:President 369:Nashville 224:Peninsula 113:Dark Blue 11364:Category 11339:Category 11180:Seminole 11170:Cherokee 10923:Medicine 10876:Military 10789:Veterans 10623:Jim Crow 10388:timeline 10183:Ericsson 10166:Civilian 10147:Sheridan 10107:McDowell 10067:Farragut 10052:Burnside 10042:Anderson 10035:Military 10015:Stephens 9975:Benjamin 9968:Civilian 9854:Buchanan 9832:Military 9777:Richmond 9726:Virginia 9671:New York 9646:Nebraska 9636:Missouri 9621:Michigan 9611:Maryland 9596:Kentucky 9571:Illinois 9546:Delaware 9526:Colorado 9511:Arkansas 9471:Franklin 9391:Antietam 9262:Overland 9217:Maryland 9136:Theaters 9042:Theaters 8219:(1996). 8188:Archived 7546:34912692 7518:(1997). 7360:41330626 6222:XX Corps 6197:XV Corps 6173:XI Corps 6163:IX Corps 6148:VI Corps 6138:IV Corps 6128:II Corps 6022:See also 5901:abatises 5878:infantry 5608:New York 5561:riverine 5541:equipage 4891:Rome, NY 4698:ordnance 4674:red tape 4616:(USCC). 4286:de facto 4122:pioneers 4111:and the 4074:trenches 3957:and the 3943:de facto 3901:Colonel 3808:— 3553:enslaved 3494:Colonel 3489:Brussels 3330:Muscogee 3318:Cherokee 3189:Canadian 3045:pre-war 3030:Virginia 2993:couriers 2989:pioneers 2966:Corporal 2936:Sergeant 2839:Musician 2834:Corporal 2829:Sergeant 2779:Michigan 2276:captains 2260:colonels 2215:Officers 1539:Division 1323:Regiment 1279:Division 1224:regiment 1181:for the 1129:, under 1079:Kentucky 1071:in 1863. 974:District 711:General 682:Virginia 649:New York 634:Congress 562:dragoons 550:infantry 364:Franklin 339:Plymouth 249:Antietam 194:Richmond 179:Donelson 11306:Related 11175:Choctaw 11165:Catawba 10948:Rations 10893:Cavalry 10755:Removal 10383:efforts 10367:of 1873 10213:Stevens 10208:Stanton 10193:Lincoln 10152:Sherman 10087:Halleck 10077:Frémont 10062:Du Pont 10000:Mallory 9959:Wheeler 9894:Jackson 9874:Forrest 9814:Leaders 9757:Atlanta 9721:Vermont 9641:Montana 9581:Indiana 9556:Georgia 9551:Florida 9516:Arizona 9506:Alabama 9456:Atlanta 9371:Corinth 9323:battles 9267:Atlanta 9247:Bristoe 9148:Western 9143:Eastern 9048:Battles 8847:Slavery 8751:Origins 8737:Origins 8206:(1974). 6412:May 26, 6354:May 26, 6168:X Corps 6143:V Corps 6123:I Corps 5937:cavalry 5839:columns 5823:tactics 5767:rations 5681:bushels 5636:Chicago 5378:Spencer 3654:and/or 3597:passing 3388:western 3384:eastern 3326:Choctaw 3306:Hessian 3223:Mexican 3215:Italian 3209:Other ( 3199:English 3174:150,000 3164:210,000 3154:Germans 3150:216,000 3134:Origin 3103:Germans 3083:Germany 2980:Private 2844:Private 2699:escorts 2695:patrols 2691:pickets 2664:Captain 2630:Colonel 2576:Captain 2561:Colonel 2457:Captain 2442:Colonel 1736:of West 1386:battery 1370:Captain 1365:Company 1356:Varied 1353:Varied 1328:Colonel 1302:Brigade 1289:12,000 1266:36,000 1208:colonel 997:Georgia 931:Theater 885:. The 750:of the 558:cavalry 467:of the 309:Atlanta 289:Corydon 62:Country 11349:Portal 11287:Tokens 10223:Welles 10203:Seward 10188:Hamlin 10157:Thomas 10092:Hooker 10057:Butler 10010:Seddon 9995:Hunter 9980:Bocock 9954:Taylor 9949:Stuart 9939:Semmes 9919:Morgan 9879:Gorgas 9859:Cooper 9750:Cities 9686:Oregon 9651:Nevada 9591:Kansas 9561:Hawaii 9461:Crater 9361:Shiloh 9321:Major 9307:Mobile 9177:Major 9051:States 9002:Caning 8576: 8560: 8543:428886 8541: 8527:online 8514: 8459: 8430: 8411: 8397: 8382: 8365: 8350: 8335: 8316: 8274:online 8259:(1990) 8235: 8185:online 8131:Online 8058: 8033: 7544: 7534: 7358: 7275: 7248: 7221: 6257: 5935:Union 5911:, and 5874:feints 5787:Boston 5741:wigwag 5646:, and 5626:, and 5549:forage 4767:Notes 4574:cadets 4165:, and 4107:, the 3771:, and 3751:, and 3745:scouts 3728:, and 3710:triage 3689:, and 3666:sutler 3652:nurses 3400:brevet 3302:Mexico 3242:French 3238:40,000 3227:Polish 3219:Jewish 3206:49,000 3201:-born 3195:50,000 3180:-born 2997:scouts 2915:tasks. 2686:second 2317:, and 2270:; and 2268:majors 1641:of the 1335:1,000 1314:4,000 1245:Notes 1167:, and 1137:, and 1115:, and 1093:, and 1035:, and 866:, and 607:, and 479:, the 475:, the 469:states 459:, the 410:(1865) 229:Shiloh 110: 106:Colors 71: 11092:Dixie 11079:Music 10698:Union 10542:Post- 10378:trial 10178:Chase 10173:Adams 10142:Scott 10117:Meigs 10112:Meade 10082:Grant 10072:Foote 10047:Buell 10028:Union 9990:Davis 9934:Price 9924:Mosby 9869:Ewell 9864:Early 9849:Bragg 9711:Texas 9606:Maine 9566:Idaho 9072:Union 8231:–92. 7356:JSTOR 6406:(PDF) 6348:(PDF) 6271:Notes 5835:lines 5677:cords 5351:1863 5334:1863 5319:1863 5302:1862 5287:1861 5272:1860 5254:1859 5232:1855 5217:1851 5200:1847 5182:1841 5165:1838 5143:1837 5125:1836 5108:1836 5086:1833 5069:1832 5051:1829 5034:1827 5017:1827 4999:1826 4981:1826 4964:1819 4947:1816 4930:1816 4912:1816 4895:1816 4878:1816 4860:1816 4843:1814 4826:1814 4805:1796 4787:1794 4758:Name 4738:train 4641:shock 4358:1865 4355:1864 4352:1863 4349:1862 4312:field 3856:forms 3741:spies 3644:cooks 3622:from 3178:Irish 3111:Irish 3001:spies 2682:first 2654:Major 2571:Major 2452:Major 1382:troop 1349:Major 1256:Corps 1233:Name 1204:staff 465:Union 119:March 11277:Salt 10883:Arms 10733:List 10705:List 10218:Wade 10127:Pope 10097:Hunt 9929:Polk 9889:Hood 9884:Hill 9716:Utah 9681:Ohio 9586:Iowa 9118:Navy 9113:Army 9085:Navy 9080:Army 8574:ISBN 8564:; 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