170:
417:
344:
290:
157:
196:
330:
238:
277:
251:
877:. South African defence industries were able to successfully meet demand in some areas such as ammunition, infantry weapons, missile technology and armoured vehicles but struggled when it came to the development of combat aircraft, attack helicopters and main battle tanks. For more advanced systems, Armscor would often modernise and improve on designs imported or licence-built in the years prior to the embargo, sometimes to the point of being an almost completely different design (such as the
209:
183:
303:
1310:
316:
357:
37:
264:
680:
1011:. Between 1977 and 1991, Morocco was involved in transfer of French technology, French armaments and designs to South Africa, and in return South African Forces and specialists went to train the Moroccan Armed Forces and Police
1508:
1217:
Wessels, A., & Marx, L. (2008). The 1977 United
Nations mandatory arms embargo against South Africa: a historical perspective after 30 years. Journal for Contemporary History, 33(1), 70-86.
1314:
575:
1513:
935:, components for the program were imported without the knowledge of the international community, or put to ingenious uses that had not been envisaged by the enforcers of the embargo.
1360:
724:
1035:
670:
1503:
1493:
861:
The South
African government devised a number of strategies to bypass the embargo to obtain military technology and components that it was unable to procure openly.
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The South
African government was able to hire the services of foreign technicians, for example Israeli specialists who had worked on the
1356:
27:
461:
580:
1262:
1168:
1096:
1347:
780:
764:
685:
46:
1208:
Cawthra, Gavin. "Arms for apartheid: the secret world of sanctions busting." Index on
Censorship 20, no. 10 (1991): 41-42.
873:
Many armaments were wholly designed and manufactured in South Africa, as reflected by the growth and export business of
1000:
944:
Computer and air traffic control radar systems ostensibly destined for civilian use were diverted to the military.
532:
509:
431:
999:
South Africa exchanged military technology with other states in a similar position to itself, notably through the
593:
503:
441:
138:
23:
1325:
1528:
1498:
801:
547:
335:
979:
In some cases, foreign armaments were simply produced under license in South Africa, as in the case of the
1132:
1103:
980:
960:
451:
1285:
696:
1340:
885:
main battle tank). By the 1980s, almost all of South Africa's weapons were domestically developed.
827:
416:
988:
823:
819:
537:
527:
446:
1020:
874:
787:
1228:
1191:
542:
690:
497:
466:
8:
1333:
1278:
1523:
1251:
491:
1258:
1164:
906:
752:, which was only voluntary. The embargo was subsequently tightened and extended by
1126:"The South African Navy During The Years of Conflict In Southern Africa, 1966–1989"
984:
956:
812:
1158:
849:
1355:
1082:
1064:
932:
882:
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was passed in 1986 to extend the embargo and to tighten some of the loopholes.
188:
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964:
902:
898:
834:
201:
968:
745:
741:
362:
214:
921:
917:
675:
552:
901:. Four South African businessmen in the UK were found to be operating a
878:
295:
1060:
1320:
775:
The embargo had a direct impact on South Africa in a number of ways:
408:
349:
78:
1509:
United
Nations Security Council resolutions concerning South Africa
953:
910:
845:
308:
1309:
1008:
841:
808:, some of which had to be built covertly in South Africa instead.
36:
1004:
833:
The growth of the modern day multibillion-dollar South
African
805:
794:
321:
256:
175:
1036:
List of United
Nations Security Council Resolutions 401 to 500
740:, adopted unanimously on 4 November 1977, imposed a mandatory
1025:
282:
269:
243:
162:
52:
corvette whose sale to South Africa was blocked by UNSCR 418
816:
1514:
United
Nations Security Council anti-apartheid resolutions
840:
The end of shipments by the United States of enriched
1250:
931:reached its peak during the embargo. According to
1504:United Nations Security Council sanctions regimes
994:
1494:1977 United Nations Security Council resolutions
1485:
856:
1315:United Nations Security Council Resolution 418
1226:
1189:
1042:United Nations Security Council Resolution 181
863:United Nations Security Council Resolution 591
738:United Nations Security Council Resolution 418
1341:
1156:
1123:
947:
748:. This resolution differed from the earlier
718:
1031:History of South Africa in the Apartheid era
893:Notable operations that came to light were:
811:South Africa's inability to purchase modern
765:democratic elections in South Africa in 1994
1357:United Nations Security Council resolutions
1244:
1242:
1348:
1334:
1248:
725:
711:
939:
326:
16:United Nations resolution adopted in 1977
1239:
779:Last-minute cancellation of the sale of
1253:Isolated States: A Comparative Analysis
1220:
1486:
1229:"South Africa and the Affordable Bomb"
1192:"South Africa and the Affordable Bomb"
1117:
974:
576:1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions
558:UN Special Committee against Apartheid
1329:
1321:Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
1131:. Sabinet Online Ltd. Archived from
686:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
581:1978 World Conference against Racism
1163:. South Africa: Zebra. p. 99.
868:
800:The cancelation of the purchase of
13:
1519:Boycotts of apartheid South Africa
1097:"Victor Moukambi dissertation.doc"
457:International anti-apartheid music
14:
1540:
1302:
1233:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1196:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1308:
533:Artists United Against Apartheid
510:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
415:
355:
342:
328:
314:
301:
288:
275:
262:
249:
236:
207:
194:
181:
168:
155:
35:
1271:
1124:Andre Wessels (20 April 2007).
916:The arrest and imprisonment of
1257:. Cambridge University Press.
1211:
1202:
1183:
1150:
1089:
1071:
1053:
995:Co-operation with other states
1:
1047:
1001:Israel–South Africa Agreement
644:(South-West Africa ceasefire)
548:Organisation of African Unity
492:Crime of Apartheid Convention
1227:David Albright (July 1994).
1190:David Albright (July 1994).
888:
857:Circumvention of the embargo
652:(arms embargo strengthening)
628:(arms embargo strengthening)
7:
1014:
802:Sa'ar 4-class missile boats
479:Instruments and legislation
10:
1545:
1104:University of Stellenbosch
981:Warrior-class strike craft
961:Atlas Aircraft Corporation
948:Use of foreign specialists
759:The embargo was lifted by
693:television programming ban
452:Free South Africa Movement
1367:
1286:National Security Archive
1249:Geldenhuys, Deon (1990).
770:
697:Rugby union and apartheid
671:Elimination of Racism Day
409:apartheid in South Africa
371:
223:
145:
137:
129:
95:
85:
73:
65:
57:
34:
21:
844:fuel for South Africa's
828:South African Border War
636:(mandatory arms embargo)
612:(voluntary arms embargo)
404:International opposition
989:Atlantis Diesel Engines
929:nuclear weapons program
913:in defiance of the ban.
620:(sanctions feasibility)
538:Commonwealth of Nations
528:Anti-Apartheid Movement
462:International sanctions
447:Constructive engagement
1157:Hilton Hamann (2001).
1021:Armscor (South Africa)
940:Dual purpose equipment
604:(Sharpeville massacre)
897:The 1984 case of the
543:Halt All Racist Tours
1529:November 1977 events
1499:1977 in South Africa
1160:Days of the Generals
498:Gleneagles Agreement
467:Milton King boycotts
383:Lists of resolutions
1067:. November 4, 1977.
975:Licensed production
920:for developing the
594:UN Security Council
504:Sullivan principles
1138:on 31 October 2008
1003:, as well as with
959:were recruited by
909:that was sourcing
782:D'Estienne d'Orves
486:UN Resolution 1761
113:None voted against
48:D'Estienne d'Orves
1481:
1480:
1313:Works related to
1264:978-0-521-40268-2
1170:978-1-86872-340-9
905:on the behalf of
791:-class submarines
735:
734:
398:
397:
394:
393:
147:Permanent members
1536:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1312:
1297:
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1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1079:"Resolution 919"
1075:
1069:
1068:
1061:"Resolution 418"
1057:
985:R4 assault rifle
957:fighter aircraft
869:Local production
813:fighter aircraft
727:
720:
713:
653:
645:
637:
629:
621:
613:
605:
437:Sporting boycott
432:Academic boycott
419:
400:
399:
373:
372:
361:
359:
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348:
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345:
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139:Security Council
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66:Meeting no.
39:
24:Security Council
19:
18:
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1363:
1354:
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1300:
1291:
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1279:"Africa Review"
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1085:. May 26, 1994.
1077:
1076:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1054:
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1017:
997:
977:
963:to work on the
950:
942:
891:
871:
859:
850:nuclear reactor
773:
731:
702:
701:
666:
658:
657:
651:
650:Resolution 591
643:
642:Resolution 435
635:
634:Resolution 418
627:
626:Resolution 282
619:
618:Resolution 191
611:
610:Resolution 181
603:
602:Resolution 134
597:
586:
585:
571:
563:
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523:
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61:4 November 1977
53:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1542:
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1506:
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1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
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1365:
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1352:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1324:
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1304:
1303:External links
1301:
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1169:
1149:
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1083:United Nations
1070:
1065:United Nations
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1028:
1023:
1016:
1013:
996:
993:
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973:
949:
946:
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938:
937:
936:
933:David Albright
925:
914:
890:
887:
881:helicopter or
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867:
858:
855:
854:
853:
838:
831:
809:
798:
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761:Resolution 919
754:Resolution 591
750:Resolution 282
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142:
135:
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120:None abstained
116:
109:
101:
99:
97:Voting summary
96:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
41:(formerly SAS
40:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1541:
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1172:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
986:
982:
972:
970:
966:
965:Atlas Cheetah
962:
958:
955:
945:
934:
930:
926:
923:
919:
915:
912:
908:
904:
903:front company
900:
899:Coventry Four
896:
895:
894:
886:
884:
880:
876:
866:
864:
851:
847:
843:
839:
836:
835:arms industry
832:
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
807:
803:
799:
796:
792:
790:
785:
784:-class avisos
783:
778:
777:
776:
768:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
728:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
708:
706:
705:
698:
695:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
676:"Biko" (song)
674:
672:
669:
668:
665:Other aspects
662:
661:
654:
648:
646:
640:
638:
632:
630:
624:
622:
616:
614:
608:
606:
600:
599:
595:
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589:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
567:
566:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
522:Organisations
519:
518:
511:
507:
505:
501:
499:
495:
493:
489:
487:
483:
482:
476:
475:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
442:Disinvestment
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
423:
422:
418:
414:
413:
410:
405:
402:
401:
390: →
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:←
375:
374:
370:
364:
353:
351:
340:
337:
325:
323:
312:
310:
299:
297:
286:
284:
273:
271:
260:
258:
247:
245:
234:
233:
231:
226:Non-permanent
222:
216:
205:
203:
202:United States
192:
190:
179:
177:
166:
164:
153:
152:
150:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
122:
117:
115:
110:
108:
103:
102:
100:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
44:
38:
33:
29:
25:
20:
1449:
1290:. Retrieved
1288:. 1981-06-08
1273:
1252:
1232:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1159:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1133:the original
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1106:. 2008-10-13
1091:
1073:
1055:
998:
978:
969:Atlas Carver
951:
943:
924:for Armscor.
892:
872:
860:
788:
781:
774:
758:
746:South Africa
742:arms embargo
737:
736:
633:
363:West Germany
215:Soviet Union
118:
111:
106:15 voted for
104:
90:South Africa
89:
47:
42:
1359:adopted in
1038:(1976–1982)
922:G5 howitzer
918:Gerald Bull
815:to counter
596:Resolutions
570:Conferences
553:TransAfrica
141:composition
77:S/RES/418 (
1488:Categories
1292:2008-08-26
1176:2008-05-12
1110:2009-02-27
1048:References
879:Atlas Oryx
763:following
296:Mauritania
28:Resolution
1524:Embargoes
889:Smuggling
848:research
822:over the
681:Activists
426:Campaigns
350:Venezuela
43:Good Hope
1198:: 37–47.
1015:See also
911:materiel
846:SAFARI-1
744:against
309:Pakistan
79:Document
1009:Morocco
907:Kentron
883:Olifant
875:Armscor
842:uranium
826:in the
820:MiG-23s
336:Romania
228:members
133:Adopted
86:Subject
1261:
1167:
1142:12 May
1005:Taiwan
983:, the
806:Israel
795:France
789:Agosta
771:Impact
691:Equity
360:
347:
333:
322:Panama
319:
306:
293:
280:
267:
257:Canada
254:
241:
212:
199:
186:
176:France
173:
160:
130:Result
50:-class
1282:(PDF)
1235:: 41.
1136:(PDF)
1129:(PDF)
1100:(PDF)
1026:Denel
817:Cuban
804:from
508:1986
502:1977
496:1977
490:1973
484:1962
283:Libya
270:India
244:Benin
163:China
69:2,046
45:), a
1361:1977
1259:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1144:2008
1007:and
987:and
967:and
954:Lavi
927:The
824:SAAF
786:and
74:Code
58:Date
1470:422
1465:421
1460:420
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22:UN
1490::
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1241:^
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726:e
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712:v
81:)
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