2941:
2768:
5285:
9140:... "stereotypes and images are assumed to be based on the conservative Wahhabi interpretation of Islam despite the fact that no systematic analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s writings about women and gender has ever been undertaken ... the assertion that these attitudes are characteristic of Wahhabism risks inaccuracy because the term Wahhabism is rarely defined. Many of the regimes and movements labeled as Wahhabi in the contemporary era do not necessarily share the same theological and legal orientations ... Wahhabism has become such a blanket term for any Islamic movement that has an apparent tendency toward misogyny, militantism, extremism, or strict and literal interpretation of the Quran and hadith ... do not necessarily reflect the writings or teachings of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab. In fact, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s life and writings reflect a concern for women and women’s rights ..."
4317:
3805:
5359:(literally, "loyalty and disassociation"), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab argued that it was "imperative for Muslims not to befriend, ally themselves with, or imitate non-Muslims or heretical Muslims", and that this "enmity and hostility of Muslims toward non-Muslims and heretical had to be visible and unequivocal". Even as late as 2003, entire pages in Saudi textbooks were devoted to explaining to undergraduates that all forms of Islam except Wahhabism were deviation. Shia critic Hamid Algar argued in 2002 that Saudi government had "discreetly concealed" this view from other Muslims "over the years" in order to depict itself as the defender of "Muslim interests".
7957:) highly attractive and made him their central classical scholarly reference. However, for centuries Ibn Taymiyya's thoughts were mostly ignored by those who constituted the scholarly mainstream; who would accuse the Wahhabis for overemphasizing the scholarly works of Ibn Taymiyya. It was only during the 19th century that Ibn Taymiyya came to exercise prominent scholarly influence over Muslim youth and by the 20th century he would be a major reference for Islamic revolutionaries. On the other hand, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab would deny that he had bias towards Ibn Taymiyya; and states in
10973:
7036:
58:
9189:... the financial clout of Saudi Arabia had been amply demonstrated during the oil embargo against the United States, following the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. This show of international power, along with the nation's astronomical increase in wealth, allowed Saudi Arabia's puritanical, conservative Wahhabite faction to attain a preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam. Saudi Arabia's impact on Muslims throughout the world was less visible than that of Khomeini's Iran, but the effect was deeper and more enduring
6391:
2654:, but many scholars and critics draw clear distinctions between the two terms. According to analyst Christopher M. Blanchard, Wahhabism refers to "a conservative Islamic creed centered in and emanating from Saudi Arabia", while Salafism is "a more general puritanical Islamic movement that has developed independently at various times and in various places in the Islamic world". However, many view Wahhabism as the Salafism native to Arabia. Ahmad Moussalli tends to agree Wahhabism is a subset of Salafism, saying "As a rule, all
5382:
11086:
1471:
491:
6722:
4597:, or the Wahhabi mission, is the idea of spreading Wahhabism throughout the world. Tens of billions of dollars have been spent by the Saudi government and charities on mosques, schools, education materials, scholarships, throughout the world to promote the Wahhabi influences. Tens of thousands of volunteers and several billion dollars also went in support of the jihad against the atheist communist regime governing Afghanistan.
6828:" has emerged in the contemporary among those who believe that Al-Saud has abandoned the laws of God. According to Zubair Qamar, while the "standard view" is that "Wahhabis are apolitical and do not oppose the State", there is another "strain" of Wahhabism that "found prominence among a group of Wahhabis after the fall of the second Saudi State in the 1800s", and post 9/11 is associated with Jordanian/Palestinian scholar
4629:
5164:
1954:
1460:
502:
4467:
3206:
1536:
4430:, even in criminal investigations and for the purposes of medical research; recorded music played over telephones on hold; or the sending of flowers to friends or relatives who are in the hospital. Common Muslim practices Wahhabis believe are contrary to Islam include listening to music in praise of Muhammad, praying to God while visiting tombs (including the tomb of Muhammad), celebrating
9193:... it reorganized the religious landscape by promoting those associations and ulamas who followed its lead, and then, by injecting substantial amounts of money into Islamic interests of all sorts, it won over many more converts. Above all, the Saudis raised a new standard – the virtuous Islamic civilization – as foil for the corrupting influence of the West.
5747:"My father and I do not deny or criticise the science of Sufism, but on the contrary we support it because it purifies the external and the internal of the hidden sins which are related to the heart and the outward form. Even though the individual might externally be on the right way, internally he might be on the wrong way. Sufism is necessary to correct it."
3841:"Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab did not accept that view. He argued that the criterion for one's standing as either a Muslim or an unbeliever was correct worship as an expression of belief in one God ... any act or statement that indicates devotion to a being other than God is to associate another creature with God's power, and that is tantamount to idolatry (
16346:
5430:"As for warfare, until today, we did not fight anyone, except in defense of our lives and honor. They came to us in our area and did not spare any effort in fighting us. We only initiated fighting against some of them in retaliation for their continued aggression, (42:40)... they are the ones who started declaring us to be unbelievers and fighting us"
7117:
3044:. The cause of decline was identified as the departure of Muslims from true Islamic values brought about by the infiltration and assimilation of local, indigenous, un-Islamic beliefs and practices. The prescribed cure was the purification of Muslim societies through a return to "true Islam". The key programmes of these revival movements included:
9355:. "the two ... concluded a pact. Ibn Saud would protect and propagate the stern doctrines of the Wahhabi mission, which made the Koran the basis of government. In return, Abdul Wahhab would support the ruler, supplying him with 'glory and power'. Whoever championed his message, he promised, 'will, by means of it, rule and lands and men'."
7980:" for, according to him, supplicating the saints is not a form of worship but merely calling out to them, and that worship at graves is not idolatry unless the supplicant believes that buried saints have the power to determine the course of events. These arguments were specifically rejected as heretical by the Wahhabi leader at the time.
4434:(birthday of the Prophet), the use of ornamentation on or in mosques, all of which is considered orthodoxy in the rest of the Islamic world. Until 2018, driving of motor vehicles by women was allowed in every country except the Wahhabi-dominated Saudi Arabia. Certain forms of Dream interpretation, practiced by the famously strict
3969:) has remained much the same since 1740, according to David Commins: "One of the peculiar features of the debate between Wahhabis and their adversaries is its apparently static nature... the main points in the debate stay the same ." According to another source, Wahhabi jurists were unique for their literal interpretation of the
3706:. He solicited Khan to accept his son as his disciple and requested Khan to produce and send more commentaries on the various treatises of Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim. Khan accepted his request and embarked on a detailed study of the treatises of both the scholars. Hammad's son Sa'd ibn Atiq would study under Khan and various
7055:
and practices outside of the Najd region on the conquest of the Hejaz region "with its more cosmopolitan traditions and the traffic of pilgrims which the new rulers could not afford to alienate". Aside from Saudi Arabia, the only other country whose native population is predominantly
Wahhabi is the adjacent gulf monarchy of
7457:, the oldest and most influential Islamic university. Yahya Birt counts spending on "1,500 mosques, 210 Islamic centres and dozens of Muslim academies and schools". Apart from state patronage, a major source of proselytization has been the private charities and religious activities of Muslim individuals and organizations.
8286:"It is interesting to note that separate places of prayer for each of the Madh-habs remained around the Ka'bah until the first quarter of the twentieth century when 'Abdul-'Azeez ibn Sa'oud and his army conquered Makkah (October 1924) and united all worshippers behind a single Imaam regardless of his or their Madh-habs"
5689:"Let it be known — may Allah guide you — that Allah Most High sent Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) with guidance, which is known as the beneficial knowledge, and true religion, which are virtuous actions.... among those who affiliate themselves to religion, there are those who focus on knowledge and
11806:
7549:. The doctrine of suicide bombings which started appearing in the manuals of various Egyptian extremists during the 1970s and 1980s; has been rejected as heretical by the Wahhabi scholars. Jonathan Sozek reports that while Bin Laden self-identified as a Salafist, he was not affiliated with the Wahhabi movement.
2337:" and attempted to free Islam from "superimposed doctrines" and superstitions". Opponents of the movement and what it stands for label it as "a misguided creed that fosters intolerance, promotes simplistic theology, and restricts Islam's capacity for adaption to diverse and shifting circumstances". The term
7470:
asserts that the commonly reported data estimates regarding Saudi religious funding are unreliable due to the sources being "internally inconsistent" and based on "non-specific hearsay". According to
Mandaville, the wide-ranging and controversial usage of the term "Wahhabism" has rendered researching
7054:
The
Wahhabi movement, while predominant across Saudi Arabia, was established from the Najd region, and it is there that its conservative practices have the strongest support, more so than in regions in the kingdom to the east or west of it. Cyril Glasse credits the softening of some Wahhabi doctrines
6802:
should be private, not through public acts such as petitions, demonstrations, etc. This principle arosed confusion during the dynastic disputes of the Second Saudi State during the late 19th-century; when rebels succeeded in overthrowing the monarch, to become the ruler. While it gave the king a wide
3981:
which tended to re-inforce local practices of the region of Najd. Whether the teachings of
Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab included the need for social renewal and "plans for socio-religious reform of society" in the Arabian Peninsula, rather than simply a return to "ritual correctness and moral purity",
7761:
of the
Arabian Peninsula, an estimated 400,000 were killed or wounded according to some estimates. However, the validity of the 400,000 casualty count is contentious and seen as an exaggerated figure by many scholars, who trace it as a fabrication that emerged during the 1990s. More reliable tallies
5853:
such as declaring "that the sun orbited the Earth", and forbidding "women from riding bicycles on the grounds that they were "the devil's horses", and "from watching TV without veiling, just in case the presenters could see them through the screen". The most senior cleric in Saudi Arabia as of early
5352:
According to various sources – scholars, former Saudi students, Arabic-speaking/reading teachers who have had access to Saudi text books, and journalists Ibn `Abd al Wahhab preached and his successors preach that theirs is the one true form of Islam. According to the doctrine known as
4398:
was empowered to "Command the Good and Forbid the Evil" (the so-called "religious police") in Saudi Arabia – the one country founded with the help of
Wahhabi warriors and whose scholars and pious citizens dominated many aspects of the Kingdom's life. Committee "field officers" enforce
3914:
justification for fighting his opponents in Arabia can be summed up as his belief that the original pagans fought by
Muhammad "affirmed that God is the creator, the sustainer and the master of all affairs; they gave alms, they performed pilgrimage and they avoided forbidden things from fear of God".
3830:
describes the "pivotal idea" in Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's teaching as being that "Muslims who disagreed with his definition of monotheism were not ... misguided
Muslims, but outside the pale of Islam altogether." This put Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teaching at odds with that of those Muslims who argued that the
9930:
The use of the term to label all distasteful opponents has become so routine in post–Soviet discourse that Feliks Kulov, then
Minister for National Security in Kyrgyzstan, could speak in 1997 of "foreign Wahhabi emissaries, from Iran in particular".."People accused of being "Wahhabis" are routinely
5908:
became an influential institution in
Arabian society and it sought a balanced approach to modernity; positioning itself between religious idealism and varying societal, economic and material demands. As a result, some scholars like Fandy Mamoun have stated that "In Saudi Arabia, different times and
4501:
According to senior Saudi scholars, Islam forbids the traveling or working outside the home by a woman without their husband's permission – permission which may be revoked at any time – on the grounds that the different physiological structures and biological functions
4106:
of His Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) have reached him and he understands them with regard to any matter, is to act in accordance with them, no matter who he may be disagreeing with. This is what our Lord and our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) have enjoined
2317:
Alongside its basic definition as an 18th century reformist/revivalist movement, the Wahhabi movement has also been characterized as a "movement for sociomoral reconstruction of society", "a conservative reform movement", and a sect with a "steadfastly fundamentalist interpretation of Islam in
2705:
and evolved through his subsequent disciples in the central Arabian region of Najd. Despite their relations with Wahhabi Muslims of Najd; other Salafis have often differed theologically with the Wahhabis and hence do not identify with them. These included significant contentions with Wahhabis over
5716:
and Wahhabism are misleading. The early Wahhabi historiography had documented no mention that suggested any direct confrontations between Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and contemporary Sufis nor did it indicate that his activism was directed specifically against Sufism. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's reforms were not
4332:, or that rules have not varied by area or changed over time. In Saudi Arabia, the strict religious atmosphere of Wahhabi doctrines were visible as late as the 1990s; such as the conformity in dress, public deportment, public prayers. Its presence was visible by the wide freedom of action of the "
14832:
But the spirit of Ibn Taymiyyah's teaching found a fuller expression in a movement of immense potentialities which arose in the eighteenth century, from the sands of Nejd, described by Macdonald as the "cleanest spot in the decadent world of Islam". It is really the first throb of life in modern
8177:
and Al-Tayeb would later release statements after the congress to clarify their formal views. Qaradawi condemned the Chechnya congress, alleging that the congress resolutions were "stirred by Rafidhi Shiite". According to Al-Tayeb and Al-Qaradawi, the Salafi and Wahhabi movements are part of the
7861:
Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's brother wrote a book in refutation of his brother's new teachings, called: "The Final Word from the Qur'an, the Hadith, and the Sayings of the Scholars Concerning the School of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab", also known as: "Al-Sawa`iq al-Ilahiyya fi Madhhab al-Wahhabiyya" ("The Divine
5542:
constituted associationism with God. However, at no point did Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab "suggest that violence of any sort should be used against the Rafidah or Shi'is". Rather, he implored his followers to peacefully clarify their own legal teachings. He instructed that this procedure of education and
7713:
had resurfaced, reprising its role as the " 'fanatical' and 'despotic' antithesis of a civilized world. Reza Pirbhai asserts that this use is deployed to manufacture an official narrative that assists imperial purposes by depicting a coherent and coordinated international network of ideological
8420:, which was great and profound in various ways. It awakened the Arab soul and placed in front of it, a higher example which it loved, and as a consequence, strived in its cause with the sword, the pen and other weapons. It again directed the attention of all Muslims, especially people of Iraq,
4380:
prayer, modest dress, and abstention from alcohol, for Wahhabis, prayer "that is punctual, ritually correct, and communally performed not only is urged but publicly required of men." Not only is modest dress prescribed, but the type of clothing that should be worn, especially by women (a black
6473:. The lowest of Ibn Mu'ammar's hierarchy constituted the non-Mujtahid laity who are required to directly engage with the Scriptural sources in consultation with scholars, as well as by analysing past scholarly works. Thus, Ibn Mu'ammar's legal theory strived for the reconciliation between the
5862:
forbidding "all-you-can-eat buffets, because paying for a meal without knowing what you'll be eating is akin to gambling". Despite this, the contemporary Wahhabi religious framework has largely been able to maintain Saudi Arabia's global image as a pious society which is also aptly capable of
2360:
and member of the Saudi Consultative Council, has characterized the movement as "a political trend" within Islam that "has been adopted for power-sharing purposes", but not a distinct religious movement, because "it has no special practices, nor special rites, and no special interpretation of
8253:
The essential thing to note is the spirit of freedom manifested in it, though inwardly this movement, too, is conservative in its own fashion. While it rises in revolt against the finality of the schools, and vigorously asserts the right of private judgement, its vision of the past is wholly
3372:
and its intellectual heritage were not hostile to competing Islamic legal traditions. However, critics argue that as Salafis aligned with Saudi promoted neo-Wahhabism, religious concessions for Saudi political patronage distrted the early thrust of the renaissance movement. The early
6301:(emulating legal precedent) to a legal school and jettisoning the juristic super-structure that developed after the Islamic fourth century; in-order to lower clerical resistance to their campaign; Wahhabis sustained the local juristic tradition of Najd, which was based on Hanbalism.
14833:
Islam. To the inspiration of this movement are traceable, directly or indirectly, nearly all the great modem movements of Muslim Asia and Africa, e.g. the Sanusl movement, the Pan-Islamic movement, and the Babi movement, which is only a Persian reflex of Arabian Protestantism.
7448:
to high-level scholarship. "Books, scholarships, fellowships, mosques" (for example, "more than 1,500 mosques were built from Saudi public funds over the last 50 years") were paid for. It rewarded journalists and academics, who followed it and built satellite campuses around
6897:
as championing an “Islamic revolution” that campaigned for a pristine Islam stripped of all complex rituals, cultural accretions, superstitions, etc. and a simpler creedal ethos based on universal brotherhood and fraternity; analogous to various European frondeurs during the
6046:) are prohibited, since God guaranties the sustenance of His creatures. However, if birth control comes to avoid harm to the woman... or in cases in which both spouses agree that it is in their best welfare to prevent or postpone a pregnancy, then birth control is permitted."
7930:
In our time Ibn Abdal Wahhab Najdi appeared, and attacked the two noble sanctuaries (Makkah and Madinah). He claimed to be a Hanbali, but his thinking was such that only he alone was a Muslim, and everyone else was a polytheist! Under this guise, he said that killing the
5969:"In my opinion, the Internet is both a blessing and a curse at one and the same time. It is a blessing as long as it used for doing God's will, commanding good and forbidding wrong. However, it is liable to be evil when it aggravates God.. I call our leaders.. to impose
3277:
Library, etc., propagating Salafi thought as well as promoting scholars like Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Hazm. Rashid Rida would succeed in his efforts to rehabilitate Wahhabis in the Islamic World and would attain the friendship of many Najdi scholars. With the support of the
11723:
6481:
and the classical jurisprudential structures. What made Ibn Mu'ammar's proposed system unique was its "microcosmic" and flexible nature; which permitted the scholars to simultaneously represent different ranks within the hierarchy to carry out their responsibilities of
14417:
4163:
and the consensus of scholars. If any Hanbali interpretations were proven wrong through these principles, they must be abandoned. Defending their pro-Ijtihad stance, Wahhabis quoted Qur'anic verses which implied that only Qur'an and Hadith constituted the bases of
3915:
What made them pagans whose blood could be shed and wealth plundered was that they performed sacrifices, vows and supplications to other beings. According to Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, someone who perform such things even if their lives are otherwise exemplary; is not a
2767:
14124:
9712:, p. viv. "While Wahhabism claims to represent Islam in its purest form, other Muslims consider it a misguided creed that fosters intolerance, promotes simplistic theology, and restricts Islam's capacity for adaption to diverse and shifting circumstances."
7078:, praised the 18th-century Najdi movement as "the first throb of life in modern Islam", and noted that its influence on 19th-century religious reformers was "traceable, directly or indirectly nearly all the great modern movements of Muslim Asia and Africa".
7656:. The old-guard of the post-Soviet states found the label useful to depict all opposition as extremists, thereby bolstering their 'strongman' credentials. In short, any Muslim critical of the religious or political status quo, came at risk of being labelled
3632:(monotheism in Worship), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not give prominence to the theology of God's Names and Attributes that was central to Ibn Taymiyya and the Salafi movement. Following this approach, the early Wahhabi scholars had not elucidated the details of
2444:. Despite sharing little resemblance with the doctrines of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, outside observers of the Muslim world have frequently traced various religious purification campaigns across the Islamic World to Wahhabi influence. According to Qeyamuddin Ahmed:
4558:
in the Middle East) has been called by Arthur G Sharp as a "striking example of Wahhabism's outward influence on Saudi society", and an example of the Wahhabi belief that "outward appearances and expressions are directly connected to one's inward state."
3837:" (i.e., the testimony of faith; "There is no god but God, Muhammad is his messenger") alone made one a Muslim, and that shortcomings in that person's behavior and performance of other obligatory rituals rendered them "a sinner", but "not an unbeliever."
2927:
in 1939, Saudi Arabia had access to oil export revenues, revenue that grew to billions of dollars. This money – spent on books, media, schools, universities, mosques, scholarships, fellowships, lucrative jobs for journalists, academics and
2207:. By 2021, the waning power of the religious clerics brought about by the social, economic, political changes, and the Saudi government's promotion of a nationalist narrative that emphasizes non-Islamic components, led to what has been described as the "
6998:, but arose as an analogous response to the pressures of taxation and state interference in formerly independent communities... the influence of Wahhabism persisted indirectly across the Muslim world, inspiring imitations and reactions among the Muslim
5657:. Although this feature is typically attributed to the influence of the classical theologian Ibn Taymiyya, Jeffry Halverson states that Ibn Taymiyyah only opposed what he saw as Sufi excesses and never mysticism in itself, being himself a member of the
4463:) giving of flowers, standing up in honor of someone, celebrating birthdays (including the Prophet's), keeping or petting dogs. Some Wahhabi activists have warned against taking non-Muslims as friends, smiling at or wishing them well on their holidays.
4360:
Wahhabism is noted for its policy of "compelling its own followers and other Muslims strictly to observe the religious duties of Islam, such as the five prayers", and for "enforcement of public morals to a degree not found elsewhere". According to the
6243:; encouraging them to research religious scriptures. Regional rivals castigated him as a self-taught "ignorant" since "knowledge could come only from being taught by shaykhs" and not by treating the Scriptures as one's teacher. Although the issue of
5401:. The purpose of combat was to safeguard the community from the aggression and military attacks by various external threats. While early methods of his reformist efforts were based on preaching and educational efforts; state consolidation project of
9070:
5900:(BSU) ii) Permanent Committee for Scientific Research and Legal Opinions (C.R.L.O) Wahhabi scholars advocated a positive approach to embracing technology, political affairs, etc. while maintaining a traditional stance on social issues. Contemporary
5316:
who elaborated Ibn Taymiyya's ideals. Ibn Taymiyya's priority of ethics and worship over metaphysics, in particular, is readily accepted by Wahhäbis. Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was a dedicated reader and student of Ibn Taymiyya's works, such as
9131:"While Wahhabism claims to represent Islam in its purest form, other Muslims consider it a misguided creed that fosters intolerance, promotes simplistic theology, and restricts Islam's capacity for adaption to diverse and shifting circumstances.
4286:
back from what it considers as foreign accretions that have corrupted Islam, and believes that Islam is a complete way of life which has prescriptions for all aspects of life, Wahhabism is quite strict in what it considers Islamic behavior. The
7389:
which shared a common religious outlook. These movements expanded collaboration in various socio-economic, political and educational fields and formed a joint intellectual alliance. Additionally, influential conservative reform movements like
3845:). Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab included in the category of such acts popular religious practices that made holy men into intercessors with God. That was the core of the controversy between him and his adversaries, including his own brother."
3432:; the legal writings that were made easily accessible to the general public became often rigidly literalist and intolerant of the wider Sunni legal tradition, limited to a selective understanding of the Hanbalite works of Ibn Taymiyya and
6033:
commandments and Islamic principles to raise Muslim population. However, family planning measures are permitted in certain scenarios, wherein the legal principles of necessity are applicable. Board of Senior Ulema (BSU) states in a 1976
7709:, out of which six articles had appeared before September 2001, while the rest were published since. During the 1990s, it began to be described as "militant", but not yet as a hostile force. By the 2000s, the 19th century terminology of
10015:
9485:
6560:
concerned himself with the social reformation of his people. He stressed the importance of education, especially for females and encouraged women to be active in educational endeavours and lead various communal and social activities.
9800:
3535:
and Wahhabism, criticizing the latter while supporting the former. He had a complex relationship to each movement. Although he praised Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab in general terms for his reformist efforts and contributions to the Muslim
3103:
The Wahhabi movement was part of the overall current of various Islamic revivalist trends in the 18th century. It would be influenced by and in turn, influence many other Islamic reform-revivalist movements across the globe. The
3710:
theologians in India. Thus, various Wahhabi scholars began making efforts to appropriate Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's legacy into mainstream Sunni Islam by appropriating them to the broader traditionalist scholarship active across the
6861:, expounded upon by Islamist Muslims. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's original pact promised whoever championed his message, 'will, by means of it, rule and lands and men'." While socio-political issues constituted a major aspect of his
3674:) was one of the first Wahhabi scholars who seriously concerned himself with the question of God's Names and Attributes; a topic largely neglected by the previous Wahhabi scholars whose primary focus was limited to condemning
6813:(Islamic judges) independence. This meant non-interference in their deliberations, as well as not codifying laws, following precedents or establishing a uniform system of law courts – both of which violate the
5362:
In a reply dated 2003, the Saudi Arabian government "has strenuously denied the above allegations", including claims that "their government exports religious or cultural extremism or supports extremist religious education."
3555:
revivalism and his claims of being more faithful to the spirit of Wahhabism than Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself; made the former's ideas highly popular amongst Salafi religious students across the World, including Saudi Arabia.
3877:(supplication); Istia'dha (seeking protection or refuge); Isti'âna (seeking help), and Istigātha to Allah (seeking benefits and calling upon Allah alone). Directing these deeds beyond Allah – such as through
2612:, Wahhabis have "remained known by the name first assigned to them by their detractors". However, the confusion is further aggravated due to the common practice of various authoritarian governments broadly using the label
4478:
Wahhabis are not in unanimous agreement on what is forbidden as sin. Some Wahhabi preachers or activists go further than the official Saudi Arabian Council of Senior Scholars in forbidding (what they believe to be) sin.
7464:, arguing that it caused the Saudi interpretation (sometimes called "petro-Islam") to be perceived as the correct interpretation – or the "gold standard" of Islam – in many Muslims' minds.
6565:
had become a major centre of learning and foreign travellers often noted the higher literacy rates of townsfolk of Central Arabia. In line with his methodology, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab also denounced the practice of instant
7651:
label would become the most common term to refer to the alleged "Islamic menace" in state propaganda, while "Sufism" was invoked as a "moderate" force that balanced the "radicalism" of those who were being accused as
2940:
2484:(Unitarians). Another preferred term was simply "Muslims", since they considered their creed to be the "pure Islam". However, critics complain these terms imply that non-Wahhabi Muslims are either not monotheists or
5538:. In doing so, Ibn Abdul Wahhab spoke as a scholar who had studied Shi'i scholarly works, outlining a broad and systematic perspective of the Shi'i worldview and theology. He also believed that the Shia doctrine of
8394:), the Wahhabi movement was new, yet simultaneously old. Although it was novel for its contemporary generations, it was also ancient in its powerful calls for return to a pure Islam untainted by the impurities of
7965:"Ibn Qayyim and his illustrious teacher Ibn Taymiyyah were both righteous leaders according to the Sunni school of thought and their writings are dear to my heart, but I do not follow them rigidly in all matters."
7848:(beliefs) as Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, "did not lend any support to the saint-cults and other false practices". It is speculated that they disputed over payment of judges in solving disputes and in the manner of giving
4395:
4333:
9395:
Peskes, Esther and Ende, W., “Wahhābiyya”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 25 February 2024
2380:. The term used in this manner "most frequently used in countries where Salafis are a small minority" with the intent of "conjuring up images of Saudi Arabia" and foreign interference. Labelling by the term
9062:
9027:
6459:) of his madhab by independently determining the preponderant view from all the possible scenarios tracked down by himself as well as supplement the former rulings. After this came the 3 levels of partial
5721:, including Sufis and non-Sufis; the elite as well as the commoners. This resulted in the widespread desacralisation of the public sphere that heralded the advent of a new socio-political model in Arabia.
2562:
for example has attacked the term as "a doctrine that doesn't exist here" and challenged users of the term to locate any "deviance of the form of Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia from the teachings of the
9082:
7484:
6332:, and that the belief that the distinctive character of Wahhabism stems from Hanbali legal thought is a "myth". Some scholars are ambivalent as to whether Wahhabis belong to the Hanbali legal school. The
4487:
forbidden for a variety of reasons including it is a non-Muslim, foreign practice, because of the revealing uniforms and because of the foreign non-Muslim language used in matches. In response, the Saudi
9290:, p. vi "What is the Wahhabi Mission?... A neutral observer could define the Wahhabi mission as the religious reform movement associated with the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792)"
10115:
2540:
in their title, or refer to their ideology in this manner (unless they are speaking to a Western audience that is unfamiliar with Islamic terminology; even then, its use is limited and often appears as
6685:
would allow them, eventually paving way for gradual reforms in KSA. Thus, new education policies would be approved that taught foreign languages, sciences, geography, etc. Overruling the objections of
6211:
text that Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab condemned. According to Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his followers, God's commandments to obey Him alone and follow the Prophetic teachings, necessitated a complete adherence to
2341:
has also become as a blanket term used inaccurately to refer to "any Islamic movement that has an apparent tendency toward misogyny, militantism, extremism, or strict and literal interpretation of the
16458:
8032:
movement and was defined by rejection of Wahhabi beliefs. According to Barelvi scholars, Wahhabis preach violence as opposed to Barelvis who promote peace. In 2016 Barelvis banned Wahhabis from their
14386:
7683:; employing the term as a catch-all phrase to frame an official narrative that erases the concerns of broad and disparate disenchanted groups pursuing redress for local discontentment caused by
7444:
Its largesse funded an estimated "90% of the expenses of the entire faith", throughout the Muslim world, according to journalist Dawood al-Shirian. It extended to young and old, from children's
4212:
O you who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger.. and those of you (Muslims) who are in authority. (And) if you differ in anything amongst yourselves, refer it to Allah and His Messenger...
9861:
In political, as well as religious matters, any Muslim who challenges the status quo is at risk of being labeled a Wahhabi. This is how the KGB and its post-Soviet successors have used the term
6304:
According to an expert on law in Saudi Arabia (Frank Vogel), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself "produced no unprecedented opinions". The "Wahhabis' bitter differences with other Muslims were not over
2460:
do not like – or at least did not like – the term. Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab was averse to the elevation of scholars and other individuals, including using a person's name to label an Islamic school (
6695:
would permit the introduction of telegraph and other wireless communication systems. Soon after, oil industries would be developed with the discovery of petroleum. Influential clerics such as
4297:
as the "strictest form of Sunni Islam". On the other hand, religious critics assert that Wahhabism is not strict, castigating it as a distorted version of Islam that deviates from traditional
2119:
Wahhabism has been variously characterized by historians as "orthodox", "puritan(ical)", or "revolutionary", while its adherents describe it as an Islamic "reform movement" to restore "pure
9107:
3640:
movement, the later Wahhabis would revive Athari theological polemics beginning from the mid-twentieth century; which lead to charges of anthropomorphism against them by opponents such as
7070:" are sometimes used interchangeably, and they are considered to be movements with different roots that have merged since the 1960s. However, Wahhabism is generally recognised as form of
5717:
aimed against socio-religious orientations such as Sufism; but were directed against the status quo prevalent in Islamic societies. Thus his efforts attempted a general transformation of
8412:
would have united the Arabs in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (AH), just as the appearance of Islam united them in the first century (AH). What we need to emphasize regarding this
8359:" movement by Wahhabis was essential and had positive influence towards Muslims world in global scale, particularly to rising nations which struggled to gain their independence, such as
4399:
strict closing of shops at prayer time, segregation of the sexes, prohibition of the sale and consumption of alcohol, driving of motor vehicles by women, and other social restrictions.
4301:
law, and argue that their practices are neither typical nor mired in the roots of Islam. Unlike other schools of Sunnism, Wahhabis admonishes to ground Islamic principles solely on the
7596:
and condemned terrorist acts by Al-Qaeda. Anti-establishment Wahhabi scholars have also been vehemently opposed to tactics advocated by Bin Laden, not withstanding their opposition to
5781:; response of the religious establishment to the drastic influx of modernity was varied, ranging from scholars who rejected modern influences to tech-savvy clerics who eagerly embrace
6580:
has been considered to be one of the most significant reforms in the Islamic World in the 20th and 21st centuries. As an 18th-century reformer, Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab advocated
6784:
He also believed that the Muslim ruler is owed unquestioned allegiance as a religious obligation from his subjects; so long as he leads the community according to the laws of God (
3296:
to their respective countries. Prominent amongst these disciples were the Syrian Muhammad Bahjat al-Bitar (1894–1976), Egyptian Muhammad Hamid al-Fiqi (1892–1959) and the Moroccan
15389:
15300:
9808:
7441:
billion" from 1987 to 2007. Reliability of these rough estimates have been disputed due to their inconsistencies and lack of a scientific methodology for precise quantification.
7203:(1925–2001) is another "giant". According to David Dean Commins, no one "has emerged" with the same "degree of authority in the Saudi religious establishment" since their deaths.
6849:(proselytizing or preaching of Islam) not just towards non-Muslims but towards erroring Muslims. However Wahhabi preachers are conservative and do not deal with concepts such as
5438:, Muhammad ibn Saud's son and successor, was an advocate of expansionist policy and launched offensive military campaigns. The excesses reported to have committed by soldiers of
17010:
Lacroix, Stéphane (2013). "Chapter 2: Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and his Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism". In Meijer, Roel (ed.).
8190:; along with Ash'arite and Maturidite schools, despite their differences. Qaradawi and Al-Tayeb blamed the controversy around the congress on manipulation and media distortion.
7808:
teachings had more to do with traditional Najdi practice of raiding – "instinctive fight for survival and appetite for lucre" – than with religion;
4455:
forbids imitating non-Muslims. Foreign practices sometimes punished and sometimes simply condemned by Wahhabi preachers as un-Islamic, include celebrating foreign days (such as
3463:) publicly challenged the foundational methodologies of the neo-Wahhabite establishment. According to Albani, although Wahhabis doctrinally professed exclusive adherence to the
8301:
was one of the most influential supporters of the Wahhabi movement during the 20th century. Rida had developed favourable views towards the Wahhabis as early as his arrival in
6650:, etc. would result in a halt to the social reforms implemented by the Wahhabi jurists and their suspicions towards the outside world would linger throughout the 19th century.
6417:
3644:. By contrast, the creedal treatises of early Wahhabis were mostly restricted to upholding Tawhid and condemning various practices of saint veneration which they considered as
10557:
7902:
Wahhabism has been vehemently criticized by many Sunni Muslims and continues to be condemned by various Sunni scholars in the strongest terms as a "new faction, a vile sect".
4523:
compound in eastern Saudi, populated by workers for the company that provides almost all the government's revenue. The exceptions made at KAUST were also in effect at ARAMCO.
3919:
but an unbeliever. Once such people have received the call to "true Islam", understood it and then rejected it, their blood and treasure are forfeit. Clarifying his stance on
3515:
and accused him of imitating the Hanbali school. Albani's outspoken criticism embarrassed the Saudi clergy, who finally expelled him from the Kingdom in 1963 when he issued a
2579:
is not a sect: It is a social movement that began 200 years ago to rid Islam of rigid cultural practices that had acquired over the centuries." In an interview given to
15044:
2192:
For more than two centuries, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's teachings were championed as the official creed in the three Saudi States. As of 2017, changes to Saudi religious policy by
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16255:
12305:
7227:
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927:
635:
369:
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condemn Wahhabism as "extremist" and "heretical"; accusing it of being a terrorist ideology that labels other Muslims, especially Sufis as polytheists, a practice known as
7165:(1893–1969) was the head of Wahhabism in mid twentieth century. He has been said to have "dominated the Wahhabi religious estate and enjoyed unrivaled religious authority".
3265:
scholars and champion the reformist thought. They shared a common interest in opposing various Sufi practices, denouncing blind following and reviving correct theology and
8222:
on neighboring allegedly ignorant Muslims, was a "consecration" by Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab since he renamed the Saudi tribe's long-standing raids as Jihad. Part of the Najd's "
6364:
rather than following a law school. He did, however, follow the Hanbali methodology of judging everything not explicitly forbidden to be permissible, avoiding the use of
5896:
was re-organized to include a larger number of elder scholars to boost its intellectual output. Dar al-Ifta headed by the Saudi Grand Mufti, consists of two agencies: i)
12477:
9010:
8461:
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movements. Numerous significant socio-economic reforms would be advocated by the Imam during his lifetime. After his death, his followers continued his legacy. Notable
5944:
remain always open. This juristic approach had enabled flexibility in response of Wahhabi legal bodies to modernity. These include the encouragement of mass-media like
6877:, till nowadays, the people have not united under one single ruler. Nor is it known from any of the scholars that there is any ruling which is invalid except with the
5333:
and his various treatises attacking the cult of saints and certain forms of Sufism. Expressing great respect and admiration for Ibn Taymiyya; Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab wrote:
2593:. Stating that the terminology itself is indefinable, Mohammed bin Salman said: "When people speak of Wahhabism, they don’t know exactly what they are talking about."
15616:
9046:
5534:" (Treatise/Letter on the Denial/Rejection Pertaining to the Rafidah), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab addressed thirty-two topics on points of both theology and law refuting the
16324:
16305:
12454:
12431:
8609:
Wahhabism...The doctrine of an Islamic reform movement founded by Muhammad ibn 'Abd al‐Wahhab (1703–92)... It is based on the Sunni teachings of Ibn Hanbal (780–855)
5793:
of diverse backgrounds across the globe through social media networks. Assisted by scholarly guidance from a wide range of Islamic revivalists across the world like
13199:
9583:
14731:
9019:
13392:
11930:
8226:
state of perpetual war pitted Bedouin tribes against one another for control of the scarce resources that could stave off starvation." And a case of substituting
7475:
governments had commonly used the label "Wahhabism" to designate a wide swathe of religious sects, including those which were doctrinally at odds with Wahhabism.
5909:
different places exist at once. Saudi Arabia is both a pre-modern and a post-modern society." The legal approach is characterized by taking from all law schools (
5469:
it was committed by the ignorant, who were admonished, along with others, from repeating this and similar actions. The stance that we take is that we do not take
4530:
imposed Wahhabi doctrines and practices "in a progressively gentler form" as his early 20th-century conquests expanded his state into urban areas, especially the
9090:
8585:
Wahhabi.. a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–92). It advocates a return to the early Islam of the Koran and Sunna
16585:
14129:[It was "authorized" by a Hanbali jurist two centuries ago, and it was rejected by the University of Paris and forbidden by the churches of the West].
13835:
11860:
10107:
8104:
5221:(violation of tawhid – "the one unforgivable sin", according to Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab). They call for adherence to the beliefs and practices of the
4385:, covering all but the eyes and hands) is specified. Not only is wine forbidden, but so are "all intoxicating drinks and other stimulants, including tobacco".
15212:
Mandaville, Peter; Hammond, Andrew (2022). "1: Wahhabism and the World: The Historical Evolution, Structure, and Future of Saudi Religious Transnationalism".
15104:
Mandaville, Peter; Hammond, Andrew (2022). "1: Wahhabism and the World: The Historical Evolution, Structure, and Future of Saudi Religious Transnationalism".
15015:
Mandaville, Peter; Hammond, Andrew (2022). "1: Wahhabism and the World: The Historical Evolution, Structure, and Future of Saudi Religious Transnationalism".
7865:
In "The Refutation of Wahhabism in Arabic Sources, 1745–1932", Hamadi Redissi provides original references to the description of Wahhabis as a divisive sect (
7815:, a belief which had become a cardinal doctrine in Sunni Islam very early on, represents a departure from something which has been an "integral part of Islam
4210:
and scholars and take only what complies with Allah's Rulings and the teachings of His Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Allah, the Almighty says, {
3350:. In the 1960s, he would teach in Saudi Arabia making a profound influence therein. By the 1970s, Albani's thoughts would gain popularity and the notion of "
2670:." Quintan Wiktorowicz asserts modern Salafists consider the 18th-century scholar Muhammed bin 'Abd al-Wahhab and many of his students to have been Salafis.
15529:
15500:
15455:
14416:
ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim Al-Najdi, 'Abd al-Rahman, ed. (1996). "في الإمامة، والبيعة، والسمع والطاعة" [On Imamate, Allegiance, Hearing and Obedience].
6342:
states that "strictly speaking", Wahhabis "do not see themselves as belonging to any school", and that in doing so they correspond to the ideal aimed at by
5284:
2706:
their unduly harsh enforcement of their beliefs, their lack of tolerance towards other Muslims and their deficient commitment to their stated opposition to
2600:
the term is now commonplace and used even by Wahhabi scholars in the Najd, a region often called the "heartland" of Wahhabism. Journalist Karen House calls
9828:
9162:
at least one scholar (David Commins), sometimes refers to Wahhabism as the "Najdi reform movement", "Najdi movement", "Najdi doctrine", and "Najdi mission"
7114:(1780–1818) was a grandson of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and author of an influential treatise that restricted travel to and residing in land of idolaters.
3424:(independent legal research) of Scriptures to solve the new contemporary demands and problems faced by Muslims living in a modern age through a pragmatic,
4502:
of the two sexes mean that each is assigned a distinctive role to play in the family. Sexual intercourse out of wedlock may be punished with flogging,
4402:
A large number of practices was reported to be forbidden by Saudi Wahhabi officials, preachers or religious police. Practices that have been forbidden as
4107:
upon us, and all the scholars are unanimously agreed on that, apart from the ignorant blind followers and the hard-hearted. Such people are not scholars."
2845:, offering political obedience and promising that protection and propagation of the Wahhabi movement meant "power and glory" and rule of "lands and men".
15601:
14665:
8466:
7217:
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maintains Wahhabis "rejected all jurisprudence that in their opinion did not adhere strictly to the letter of the Qur'an and the hadith". Cyril Glasse's
4583:
4449:
and the importance of avoiding non-Islamic cultural practices and non-Muslim friendship no matter how innocent these may appear, on the grounds that the
3144:. During the late 19th century, Wahhabi scholars would establish contacts with Ahl-i-Hadith and many Wahhabi students would study under the Ahl-i-Hadith
922:
630:
364:
14394:
6796:(oath of allegiance) to a Muslim ruler during his lifetime to ensure his redemption after death. Any counsel given to a ruler from community leaders or
16490:
4516:
3292:). Many of Rida's disciples would be assigned to various posts in Saudi Arabia and some of them would remain in Saudi Arabia. Others would spread the
13043:
12976:
9649:
4117:
as an innovated principle. Although they professed adherence to Hanbali school, they refrained from taking its precepts as final. Since the issue of
2517:("the way of the pious ancestors"), "the reform or Salafi movement of the Sheikh" (the sheikh being Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab), etc. Their self-designation
278:
240:
15558:
15420:
A number of Islamists claim that Bin Laden has no connection with Wahhabism and also point to his Yemeni background, which is typically non-Wahhabi.
11488:
Contemporary Wahhabism rebranded as Salafism: the issue of interpreting the Qur'anic verses and hadith on the Attributes of God and its significance
10017:
The Birth of the Islamic Reform Movement in Saudi Arabia: Muhammad ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhāb (1703/4–1792) and the beginnings of unitarian empire in Arabia
9856:
9487:
The Birth of the Islamic Reform Movement in Saudi Arabia: Muhammad Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhāb (1703/4–1792) and the Beginnings of Unitarian Empire in Arabia
5581:
which set the foundations for the excommunication of Shi'ites outside the pale of Islam. Sulayman's doctrines were revived by later scholars of the
18599:
18417:
9443:
6489:
The Wahhabi legal theory stipulated proof-evaluation based on Hanbali principles as one of its major hallmarks. By claiming themselves as Hanbali,
3241:, Abd al Hamid al Zahrawi, Abd al Qadir al Jabarti, Abd al Hakim al Afghani, Nu'man Khayr al-Din Al-Alusi, Mahmud Shukri Al Alusi and his disciple
1044:
1011:
10258:
9099:
6231:
Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab asserted that every Muslim layman, even one without modest educational credentials, have a duty to read and study the
4406:(innovation) or shirk (polytheism) and sometimes "punished by flogging" during Wahhabi history include performing or listening to music; dancing;
2250:(a name used by external parties); it was not used by Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself or his followers. The term "Wahhabi" was probably first used by
18615:
17145:
Bayley, C. A. (2010). "1: The 'Revolutionary Age' in the Wider World, c. 1790–1830". In Bessel, Richard; Guyatt, Nicholas; Rendall, Jane (eds.).
13520:
8456:
6955:
1056:
12853:
Riexinger, Martin (2022). "2: Model, Not Idol The Recasting of the Image of Muḥammad in Mukhtaṣar sīrat al-rasūl by Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (
16027:
11708:
7777:(independent legal judgement) would result in the formulation of various ideological pretensions that could "erode the very essence of Islam".
7577:
7573:
6869:
across the Muslim world. Following the classical Sunni understanding, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab advocated accommodation with the status quo, stating:
1346:
16134:
7647:
discourses that aroused hysteria of an underground religious activists threatening the stability of the Marxist order. By the late 1990s, the
4546:
and use of funeral markers, which were once forbidden, are now allowed. Prayer attendance, which was once enforced by flogging, is no longer.
18775:
18361:
8408:"Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab admonished the people of Najd for reverting to the ways of ignorance in creed and practice.... it was hoped, this
8028:(1856–1921) and his disciples, who engaged in extensive written refutations and polemics against Wahhabism. His movement became known as the
6411:, many of his followers would perpetuate the Hanbali legal theory. Hanbali jurist Hamad ibn Nasir ibn Mu'ammar (AH 1160–1125/ 1747–1810
996:
9741:
8333:, Rida launched his project of re-habilitating Wahhabism and would popularise Najdi scholarly treatises across the Muslim World through his
7460:
This financial aid has done much to overwhelm less strict local interpretations of Islam, according to observers like Dawood al-Shirian and
18405:
8230:, "the 'opening' or conquest of a vast territory through religious zeal", for the "instinctive fight for survival and appetite for lucre".
6679:
reforms would get criticism from zealots amongst some of his Wahhabi clergy-men; reminiscent of the 19th-century harshness. However, other
4125:
was amongst their principal concerns, Wahhabis developed a set of juristic procedures to solve legal questions. These included referencing
3428:
path faithful to the rich Islamic tradition. However, as other Salafi movements got increasingly sidelined by the Saudi-backed neo-Wahhabi
1081:
1006:
11228:
Meijer, Roel (2014). "Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and his Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism".
7828:
It has been reported that Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's father was critical of his son. The dispute arose when Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab began his public
6745:: "to believe in Allah, enjoin good behavior, and forbid wrongdoing". This doctrine has been sustained in missionary literature, sermons,
3945:
of. And most of the ummah, and all praise is for God, is not like this... We do not make takfeer except on those matters which all of the
15404:
15315:
7014:, the word may be appropriate for these events within Islam.. these were often revolts of underprivileged suburbanites, the semi-settled
6751:
rulings, and explications of religious doctrine by Wahhabis since the death of ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab saw a role for the
3140:, it places great emphasis on hadith studies and condemns imitation to the canonical law schools. They identify with the early school of
2096:), and regarded his works as core scholarly references in theology. While being influenced by Hanbali doctrines, the movement repudiated
1032:
17477:
14218:
10535:
10444:
7854:, spreading Islamic teachings. Until his father's death in AH 1153; Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was not overly active and public in his
6350:, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab never directly claimed to be a Hanbali jurist, warned his followers about the dangers of adhering unquestionably to
18688:
7597:
7018:
on the fringe of the Muslim urban economies. These revolts exemplified that perennial conflict between the nomad and the city noted by
6451:
6282:(Prophetic traditions) rather than opinions of early Hanbali jurists. This stance arose uncertainty over his formal affiliation to the
6195:
5940:
3495:. As the most prominent scholar who championed anti-madhab doctrines in the 20th century, Albani held that adherence to a madhab was a
1499:
17274:
15477:
6663:
across the Muslim world from the late 19th century, the Wahhabis of Najd too underwent a rejuvenation. After the establishment of the
6166:), and opposed using local customs. He urged his followers to "return to the primary sources" of Islam in order "to determine how the
14427:
13155:
11733:
7502:
5897:
5593:
was a Shi'ite majority area, and Ottoman invasion was assisted by the British. The Ottoman invasion had become a major danger to the
5337:"I know of no one, who stands ahead of Ibn Taymiyya, after the Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal in the science of interpretation and the hadith"
1336:
724:
257:
15433:
10569:
7976:
Ibn Jirjis, who argued that supplicating the saints is permitted to whoever "declares that there is no god but God and prays toward
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by establishing a new order in Arabia and cleansing all the irrational elements and superstitions which had been normalised through
2419:
and thinkers seen as obstructive to their imperial interests; punishing them under various pretexts. Many Muslim rebels inspired by
18388:
9180:
Salafism has been termed a hybridation between the teachings of Ibn Abdul-Wahhab and others which have taken place since the 1960s.
9122:"Wahhabism refers to a conservative interpretation of Islam founded as a revival and reform movement in eighteenth-century Arabia."
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4717:
4638:
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7862:
Thunderbolts Concerning the Wahhabi School"). It has been reported that his brother repented and eventually returned to his call.
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dealt with specific situations" without being beholden to the interpretations of previous Islamic scholarship, while engaging in
5413:. The Emirate's soldiers were rigorously forbidden from launching attacks targeting women, children and non-combatant civilians.
1341:
416:
396:
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and speak regarding it, such as the jurists, and those who focus on worship and the quest for the hereafter, such as the Sufis."
3286:
emerged on a global scale claiming heritage to the thought of 18th-century Islamic reform movements and the pious predecessors (
3165:. Both the movements revived the teachings of the medieval Sunni theologian and jurist, Ibn Taymiyya, whom they both consider a
17822:
15064:
Yahya Birt, an academic who is director of The City Circle, a networking body of young British Muslim professionals, quoted in
7743:
That it is not so much strict and uncompromising as aberrant, going beyond the bounds of Islam in its restricted definition of
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6261:(Principles of Jurisprudence) comprehensively. Rather, that was left to his son-in-law and pupil Hamad ibn Nasir ibn Mu'ammar (
4316:
62:
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17116:
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12615:
11722:
ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim Al-Najdi, 'Abd al-Rahman, ed. (1996). "2: كتاب العقائد" [2: Kitab Al-'Aqaid (Book of Creed)].
10647:
9603:
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5227:(exemplary early Muslims). They strongly oppose what they consider to be heterodox doctrines, particularly those held by the
2286:(the oneness of God). The movement's present-day followers continue to reject the term and instead often refer themselves as
1982:
7697:
had appeared in a 1931 editorial which described it as a "traditional" movement; without associating it with "militant" or "
7159:(1848–1921) was the head of religious estate during period of Rashidi rule and the early years of King Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud.
17297:
16699:
15065:
14905:
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Peskes, Esther (1999). "The Wahhabiyya and Sufism in the Eighteenth Century". In De Jong, Frederick; Radtke, Bernd (eds.).
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10783:
10354:
10155:
Hatina, Meir; Commins, David (2009). "Chapter Ten: Wahhabis, Sufis, and Salafis in early twentieth century Damascus".
9054:
7231:
5635:, British, etc. 'Abd al-Latif viewed the Shi'ite sects of his time as idolators and placed them outside the pale of Islam.
406:
14779:
12462:
12439:
8912:. Translated by Sluglett, Marion Farouk; Sluglett, Peter (Second ed.). London, UK: The Macmillan Press. p. 162.
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4505:
Despite this strictness, throughout these years senior Saudi scholars in the kingdom made exceptions in ruling on what is
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doctrine, Wahhabi scholars advocated the proof-evaluation theory which believes in the continuous appearance of absolute
5892:, the legal body tasked with crafting Wahhabi juristic response to the novel problems faced by Arabian Muslims. In 1971,
5557:
4810:
4355:
3941:
and thereafter insults it, forbids people from it, and manifests enmity towards whoever practices it. This is who I make
12677:
8615:
Ahsan, Sayyid (1987). "Chapter – IV Foundations of the Saudi State – ll : Reforms of Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab".
8171:(Sunnis) stating that Salafists – also known as Wahhabis – are not from among the Sunnis.
6433:
for carrying out this responsibility. This was to be done through proof evaluation from the Scriptures and by employing
2811:
and eponym of the Wahhabi movement, called upon his disciples to denounce certain beliefs and practices associated with
2129:
argued against a classification of Wahhabism as form of Sunnism entirely due to traditional, historical, practical, and
17591:
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17436:
17409:
17339:
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14569:
14354:
14178:
14153:
13979:
13860:
13579:
13554:
13503:
13478:
13384:
13287:
13262:
12914:
12873:
12837:
12718:
12648:
12412:
12369:
12342:
12285:
12225:
12177:
12144:
12058:
12006:
11985:
11964:
11665:
11535:
11510:
11470:
11377:
11237:
11139:
11114:
11052:
10881:
10849:
10742:
10715:
10490:
10427:
10303:
10218:
10189:
9998:
9971:
9694:
9468:
9427:
8853:
8834:
8815:
8786:
8727:
8698:
8080:
7162:
6959:
6865:
programme, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab nonetheless didn't advocate revolutionary overthrowal of the ruling order to establish a
6696:
5874:
5426:. Justifying the Wahhabi military campaigns as defensive operations against their enemies, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab asserts:
4562:
A "badge" of a particularly pious Wahhabi man is a robe too short to cover the ankle, an untrimmed beard, and no cord (
4538:(in 1962), education of females (1964), and use of television (1965). Music, the sound of which once might have led to
195:
18203:
8313:. Rida asserted that the social and military expansion of the Wahhabi movement could successfully launch an authentic
5553:
transmitters, and righteous people employing logic, rhetoric, examination of the primary texts and scholarly debates.
5405:
resulted in military conflicts with rival tribal chiefs. As a senior scholar, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab closely advised Emir
18843:
18693:
18607:
18441:
17767:
17759:
17154:
14144:"1: The Role of Women in Solidifying Eighteenth-Century Revival and Reform Initiatives into Ongoing Mass Movements".
10029:
9495:
9405:
8898:
8602:
8578:
7568:
and froze all his assets, turning him into a fugitive and the Bin Laden family disowned him. After Saudi pressure on
7321:
6638:
who travelled far and wide; and taught numerous men and women. However, future events such as the destruction of the
6631:
5568:, etc. as heretics and criticized many of their tenets, they had regarded them as Muslims. Abdullah's son, Sulayman (
4644:
4515:
in 1990; gender mixing of men and women is forbidden, and fraternization with non-Muslims is discouraged, but not at
4137:
as the primary sources of legislation. In case the solution was not accessible from the Scriptures, the principle of
2068:, which were widespread amongst the people of Najd. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his followers were highly inspired by the
1825:
1193:
981:
444:
421:
16100:
15985:
11830:
4534:. After vigorous debate Wahhabi religious authorities in Saudi Arabia allowed the use of paper money (in 1951), the
3188:
strongly supported the movement, and prominent Ahl-i-Hadith scholars were appointed to teach in Saudi Universities.
2908:
attributed the successes of Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s revolution to assistance from “frequent interpositions of Heaven".
18884:
18647:
18555:
15773:
9171:
Other sources give far lower numbers of Shia though they do not estimate the number of Wahhabi. 15% of KSA is Shia.
5506:, he was not using a derogatory name for Shia but denouncing "an extremist sect" within Shiism who call themselves
5306:
The movement is heavily influenced by the works of thirteenth-century Hanbali theologian Ibn Taymiyya who rejected
5236:
5192:
4917:
4656:
1557:
530:
272:
38:
9326:
7664:
18879:
18874:
18749:
18451:
17827:
16926:
16073:
15540:
15511:
15463:
14749:
12949:. Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 142–143.
12934:. Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 141–143.
9309:
8767:
8619:. Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 141–142.
8568:
7101:
5952:, etc. to promote virtue. Internet would be made publicly accessible to Saudi citizens as early as 1997. In 2000
5729:
5451:
4953:
4369:, due to Wahhabi emphasis on the "purification of Islam"; the teaching becomes very repressive to the followers.
4091:
3707:
3679:
3565:
3082:, were trained in piety and military skills. These movements waged their reformist efforts through preaching and
2631:
9820:
7535:
on 25 August 1988, the board members recommended the death penalty for acts of terrorism. Moreover, the Wahhabi
4388:
Following the preaching and practice of ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab that coercion should be used to enforce following of
3501:(religious innovation). Albani went as far as to castigate Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab as a "Salafi in creed, but not in
3250:
18790:
17812:
17715:
17565:
17378:
17364:
17318:
17265:
17046:
16800:
16747:
16650:
16110:
14917:
14879:
14146:
Islam, Revival, and Reform: Redefining Tradition for the Twenty-First Century – Essays Inspired by John O. Voll
14029:
14004:
13802:
13729:
13604:
13415:
13080:
11889:
11840:
11640:
11310:, p. 174. "Al-Albani had denounced Wahhabi attachment to the Hanbali school." Stephane Lacroix, George Holoch,
11077:
10964:
8993:
7522:
7269:(righteous predecessors) which rejected much of the classical legal precedents; instead deriving directly from
7111:
7104:(1752–1826) was the head of Wahhabism after his father retired from public life in 1773. After the fall of the
6858:
5809:
response to contemporary challenges and modern ideologies. To intellectually counter the ideological spread of
5435:
5410:
5376:
5329:
3297:
2466:). Due to its perceived negative overtones, the members of the movement historically identified themselves as "
2142:
1492:
15710:"Did Ibn Saud's militants cause 400,000 casualties? Myths and evidence about the Wahhabi conquests, 1902–1925"
14669:
7062:
The "boundaries" of Wahhabism have been called "difficult to pinpoint", but in contemporary usage, the terms "
2399:
has been commonly invoked by various external observers to erroneously or pejoratively denote a wide range of
15593:
14173:(in Arabic). Translated by Abahsain, Muhammad M.; al-Furaih, Mohammad A. (First ed.). UK: Ithaca Press.
10021:
7260:
to be a foreign occupying power and took a powerful precedent from the Wahhabi rebellion against the Ottomans
6463:
which limited the scope of research: initially just to the past opinions, then to the rulings found in the 4
6338:
5802:
5434:
This defensive approach to warfare largely got abandoned after Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's retirement in 1773. Emir
4511:(forbidden). Foreign non-Muslim troops are forbidden in Arabia, except when the king needed them to confront
3787:
3779:
3453:
3363:
2915:, Wahhabis were able spread their political power and consolidate their rule over the Islamic holy cities of
2357:
1203:
252:
16547:"The Myths of Muslim Women Liberation: Why Islamists Resist the Western Concept of Universal Women's Rights"
14964:
11169:"The Myths of Muslim Women Liberation: Why Islamists Resist the Western Concept of Universal Women's Rights"
2208:
1243:
18838:
18226:
12895:. "Abdul-Wahhab was a proponent of Ijtihad, as were the leading reformers of the Salafi movement in Egypt."
12019:
11747:
10676:
8471:
8372:
7612:
6524:
5291:(Wahhabi) movement is highly influenced by the doctrines of the classical Hanbali theologian Ibn Taymiyya (
3261:
who was considered as the "leader of Salafis". All these scholars would correspond with Arabian and Indian
3237:
reformers would maintain correspondence with Wahhabis and defend them against Sufi attacks. These included
2559:
2193:
1393:
13050:
12985:
9660:
8040:
said Wahhabis are not Muslims, and any Muslim who has difficulty understanding this, has also left Islam.
7094:) or related to another religious head. For example, Abd al-Latif was the son of Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan.
6619:
6439:(Principles of Jurisprudence). Based on one's expertise and knowledge, Ibn Mu'ammar ranked a hierarchy of
5409:
on military tactics; convincing him to pursue a largely defensive strategy and enjoining him to adhere to
5397:
as a sacred endeavour that must have a valid religious justification and which can only be declared by an
3804:
2169:
reform trend in the Islamic world that advocated the re-generation of the social and political prowess of
18427:
18000:
17747:
17742:
15570:
13113:
12861:
9848:
8496:
8213:
7795:
7758:
7556:
also reflected a non-Wahhabi heritage. Bin Laden's feud with the Saudi government intensified during the
6987:
6774:
6668:
5982:
5959:
5885:
5847:
On the other hand, some influential Wahhabi clerics had also been noteworthy for issuing various archaic
5794:
4935:
4849:
4214:}. (Surah An-Nisa': 59) Thus, it is forbidden to prefer the opinion of any of Allah's creatures over the
3571:
3182:
3028:
and socio-moral re-generation of the society through a direct return to the fundamental Islamic sources (
2912:
2377:
2220:
2165:
that lasted for more than 250 years. The Wahhabi movement gradually rose to prominence as an influential
1759:
668:
16758:
3521:
permitting women to uncover their face, which ran counter to Hanbali jurisprudence and Saudi standards.
292:
18811:
18780:
18211:
17797:
17203:
17041:. Riyadh: The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawah and Guidance The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
16885:
16476:
Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153–1351/1741–1932)
16347:"المركز الإعلامي بالأزهر الشريف: الإمام الأكبر نص على أن أهل السنة هم الأشاعرة والماتريدية وأهل الحديث"
13240:
Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153–1351/1741–1932)
11876:
Ibn Hasan Aal-Sheikh, 'Abdur-Rahman (2002). "38: Taking Scholars or Rulers as Partners Besides Allah".
10269:
8310:
8209:
7940:
7917:
7805:
7471:
Saudi religious transnationalism and assessing its actual magnitude even more confusing. Moreover, the
7353:
increasingly departed from the "localized" religious understanding of their parents and looked up to a
7091:
6708:
6557:
5962:
5416:
Throughout his letters and treatises, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb maintained that the military campaigns of the
4228:
The Wahhabis also advocated a principle in Islamic legal theory often referred to as "the rule against
3911:
3770:
creed. A number of Salafi and Wahhabi scholars have produced super-commentaries and annotations on the
3641:
3613:
3332:
methodology. Encouraged by their call for hadith re-evaluation and revival, he would invest himself in
2798:
2702:
2385:
2251:
2031:
1864:
1313:
976:
790:
592:
155:
125:
12868:. Vol. 2. Heirs of the Prophet: Authority and Power. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 55.
8117:
was said to have taken an uncompromising stand against Wahhabism by defining orthodox Sunnism as "the
7935:
was permissible, until Allah destroyed them (Wahhabi's) in the year 1233 AH by way of the Muslim army.
5500:
to violate the doctrine of monotheism. DeLong-Bas maintains that when Ibn Abd al-Wahhab denounced the
4220:
of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and this is because to do so is an act of
3328:
and also student of Muhammad Bahjat al-Bitar (disciple of Rida and Al-Qasimi), was an adherent to the
2753:(Oneness of Divine Names and Attributes); with a literal understanding of God's Names and Attributes.
18292:
17638:
14076:
11553:"Salafī Challenge and Māturīdī Response: Contemporary Disputes over the Legitimacy of Māturīdī kalām"
11369:
8506:
7839:
7616:
7585:
7200:
6676:
6516:
6219:. This entailed a rejection of all interpretations offered by the four legal schools – including the
6143:
5789:. Various preachers harmonise pious lifestyle with modern culture while simultaneously engaging with
4988:
4611:
2932: – gave Wahhabi ideals a "preeminent position of strength" in Islam around the world.
2608:. In any case, according to Lacey, none of the other terms have caught on, and so like the Christian
2452:
was synonymous with 'traitor' and 'rebel' ... The epithet became a term of religio-political abuse."
1975:
1587:
1545:
1485:
1440:
755:
262:
16921:. Translated by Anthony F. Roberts (1st English ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
14046:
11486:
NAHOUZA, Namira (April 2009). "Chapter 3: Contemporary perceptions of the Salaf- the Wahhabi case".
9300:
Peri Bearman; Thierry Bianquis; C Edmund Bosworth; E J Van Donzel; Wolfhart Heinrichs, eds. (2002).
8540:; it was not used by Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself or his followers, who typically refer themselves as
7086:
There has traditionally been a recognized head of the Wahhabi "religious estate", often a member of
6902:. Contemporary European diplomats and observers who witnessed its emergence drew parallels with the
18668:
18282:
17842:
17802:
17173:
11503:
Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi ʿUlama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia
11284:
Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi 'Ulama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia
10624:
10449:
8501:
8306:
8130:
7130:
6934:
in the 18th and 19th centuries. The difference lied in their political language; wherein themes of
6833:
6276:, after Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. Moreover, in his writings, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab relied primarily only on
5712:
during the beginning of the 19th century; to aver that notions of absolute incompatibility between
5491:
5355:
5347:
5319:
4768:
3254:
3230:
2865:
2480:
2263:
226:
120:
17:
13452:
Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab ke Khilaf Propaganda aur Hindustan Ke Ulema-e-Haq par uskay Asrat
11884:]. Translated by Al-Halawani, 'Ali As-Sayed. El Mansoura, Egypt: Dar al Manarah. p. 368.
11526:
Beránek, Ondřej; Ťupek, Pavel (2018). "2: Early Wahhabism and the Beginnings of Modern Salafism".
11461:
Beránek, Ondřej; Ťupek, Pavel (2018). "2: Early Wahhabism and the Beginnings of Modern Salafism".
10049:
9512:
6189:
since the classical period. Influenced by these scholars, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, fervently denounced
5670:
or Sufis as a group, but rather attacked specific practices which he saw as inconsistent with the
3636:
theology such as Divine Attributes and other creedal doctrines. Influenced by the scholars of the
2616:
for all opposition, legitimate and illegitimate, to justify massive repressions on any dissident.
2478:"the Wahhabis have always disliked the name customarily given to them" and preferred to be called
17925:
17837:
17832:
17792:
17722:
16669:
16511:
Daniel Ungureanu, Wahhabism, Salafism and the Expansion of Islamic Fundamentalist Ideology, p146.
15249:
12638:
9751:
8025:
6919:
6829:
6764:
6002:
5705:
5586:
4805:
4676:
4535:
3507:". He strongly attacked Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab on several points; claiming that the latter was not a
3173:
would make their way to India and study under Ahl-i-Hadith patronage. After the establishment of
2998:
2905:
1582:
1383:
267:
17950:
12710:
12704:
12510:
11552:
9725:
9145:
8624:
Wagemakers, Joas (2021). "Part 3: Fundamentalisms and Extremists – The Citadel of Salafism". In
8068:
accuses Wahhabis of falling into anthropomorphic descriptions of God and imitating polytheists.
7643:, the Muslim dissidents were usually labelled with terms such as "Sufi" and "fanatic" employing
5450:. Condemning the military excesses committed during the Wahhabi conquest of Mecca in 1218–1803,
1125:
18366:
18080:
18005:
17862:
17772:
17710:
17528:
17500:
15993:
12740:
12526:
12217:
10869:
9352:
8346:
8322:
8126:
7698:
7168:
6361:
6029:, the legal bodies are conservative and generally prohibit them, viewing them as a contrary to
5990:
5837:
5313:
4700:
4666:
3744:
3612:
theologies. However, Wahhabis diverged in some points of theology from other Athari movements.
3433:
3242:
3113:
2103:
2008:
1882:
1567:
1258:
674:
309:
247:
95:
17420:
17187:
16865:
16661:
15786:
15184:
14934:
14625:
14346:
12700:
12359:
12332:
12275:
12107:
11780:
10915:
10732:
10703:
9988:
9458:
9275:
8335:
7639:
to denote any manifestation of Islamic assertion in neighbouring Muslim countries. During the
7153:'Abd al-Latif ibn 'Abd al-Rahman (1810–1876) Head of religious estate in 1860 and early 1870s.
5473:
as captives and will not practice that in the future. We did not initiate hostilities against
3324:
18806:
18683:
18469:
17935:
17732:
17471:
16991:
Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
16586:"Presiden Pertama RI Ir. Soekarno Ternyata Pernah Berbicara Tentang Wahabi! Apa Kata Beliau?"
15997:
15938:
15271:
14561:
14226:
12892:
12562:
12402:
12169:
12050:
11279:
10346:
8674:
8481:
8021:
7883:
7668:
7604:
7472:
7334:, allowed Saudi Arabia to successfully promote their interpretations of Islam throughout the
6203:, it was imitation of past judicial opinion in the face of clear contradictory evidence from
5685:
When he was asked on a religious matter, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab praised the pious Sufis, stating:
4844:
4683:
3859:(Worship) in Islam consists of conventional acts of devotion such as the five daily prayers (
3754:
2555:, "feeling it sets them apart and contradicts the notion that Islam is a monolithic faith".
2532:, maintaining that "one would be hard pressed to find individuals who refer to themselves as
1600:
1331:
1160:
966:
349:
12209:
7576:. Taliban's denial of Saudi requests to extradite Bin Laden led to a diplomatic row between
6421:("Treatise on Ijtihad and Taqlid") which became influential in the scholarly circles of the
5904:
also demonstrate a receptive outlook on visual media, medical field, economic affairs, etc.
18708:
18678:
18484:
18479:
18241:
17995:
17867:
16843:
Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism
16792:
16731:
16398:
15835:
Jonathan A.C. Brown, "Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints",
15485:
13211:
9595:
9368:
9299:
8298:
7838:. However, none of the sources state the exact nature of this disagreement. Salafi scholar
7317:
6995:
6347:
6073:
and was based on Ibn Taymiyya's broader theological call for a return to the values of the
5867:
5798:
5185:
4484:
4076:
3578:(traditionalist) school which represents the prevalent theological position of the Hanbali
3270:
3210:
2762:
2630:, has caused some confusion in North and sub-Saharan Africa, where the movement's leader –
1968:
1518:
1248:
1165:
1037:
597:
523:
17980:
13456:
The Propaganda against Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab and Its Impact on the True Clerics
13159:
10840:
Mandaville, Peter (2022). "Chapter 2: Wahhabism and Salafism in global perspective".
8024:(1796–1861). By the late 19th century, the anti-Wahhabi campaign in South Asia was led by
6354:, and did not consider "the opinion of any law school to be binding". In the absence of a
6255:
were central themes of his doctrines, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not lay down his approach to
5446:(descendants of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab) who took care to condemn and religiously delegitimise
4628:
2856:
compared the Wahhabi movement with various Euro-American socio-political movements in the
2325:
Supporters of the Wahhabi movement characterize it as being "pure Islam", indistinct from
2258:/AH 1190, who declared the Wahhabi movement as the personal interpretation of its leader.
2227:
in 1744, has led to the official "uncoupling" of the religious clergy by the Saudi state.
8:
18754:
18639:
18189:
18075:
17596:
17357:
The 'Wahhabi' Myth: Dispelling Prevalent Fallacies and the Fictitious Link with Bin Laden
16325:"Islamic conference in Chechnya: Why Sunnis are disassociating themselves from Salafists"
16306:"Islamic conference in Chechnya: Why Sunnis are disassociating themselves from Salafists"
15441:
14867:
10788:
9746:
8476:
8202:
8020:
during the early 19th century; which was led by prominent Islamic scholar and theologian
7620:
7454:
7331:
7241:
7194:
6991:
6903:
5757:
4671:
4090:) prevalent amongst the masses and obliging them to directly engage with the Scriptures;
4080:
4052:
issue as well as join forces with Wahhabis to condemn various Sufi practices and orders (
3775:
3712:
3524:
In addition, Albani would also criticise Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab for his weakness in
3429:
3246:
3109:
2597:
2586:
2408:
2277:
2196:
1917:
1577:
1428:
1378:
577:
185:
17196:
Saudi Arabia in Transition: Insights on Social, Political, Economic and Religious Change
16869:
16235:
11431:
The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri
10591:
8254:
uncritical, and in matters of law it mainly falls back on the traditions of the Prophet.
7197:(1910–1999) has been called "the most prominent proponent" of Wahhabism during his time.
4260:
to remain autonomous. Opponents of Wahhabi movement harshly rebuked them for advocating
3181:, the Saudi Sheikhs would repay their debts by financing the Ahl-i-Hadith movement. The
18864:
18698:
18673:
18631:
18530:
18504:
18162:
17930:
17737:
17586:
17384:
17095:
16989:
16736:
15737:
14699:
13353:
11702:
10611:
9921:
9896:
9888:
9787:
9437:
8746:
8682:
8367:
to support Wahhabi scholars in their effort to reject various one thousand one kind of
8246:
8065:
7880:
7693:
7632:
7105:
7023:
6931:
6840:
6726:
6639:
5810:
5439:
5417:
5402:
4661:
4519:(KAUST). Until 2018, movie theaters and driving by women were forbidden, except at the
4480:
4456:
4279:
3221:; AH 1282–1354) made vital contributions in the rehabilitation of Wahhabism across the
3121:
3003:
2945:
2881:
2674:
2216:
2212:
2149:
in the 13th century; and would later serve as a revolutionary impetus for 19th-century
1562:
1353:
1198:
1183:
971:
946:
856:
704:
471:
466:
344:
175:
130:
14594:
12119:
9397:
8808:
The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason- 1798 to Modern Times
8249:
that campaigned to put an end to the general stagnation of Muslims, while saying that
7993:
7890:); among them Ahmed Barakat Tandatawin, who in 1743 describes Wahhabism as ignorance (
7757:
found in violation of Wahhabi doctrines. According to some sources, during the second
7324:". This enabled the Wahhabis to exert great influence on Islamic culture and thinking;
6914:
clerical hierarchy and foreign imperialism; with some even labelling them as “Wahhabi
6503:
being derived from Hanbalite Ahl al-Hadith, scholars also take the rulings from other
6289:
and would lead many local Hanbalite detractors to accuse him of undermining classical
5510:. He criticized them for assigning greater authority to their current leaders than to
4153:
3959:
The disagreement between Wahhabis and their opponents over the definition of worship (
2300:
18869:
18785:
18623:
18540:
18535:
18514:
18509:
18236:
18055:
18015:
17990:
17965:
17955:
17898:
17672:
17606:
17493:
17442:
17432:
17405:
17374:
17360:
17335:
17314:
17306:
17293:
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17244:
17215:
17150:
17131:
17112:
17064:
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17025:
17015:
16996:
16964:
16945:
16938:
16922:
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16422:
16377:
16269:
16189:
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16079:
16033:
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15760:
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15622:
15374:
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15345:
15277:
15217:
15192:
15109:
15020:
14995:
14940:
14913:
14875:
14821:
14629:
14618:
14565:
14554:
14387:"Wahhabism: Understanding the Roots and Role Models of Islamic Fanaticism and Terror"
14373:
14350:
14341:
The Islamist: Why I joined Radical Islam in Britain, what I saw inside and why I left
14339:
14174:
14149:
14025:
14000:
13975:
13856:
13798:
13725:
13700:
13675:
13650:
13625:
13600:
13575:
13550:
13499:
13474:
13432:
13411:
13357:
13283:
13258:
13215:
13099:
The Islamist: Why I Joined Radical Islam in Britain, What I Saw Inside and Why I Left
12910:
12869:
12833:
12789:
12714:
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12408:
12365:
12338:
12281:
12221:
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12140:
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11981:
11960:
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11258:
11233:
11205:
11135:
11110:
11073:
11048:
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10877:
10845:
10820:
10738:
10711:
10486:
10423:
10350:
10339:
10299:
10214:
10185:
10160:
10130:
10025:
9994:
9967:
9900:
9690:
9599:
9491:
9464:
9423:
9401:
9305:
8961:
8942:
8913:
8894:
8849:
8830:
8811:
8782:
8763:
8723:
8694:
8661:
8651:
8598:
8574:
8371:". It is argued by some that Sukarno was also influenced by Islamist figures such as
8263:
8174:
8158:
7589:
7564:
in 1991, before exiling him the same year. In 1994, Saudi Arabia revoked Bin Laden's
7490:
7405:, the tripling in the price of oil in the mid-1970s and the progressive takeover of
7188:
7116:
7035:
6923:
6907:
6899:
6825:
6499:(Principles of jurisprudence) of the Hanbali school. Despite the main methodology of
6315:
6171:
6154:
only in cases of extreme necessity. He rejected deference to past juridical opinion (
6116:(analogical reasoning) – Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's writings emphasized the
6080:
5978:
5915:) through Scriptural precedents to sustain a legal system compatible with modernity.
5782:
5654:
5511:
5406:
5386:
5273:) so long as it is true to the essence of the Quran, Sunnah and understanding of the
5049:
5033:
4861:
4539:
3938:
3675:
3040:) and responded to the military, economic, social, moral, cultural stagnation of the
2989:
2893:
2857:
2842:
2788:
2772:
2396:
2373:
The term "Wahhabism" has frequently been used by external parties as a sectarian and
2334:
2241:
2158:
2146:
2046:
1859:
1837:
1697:
1433:
1363:
1298:
1263:
1238:
1218:
1130:
1091:
1067:
816:
768:
729:
714:
690:
647:
642:
587:
549:
180:
57:
17099:
10108:"Think tank funded by foreign extremists writes report on foreign extremist funding"
8960:. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 221, 277, 283–285.
7989:
7244:
listed four major factors that contributed to expansion of Wahhabi ideas across the
6520:
6390:
6182:
5989:
have been sanctioned. Employing the results from observatories to sight the monthly
5209:
Muslims. The primary Wahhabi doctrine is affirmation of the uniqueness and unity of
4224:(polytheism); since it constitutes obedience to other than Allah (Glorified be He)."
2137:-led revolt against the Turkish, Persian and foreign empires that had dominated the
18739:
18446:
18167:
18060:
17872:
17621:
17616:
17601:
17207:
17087:
16877:
16788:
16558:
15721:
15400:
15311:
14761:
13345:
13207:
11564:
11340:
11257:. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press. pp. 84–85, 220.
11180:
10131:"Holy Warriors: Religion as military modus operandi in the Indian uprising of 1857"
10088:
9880:
9591:
8737:
Ahmad Khan, MU'ĪNUDDĪN (March 1968). "A Diplomat's Report on Wahhabism of Arabia".
8686:
8641:
8637:
8625:
7553:
7542:
7467:
7409:
in the 1974–1980 period, provided the source of much influence of Wahhabism in the
7342:
7253:
6999:
6935:
6874:
6615:
6571:
6343:
6014:
5970:
4827:
4426:; drawing human or animal figures; acting in a play or writing fiction; dissecting
4072:
2977:
2673:
According to Joas Wagemakers, associate professor of Islamic and Arabic Studies at
2521:
was important for Wahhabism's authenticity, because during the Ottoman period only
2497:
2319:
2182:
1832:
1303:
1253:
846:
744:
739:
719:
426:
16161:
15725:
13695:
Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2010). "6: Wahhabism Applied – Flexibility Towards Change".
13595:
E. Vogel, Frank (2000). "Two- Ijtihad as Law: Doctrines for Theory and Practice".
10639:
7787:(legal schools) and invoke the teachings and legacy of its founders to defend the
7394:
began co-operating with Wahhabis to a certain extent, despite doctrinal variations
2727:(creed), Wahhabis and Salafis resemble each other; particularly in their focus on
2695:– a term rejected by its adherents – refers to the specific brand of reformation (
18816:
18759:
18489:
18474:
18398:
18342:
18231:
18099:
17960:
17945:
17807:
17727:
17558:
17553:
17325:
17281:
17270:
17211:
17177:
17109:
The Wahhabis Seen through European Eyes (1772–1830): Deists and Puritans of Islam
16841:
16811:
16673:
16216:
16183:
15989:
15878:
14080:
13645:
Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2010). "6: Wahhabism Applied: Flexibility towards Change".
13545:
Mandaville, Peter; Hasan, Noorhaidi (2022). "7: Salafism, Education, and Youth".
13349:
11359:
8330:
8314:
8037:
7723:
7381:
7147:
7134:
7071:
6951:
6854:
6742:
6712:
6200:
6026:
5855:
5763:
5718:
5594:
5420:
were strictly defensive and rebuked his opponents as being the first to initiate
5178:
5128:
4983:
4888:
4780:
4446:
4407:
4366:
4175:
4044:
3783:
3238:
3214:
3200:
3166:
2953:
2901:
2780:
2392:
2330:
2288:
2268:
2174:
1999:
1933:
1923:
1842:
1572:
1475:
1408:
1213:
1120:
951:
861:
785:
625:
620:
582:
516:
495:
411:
391:
384:
339:
210:
165:
148:
110:
73:
48:
15171:
Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience
14936:
Women Leaders of Africa, Asia, Middle East and Pacific: A Biographical Reference
9063:"Saudi Arabia for first time marks its founding, downplaying conservative roots"
8329:; which had distorted the pristine message of Islam. As a leading figure of the
7098:
Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) was the founder of the Wahhabi movement.
2261:
Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his movement's early followers referred to themselves as
18703:
18560:
18494:
18371:
18251:
18134:
18030:
17975:
17920:
17857:
17705:
17191:
16873:
16861:
16340:
16338:
15214:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
15106:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
15017:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
13547:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
13496:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
11255:
Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia
10842:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
10296:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
9020:"Saudi Arabia's Religious Reforms Are Touching Nothing but Changing Everything"
8421:
8279:
8242:
8223:
8162:
8114:
8088:
8001:
7913:
7906:
7876:
7739:
Among the criticism, or comments made by critics, of the Wahhabi movement are:
7722:
define it as a collection of restrictive dogmas, particularly for women, while
7684:
7421:
Estimates of Saudi spending on religious causes abroad include "upward of $ 100
7257:
7075:
7074:", contextualised as an ultra-conservative, Saudi brand of the wider movement.
6911:
6850:
6010:
5606:
5465:"As for the fact that some Bedouins destroyed books belonging to the people of
5381:
5223:
5138:
5083:
5012:
4963:
4923:
4839:
4736:
4554:
The uniformity of dress among men and women in Saudi Arabia (compared to other
4512:
4023:
3739:
3551:
3525:
3333:
3266:
3162:
2812:
2572:
2547:
2412:
2162:
2027:
1774:
1702:
1421:
1368:
1278:
1228:
1188:
1155:
1115:
1049:
961:
941:
912:
887:
841:
456:
329:
220:
17091:
17029:
16532:
In Defense of Tradition: Muhammad Nasir Al-Din Al-Albani and the Salafi Method
15273:
Lee Kuan Yew: The Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States, and ...
15087:
14148:(1st ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2022. pp. 3–29.
11569:
11528:
The Temptation of Graves in Salafi Islam: Iconoclasm, Destruction and Idolatry
11463:
The Temptation of Graves in Salafi Islam: Iconoclasm, Destruction and Idolatry
9884:
8646:
7762:
estimate the number of killed and wounded somewhere between 10,000 and 25,000.
6507:, as long they regard them as being verified through Hadith and traditions or
3903:, the followers of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab referred themselves by the designation "
2436:
as part of a wider "Wahhabi" conspiracy which was portrayed as extending from
2084:
661–728) who advocated a return to the purity of the first three generations (
18858:
18713:
18381:
18256:
18177:
18172:
18040:
18025:
17970:
17940:
17852:
17667:
17650:
17611:
16778:
16563:
16546:
15733:
15403:: THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. February 2003. Archived from
15390:"Al-Qaeda: the misunderstood Wahhabi connection and the ideology of violence"
15314:: THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. February 2003. Archived from
15301:"Al-Qaeda: the misunderstood Wahhabi connection and the ideology of violence"
14424:
Al-Durar Al-Sunniyya Fil Ajwabatil Najdiyya (Sunni Pearls from Najdi Answers)
14069:
13408:
Islamic Mysticism Contested: Thirteen Centuries of Controversies and Polemics
12706:
One Thousand Roads to Mecca: Ten Centuries of Travelers Writing about the ...
11730:
Al-Durar Al-Sunniyya Fil Ajwabatil Najdiyya (Sunni Pearls from Najdi Answers)
11578:
11185:
11168:
10420:
The Clerics of Islam: Religious authority and political power in Saudi Arabia
9083:"Riyadh celebrates the state's founding, downplays the role of Wahhabi Islam"
8665:
8636:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston:
8396:
8259:
8199:
8180:
7944:
7932:
7781:
traditionalists strongly emphasize the necessity of taqlid to the four major
7680:
7676:
7498:
7213:
7180:
7146:'Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1780–1869) was head of the religious estate in the
7087:
6821:
6778:
6738:
6515:
according to modern contemporary Muslim scholars). Prominent Wahhabi scholar
6319:
6018:
5994:
5767:
5598:
5454:
5443:
5269:). Adherents of Wahhabism are favourable to derivation of new legal rulings (
5123:
5041:
5028:
5017:
4724:
4328:
This does not mean, however, that all adherents agree on what is required or
4293:
4192:
4179:
4148:
3887:
3827:
3816:
3645:
3583:
3342:
3141:
3041:
2166:
2138:
2073:
1784:
1717:
1692:
1687:
1373:
1288:
1273:
1223:
1208:
1150:
1135:
1061:
956:
797:
734:
461:
451:
80:
16915:
16335:
16185:
The Sunni Tragedy in the Middle East: Northern Lebanon from al-Qaeda to ISIS
12212:
The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State
8690:
7584:. Throughout the 1990s, mainstream Wahhabi clerics in the Kingdom supported
6405:
While Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself was not inclined to adhere to a particular
5235:
traditions, such as beliefs and practices associated with the veneration of
2102:
to legal authorities, including oft-cited scholars such as Ibn Taymiyya and
18744:
18184:
18124:
18070:
18050:
17985:
17645:
17633:
17253:
16910:
13837:
Impact of the Ahl-e-Hadith Movement on Contemporary Muslim Society in India
11862:
Impact of the Ahl-e-Hadith Movement on Contemporary Muslim Society in India
10240:
9791:
8436:
8387:
8318:
8205:
8005:
7644:
7581:
7561:
7461:
7430:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7371:
7354:
7335:
7327:
7245:
7003:
6983:
6979:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6664:
6634:, etc. These included Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's own daughter Fatimah, a revered
5806:
5786:
5778:
5774:
5210:
5168:
5143:
4651:
4555:
3689:
3684:
3485:; in practice they almost solely relied on Hanbali jurisprudence for their
3347:
3279:
3174:
3151:
3105:
3098:
2924:
2838:
2581:
2475:
2404:
2374:
2292:(a term also used by followers of other Islamic reform movements as well).
2224:
2178:
2154:
2130:
2120:
2081:
2050:
2041:). The movement was initially established in the central Arabian region of
1958:
1938:
1852:
1766:
1464:
1445:
1403:
1398:
1308:
1293:
1233:
1110:
907:
892:
851:
780:
751:
506:
476:
334:
299:
90:
13410:. Koninklijke Brill NV, Ledien, the Netherlands: Brill. pp. 145–152.
10180:
Davis, Rohan (2009). "Chapter 1: Wahhabism as a contested category".
7291:. This also appealed to the Islamic reformers who pushed for a revival of
5777:. While the Saudi ruling class spearheaded modernization drive across the
4905:
3762:
movement; who regarded it as a true representation of the work, free from
18723:
18718:
18499:
18287:
18261:
18035:
18020:
18010:
17888:
17236:
14650:
13471:
The Naqshbandi Sufi tradition: Guidebook of Daily Practices and Devotions
12452:
8760:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE Modern Middle East & North Africa: Second Edition
8486:
8186:
8167:
7565:
7221:
7019:
7007:
6975:
6890:
6643:
6395:
6223:'s own Hanbali school – wherein they contradict the two primary sources.
6100:
6084:
5986:
5840:, etc. were mass-distributed through Saudi publishing centres and during
5829:
5821:
5148:
5133:
4958:
4489:
4460:
3540:, Albani nonetheless censured his later followers for their harshness in
3404:
3378:
3258:
3233:
had defended the Wahhabi movement. From the 19th century, prominent Arab
3117:
2957:
2624:
2492:
and Unitarians are associated with other sects, both extant and extinct.
2433:
2362:
2282:'"one who professes God's oneness" or "Unitarians"' derived from
2186:
2150:
2133:
differences. Socio-politically, the movement represented the first major
2125:
2023:
1535:
1526:
1388:
1283:
1268:
1145:
1074:
205:
190:
170:
135:
15340:
Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2010). "Appendix A: Translated Decisions of BSU".
15189:
Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American
13498:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 38, 49, 58–59, 87–88, 96.
13333:
10817:
A Quietist Jihadi: The ideology and influence of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi
8750:
7349:
Societal factors:- With the influx of modernity, younger generations of
6394:
Compilation of ibn Mu'ammar's treatises and legal verdicts published by
5597:. From 1871, 'Abd al-Latif began to write tracts harshly condemning the
3169:. Suffering from the instabilities of 19th-century Arabia, many Wahhabi
2791:
during the early 18th century, whose adherents described themselves as "
1470:
490:
18550:
18422:
18410:
18246:
18129:
18045:
17628:
17546:
15880:
Kingdom without borders: Saudi political, religious and media frontiers
15621:. Cairo, EG: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 123–177.
13174:
12777:
Wahhabism: Understanding the Roots and Role Models of Islamic Extremism
11978:
Terrorism Revisited: Islamism, Political Violence and State-Sponsorship
11253:
Lacroix, Stéphane (2011). "Chapter 3: Resistance to Sahwa Ascendancy".
10135:
Mutiny at the Margins – New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857
9925:
9892:
9868:
8629:
8550:
8376:
8305:
during the 1890s; after reading about the movement in the histories of
8238:
8142:
8118:
8084:
8017:
7922:
7871:
7640:
7514:
7386:
7376:
7011:
6963:
6843:
in Islamic dominion over politics and government and the importance of
6596:. His thoughts reflected the major trends apparent in the 18th-century
5945:
5825:
5818:
5697:
Scholars like Esther Peskes point to the cordial relations between the
5602:
5497:
5487:
5255:
period. The movement emphasized reliance on the literal meaning of the
5232:
4741:
4415:
4298:
4204:
concerning an issue, he should examine the sayings and opinions of the
4006:
The Wahhabi scholars upheld the right of qualified scholars to perform
3605:
3222:
2973:
2807:
2793:
2685:
across the world who aspire to live according to the precedents of the
2635:
2627:
2204:
2134:
1770:
1358:
1140:
902:
659:
431:
314:
215:
115:
105:
100:
16534:(Thesis). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University. pp. 64–66.
15984:
Khaled Abou El Fadl, "9/11 and the Muslim Transformation". Taken from
14765:
14105:
13068:
The Battle for Saudi Arabia: Royalty, Fundamentalism, and Global Power
11344:
10092:
9945:
9943:
9941:
9909:
6295:
in general. Despite their conceptual doctrine based on repudiation of
4048:
reformers of 19th and 20th centuries would defend the Wahhabis on the
3076:
Members of the movement, like the early Muslims during the era of the
2509:("preaching of monotheism" for the school rather than the adherents),
18216:
18157:
18065:
17787:
17389:
Islam. L'avenir de la tradition entre révolution et occidentalisation
17199:
14047:"Hujjah Qaul Shabat Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam Huggah Qaul Sahabat"
10708:
The Arab Awakening: America and the transformation of the Middle East
8958:
Unveiling Modernity in Twentieth-Century West African Islamic Reforms
8450:
8360:
8294:
8053:
7835:
7601:
7518:
6878:
6866:
6792:
6659:
6626:. Many women were influential in various reformist endeavours of the
6528:
5814:
5770:
5659:
5447:
5251:
5088:
5061:
5057:
4978:
4968:
4423:
4403:
4362:
4127:
3749:
3637:
3497:
3449:
3444:
3312:
3308:
3205:
3030:
3016:
3011:
3007:
2965:
2861:
2849:
2817:
1899:
1724:
709:
160:
85:
17393:
Islam. The Future of Tradition between Revolution and Westernization
15814:
Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood
15709:
13117:
11328:
10734:
On Saudi Arabia: Its people, past, religion, fault lines, and future
10640:"Saudi Crown Prince: Iran's Supreme Leader 'Makes Hitler Look Good'"
10418:
Mouline, Nabil (2014). "Introduction: The Ulema, clerics of Islam".
10080:
8985:
8368:
7357:
outlook authentically rooted in Scriptures and early generations of
6721:
5613:
and called upon Muslims to boycott them. Integrating the concept of
4242:(personal legal reasoning), rather than a clear textual source from
4060:
2092:
18436:
18319:
18315:
17847:
17700:
17536:
17516:
14539:
On Saudi Arabia: Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
14303:
Struggle between designated heir Abdullah and his half brother Saud
14264:
On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
14219:"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: History. Rulers of the first Saudi state"
13574:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. xiii–xxii, 81, 147–149.
12582:
On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
12541:
On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
10921:
9938:
8941:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–20.
8364:
8122:
8110:
7812:
7608:
7593:
7557:
7494:
7445:
7399:
7391:
7295:, and a direct return to the original sources for interpreting the
7126:
6716:
6022:
5949:
5934:
5924:
5870:
5833:
5644:
5243:. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab associated such practices with the culture of
5113:
5093:
4973:
4948:
4943:
4746:
4527:
3763:
3609:
3532:
3508:
3178:
3161:
practices such as visiting shrines and seeking aid at the tombs of
2853:
2651:
2590:
2326:
2200:
1780:
1647:
1640:
897:
773:
615:
557:
401:
354:
304:
17446:
16613:
Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition
16256:"Islamic Radicalism: Its Wahhabi Roots and Current Representation"
14187:
14126:"أجازه" فقيه حنبلي قبل قرنين ورفضته جامعة باريس ومنعته كنائس الغرب
13280:
Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition
13255:
Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition
12866:
The Presence of the Prophet in Early Modern and Contemporary Islam
11957:
Radical Islam's Rules: The Worldwide Spread of Extreme Shari'a Law
10246:(Report). CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service.
10085:
International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World
10081:"Traditionalist' Islamic Activism: Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs"
8848:. London: One World Publications. pp. 3, 11, 43, 68–69, 144.
8825:
W. Hughes, Aaron (2013). "Chapter 10: Encounters with Modernity".
8109:
In late 2016, at a conference of over a hundred Sunni scholars in
7973:
7615:, contrasting their portrayals of Wahhabism with attempts made by
7489:
Allegations of links between Wahhabism proper and the ideology of
6601:
6535:(reasoning) of Abu Hurairah was taken by al-Nawawi for rulings of
6441:
3616:
did not view the issue of God's Attributes and Names as a part of
3425:
2384:
has historically been expansive beyond the doctrinal followers of
18393:
18337:
18221:
17893:
17777:
17581:
17541:
17428:
16581:
14968:
14169:
Mukhlid al-Harbi, Dalal (2008). Ann Roberg-Abahsain, Jill (ed.).
11898:
10867:
10511:"A Few Saudis Defy a Rigid Islam to Debate Their Own Intolerance"
10266:
Student Center for African Research and Resolutions (scarrdc.org)
10184:. Cairo, EG: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 31.
9074:
9003:"Saudi First: How hyper-nationalism is transforming Saudi Arabia"
8342:
8290:
8268:
8049:
8029:
7783:
7773:
7754:
7350:
7287:
7172:
7121:
7015:
7010:
over the next hundred years... if we examine the social roots of
6967:
6915:
6763:, "in charge of political and military issues". Despite this, in
6630:; such as mass-education, communal activities, campaigns against
6614:(legal verdicts) on contemporary issues such as authorization of
6562:
6532:
6465:
6407:
6372:
6323:
6283:
6245:
6162:
6060:
6006:
5911:
5790:
5626:
5610:
5565:
5270:
5240:
5119:
5078:
5073:
5053:
4868:
4820:
4815:
4690:
4435:
4427:
4373:
4283:
4266:
4113:
4014:
4008:
4001:
3916:
3866:
3833:
3656:
3579:
3491:
3440:
3420:
3185:
3132:
2985:
2981:
2833:
2714:
2682:
2609:
2522:
2495:
Other terms Wahhabis have been said to use and/or prefer include
2462:
2306:
2170:
2069:
2065:
1676:
1607:
882:
654:
324:
200:
17128:
Muslims and Citizens: Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution
16963:. Translated by Anthony F. Roberts (New ed.). I.B. Tauris.
16421:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 121.
16376:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 121.
15759:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge: Taylor & Francis. p. 125.
15618:
Western Imaginings: The intellectual contest to define Wahhabism
14820:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 121.
13570:
Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2010). "4: Modern Wahhabi Jurisprudence".
11306:"From there he learned to oppose taqlid in a madhab." Bennett,
11204:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. pp. 75, 93, 152.
11070:
Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria
10209:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. pp.
10182:
Western Imaginings: The intellectual contest to define Wahhabism
6982:
and the decline of proper religious observance in the cities of
6737:
According to ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab; there are three objectives for
6346:, and thus they can be said to be of his 'school'. According to
5496:
Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab considered some beliefs and practices of the
5249:(imitation to established customs) adored by pagan-cults of the
4466:
4346:(i.e. judges who are religious legal scholars) in Saudi courts.
2935:
2528:
Other writers such as Quinton Wiktorowicz, urge use of the term
17655:
17470:
17107:
Bonacina, Giovanni (2015). "1:A Deistic Revolution in Arabia".
17078:
Wiktorowicz, Quintan (2006). "Anatomy of the Salafi Movement".
17039:
The Life, Teachings and Influence of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhaab
14415:
13303:
13301:
13299:
11813:
Tayseer al-'Azeez al-Hameed (Facilitation of the Mighty Praise)
11721:
11107:
The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century
10481:
Haykel, Bernard; Hegghammer, Thomas; Lacroix, Stéphane (2015).
10404:(1st ed.). Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. p. 21.
10141:(3). Singapore: Sage Publications: 46 – via ResearchGate.
8537:
8511:
8355:
8326:
8274:
8154:
8146:
8138:
8092:
8061:
8057:
8033:
7970:
7909:
7844:
7767:
7749:
7546:
7313:
7301:
7277:
6970:
to invasion by military despots of the old order; Bayly wrote:
6954:. Tracing the movement's popularity to the wider phenomenon of
6930:
also had a revolutionary political programme comparable to the
6786:
6687:
6675:
Global movement would crystallise with the backing of a state.
6623:
6591:
6576:(regardless of the number of pronouncements). The outlawing of
6552:
6508:
6356:
6309:
6297:
6278:
6251:
6239:
6156:
6134:
6013:, etc. have been issued. In marital and gender-related issues,
5713:
5702:
5678:
5667:
5663:
5631:
5621:
5615:
5577:
5520:
5502:
5422:
5245:
5228:
5104:
4873:
4834:
4729:
4619:
4567:
4566:) to hold the head scarf in place. The warriors of the Wahhabi
4543:
4520:
4471:
4451:
4431:
4411:
4390:
4337:
4309:
4250:
4216:
4165:
4133:
4054:
4026:
3997:
3977:
3961:
3921:
3855:
3799:
3767:
3735:
3682:
scholars like Sīddïq Hasān Khán, an influential scholar of the
3650:
3633:
3624:
3618:
3600:
3594:
3575:
3542:
3471:
3304:
3137:
3126:
3066:
3057:
3036:
3025:
3020:
movement of late nineteenth century. These movements sought an
2993:
2920:
2897:
2827:
2729:
2723:
2708:
2701:) campaign that was initiated by the 18th century scholar
2596:
On the other hand, according to authors at Global Security and
2568:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2420:
2349:
2247:
2098:
1894:
1869:
1803:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1657:
1552:
803:
696:
319:
16463:. Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House. p. 114.
16446:. Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House. p. 135.
15242:
13974:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge: Taylor & Francis. p. 5.
13951:
13044:"Wahhabism: Is it a Factor in the Spread of Global Terrorism?"
11465:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 81–82, 119.
10157:
Guardians of Faith in Modern Times: ʿUlamaʾ in the Middle East
9910:"A Clear and Present Danger: "Wahhabism" as a Rhetorical Foil"
8810:. New York: LIVERIGHT PUBLISHING CORPORATION. pp. 15–16.
7747:(Islamic monotheistic tenets), and much too willing to commit
6415:) laid out a comprehensive legal theory in his treatises like
5477:
either, and we do not agree to killing of women and children."
2589:
asserted that the Western usage of the term itself has been a
2211:" of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia's annual commemoration of its
18545:
18376:
17782:
17677:
17661:
17275:'The Caliphate, the Hejaz and the Saudi-Wahhabi Nation-State'
16833:
Al-Albani and Friends: A Concise Guide to the Salafi Movement
16217:"The Beirut Review: A Journal on Lebanon and the Middle East"
15080:"Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism and the Spread of Sunni Theofascism"
14700:"Wahabism: Is it a Factor in the Spread of Global Terrorism?"
13774:
13156:"Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism and the Spread of Sunni Theofascism"
11047:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 73–74, 130–35.
8491:
8443:
8417:
8401:
8380:
8302:
8218:
7997:
7977:
7887:
7850:
7830:
7800:
7569:
7537:
7527:
7450:
7366:
7359:
7309:
7271:
7265:
7228:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region
7184:
7056:
7048:
6862:
6845:
6798:
6747:
6681:
6654:
6647:
6635:
6610:
6597:
6585:
6548:
6474:
6430:
6366:
6233:
6112:
6094:
6075:
6030:
5954:
5849:
5709:
5672:
5666:. DeLong-Bas writes that Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not denounce
5590:
5585:
like 'Abd al-Latif ibn 'Abd al-Rahman (1810–1876) during the
5545:
5539:
5470:
5394:
5372:
5308:
5265:
5206:
5108:
4898:
4883:
4878:
4800:
4795:
4785:
4775:
4705:
4695:
4590:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region
4531:
4507:
4494:
4419:
4382:
4377:
4329:
4321:
4303:
4244:
4234:
4206:
4201:
4159:
4102:"... what the believer must do, if the Book of Allah and the
4030:
3971:
3947:
3861:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3703:
3698:
3588:
3517:
3482:
3465:
3288:
3146:
3084:
3078:
3021:
2969:
2961:
2929:
2916:
2822:
2784:
2697:
2687:
2564:
2485:
2416:
2400:
2343:
2215:
on 22 February since 2022, which marked the establishment of
2086:
2054:
2019:
1889:
1811:
1794:
1617:
1612:
822:
810:
762:
572:
17468:
15635:
14199:
13334:"The Political Context of Early Wahhabi Discourse of Takfir"
13296:
12092:
Saudi schools promoting hatred and violence on non-believers
9231:
9229:
9227:
8986:"Saudi Arabia seeks religious reset as clerical power wanes"
8272:
fanaticism during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to
6622:
was widespread among the scientific and political elites of
4498:
and called on the religious police to prosecute its author.
3622:(monotheism), rather he viewed it in the broader context of
3112:
was a Sunni revivalist movement inspired by the thoughts of
2254:, a staunch opponent of his brother's views until 1776
17485:
16816:(2nd ed.). New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16478:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University. p. 357.
16221:
The Beirut Review: A Journal on Lebanon and the Middle East
16029:
Islamic Civilization in Thirty Lives: The First 1,000 Years
15099:
15097:
13999:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 66–67, 326–328.
13512:
13242:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University. p. 244.
12905:
Schmidtke, Sabine; Hoover, Jon (2014). "Ḥanbalī Theology".
10990:
10988:
9869:"A Secular Islam: Nation, State and Religion in Uzbekistan"
9214:
9212:
9210:
8462:
Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia
8077:
7778:
7679:
have in recent times resurfaced in various sections of the
7532:
7044:
6966:; and deciphering the sudden collapse of its revolutionary
6809:
6769:
6759:
6753:
6536:
6328:
6291:
6106:
6088:
6056:
6017:
is encouraged for incompitable marriages. On the issues of
5841:
5526:
5474:
5466:
4893:
4790:
4710:
4342:
4256:
4170:
4139:
3952:
3870:
3766:
influences and as a standard theological reference for the
3716:
3512:
3503:
3477:
3158:
2889:
2884:” tactics. Historian Loius Alexander Corancez in his book “
2424:
2333:
movement" seeking "a return to the pristine message of the
2061:
2042:
1807:
1680:
1652:
1627:
1622:
17058:
Force and Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond
16286:
14994:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. pp. 70–72.
14851:
14849:
14847:
14845:
14843:
14841:
14434:
14024:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 66–67, 70, 73.
13762:
13257:. Madinah Publishers and Distributors. pp. 267, 276.
12277:
Canada in Crisis (2): An Agenda for Survival of the Nation
11832:
The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern Islamic world Vol. 4
11786:
11660:(2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. p. 1236.
10819:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–7.
10796:
9047:"The 'Conscious Uncoupling' of Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia"
8416:
is its impact on the intellectual and literary life among
7771:(imitation of juristic precedent) and advocate opening of
7726:
depictions portray "Wahhabis" as "savages" or "fanatics".
7207:
7059:. Estimates of the number of adherents to Wahhabism vary.
6918:” and its reformist efforts as a sort of “Protestantism”.
6820:
Wahhabis have traditionally given their allegiance to the
6584:
of qualified scholars in accordance with the teachings of
6181:
Historically, many established figures from Hanbalite and
5543:
debate should be carried out with the support of truthful
4313:, rejecting much material derived within Islamic culture.
3678:
and necrolatry. Ibn 'Atiq established correspondence with
3489:—acting therefore as undeclared partisans of a particular
16615:. Madinah Punlishers and Distributors. pp. 416–417.
14780:"For Conservative Muslims, Goal of Isolation a Challenge"
14239:(note the first four Saudi monarchs have the title Imam.)
13750:
13738:
13458:] (in Urdu). Lucknow: Maktabat Al-Furqan. p. 85.
13364:
13313:
12807:
11612:
11530:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 87–89.
11012:
10784:"For conservative Muslims, goal of isolation a challenge"
10595:
9250:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9224:
8325:
was a result of the stagnation caused by the excesses of
7541:
of Saudi Arabia had ruled the illegality of all forms of
6425:. Ibn Mu'ammar believed that maintaining the practice of
6378:
4232:
reversal". This principle allows overturning a scholar's
4111:
The Wahhabis furthermore rejected the idea of closure of
3874:
3598:, and opposition to rational argumentation in matters of
3073:
Those who opposed the reform efforts were enemies of God.
2880:
as Arabian locals who resisted Turkish hegemony and its “
1662:
17111:. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
15823:
Tales of God Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation
15333:
15094:
14587:"Wahhabism vs. Wahhabism: Qatar Challenges Saudi Arabia"
14470:
14458:
14446:
13840:. Aligarh, India: Aligarh Muslim University. p. 79.
13624:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 65, 115–120.
12984:. A Conflicts Forum Monograph. p. 3. Archived from
12909:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 626, 636.
11882:
Divine Triumph: Explanatory Notes on the Book of Tawheed
11865:. Aligarh, India: Aligarh Muslim University. p. 79.
11824:
11822:
11148:
10985:
10863:
10861:
9207:
7969:
Another early rebuttal of Wahhabism came from the Sunni
7263:
Wahhabi calls for a return to the pristine Islam of the
5993:
is today permitted and preferred by the clerics. In the
5773:
until the mid-twentieth century, unlike the rest of the
4526:
More general rules of permissiveness changed over time.
4349:
3849:
In Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's major work, a small book called
3136:
based on scriptures. Founded in the mid-19th century in
17371:
Winning the War on Terror: A Triumph of American Values
16882:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
16460:
The Evolution of Fiqh (Islamic Law & The Madh-habs)
15668:
futuhat al-Islamiyya ba'd Mudiy al-Futuhat al-Nabawiyya
15647:
15230:
15131:
Dawood al-Shirian, 'What Is Saudi Arabia Going to Do?'
14885:
14838:
14797:
13049:. Naval Postgraduate School. p. 13. Archived from
12746:
12383:
12381:
11815:] (in Arabic). Maktaba Al-Islami. pp. 546–547.
11109:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 70–80.
10536:"There is no such thing as Wahabism, Saudi prince says"
10480:
10445:"There is no such thing as Wahabism, Saudi prince says"
9993:. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. p. 331.
9463:. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. p. 331.
9400:> First published online: 2012 First print edition:
8098:
7886:. Redissi details refutations of Wahhabis by scholars (
7560:; prompting Saudi authorities to place Bin Laden under
6986:
should be regarded as a variety of world revolution...
6950:, etc. were conveyed to the local populace in terms of
6445:(Islamic jurists) for carrying out the duty of issuing
6429:
in every era was a religious obligation and tasked the
6272:), who would explicate a clarified Wahhabi position on
6042:"Birth control and contraception, due to fear of want (
3229:
During the early 19th century, Egyptian Muslim scholar
2638:. This movement is often mistakenly conflated with the
16760:
Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad
16738:
Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad
16444:
The Evolution of Fiqh(Islamic Law & The Madh-habs)
16053:
15928:
14910:
Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide
14250:
Islamic Law and Legal Systems: Studies of Saudi Arabia
13878:
Islamic Law and Legal Systems: Studies of Saudi Arabia
13855:. London: One World Publications. pp. 51, 56–57.
12263:. Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company. p. 131.
11674:
11024:
11000:
10751:
10317:
10315:
9417:
9241:
8806:
DE BELLAIGUE, CHRISTOPHER (2017). "Chapter 1: Cairo".
8105:
2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
7842:
noted that it probably was not concerning an issue of
7705:
published eighty-six articles that mentioned the word
5977:
In the financial sector, Wahhabi approach is based on
5556:
Although Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his son and successor
4542:, is now commonly heard on Saudi radios. Minarets for
4414:; non-religious television programs; smoking; playing
3582:. Athari theology is characterized by reliance on the
2650:
There is considerable confusion between Wahhabism and
2161:, establishing a politico-religious alliance with the
16514:
15778:
15776:
15367:"Osama bin Laden's Global Islamism and Wahhabi Islam"
15163:
15019:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 11–12.
14291:
Saudi Arabia: Government, Society and the Gulf Crisis
14022:
Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia
13997:
Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia
13795:
Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia
13722:
Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia
13597:
Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia
12779:, by Zubair Qamar, condensed and edited by ASFA staff
12758:
12678:"An Unprecedented Uproar Over Saudi Religious Police"
12120:
Saudi Arabia's religious police 'contains extremists'
11819:
11804:
10959:. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 64.
10895:
10893:
10858:
10844:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 43.
10095:– via Leiden University Scholarly Publications.
10060:
9931:
charged with treason and subversion against the state
9659:(briefing). Conflicts Forum Monograph. Archived from
9100:"The Saudi 'Founding Day' and the Death of Wahhabism"
8137:... followers of any of the four schools of thought (
6873:"For a very long time, since before the time of Imam
6646:
of 1818, subsequent persecution of Salafis and other
6314:, or theological positions". Professor of history at
6069:
radically challenged prevalent conventions of school
5653:
movement was characterised by a strong opposition to
4570:
religious militia wore a white turban in place of an
4071:
who backed Wahhabism included Khayr al-Din al-Alusi,
3014:, all of which are considered precursors to the Arab
2737:
movement historically were concerned primarily about
17402:
Les Egarés: Wahhabisme est-il un contre Islam ?
16406:. Lahore: Iqbal Academy Pakistan. pp. 231, 229.
16322:
16303:
15674:
15344:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 161–162.
15269:
15151:
15146:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
15108:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 6–10.
14536:
14261:
13797:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 62, 211.
13699:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 136–137.
13674:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 121–179.
13282:. Madinah Punlishers and Distributors. p. 419.
13141:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
12538:
12378:
12246:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
12164:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
12022:. Library of Congress Country Studies. December 1992
11875:
11322:
11320:
10341:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
9786:. Princeton University Press. pp. 271–72, 279.
9784:
Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900
8829:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 235.
8762:. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 1625.
8245:
praised the movement as an influential endeavour of
8165:
allegedly excluded the "Salafists" from the term of
8004:
as well as reducing Islam strictly to Wahhabism and
7607:
have strongly opposed hysterical assertions made by
7429:
billion per year since 1975 (compared to the annual
6455:
who issues verdicts solely based on the principles (
3628:(theology). While his treatises strongly emphasised
2060:
The Wahhabi movement opposed rituals related to the
2013:
27:
Sunni Islamic revivalist and fundamentalist movement
16645:. Oneonta, NY: Islamic Publications International.
16344:
16223:(7). Lebanese Center for Policy Studies: 124. 1994.
16075:
Toward an Islamic Enlightenment: The Gülen Movement
15216:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 8–9.
14772:
13193:
13191:
13189:
12978:
Wahhabism, Salafism and Islamism: Who Is The Enemy?
10312:
10150:
10148:
9650:
Wahhabism, salafism and Islamism: Who is the enemy?
8675:"Conditionalist Islamists: The Case of the Salafis"
8467:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
7218:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
7108:, Abd Allah went into exile in Cairo where he died.
6839:Wahhabis share the belief of Islamists such as the
6128:only "in conjunction with its corroboration of the
5985:system is encouraged and digital transactions like
4584:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
3157:The Wahhabi and Ahl-i-Hadith movements both oppose
2956:trends of the 18th and 19th centuries; such as the
2815:
as idolatrous impurities and innovations in Islam (
2619:(Another movement, whose adherents are also called
16988:
16937:
16914:
16735:
16237:Al-Ahbash and Wahhabiyya: Interpretations of Islam
16160:, Islam International Publications, archived from
14958:
14956:
14912:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Inc. pp. xlii.
14617:
14553:
14338:
13449:
12732:
12730:
12594:
12592:
12590:
12432:"A special day for mothers: Difference of opinion"
12161:
12072:
12070:
12042:
11854:
11852:
11835:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 308.
10890:
10868:Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof, eds. (2011).
10338:
9398:http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1329
9267:
9265:
9263:
9073:from the original on 22 February 2022 – via
8893:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 103.
7501:, have been disputed. Throughout the 20th century
6773:had not been a religious preacher or scholar, but
6725:Military campaigns and political expansion of the
6185:schools were noteworthy for their denunciation of
5762:Since the Arabian Peninsula was never occupied by
5530:) of the early Muslim community. In his treatise "
5442:were regularly rebuked by the traditional Wahhabi
4517:King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
4186:/AH 1196–1285) strongly condemned the practice of
3815:(Book on Monotheism) by 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Hassan
15211:
15103:
15014:
13902:
13549:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 78.
13092:
13090:
12574:
12553:
11999:Twilight in the Kingdom: Understanding the Saudis
11752:Saudi Arabia, Library of Congress Country Studies
11635:. New York: Macmillan Reference US. p. 727.
11505:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 16.
11444:
11442:
11440:
11433:. State University of New York Press. p. 44.
11317:
11232:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 43.
11223:
11221:
10413:
10411:
10298:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 35.
10293:
10241:The Islamic traditions of Wahhabism and Salafiyya
9961:
9514:Encyclopaedia of the Orient: Wahhabism/Muwahhidun
9018:Farouk, Yasmine; J. Brown, Nathan (7 June 2021).
8889:Lewis, Bernard (1994). "5: The Revolt of Islam".
8161:in doctrines, manners and purification." Sheikh
6938:, opposition to foreign aggression, promotion of
6926:noted that the religious movement of the Arabian
5866:To resolve the novel issues of the 20th century,
5524:, and for denying the validity of the consensus (
2448:"In the eyes of the British Government, the word
2415:had commonly employed the term to refer to those
18856:
17194:; Hegghammer, Thomas; Lacroix, Stéphane (eds.).
16982:. New York and London: Harcourt Brace Javonoich.
16419:The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
16374:The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
15754:
15342:Wahhābī Islam Facing the Challenges of Modernity
14818:The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
14648:
14168:
14075:
13697:Wahhābī Islam Facing the Challenges of Modernity
13672:Wahhābī Islam Facing the Challenges of Modernity
13647:Wahhābī Islam Facing the Challenges of Modernity
13622:Wahhābī Islam Facing the Challenges of Modernity
13572:Wahhābī Islam Facing the Challenges of Modernity
13383:al-Makki, Mawlana 'Abd al-Hafiz (January 2011).
13186:
12953:
12478:"The Wahhabi war against 'infidels' and flowers"
12404:The Politics of Truth Management in Saudi Arabia
12258:
10422:. London, UK: Yale University Press. p. 8.
10145:
9735:
9733:
7485:Debate over Wahhabi influence on Salafi-Jihadism
7305:, to seek solutions to the present day problems.
6604:like Ibn Mu'ammar (AH 1160–1225/ 1747–1810
17012:Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement
16158:Three in One, An Enemy – A Disbeliever – A Liar
15757:Russia and Islam: State, society and radicalism
15665:
14953:
13720:E. Vogel, Frank (2000). "Two: Ijtihad as Law".
13649:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 119.
13544:
13385:"Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and Sufism"
13024:
12904:
12727:
12587:
12426:
12424:
12067:
12012:
11849:
11361:Global Salafism: Islam's new religious movement
11230:Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement
11132:Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement
11045:Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement
9260:
8457:Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
8404:and intellectual renewal, Taha Hussein states:
7943:considered the ideas of the Hanbali theologian
7811:That its rejection of the "orthodox" belief in
7478:
6757:, "responsible for religious matters", and the
6493:scholars implied directly adhering to the five
6226:
4238:(legal judgement) when he bases it on personal
3786:, etc. and is taught as a standard text at the
3758:proved popular with the later adherents of the
2551:journalist writes that Saudis "abhor" the term
18314:
17404:(4th French ed.). Alfortville-F: Sigest.
16544:
16396:
16243:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 530–31.
16209:
15986:"September 11 in History: A Watershed Moment?"
15185:"Cycles of Revolutionary Terrorism, Chapter 7"
15127:
15125:
14750:"Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith"
14668:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from
14663:
13853:Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
13816:
13814:
13724:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 71.
13599:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 78.
13468:
13430:
13087:
12299:
12297:
12134:
11501:Ismail, Raihan (2021). "Chapter 1: Salafism".
11437:
11329:"Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith"
11218:
11166:
10938:
10936:
10408:
9990:The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of World Religions
9805:Center for Strategic and International Studies
9550:
9548:
9546:
9544:
9460:The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of World Religions
9344:
9342:
9340:
9302:The Encyclopedia of Islam: New Edition Vol. XI
9017:
8776:
8125:(adherents of the theological systems of Imam
7572:, the Al-Qaeda leader sought refuge under the
6385:
6360:, he encouraged following the examples of the
5205:Adherents to the Wahhabi movement identify as
3340:. He followed in the footsteps of the ancient
2900:excesses from Turkish and foreign influences.
17501:
16611:Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). Mencke, Alaa (ed.).
16501:on 20 February 2021 – via ResearchGate.
16456:
16441:
15954:Islam, Modernity, Violence, and Everyday Life
15852:(New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009), p. 600
15077:
14962:
13278:Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). Mencke, Alaa (ed.).
13253:Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). Mencke, Alaa (ed.).
13153:
12613:
12195:Saudi Arabia: The Shape of a Client Feudalism
11590:
11588:
10239:Blanchard, Christopher M. (24 January 2008).
10159:. Boston, MA: Brill Publishers. p. 231.
10154:
9962:Safra, Jacob E.; Aguilar-Cauz, Jorge (2006).
9730:
9537:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 469–472.
9418:E. Safra, Aguilar-Cauz, Jacob, Jorge (2006).
9391:
9389:
8781:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 587–588.
8679:Political Islam in the Age of Democratization
8673:Bokhari, Kamran; Senzai, Farid, eds. (2013).
8672:
7734:
5341:
5186:
3811:(Divine Triumph); an explanatory treatise on
3150:, and later become prominent scholars in the
2936:Relations with other Islamic reform movements
2892:revolution that sought a powerful revival of
2797:" (Unitarians). A young Hanbali cleric named
2585:magazine in 2018, Saudi Arabian Crown Prince
2153:trends. In 1744, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab formed a
1976:
1493:
524:
17481:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). p. 245.
16940:The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West
16467:
16345:al-Qaradawi, Yusuf; al-Tayib, Ahmad (2016).
16016:Hashiyya radd al-Mukhtar, Volume 3, Page 309
14989:
14732:Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith
14705:. Naval Post-Graduate School. pp. 3–4.
14225:. Government of Saudi Arabia. Archived from
13138:
13008:
13006:
12829:Young American Muslims: Dynamics of Identity
12421:
12400:
12361:Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah
12243:
12159:
11525:
11460:
11199:
11067:
10710:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 160.
10336:
10332:
10330:
9966:. Encyclopaedia Britannica Co. p. 761.
9873:International Journal of Middle East Studies
9798:
9781:
9689:. Theatre Communications. pp. 160–161.
9643:
9641:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9442:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9174:
8805:
8722:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 245.
8349:, had openly expressed his view in his book
8193:
7236:
5824:; numerous works of classical scholars like
5629:to travel or stay in the lands of Ottomans,
4086:Condemning the doctrine of blind-following (
4058:) which they considered to be reprehensible
2923:. After the discovery of petroleum near the
2821:). His movement emphasized adherence to the
2173:. Its revolutionary themes inspired several
2090:) to rid Muslims of inauthentic outgrowths (
1045:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
17077:
17036:
16576:
16574:
16520:Rashid Rida, al-Manar, vol 8. No. 731, 732.
16488:
16270:"On Islam and 500 most influential Muslims"
15922:
15872:
15870:
15861:
15825:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
15820:
15816:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
15811:
15695:Saudi Arabia: the Shape of Client Feudalism
15122:
14691:
13811:
13204:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
12453:Diana Marwan Al-Jassemand Ala'a Al-Twarib.
12294:
11828:
11692:
11544:
11351:
11308:The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies
10954:
10933:
10802:
10769:
10704:"Saudi Arabia, elephant in the living room"
10508:
10485:. Cambridge University Press. p. 153.
10294:Mandaville, Peter; Hammond, Andrew (2022).
10128:
9949:
9703:
9588:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
9541:
9337:
9125:
8955:
8827:Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam
8720:A New Introduction to Islam: Second Edition
6889:18th and 19th century European travellers,
6322:also states that early disputes with other
5724:Explaining the stance of early Wahhabis on
3257:, Muhammad Hamid al Fiqi and most notably,
2634:– lived and preached in the eighth century
2361:religion that differ from the main body of
18689:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
17508:
17494:
17383:
16980:The Kingdom: Arabia and the House of Sa'ud
16756:
16730:
16400:Speeches, Writings and Statements of Iqbal
16188:. Princeton University Press. p. 88.
16135:"Fatwa bars Wahhabis from Barelvi mosques"
15876:
15339:
15060:
15058:
14932:
14903:
14363:
14205:
14111:
14087:commentary of The Meadows of the Righteous
13957:
13945:
13905:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
13884:
13780:
13768:
13756:
13744:
13694:
13669:
13644:
13619:
13569:
13493:
13370:
13319:
13307:
13197:
13180:
13096:
12832:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 44.
12813:
12607:
12455:"Many celebrate Valentine's Day in secret"
12364:. Columbia University Press. p. 239.
12130:
12128:
11707:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
11658:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
11633:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
11618:
11585:
10839:
10814:
10395:
10393:
9964:Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions
9879:(4). Cambridge University Press: 573–598.
9821:"The Wahhabi Myth: Debunking the Bogeyman"
9799:H. Cordesman, Anthony (31 December 2002).
9742:"The Mideast threat that's hard to define"
9740:Ibrahim, Youssef Michel (11 August 2002).
9721:
9620:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
9581:
9420:Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions
9386:
9363:
9361:
9141:
9024:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
8745:(1). Translated by Jones, Harford: 33–46.
8736:
8623:
8592:
8424:and Egypt, towards the Arabian Peninsula."
8363:. Sukarno also appreciated the "wisdom of
7513:which strongly condemned various forms of
7398:According to French scholar and critic of
7102:'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
6469:and finally to the views within one's own
6334:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
6150:of legal specialists after his time), and
5393:Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab defined armed
5193:
5179:
3648:(polytheism). They also staunchly opposed
2749:movement placed an additional emphasis on
2642:movement of Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab.)
2356:Abdallah al Obeid, the former dean of the
1983:
1969:
1500:
1486:
531:
517:
17399:
17130:. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press.
17055:
16839:
16610:
16562:
16473:
16323:Ghulam Rasool Dehlvi (9 September 2016).
16304:Ghulam Rasool Dehlvi (9 September 2016).
16253:
16105:. Indiana University Press. p. 296.
16032:. University of California. p. 206.
15934:
15755:Dannreuther, Roland; March, Luke (2010).
15714:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
15176:
14682:
14428:Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
14093:(in Indonesian). Darul Falah. p. 360
13969:
13439:. Authors Press – via ResearchGate.
13277:
13252:
13237:
13233:
13231:
13206:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
13003:
12974:
12888:
12852:
12239:
12237:
11959:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2005
11734:Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
11655:
11630:
11568:
11550:
11448:
11416:
11404:
11392:
11184:
10327:
10238:
9647:
9638:
9622:. Macmillan Reference. 2004. p. 727.
9590:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
9521:
9000:
8824:
8645:
8597:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
8573:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
8570:Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and the Fable
8400:(polytheism). Acclaiming its role in the
7626:
6990:’s revolt began in the 1740s, before the
6697:Mufti Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Aal ash-Shaykh
3357:
2645:
2026:, based on the teachings of 18th-century
1337:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
258:Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
17106:
16866:"Ibn ‛Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (1703–92)"
16809:
16777:
16571:
16523:
16145:
16025:
15867:
15581:– via CA & C Press (ca-c.org).
15295:
15293:
15182:
14803:
14464:
14019:
13994:
13850:
13792:
13719:
13594:
13382:
13331:
13143:. Harper San Francisco. pp. 49, 50.
12475:
12469:
12330:
12207:
11776:
11104:
10979:
10927:
10757:
10637:
10504:
10502:
10234:
10232:
10230:
10043:
10041:
9859:from the original on 25 September 2021.
9612:
9554:
9422:. Encyclopedia Britannica. p. 761.
9325:Ekinci, Ekrem Buğra (13 February 2015).
9271:
9218:
8846:Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn Taymiyya
8717:
8036:nationwide. The founder of the movement
7920:to be a modern-day manifestation of the
7729:
7509:in Saudi Arabia, were known for issuing
7157:Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh
7115:
7034:
6720:
6389:
5973:primarily in schools and among society."
5938:(scholarly consensus) that the doors of
5380:
5283:
4465:
4438:, is sometimes discouraged by Wahhabis.
4315:
3803:
3688:movement in the Islamic principality of
3574:, Wahhabism is closely aligned with the
3204:
2939:
2766:
17818:Justice and Development Party (Morocco)
17185:
17009:
16813:What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam
16721:
16697:
16580:
16529:
16181:
16175:
16132:
16078:. Oxford University Press. p. 58.
16059:
15910:
15697:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 151–173.
15670:. Beirut: Dar Sidir. pp. 2:234–45.
15604:from the original on 18 September 2020.
15591:
15530:"Saudi Arabia and the War on Terrorism"
15501:"Saudi Arabia and the War on Terrorism"
15434:"Yemen still close to al-Qaeda's heart"
15431:
15055:
14891:
14855:
14747:
14578:
14551:
14524:
14512:
14500:
14488:
14330:
14324:
14312:
14276:
14193:
14044:
13890:
12907:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology
12752:
12273:
12125:
12040:
11904:
11792:
11764:
11680:
11594:
11490:. University of Exeter. pp. 96–97.
11485:
11428:
11326:
11252:
11154:
11092:
11030:
11018:
11006:
10994:
10911:
10905:
10671:
10669:
10667:
10665:
10417:
10390:
10363:
10129:Bates, Crispin; Carter, Marina (2013).
10078:
10047:
9775:
9739:
9709:
9632:
9566:
9510:
9358:
9287:
8937:Motadel, David (2014). "Introduction".
8936:
8777:Agoston, Gabor; Masters, Bruce (2009).
8634:Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements
8566:
7330:, especially after its boom during the
7208:International influence and propagation
5560:categorised various Shi'ite sects like
5481:
4196:(polytheism) in his treatises, writing:
4064:(innovations). Prominent amongst those
3895:(monotheism). Based on the doctrine of
2045:and later spread to other parts of the
417:Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
397:Salafi-Jihadism:_The_History_of_an_Idea
14:
18857:
17823:Justice and Development Party (Turkey)
17287:
17144:
17125:
16860:
16830:
16102:Philanthropy in the World's Traditions
15692:
14697:
14651:"Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights"
14476:
14452:
14440:
14336:
13917:
13833:
13822:Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam
13405:
13228:
13114:"Petro-Islam' is a nightmare scenario"
13111:
13041:
12959:
12698:
12636:
12598:
12234:
12197:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 152–59.
12192:
12076:
11858:
11500:
11357:
11277:
11227:
11129:
11042:
10899:
10781:
10701:
10471:According to author Abdul Aziz Qassim.
10381:
10066:
9866:
9831:from the original on 29 November 2020.
9814:from the original on 23 December 2020.
9801:"Saudi Arabia Enters The 21st Century"
9532:
9324:
9254:
9235:
9097:
9044:
9013:from the original on 6 September 2021.
8843:
8757:
7183:) and led Wahhabi forces in defending
7041:Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque
5649:According to Jeffry R. Halverson, the
4320:Photo of a marketplace in the town of
4254:. In effect, this allowed the Wahhabi
4022:. This stance pitted them against the
3549:In spite of this, Albani's efforts at
2604:"a more politically correct term" for
2470:", Muslims, etc. and more recently as
2230:
2066:pilgrimages to their tombs and shrines
18581:
18313:
18278:International propagation of Salafism
18097:
17489:
17469:Wheeler Thatcher, Griffithes (1911).
17418:
17369:Quist, B. Wayne and Drake, David F.,
17323:
17014:. New York: Oxford University Press.
16986:
16977:
16958:
16935:
16909:
16742:. New York: Oxford University Press.
16659:
16640:
16557:. Leiden: Brill Publishers: 238–239.
16416:
16371:
16151:
16071:
15950:
15782:
15680:
15653:
15641:
15614:
15594:"An Anglo-American conspiracy theory"
15556:
15527:
15498:
15290:
15236:
15157:
15148:, HarperSanFrancisco, 2005, pp. 48–64
14815:
14698:Dillon, Michael R. (September 2009).
14609:
14385:
14369:
14293:. London: Routledge. pp. 191–94.
14038:
13875:
13395:from the original on 21 January 2021.
13042:Dillon, Michael R. (September 2009).
13012:
12944:
12929:
12860:)". In Chih, Rachida; Jordan, David;
12825:
12764:
12736:
12675:
12663:
12568:
12522:
12506:
12103:
11878:Fath al-Majeed: Sharh Kitab al-Tawhid
11805:ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad, Sulayman.
11134:. New York: Oxford University Press.
11072:. New York: Oxford University Press.
10942:
10730:
10683:. Library of Congress Country Studies
10562:was coined by Saudi Arabia's enemies"
10499:
10442:
10369:
10321:
10227:
10204:
10179:
10038:
10013:
9907:
9846:
9483:
9348:
9327:"Wahhabism: Pure Islam or extremism?"
8891:The Shaping of the Modern Middle East
8888:
8614:
8536:The term "Wahhabism" is primarily an
7765:That the Wahhabi stances that reject
7171:was a Bedouin woman from the town of
6160:) in favor of independent reasoning (
5805:was established in 1961 to promote a
5751:
5638:
5575:) would articulate a new doctrine of
4350:Commanding right and forbidding wrong
3985:
3937:of whoever knows the religion of the
3586:(apparent or literal) meaning of the
3191:
2952:The Wahhabi movement was part of the
2868:, author of the well-received works “
2368:
2305:, which is the dominant creed within
2246:The term "Wahhabism" is primarily an
2199:have led to widespread crackdowns on
2049:, and is today followed primarily in
18382:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
17395:] (in French). Paris: Le Rocher.
17313:, Cambridge University Press, 2002,
17243:, Kegan Paul International Limited,
17149:. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
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16724:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
16701:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
16098:
15707:
15592:Pirbhai, M. Reza (30 October 2007).
15432:Scheuer, Michael (7 February 2008).
14615:
14593:. Middle East Online. Archived from
14288:
13922:. AltaMira Press. pp. 469, 470.
13518:
13473:. Washington, DC: ISCA. p. 94.
13332:K. Firro, Tarik (2 September 2013).
13212:10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001
13073:
12975:Moussalli, Ahmad (30 January 2009).
12571:, chapter 48: "Death of a Princess".
12248:. Harper San Francisco. p. 160.
11740:
10957:The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?
10662:
10650:from the original on 18 January 2019
10399:
10105:
9818:
9684:
9657:Conflicts Forum (conflictsforum.org)
9596:10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001
8910:Arab nationalism: A Critical Enquiry
8907:
8266:" was deployed by the proponents of
8099:2016 Chechnya conference controversy
7823:
7667:, Associate Professor of History at
7598:American foreign policy in West Asia
6620:opposition to small-pox vaccinations
5743:), son of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab writes:
5263:, rejecting rationalistic theology (
4264:and not recognising the finality of
3702:, which was published via prints in
3692:. In his letters, Ibn 'Atiq praised
2388:, who tend to all reject the label.
2203:in Saudi Arabia and the rest of the
407:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
18098:
17592:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists
17421:"Militant Scholars and Strategists"
17080:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
17037:M. Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din (2005).
16961:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
16917:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
16787:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16457:Bilal Philips, Abu Ameenah (1990).
16442:Bilal Philips, Abu Ameenah (1990).
16133:Agarwal, Priyangi (29 March 2016).
15957:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 164.
14666:"Shiite Muslims in the Middle East"
14171:Prominent Women from Central Arabia
13907:. Macmillan Reference. p. 728.
13158:. Global Politician. Archived from
12676:Ambah, Faiza Saleh (22 June 2007).
12357:
12259:Tripp, Harvey; Peter North (2003).
12216:. Oxford University Press. p.
10876:. Sage Publications. p. 1369.
10782:Murphy, Caryle (5 September 2006).
10256:
9986:
9560:
9456:
9098:Alamer, Sultan (23 February 2022).
9045:Hassan, Hassan (22 February 2022).
8593:Kerr, Anne; Wright, Edmund (2015).
8386:According to notable Arab Linguist
8016:Opposition to Wahhabism emerged in
7138:
6807:does impose limits, such as giving
6523:jurisprudence in his commentary of
6370:(analogical reasoning), and taking
5766:, it wasn't directly challenged by
4356:Enjoining good and forbidding wrong
3218:
2944:Portrait of a "Saudi" musketeer of
2272:
2003:
279:List of Salafi Islamic universities
24:
17332:University of North Carolina Press
17182:, H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1830.
17166:
17147:War, Empire and Slavery, 1770–1830
15484:. 1 September 2007. Archived from
14649:Anees al-Qudaihi (24 March 2009).
14584:
13112:Khalid, Ahmad Ali (20 July 2011).
11551:Bruckmayr, Philipp (27 May 2020).
10638:Goldberg, Jeffrey (2 April 2018).
10509:MacFarquhar, Neil (12 July 2002).
10118:from the original on 5 March 2021.
9089:. 23 February 2022. Archived from
9030:from the original on 19 June 2021.
8996:from the original on 20 June 2021.
8779:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
8391:
8081:Islamic Supreme Council of America
7953:
7897:
7163:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh
7081:
6730:
6605:
6412:
6399:
6267:
5875:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Aal Al-Shaykh
5738:
5458:
5297:
4183:
4095:
3891:and in violation of the tenets of
3820:
3669:
3413:
3398:
3387:
2805:/AH 1115-1206), the leader of the
2802:
2779:The Wahhabi movement started as a
2255:
2112:
2077:
1057:Principles of State and Government
1033:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
196:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh
25:
18896:
18694:Popular Arab and Islamic Congress
17462:
17359:, T.R.O.I.D. Publications, 2004,
17179:Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys
16489:Belén Soage, Ana (January 2008).
16233:
16154:"Chapter 9 The Kafir Controversy"
15364:
15078:Curtin Winsor (22 October 2007).
14748:Lacroix, Stephane (Spring 2008).
14712:from the original on 7 April 2014
13469:Hisham Kabbani, Muhammad (2009).
13450:Manzur Nu'mani, Muhammad (1978).
13154:Curtin Winsor (22 October 2007).
12680:. Washington Post Foreign Service
12614:Max Rodenbeck (21 October 2004).
12334:Falling Off the Edge of the World
12303:
12001:Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006
10453:. Abu Dhabi, UAE. Abu Dhabi Media
9648:Moussalli, Ahmad (January 2009).
9490:. King Abdulaziz Public Library.
7916:declared the Wahhabi movement of
7701:" trends. Between 1931 and 2007,
7574:Taliban government in Afghanistan
7437:billion/year); and "at least $ 87
7322:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
7131:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Nāṣir al-Siʿdī
6001:legalising novel procedures like
5532:Risalah fi al-radd ala al-Rafidah
5277:, and they do not regard this as
4168:(Islamic law). Prominent Wahhabi
4092:Sulāyman ibn Ābd-Allah Aal-Shaykh
4012:on legal questions and condemned
3865:); fasting for the holy month of
2874:Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys
2837:. Eventually, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
982:List of Islamic political parties
422:Salafi Army of Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq
63:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque
18582:
17284:. New York: Masjid Darul Qur'an.
16880:; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (eds.).
16604:
16538:
16505:
16482:
16450:
16435:
16410:
16390:
16365:
16353:(in Arabic). Al-Azhar University
16316:
16297:
16279:
16262:
16247:
16227:
16152:Memon, Naeem Osman (July 1994),
16126:
16092:
16065:
16019:
16010:
15978:
15944:
15916:
15904:
15855:
15842:
15829:
15805:
15800:In the Vicinity of the Righteous
15792:
15748:
15701:
15686:
15659:
15608:
15585:
15550:
15539:. pp. 90–92. Archived from
15521:
15492:
15470:
15448:
15425:
15382:
15358:
15263:
15205:
15173:, Simon and Schuster, 2002 p. 32
15138:
15071:
15033:
15008:
14983:
14926:
14897:
14861:
14809:
14741:
14724:
14676:
14657:
14642:
14545:
14530:
14518:
14506:
14494:
14482:
14426:] (in Arabic). Vol. 9.
14409:
14379:
14318:
14306:
14297:
14282:
14270:
14255:
14242:
14211:
14162:
14137:
14117:
14013:
13988:
13963:
13939:
13926:
13911:
13896:
13869:
13844:
13827:
13786:
13713:
13688:
13663:
13638:
13613:
13588:
13563:
13538:
13487:
13462:
13443:
13424:
13399:
13376:
13325:
13271:
13246:
13147:
13132:
13105:
13060:
13035:
13018:
12968:
12938:
12923:
12898:
12882:
12846:
12819:
12782:
12770:
12692:
12669:
12657:
12630:
12547:
12532:
12516:
12500:
12446:
12394:
12351:
12324:
12267:
12252:
12201:
12186:
12168:. Harper San Francisco. p.
12153:
12113:
12097:
12085:
12034:
12020:"Saudi Arabia. Wahhabi Theology"
11991:
11976:Paulo Casaca, Siegfried O. Wolf
11970:
11949:
11923:
11910:
11869:
11798:
11770:
11758:
11732:] (in Arabic). Vol. 1.
11715:
11686:
11649:
11624:
11600:
11519:
11494:
11479:
11454:
11422:
11410:
11398:
11386:
11300:
11271:
11179:. Leiden: Brill Publishers: 34.
10677:"Saudi Arabia. Wahhabi Theology"
10592:"Ingrid Mattson: What is Islam?"
10345:. Harper San Francisco. p.
9183:
9165:
9156:
9001:Alhussein, Eman (19 June 2019).
8071:
8064:leaders. The head of Al-Ahbash,
7232:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
6960:impacts of the French revolution
6699:would endorse female education.
6542:
6138:" (and giving preference to the
6050:
5162:
4627:
2123:worship". The Turkish newspaper
1952:
1534:
1469:
1458:
500:
489:
273:International Islamic University
56:
18750:Contemporary Islamic philosophy
17425:Terrorism and Homeland Security
17400:Vernochet, Jean-Michel (2013).
16633:
15708:Eden, Jeff (19 February 2018).
15666:bin Zini Dahlan, Ahmad (1997).
15462:. 27 April 2022. Archived from
15270:Kuan Yew Lee; Ali Wyne (2012).
15250:"Radical Islam in Central Asia"
14872:The Place of Tolerance in Islam
14664:Lionel Beehner (16 June 2006).
14419:الدرر السنية في الأجوبة النجدية
13903:Richard C. Martin, ed. (2004).
12947:Trends in Islam in Saudi Arabia
12932:Trends in Islam in Saudi Arabia
11783:, "Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab".
11725:الدرر السنية في الأجوبة النجدية
11358:Meijer, Roel (1 October 2009).
11246:
11193:
11160:
11123:
11098:
11061:
11036:
10948:
10874:Encyclopedia of Global Religion
10833:
10808:
10775:
10763:
10724:
10695:
10631:
10584:
10558:"Saudi Prince Salman: The term
10550:
10528:
10474:
10465:
10436:
10375:
10287:
10250:
10198:
10173:
10122:
10099:
10072:
10007:
9980:
9955:
9837:
9766:
9715:
9678:
9626:
9575:
9504:
9477:
9450:
9411:
9318:
9293:
9150:
9134:
9116:
9036:
8976:
8928:
8880:
8864:
8617:Trends in Islam in Saudi Arabia
7905:In the 18th century, prominent
7631:In contemporary discourse, the
6570:, counting it as only a single
6517:Muhammad ibn Salih al-Uthaymeen
4291:movement has been described by
4083:, Mahmud Shukri Al-Alusi, etc.
3566:Traditionalist theology (Islam)
3454:Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani
3092:
3070:(Islamic law) is the objective;
2888:” described the movement as an
2848:18th and 19th century European
2745:(Oneness of Worship) while the
2681:consists of broad movements of
2632:Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd al-Rahman
18684:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
17813:Justice and Construction Party
17056:Valentine, Simon Ross (2015).
16784:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
16757:DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2007).
16397:Ahmad Sherwani, Latif (1995).
15802:(Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 5–6
15598:Dhafir Trial (dhafirtrial.net)
15559:"The rhetoric of islamophobia"
15068:| Paul Vallely 1 November 2007
14963:Caryle Murphy (15 July 2010).
13344:(5). Routledge: 776, 781–784.
12964:. AltaMira Press. p. 470.
12794:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
12603:. AltaMira Press. p. 470.
12476:Eltahawy, Mona (1 July 2004).
12139:. Routledge. pp. 62–113.
12081:. AltaMira Press. p. 470.
11697:. Cairo. pp. 467–71, 477.
11347:– via Lieden University.
10386:. AltaMira Press. p. 469.
9849:"The Rhetoric of Islamophobia"
9782:Daly Metcalf, Barbara (1982).
9685:Asad, Muhammad (10 May 1988).
9373:Encyclopedia Britannica Online
9281:
9278:, "Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab"
8939:Islam and the European Empires
8797:
8709:
8557:
8530:
8153:... also the followers of the
7531:issued at its 32nd session in
7523:Islamic military jurisprudence
6832:and "Wahhabi scholars of the '
6653:With the resurgence of rising
6608:) would issue ground-breaking
6449:. At the top was the absolute
6382:(justice) into consideration.
5863:addressing modern challenges.
5377:Islamic military jurisprudence
4577:
4151:and consisted of consensus of
3696:, Khan's Salafi commentary on
2223:in 1727 and de-emphasized his
13:
1:
18755:Islamic response to modernity
16876:; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan;
16840:Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010).
15883:. Columbia University Press.
15726:10.1080/13530194.2018.1434612
15563:Central Asia and the Caucasus
15066:Wahhabism: A deadly scripture
14990:Abou El Fadl, Khalid (2005).
14760:(1). Leiden University: 6–7.
14537:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
14262:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
13934:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
13920:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
13670:Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2010).
13620:Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2010).
13519:Wood, Graeme (3 March 2022).
13431:Liaqath Peeran, Syed (2022).
13139:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005).
13116:. Wisdom Blow. Archived from
12962:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
12640:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
12601:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
12539:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
12280:. Trafford. pp. 415–16.
12244:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005).
12160:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005).
12079:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
11693:Ibn Ghannam, Hussien (2009).
11200:Abou El Fadl, Khalid (2005).
10731:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
10443:Mahdi, Wael (18 March 2010).
10384:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
10337:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005).
10207:The Wahhabi Movement in India
10022:King Abdulaziz Public Library
9569:The Essentials of Ibadi Islam
9535:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
9304:. Leiden: Brill. p. 39.
8595:A Dictionary of World History
8518:
8262:asserted that the charge of "
8011:
7030:
6339:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
6193:and upheld that the Gates of
5625:, 'Abd al-Latif also forbade
5587:Ottoman annexation of Al-Hasa
4549:
4282:movement that works to bring
3788:Islamic University of Madinah
3780:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
3379:Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Shawkani
3364:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
3316:
3225:during the early 20th-century
2525:was the legitimate doctrine.
2312:
2035:
1204:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
253:Islamic University of Madinah
17515:
17290:Saudi Clerics and Shia Islam
17212:10.1017/CBO9781139047586.011
16944:. Harvard University Press.
16545:O'Sullivan, Justine (2013).
16287:"Naqshbandi | Sufi Way"
15510:. p. 91. Archived from
15482:Council on Foreign Relations
15456:"Osama bin Laden Fast Facts"
14967:. GlobalPost. Archived from
14939:. US: Xlibris. p. 141.
13824:, Vintage Books, 1982, p. 61
13350:10.1080/00263206.2013.811648
13183:, pp. 202–203, 241–242.
12855:
12826:Kabir, Nahid Afrose (2013).
12308:. net places. Archived from
11754:. Library of Congress. 1992.
11167:O'Sullivan, Justine (2013).
11068:Dean Commins, David (1990).
10566:Islam Daily (islamdaily.org)
10106:Butt, Salman (6 July 2017).
9200:
8956:Murzik Kobo, Ousman (2012).
8472:Islamic schools and branches
8373:Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi
7949:
7875:) in communications between
7479:Militant and political Islam
6525:The Meadows of the Righteous
6418:Risala al-Ijtihad wal Taqlid
6263:
6227:Perspective on other schools
6199:remained open. According to
5879:
5803:Islamic University of Medina
5734:
5570:
5293:
4273:
3925:, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab states:
3665:
3458:
3409:
3394:
3383:
3346:school and took the call of
2560:Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
2358:Islamic University of Medina
2299:should not be confused with
2235:
2225:pact with Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
2108:
7:
18358:Militant Islamism based in
18001:Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
17419:White, Jonathan R. (2017).
17292:. Oxford University Press.
16666:A New Introduction to Islam
16643:Wahhabism: A Critical Essay
15877:Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2008).
14114:, pp. 8, 109–110, 173.
12701:"The Holy Cities of Arabia"
12274:Battram, Robert A. (2010).
12261:Culture Shock! Saudi Arabia
12135:Van der Meulen, D. (2000).
11656:C. Martin, Richard (2016).
11631:C. Martin, Richard (2004).
11286:. Oxford University Press.
10982:, p. , "Ahl-i Hadith".
10930:, pp. 5–10, 72–73, 97.
10054:Encyclopaedia of the Orient
8567:Knowles, Elizabeth (2005).
8497:Schools of Islamic theology
8428:
8297:Islamic revivalist scholar
8113:, Al-Azhar's current dean,
7941:Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
7918:Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
7819:... for over a millennium."
7092:Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
6893:and writers considered the
6803:range of power, respecting
6790:). A Muslim must present a
6702:
6669:Unification of Saudi Arabia
6558:Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
6511:authenticated by Sahabah. (
6386:Ibn Mu'ammar's Legal Theory
5963:ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Āal al-Shaykh
5366:
5312:theology; and his disciple
4441:Wahhabism also emphasizes "
4340:, teachers in schools, and
4178:, 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan
3614:Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab
3559:
3531:. He distinguished between
3392:), Ibn al-Amir Al-San'ani (
3282:by the 1920s, a concept of
3183:Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia
3048:Islam is the only solution;
2913:Unification of Saudi Arabia
2852:, scholars, travellers and
2831:, and advocated the use of
2799:Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab
2771:An 18th century map of the
2703:Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab
2386:Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab
2062:veneration of Muslim saints
2032:Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
2014:
993:Militant Islamism based in
10:
18901:
18812:Political aspects of Islam
18212:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
17798:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
17204:Cambridge University Press
17060:(First ed.). London:
16886:Princeton University Press
16831:Haddad, Gibril F. (2004).
16810:Esposito, John L. (2011).
15951:Ahmad, Ahmad Atif (2009).
15478:"Profile: Osama bin Laden"
15191:. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
14933:M. Jackson, Guida (2009).
14904:M. Jackson, Guida (1999).
14196:, pp. 90–102, 111–13.
14077:ibn al-Uthaymeen, Muhammad
14045:Singgih, Muhammad (2018).
13851:Crawford, Michael (2014).
13494:Mandaville, Peter (2022).
13198:N. Stearns, Peter (2008).
12703:. In Michael Wolfe (ed.).
12554:Brooks, Geraldine (1995).
11829:L. Esposito, John (1995).
11327:Lacroix, Stéphane (2008).
10955:L. Esposito, John (1992).
10483:Saudi Arabia in Transition
10259:"Wahhabism and Boko Haram"
10205:Ahmed, Qeyamuddin (2020).
9819:Reem, Abu (1 April 2007).
9582:N. Stearns, Peter (2008).
8383:, his elementary teacher.
8351:"dibawah bendera revolusi"
8321:. Rida believed that the
8278:(excommunicate) the legal
8233:
8102:
8043:
8000:of conspiring against the
7735:Criticism by other Muslims
7687:. The earliest mention of
7552:The Yemeni origins of the
7482:
7416:
7225:
7211:
6709:Political aspects of Islam
6706:
6546:
6054:
5755:
5642:
5540:infallibility of the imams
5485:
5370:
5345:
5342:Loyalty and disassociation
4600:
4587:
4581:
4353:
4143:(consensus) was employed.
3995:
3885:to the dead – are acts of
3797:
3563:
3361:
3198:
3096:
2760:
2756:
2741:(Oneness of Lordship) and
2536:or organizations that use
2513:("the path of Muhammad"),
2501:("People of the Hadith"),
2488:. Additionally, the terms
2456:In general, the so-called
2252:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab
2239:
2022:religious movement within
1314:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
977:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
636:Salafism by country/region
18833:
18799:
18768:
18732:
18669:Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
18659:
18592:
18588:
18577:
18523:
18462:
18351:
18330:
18326:
18309:
18270:
18227:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
18202:
18148:
18117:
18110:
18106:
18093:
17911:
17881:
17768:Freedom and Justice Party
17758:
17693:
17686:
17574:
17527:
17523:
17311:A History of Saudi Arabia
17092:10.1080/10576100500497004
16660:Brown, Daniel W. (2009).
16182:Rougier, Bernard (2015).
15187:. In Rik Coolsaet (ed.).
14620:Engaging the Muslim World
14552:Bradley, John R. (2005).
14345:. Penguin Books. p.
14082:Syarah Riyadh as Shalihin
13970:H. Warren, David (2021).
12643:. AltaMira. p. 471.
12558:. Doubleday. p. 161.
12331:Anderson, Shelly (2013).
12208:Kostiner, Joseph (1993).
12041:Bradley, John R. (2005).
11931:"Ramadan in Saudi Arabia"
11907:, pp. 22–23, 115–16.
11570:10.1163/15700607-06023P06
11370:Columbia University Press
10815:Wagemakers, Joas (2010).
10702:Riedel, Bruce O. (2011).
10056:– via Google Books.
10034:– via Google Books.
10003:– via Google Books.
9908:Knysh, Alexander (2004).
9885:10.1017/S0020743803000242
9567:Hoffman, Valerie (2012).
8718:W. Brown, Daniel (2009).
8647:10.1163/9789004435544_019
8194:Non-religious motivations
8187:Ahl al-Sunnah Wal Jama'ah
7983:
7237:Explanation for influence
7201:Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen
7175:who rose to the rank of "
7139:عبد الرحمن بن ناصر السعدي
6910:in Wahhabi opposition to
6519:derived rulings from the
6110:(juristic consensus) and
4154:Companions of the Prophet
3793:
3243:Muhammad Bahjat Al-Athari
2960:movement in 19th century
2511:al-Tariqa al-Muhammadiyya
2505:("Salafi preaching"), or
1760:Sunni schools of theology
1441:Islam and other religions
1394:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi
923:International propagation
631:International propagation
365:International propagation
263:Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad
121:Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi
18643:(Izetbegović, 1969-1970)
18442:in the Arabian Peninsula
18283:Islamic religious police
17843:Prosperous Justice Party
17803:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
17427:(9th ed.). Boston:
17188:"From Wahhabi to Salafi"
16567:– via tandfonline.
16564:10.1163/157005809X398636
16474:M. Bunzel, Cole (2018).
16417:Iqbal, Muhammad (2012).
16372:Iqbal, Muhammad (2013).
16026:Robinson, Chase (2017).
15744:– via tandfonline.
14816:Iqbal, Muhammad (2013).
14289:Abir, Mordechai (1993).
14125:
14020:E. Vogel, Frank (2000).
13995:E. Vogel, Frank (2000).
13793:E. Vogel, Frank (2000).
13360:– via Tandfonline.
13238:M. Bunzel, Cole (2018).
13025:Ruthven, Malise (1984).
12620:New York Review of Books
11189:– via tandfonline.
11186:10.1163/157005809X398636
11105:Lauzière, Henri (2016).
10050:"Wahhabism / Muwahhidun"
8523:
8353:, that the progressive "
8282:. According to Philips:
7714:revolutionaries. Common
7433:propaganda budget of $ 1
7345:lists two more reasons:
5411:Islamic rules of warfare
4862:Theology of the Ismailis
4828:Theology of the Twelvers
3231:Abd al Rahman al Jabarti
3010:movement (1803–1837) in
2876:” (1830), described the
2329:, and in fact "the true
1085:Governance of the Jurist
445:Associated organizations
149:Founders and key figures
18885:Sunni Islamic movements
17926:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
17838:Malaysian Islamic Party
17833:National Iraqi Alliance
17793:Islamic Salvation Front
17723:Islamic Defenders Front
17478:Encyclopædia Britannica
17324:Moosa, Ebrahim (2015).
17288:Ismail, Raihan (2016).
17186:Commins, David (2015).
16722:Commins, David (2009).
16698:Commins, David (2006).
16670:Chichester, West Sussex
16530:Olidort, Jacob (2015).
15837:Journal of Sufi Studies
15528:Gause III, F. Gregory.
15499:Gause III, F. Gregory.
13876:Vogel, Frank E (2000).
13101:. Penguin. p. 250.
13031:. Penguin. p. 282.
11429:Spevack, Aaron (2014).
11278:Ismail, Raihan (2021).
9952:, p. 235 footnote.
9778:, pp. vi, 137, 192
8758:Mattar, Philip (2004).
8691:10.1057/9781137313492_5
8208:, the alliance between
7635:widely employ the term
7320:to take the mantle of "
7281:and the sayings of the
7256:, which considered the
7112:Sulayman ibn 'Abd Allah
6924:Christopher Allen Bayly
6830:Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi
6308:rules at all, but over
5461:/AH 1164–1244) stated:
4811:Forbidding what is evil
4806:Commanding what is just
4200:".. One who asks for a
3255:Muhibb al Din al Khatib
3154:Wahhabi establishment.
3051:A direct return to the
2751:Tawhid al-Asma wa Sifat
2432:, were targeted by the
1558:Prophets and Messengers
1194:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
268:Jamia Salafia, Varanasi
227:List of Salafi scholars
74:Theology and Influences
18880:Islamic fundamentalism
18875:Sunni Islamic branches
18367:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
18081:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
18006:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
17863:State of Law Coalition
17773:Green Algeria Alliance
17355:Oliver, Haneef James,
17174:Burckhardt, John Lewis
16987:Lacey, Robert (2009).
16978:Lacey, Robert (1981).
16959:Kepel, Gilles (2006).
16936:Kepel, Gilles (2004).
16846:. Palgrave Macmillan.
16662:"The Wahhābī Movement"
16491:"Rashid Rida's Legacy"
16099:Katz, Stanley (1998).
15693:Simons, Geoff (1998).
15557:Atkin, Muriel (2000).
15183:Coolsaet, Rik (2013).
15144:Abou al Fadl, Khaled,
14874:, p. 8. Beacon Press.
14738:, Spring 2008, No. 21.
14252:(Leiden, 2000), p. 207
13936:Altamira, 2001, p. 407
13918:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
13338:Middle Eastern Studies
12960:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
12945:Ahsan, Sayyid (1987).
12930:Ahsan, Sayyid (1987).
12699:Rutter, Eldon (1998).
12637:Glassé, Cyril (2003).
12599:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
12580:House, Karen Elliott,
12193:Simons, Geoff (1998).
12137:The Wells of Ibn Sa'ud
12077:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
11736:. pp. 82–83, 102.
10737:. Knopf. p. 150.
10382:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
10079:Metcalf, B.D. (2002).
10048:Kjeilen, Tore (2001).
10014:Rentz, George (2004).
9867:Khalid, Adeeb (2003).
9847:Atkin, Muriel (2000).
9533:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
9511:Kjeilen, Tore (2001).
9484:Rentz, George (2004).
8426:
8347:president of Indonesia
8288:
8256:
8127:Abu Mansur al-Maturidi
7967:
7937:
7759:Wahhabi-Saudi conquest
7627:Contemporary discourse
7369:movements such as the
7169:Ghaliyya al-Wahhabiyya
7142:
7051:
7028:
6887:
6734:
6616:small-pox vaccinations
6402:
6376:(public interest) and
6362:companions of Muhammad
6092: – the
6048:
5975:
5871:'Abd al-Azeez ibn Saud
5749:
5730:Abdullah Aal al-Shaykh
5701:movement and the Sufi
5695:
5619:into his discourse of
5479:
5432:
5390:
5339:
5325:Al-Siyasa Al-Shar'iyya
5320:Al-Aqidah Al-Wasitiyya
5303:
4924:Theology of the Ibadis
4906:Theology of the Zaydis
4475:
4325:
4226:
4109:
4081:Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi
3957:
3847:
3824:
3358:Contemporary relations
3336:, becoming a renowned
3247:Jamal al Din al Qasimi
3239:Shihab al Din al Alusi
3226:
3114:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
2949:
2866:John Ludwig Burckhardt
2776:
2646:Wahhabism and Salafism
2519:"People of the Sunnah"
2515:al-Tariqa al-Salafiyya
2507:al-da'wa ila al-tawhid
2454:
1826:Contemporary movements
1641:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
1568:Succession to Muhammad
1259:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
675:Islamic fundamentalism
310:Islamic fundamentalism
248:Umm al-Qura University
96:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
18470:Hibatullah Akhundzada
18293:Sufi–Salafi relations
17936:Hibatullah Akhundzada
17235:De Gaury, Gerald and
16732:DeLong-Bas, Natana J.
16641:Algar, Hamid (2002).
16351:Al Azhar Media center
15998:Duke University Press
15850:Encyclopedia of Islam
15615:Davis, Rohan (2009).
15397:Middle East Programme
15308:Middle East Programme
14624:. Macmillan. p.
14560:. Macmillan. p.
14541:. Knopf. p. 235.
13880:. Leiden. p. 76.
12709:Grove Press. p.
12401:Afshin Shahi (2013).
12358:Roy, Olivier (2004).
12337:. Lulu. p. 137.
12049:. Macmillan. p.
11130:Meijer, Roel (2013).
11043:Meijer, Roel (2013).
8908:Tibi, Bassam (1990).
8507:Sufi–Salafi relations
8406:
8284:
8251:
8212:and the tribal chief
8184:" school, and within
8131:Abul Hasan al-Ash'ari
8022:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
7963:
7928:
7730:Criticism and support
7669:Georgetown University
7503:Board of Senior Ulema
7483:Further information:
7365:Rise of other native
7226:Further information:
7195:'Abd al-Azeez ibn Baz
7119:
7038:
6972:
6871:
6824:, but a movement of "
6724:
6393:
6040:
5967:
5918:In opposition to the
5898:Board of Senior Ulema
5745:
5708:and his followers in
5687:
5463:
5452:Abdullah ibn Muhammad
5428:
5384:
5335:
5287:
5217:), and opposition to
4769:Basic Tenets of Faith
4684:Five Pillars of Islam
4588:Further information:
4469:
4319:
4198:
4100:
4098:/AH 1199–1233) wrote:
3927:
3839:
3807:
3755:Al-Aqida al-Tahawiyya
3322:), an avid reader of
3298:Taqi al-Din al-Hilali
3273:, Salafiyya library,
3259:Muhammad Rasheed Rida
3208:
2943:
2841:with a local leader,
2770:
2446:
2403:movements across the
2240:Further information:
2157:with a local leader,
1332:Criticism of Islamism
1326:Criticism of Islamism
1244:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek
1161:Hibatullah Akhundzada
350:Sufi-Salafi relations
300:Ahl-i Hadith movement
18709:September 11 attacks
18679:Grand Mosque seizure
18485:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
18480:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
18242:Muhammad Al-Munajjid
17951:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
17868:Islamic Action Front
17431:. pp. 252–253.
17280:28 June 2014 at the
17256:and Johns, Richard,
17206:. pp. 151–166.
17126:Coller, Ian (2022).
16835:. AQSA Publications.
16497:: 10. Archived from
15848:Juan Eduardo Campo,
15821:John Renard (2009).
15812:John Renard (2008).
15798:Christopher Taylor,
15573:on 25 September 2021
14556:Saudi Arabia Exposed
14266:. Knopf. p. 27.
13081:"analyses wahhabism"
12556:Nine Parts of Desire
12543:. Knopf. p. 50.
12122:BBC, 4 February 2014
12045:Saudi Arabia Exposed
10606:– via cnn.com.
9914:Modern Asian Studies
9238:, pp. 151, 235.
9069:. 22 February 2022.
9057:on 22 February 2022.
8844:Hoover, Jon (2019).
8502:Shia–Sunni relations
8299:Muhammad Rashid Rida
8060:against Wahhabi and
7914:Ibn 'Abidin Al-Shami
7806:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's
7791:-based legal system.
7673:"Wahhabi conspiracy"
7318:King of Saudi Arabia
7316:, which allowed the
7148:second Saudi emirate
6996:European revolutions
6932:European revolutions
6079:. Of the four major
6065:Wahhabi approach to
5795:Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi
5514:in interpreting the
5492:Shia–Sunni relations
5482:Criticism of Shi'ism
5356:al-wala` wa al-bara`
4645:Six Articles of Iman
4536:abolition of slavery
4280:religious revivalist
4077:Muhammad Rashid Rida
3912:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's
3752:'s creedal treatise
3405:Muhammad Rashid Rida
3354:" was consolidated.
3211:Muhammad Rashid Rida
3006:(1786–1831) and the
3004:Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi
2886:Histoire des Wahabis
2763:History of Wahhabism
2614:"Wahhabi extremists"
2185:activists as far as
1608:Declaration of Faith
1166:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi
1126:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
1083:Islamic Government:
241:Notable universities
18641:Islamic Declaration
18190:Young Kashgar Party
17385:Saint-Prot, Charles
17373:, iUniverse, 2005,
16888:. pp. 231–32.
16676:. pp. 245–47.
15569:(1). Archived from
14965:"A Kingdom Divided"
14868:Khaled Abou El Fadl
14784:The Washington Post
14616:Cole, Juan (2009).
14597:on 3 September 2014
14443:, pp. 151–152.
14337:Husain, Ed (2007).
14229:on 19 December 2012
13960:, pp. 112–113.
13097:Husain, Ed (2007).
12616:"Unloved in Arabia"
12584:, Knopf, 2012, p. 9
12306:"What's a Wahhabi?"
11808:تيسير العزيز الحميد
11606:Ibn Abd al-Wahhab,
11557:Die Welt des Islams
10789:The Washington Post
10400:Gold, Dore (2003).
9928:– via JSTOR.
9754:on 4 September 2014
9747:The Washington Post
8685:. pp. 81–100.
8477:Muslim World League
8379:, and particularly
8203:Political Scientist
7959:Hadiyya al-Thaniyya
7796:Muhammad bin Saud's
7621:American patriotism
7617:far-right militants
7613:Bush administration
7332:1970s energy crisis
7242:Khaled Abou El Fadl
7106:first Saudi emirate
6958:, the far-reaching
6777:and the subsequent
6539:(ablution ritual).
5758:Islam and modernity
5418:Emirate of Dirʿiyya
4718:Schools of theology
4470:Open air mosque in
4443:Thaqafah Islamiyyah
3776:Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz
3713:Indian subcontinent
3604:(creed) favored by
3269:. They also opened
3177:and the subsequent
3110:Indian subcontinent
2743:Tawhid al-Uloohiyya
2739:Tawhid al-Rububiyya
2598:Library of Congress
2587:Mohammed bin Salman
2231:Name and definition
2217:Emirate of Dir'iyah
2197:Mohammed bin Salman
2175:Islamic revivalists
1476:Politics portal
1429:Islam and modernity
1087:("Velayat-e faqih")
1069:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
496:Politics portal
186:Jamal al-Din Qasimi
18699:Algerian Civil War
18674:Iranian Revolution
18633:Islamic Government
18531:Islam and violence
18505:Juhayman al-Otaybi
18418:Sub-Saharan Africa
18163:Authenticity Party
17931:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
17738:Muslim Brotherhood
17587:Islamic governance
17327:What Is a Madrasa?
17307:Al-Rasheed, Madawi
17062:C. Hurst & Co.
16139:The Times of India
16072:Yavuz, M. (2013).
15819: •
15537:Hoover Institution
15508:Hoover Institution
14730:Stephane Lacroix,
14683:Vali Nasr (2006).
14057:(1). An Nab: 40–41
13972:Rivals in the Gulf
13820:Mortimer, Edward,
13783:, pp. 107–08.
13437:Islam & Sufism
13028:Islam in the World
11795:, pp. 132–33.
11767:, pp. 142–43.
11748:"Wahhabi Theology"
11372:. pp. 63–68.
11366:C. Hurst & Co.
11021:, pp. 144–45.
10619:Unknown parameter
10515:The New York Times
9987:Hay, Jeff (2007).
9903:– via JSTOR.
9457:Hay, Jeff (2007).
9067:The Economic Times
8683:Palgrave Macmillan
8331:Salafiyya movement
8323:decline of Muslims
8247:Islamic Golden Age
8210:Ibn 'Abd-al Wahhab
8159:Junaid al-Baghdadi
8066:Abdullah al-Harari
8048:The transnational
7988:The leader of the
7945:Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya
7798:agreement to wage
7703:The New York Times
7694:The New York Times
7633:post-Soviet states
7525:. In a well-known
7491:militant Islamists
7328:Saudi Oil industry
7189:Ottoman-Saudi Wars
7143:
7141:; AH 1307 – 1376)
7052:
6978:against intrusive
6908:French revolutions
6900:Age of Revolutions
6841:Muslim Brotherhood
6739:Islamic government
6735:
6729:(1744 – 1814
6727:Emirate of Diriyah
6640:Emirate of Diriyah
6403:
6398:in 1925–1926
6396:Sayyid Rashid Rida
6326:did not center on
6003:corneal transplant
5811:Western liberalism
5752:Views on modernity
5639:Views on mysticism
5440:Emirate of Diriyah
5403:Emirate of Diriyah
5391:
5348:Al-Wala' wal-Bara'
5304:
5144:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
4672:The Last Judgement
4528:Abdulaziz Ibn Saud
4481:Juhayman al Utaybi
4476:
4396:official committee
4394:(Islamic law), an
4326:
4176:Second Saudi State
4147:was restricted to
3965:) and monotheism (
3825:
3663:Hammad Ibn 'Atiq (
3630:Tawhid al-ulūhiyya
3418:), etc. advocated
3227:
3201:Salafiyya movement
3122:Syed Ahmad Barelvi
3064:Implementation of
2996:, the South Asian
2954:Islamic revivalist
2950:
2946:Emirate of Diriyah
2858:Age of Revolutions
2777:
2675:Utrecht University
2369:Naming controversy
1865:Neo-traditionalism
1354:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
1199:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
1184:Abu Hamza al-Masri
1012:Sub-Saharan Africa
972:Muslim Brotherhood
947:Iranian Revolution
857:Islamic Golden Age
725:Islamic liberalism
705:Islamic governance
472:Authenticity Party
467:Muslim Brotherhood
345:Salafist terrorism
293:Related ideologies
176:Syed Nazeer Husain
156:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
126:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
18852:
18851:
18829:
18828:
18825:
18824:
18573:
18572:
18569:
18568:
18541:Islamic terrorism
18536:Islamic extremism
18515:Ayman al-Zawahiri
18510:Omar Abdel-Rahman
18316:Militant Islamism
18305:
18304:
18301:
18300:
18237:Rabee al-Madkhali
18198:
18197:
18089:
18088:
18056:Haji Shariatullah
18016:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
17996:Abul A'la Maududi
17991:Ruhollah Khomeini
17981:Alija Izetbegović
17966:Rached Ghannouchi
17956:Necmettin Erbakan
17913:Political leaders
17907:
17906:
17899:Islamic modernism
17828:National Congress
17760:Political parties
17673:Two-nation theory
17607:Islamic socialism
17597:Islamic democracy
17258:The House of Saud
17137:978-0-300-24336-9
17118:978-90-04-29301-4
16884:. Princeton, NJ:
16878:Stewart, Devin J.
16870:Böwering, Gerhard
16582:Sukarno, Muhammad
15864:, pp. 29–30.
15656:, pp. 33–34.
15488:on 18 March 2022.
15466:on 2 August 2022.
15410:on 4 January 2022
15375:McGill University
15365:Sozek, Jonathan.
15321:on 4 January 2022
15239:, pp. 69–75.
15084:Global Politician
15043:aired in the UK,
14585:Dorsey, James M.
14479:, pp. 31–32.
14455:, pp. 31–34.
14208:, pp. 34–35.
14133:. 11 August 2021.
14053:(in Indonesian).
13433:"Sufism in Islam"
13310:, pp. 84–87.
13221:978-0-19-517632-2
13056:on 18 April 2014.
12862:Reichmuth, Stefan
12465:on 12 March 2014.
12442:on 12 March 2014.
12304:Sharp, Arthur G.
11451:, pp. 48–49.
11157:, pp. 63–70.
10997:, pp. 60–62.
10945:, pp. 61–62.
10598:. 18 October 2001
9687:The Road to Mecca
9605:978-0-19-517632-2
9257:, pp. 21–41.
9221:, pp. 12–40.
9051:Newlines Magazine
8967:978-90-04-21525-2
8948:978-0-19-966831-1
8919:978-1-349-20804-3
8626:Cusack, Carole M.
8482:Ottoman–Saudi War
8214:Muhammad ibn Saud
8175:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
7952: 1328
7939:The followers of
7824:Initial criticism
7586:US-Saudi alliance
7473:post-Cold War era
7367:Islamic reformist
7090:(a descendant of
7000:Sufi brotherhoods
6859:economic equality
6775:Muhammad ibn Saud
6665:Third Saudi State
6648:Islamic reformers
6618:; at a time when
6527:book authored by
6477:programme of the
6316:Dickinson College
6266: 1811
6249:and rejection of
6044:khishyat al-imlāq
5979:Islamic economics
5958:on the internet,
5858:, once issued a
5799:Abul A'la Maududi
5783:modern technology
5737: 1829
5719:Islamic societies
5407:Muhammad ibn Saud
5387:third Saudi State
5296: 1328
5203:
5202:
4595:Da'wah Wahhabiyya
4540:summary execution
4202:religious verdict
4073:Tahir al-Jaza'iri
3853:, he states that
3748:(explanation) on
3668: 1883
3412: 1935
3397: 1810
3386: 1835
3280:Third Saudi State
3271:Zahiriyya library
3251:Tahir al Jaza'iri
3124:. They condemned
2990:Haji Shariatullah
2894:Arab civilisation
2870:Travels in Arabia
2843:Muhammad bin Saud
2789:Arabian Peninsula
2773:Arabian Peninsula
2318:the tradition of
2281:
2242:Wahhabi (epithet)
2221:Muhammad ibn Saud
2159:Muhammad bin Saud
2147:Abbasid Caliphate
2111: 1350
2047:Arabian Peninsula
2012:
1993:
1992:
1838:Deobandi movement
1510:
1509:
1364:Abdelwahab Meddeb
1299:Haji Shariatullah
1264:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
1249:Abul A'la Maududi
1239:Ruhollah Khomeini
1219:Rached Ghannouchi
1131:Ruhollah Khomeini
1038:Rashīd Rīďha 1922
928:by country/region
817:Two-nation theory
769:Islamic terrorism
730:Islamic socialism
715:Islamic democracy
691:Apostasy in Islam
648:Deobandi jihadism
643:Deobandi movement
541:
540:
370:by country/region
181:Siddiq Hasan Khan
16:(Redirected from
18892:
18740:Anti-imperialism
18635:(Khomeini, 1970)
18611:(Khomeini, 1940)
18590:
18589:
18579:
18578:
18328:
18327:
18311:
18310:
18115:
18114:
18108:
18107:
18095:
18094:
18061:Hassan Al-Turabi
17873:United Arab List
17691:
17690:
17622:Islamic republic
17617:Islamic monarchy
17602:Islamic feminism
17525:
17524:
17510:
17503:
17496:
17487:
17486:
17482:
17474:
17472:"Wahhābis"
17457:
17455:
17453:
17429:Cengage Learning
17415:
17396:
17352:
17350:
17348:
17303:
17299:978-019-023331-0
17232:
17230:
17228:
17160:
17141:
17122:
17103:
17074:
17052:
17033:
17006:
16994:
16983:
16974:
16955:
16943:
16932:
16920:
16906:
16904:
16902:
16857:
16836:
16827:
16806:
16774:
16753:
16741:
16727:
16718:
16706:
16694:
16692:
16690:
16656:
16627:
16626:
16608:
16602:
16601:
16599:
16597:
16578:
16569:
16568:
16566:
16542:
16536:
16535:
16527:
16521:
16518:
16512:
16509:
16503:
16502:
16495:The Muslim World
16486:
16480:
16479:
16471:
16465:
16464:
16454:
16448:
16447:
16439:
16433:
16432:
16414:
16408:
16407:
16405:
16394:
16388:
16387:
16369:
16363:
16362:
16360:
16358:
16342:
16333:
16332:
16320:
16314:
16313:
16301:
16295:
16294:
16283:
16277:
16276:
16274:
16266:
16260:
16259:
16251:
16245:
16244:
16242:
16234:Kabha, Mustafa.
16231:
16225:
16224:
16213:
16207:
16206:
16204:
16202:
16179:
16173:
16172:
16171:
16169:
16149:
16143:
16142:
16130:
16124:
16123:
16121:
16119:
16096:
16090:
16089:
16069:
16063:
16057:
16051:
16050:
16048:
16046:
16023:
16017:
16014:
16008:
15982:
15976:
15975:
15973:
15971:
15948:
15942:
15932:
15926:
15923:M. Zarabozo 2005
15920:
15914:
15908:
15902:
15901:
15899:
15897:
15874:
15865:
15862:M. Zarabozo 2005
15859:
15853:
15846:
15840:
15839:1 (2012), p. 123
15833:
15827:
15826:
15817:
15809:
15803:
15796:
15790:
15780:
15771:
15770:
15752:
15746:
15745:
15705:
15699:
15698:
15690:
15684:
15678:
15672:
15671:
15663:
15657:
15651:
15645:
15639:
15633:
15632:
15612:
15606:
15605:
15589:
15583:
15582:
15580:
15578:
15554:
15548:
15547:
15545:
15534:
15525:
15519:
15518:
15516:
15505:
15496:
15490:
15489:
15474:
15468:
15467:
15452:
15446:
15445:
15440:. Archived from
15429:
15423:
15422:
15417:
15415:
15409:
15401:Washington, D.C.
15394:
15386:
15380:
15379:
15371:
15362:
15356:
15355:
15337:
15331:
15330:
15328:
15326:
15320:
15312:Washington, D.C.
15305:
15297:
15288:
15287:
15267:
15261:
15260:
15258:
15256:
15246:
15240:
15234:
15228:
15227:
15209:
15203:
15202:
15180:
15174:
15169:Murphy, Caryle,
15167:
15161:
15155:
15149:
15142:
15136:
15129:
15120:
15119:
15101:
15092:
15091:
15090:on 10 June 2008.
15086:. Archived from
15075:
15069:
15062:
15053:
15037:
15031:
15030:
15012:
15006:
15005:
14987:
14981:
14980:
14978:
14976:
14960:
14951:
14950:
14930:
14924:
14923:
14901:
14895:
14889:
14883:
14865:
14859:
14853:
14836:
14835:
14813:
14807:
14801:
14795:
14794:
14792:
14790:
14776:
14770:
14769:
14745:
14739:
14728:
14722:
14721:
14719:
14717:
14711:
14704:
14695:
14689:
14688:
14680:
14674:
14673:
14672:on 17 July 2006.
14661:
14655:
14654:
14646:
14640:
14639:
14623:
14613:
14607:
14606:
14604:
14602:
14582:
14576:
14575:
14559:
14549:
14543:
14542:
14534:
14528:
14522:
14516:
14510:
14504:
14498:
14492:
14486:
14480:
14474:
14468:
14462:
14456:
14450:
14444:
14438:
14432:
14431:
14413:
14407:
14406:
14404:
14402:
14393:. Archived from
14383:
14377:
14367:
14361:
14360:
14344:
14334:
14328:
14322:
14316:
14310:
14304:
14301:
14295:
14294:
14286:
14280:
14274:
14268:
14267:
14259:
14253:
14248:Vogel, Frank E,
14246:
14240:
14238:
14236:
14234:
14215:
14209:
14203:
14197:
14191:
14185:
14184:
14166:
14160:
14159:
14141:
14135:
14134:
14121:
14115:
14109:
14103:
14102:
14100:
14098:
14092:
14073:
14067:
14066:
14064:
14062:
14042:
14036:
14035:
14017:
14011:
14010:
13992:
13986:
13985:
13967:
13961:
13955:
13949:
13943:
13937:
13930:
13924:
13923:
13915:
13909:
13908:
13900:
13894:
13888:
13882:
13881:
13873:
13867:
13866:
13848:
13842:
13841:
13831:
13825:
13818:
13809:
13808:
13790:
13784:
13778:
13772:
13766:
13760:
13754:
13748:
13742:
13736:
13735:
13717:
13711:
13710:
13692:
13686:
13685:
13667:
13661:
13660:
13642:
13636:
13635:
13617:
13611:
13610:
13592:
13586:
13585:
13567:
13561:
13560:
13542:
13536:
13535:
13533:
13531:
13521:"ABSOLUTE POWER"
13516:
13510:
13509:
13491:
13485:
13484:
13466:
13460:
13459:
13447:
13441:
13440:
13428:
13422:
13421:
13403:
13397:
13396:
13380:
13374:
13368:
13362:
13361:
13329:
13323:
13317:
13311:
13305:
13294:
13293:
13275:
13269:
13268:
13250:
13244:
13243:
13235:
13226:
13225:
13195:
13184:
13178:
13172:
13171:
13169:
13167:
13162:on 27 April 2014
13151:
13145:
13144:
13136:
13130:
13129:
13127:
13125:
13120:on 23 March 2014
13109:
13103:
13102:
13094:
13085:
13084:
13083:. PBS Frontline.
13077:
13071:
13064:
13058:
13057:
13055:
13048:
13039:
13033:
13032:
13022:
13016:
13010:
13001:
13000:
12998:
12996:
12990:
12983:
12972:
12966:
12965:
12957:
12951:
12950:
12942:
12936:
12935:
12927:
12921:
12920:
12902:
12896:
12886:
12880:
12879:
12859:
12857:
12850:
12844:
12843:
12823:
12817:
12811:
12805:
12804:
12802:
12800:
12786:
12780:
12774:
12768:
12762:
12756:
12750:
12744:
12734:
12725:
12724:
12696:
12690:
12689:
12687:
12685:
12673:
12667:
12661:
12655:
12654:
12634:
12628:
12627:
12611:
12605:
12604:
12596:
12585:
12578:
12572:
12566:
12560:
12559:
12551:
12545:
12544:
12536:
12530:
12520:
12514:
12504:
12498:
12497:
12495:
12493:
12484:. Archived from
12473:
12467:
12466:
12461:. Archived from
12450:
12444:
12443:
12438:. Archived from
12428:
12419:
12418:
12398:
12392:
12385:
12376:
12375:
12355:
12349:
12348:
12328:
12322:
12321:
12319:
12317:
12312:on 21 March 2014
12301:
12292:
12291:
12271:
12265:
12264:
12256:
12250:
12249:
12241:
12232:
12231:
12215:
12205:
12199:
12198:
12190:
12184:
12183:
12167:
12157:
12151:
12150:
12132:
12123:
12117:
12111:
12101:
12095:
12089:
12083:
12082:
12074:
12065:
12064:
12048:
12038:
12032:
12031:
12029:
12027:
12016:
12010:
11997:Mark A. Caudill
11995:
11989:
11974:
11968:
11953:
11947:
11946:
11944:
11942:
11927:
11921:
11916:Lewis, Bernard,
11914:
11908:
11902:
11896:
11895:
11873:
11867:
11866:
11856:
11847:
11846:
11826:
11817:
11816:
11802:
11796:
11790:
11784:
11774:
11768:
11762:
11756:
11755:
11744:
11738:
11737:
11719:
11713:
11712:
11706:
11698:
11690:
11684:
11678:
11672:
11671:
11653:
11647:
11646:
11628:
11622:
11616:
11610:
11604:
11598:
11592:
11583:
11582:
11572:
11563:(2–3): 293–324.
11548:
11542:
11541:
11523:
11517:
11516:
11498:
11492:
11491:
11483:
11477:
11476:
11458:
11452:
11446:
11435:
11434:
11426:
11420:
11414:
11408:
11402:
11396:
11390:
11384:
11383:
11355:
11349:
11348:
11324:
11315:
11304:
11298:
11297:
11275:
11269:
11268:
11250:
11244:
11243:
11225:
11216:
11215:
11211:978-0-06-0563394
11197:
11191:
11190:
11188:
11164:
11158:
11152:
11146:
11145:
11127:
11121:
11120:
11102:
11096:
11090:
11084:
11083:
11065:
11059:
11058:
11040:
11034:
11028:
11022:
11016:
11010:
11004:
10998:
10992:
10983:
10977:
10971:
10970:
10952:
10946:
10940:
10931:
10925:
10919:
10909:
10903:
10897:
10888:
10887:
10865:
10856:
10855:
10837:
10831:
10830:
10812:
10806:
10803:Wiktorowicz 2006
10800:
10794:
10793:
10779:
10773:
10770:M. Zarabozo 2005
10767:
10761:
10755:
10749:
10748:
10728:
10722:
10721:
10699:
10693:
10692:
10690:
10688:
10673:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10655:
10635:
10629:
10628:
10622:
10617:
10615:
10607:
10605:
10603:
10588:
10582:
10581:
10579:
10577:
10572:on 4 August 2016
10568:. Archived from
10554:
10548:
10547:
10545:
10543:
10532:
10526:
10525:
10523:
10521:
10506:
10497:
10496:
10478:
10472:
10469:
10463:
10462:
10460:
10458:
10440:
10434:
10433:
10415:
10406:
10405:
10402:Hatred's Kingdom
10397:
10388:
10387:
10379:
10373:
10367:
10361:
10360:
10356:978-0-06-0563394
10344:
10334:
10325:
10319:
10310:
10309:
10291:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10280:
10274:
10268:. Archived from
10263:
10254:
10248:
10247:
10245:
10236:
10225:
10224:
10212:
10202:
10196:
10195:
10177:
10171:
10170:
10152:
10143:
10142:
10126:
10120:
10119:
10103:
10097:
10096:
10076:
10070:
10064:
10058:
10057:
10045:
10036:
10035:
10011:
10005:
10004:
9984:
9978:
9977:
9959:
9953:
9950:Wiktorowicz 2006
9947:
9936:
9933:
9904:
9863:
9841:
9835:
9832:
9815:
9813:
9807:. pp. 8–9.
9795:
9770:
9764:
9763:
9761:
9759:
9750:. Archived from
9737:
9728:
9719:
9713:
9707:
9701:
9700:
9682:
9676:
9675:
9673:
9671:
9665:
9654:
9645:
9636:
9630:
9624:
9623:
9616:
9610:
9609:
9579:
9573:
9572:
9564:
9558:
9552:
9539:
9538:
9530:
9519:
9518:
9508:
9502:
9501:
9481:
9475:
9474:
9454:
9448:
9447:
9441:
9433:
9415:
9409:
9393:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9379:
9365:
9356:
9346:
9335:
9334:
9322:
9316:
9315:
9297:
9291:
9285:
9279:
9269:
9258:
9252:
9239:
9233:
9222:
9216:
9194:
9192:
9187:
9181:
9178:
9172:
9169:
9163:
9160:
9154:
9148:
9138:
9132:
9129:
9123:
9120:
9114:
9111:
9110:on 4 March 2022.
9106:. Archived from
9094:
9093:on 3 March 2022.
9078:
9058:
9053:. Archived from
9040:
9034:
9031:
9014:
8997:
8992:. 20 June 2021.
8980:
8974:
8971:
8952:
8932:
8926:
8923:
8904:
8884:
8878:
8868:
8862:
8859:
8840:
8821:
8801:
8795:
8792:
8773:
8754:
8733:
8713:
8707:
8704:
8669:
8649:
8638:Brill Publishers
8620:
8611:
8587:
8561:
8555:
8534:
8393:
8390:(1889–1973
8339:printing press.
8258:Islamic scholar
8152:
8136:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7881:Egyptian Khedive
7869:) and outliers (
7818:
7753:(Excommunicate)
7724:neo-conservative
7605:F. Gregory Gause
7600:. Scholars like
7554:Bin Laden family
7543:suicide bombings
7468:Peter Mandaville
7440:
7436:
7428:
7424:
7385:movement in the
7343:Peter Mandaville
7254:Arab nationalism
7140:
6936:anti-imperialism
6883:al-imam al-a'zam
6732:
6607:
6501:Wahhabi movement
6431:Islamic scholars
6414:
6401:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6146:rather than the
5971:Internet studies
5932:) and claims an
5888:in 1953 to head
5883:
5881:
5836:, Ibn Taymiyya,
5742:
5740:
5736:
5574:
5572:
5460:
5457:(1751–1829
5385:Soldiers of the
5301:
5299:
5295:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5169:Islam portal
5167:
5166:
5165:
4631:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4605:
4604:
4556:Muslim countries
4334:religious police
4185:
4182:(1782–1868
4097:
4094:(1785–1818
3907:" (Unitarians).
3822:
3819:(1780–1868
3673:
3671:
3667:
3462:
3460:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3321:
3320: 1914–1999
3318:
3311:Islamic scholar
3220:
2978:Uthman Dan Fodio
2930:Islamic scholars
2804:
2801:(1703–1792
2787:movement in the
2721:In doctrines of
2712:and advocacy of
2276:
2274:
2257:
2209:post-Wahhabi era
2145:and the fall of
2143:Mongol invasions
2115:
2114:
2110:
2079:
2076:(1263–1328
2040:
2039: 1703–1792
2037:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1959:Islam portal
1957:
1956:
1955:
1833:Barelvi movement
1799:
1798:
1712:
1711:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1474:
1473:
1465:Islam portal
1463:
1462:
1461:
1347:in North America
1304:Hassan Al-Turabi
1254:Abul Hasan Nadwi
847:Anti-imperialism
745:Islamic republic
740:Islamic monarchy
720:Islamic feminism
560:
554:
553:
543:
542:
533:
526:
519:
507:Islam portal
505:
504:
503:
494:
493:
427:Takfir wal-Hijra
385:Salafi terrorism
60:
51:
45:
44:
41:
32:
31:
21:
18900:
18899:
18895:
18894:
18893:
18891:
18890:
18889:
18855:
18854:
18853:
18848:
18821:
18817:Political Islam
18795:
18764:
18760:Islamic revival
18728:
18661:
18655:
18651:(Gaddafi, 1975)
18584:
18565:
18519:
18490:Osama bin Laden
18475:Anwar al-Awlaki
18458:
18452:in North Africa
18399:Lashkar-e-Taiba
18347:
18343:Salafi jihadism
18322:
18297:
18266:
18232:Safar al-Hawali
18194:
18144:
18102:
18100:Salafi movement
18085:
17961:Muammar Gaddafi
17946:Hassan al-Banna
17914:
17903:
17877:
17808:Jamiat-e Islami
17754:
17728:Jamaat-e-Islami
17716:in Central Asia
17694:Socio-political
17682:
17570:
17559:Salafi jihadism
17519:
17514:
17465:
17460:
17451:
17449:
17439:
17412:
17346:
17344:
17342:
17330:. Chapel Hill:
17300:
17282:Wayback Machine
17271:Imran N. Hosein
17226:
17224:
17222:
17221:978-1107-006294
17192:Haykel, Bernard
17169:
17167:Further reading
17164:
17157:
17138:
17119:
17071:
17049:
17022:
17003:
17002:978-0670-021185
16971:
16952:
16951:978-0674-015753
16929:
16900:
16898:
16896:
16895:978-069113484-0
16874:Crone, Patricia
16862:Haykel, Bernard
16854:
16824:
16803:
16771:
16763:. I.B. Tauris.
16750:
16715:
16714:978-184511-0802
16707:. I.B. Tauris.
16704:
16688:
16686:
16684:
16674:Wiley-Blackwell
16653:
16636:
16631:
16630:
16623:
16609:
16605:
16595:
16593:
16592:(in Indonesian)
16579:
16572:
16543:
16539:
16528:
16524:
16519:
16515:
16510:
16506:
16487:
16483:
16472:
16468:
16455:
16451:
16440:
16436:
16429:
16415:
16411:
16403:
16395:
16391:
16384:
16370:
16366:
16356:
16354:
16343:
16336:
16321:
16317:
16302:
16298:
16285:
16284:
16280:
16272:
16268:
16267:
16263:
16254:Administrator.
16252:
16248:
16240:
16232:
16228:
16215:
16214:
16210:
16200:
16198:
16196:
16180:
16176:
16167:
16165:
16164:on 12 June 2002
16150:
16146:
16131:
16127:
16117:
16115:
16113:
16097:
16093:
16086:
16070:
16066:
16058:
16054:
16044:
16042:
16040:
16024:
16020:
16015:
16011:
15990:Mary L. Dudziak
15983:
15979:
15969:
15967:
15965:
15949:
15945:
15933:
15929:
15921:
15917:
15909:
15905:
15895:
15893:
15891:
15875:
15868:
15860:
15856:
15847:
15843:
15834:
15830:
15818:
15810:
15806:
15797:
15793:
15781:
15774:
15767:
15753:
15749:
15706:
15702:
15691:
15687:
15679:
15675:
15664:
15660:
15652:
15648:
15640:
15636:
15629:
15613:
15609:
15590:
15586:
15576:
15574:
15555:
15551:
15546:on 7 June 2023.
15543:
15532:
15526:
15522:
15517:on 7 June 2023.
15514:
15503:
15497:
15493:
15476:
15475:
15471:
15454:
15453:
15449:
15444:on 2 July 2016.
15430:
15426:
15413:
15411:
15407:
15392:
15388:
15387:
15383:
15369:
15363:
15359:
15352:
15351:978-900418469 5
15338:
15334:
15324:
15322:
15318:
15303:
15299:
15298:
15291:
15284:
15268:
15264:
15254:
15252:
15248:
15247:
15243:
15235:
15231:
15224:
15210:
15206:
15199:
15181:
15177:
15168:
15164:
15156:
15152:
15143:
15139:
15130:
15123:
15116:
15102:
15095:
15076:
15072:
15063:
15056:
15050:The Independent
15038:
15034:
15027:
15013:
15009:
15002:
14992:The Great Theft
14988:
14984:
14974:
14972:
14961:
14954:
14947:
14931:
14927:
14920:
14902:
14898:
14890:
14886:
14866:
14862:
14854:
14839:
14828:
14814:
14810:
14802:
14798:
14788:
14786:
14778:
14777:
14773:
14746:
14742:
14729:
14725:
14715:
14713:
14709:
14702:
14696:
14692:
14681:
14677:
14662:
14658:
14647:
14643:
14636:
14614:
14610:
14600:
14598:
14583:
14579:
14572:
14550:
14546:
14535:
14531:
14523:
14519:
14511:
14507:
14499:
14495:
14487:
14483:
14475:
14471:
14467:, pp. 5–6.
14463:
14459:
14451:
14447:
14439:
14435:
14414:
14410:
14400:
14398:
14397:on 24 July 2018
14384:
14380:
14368:
14364:
14357:
14335:
14331:
14323:
14319:
14311:
14307:
14302:
14298:
14287:
14283:
14275:
14271:
14260:
14256:
14247:
14243:
14232:
14230:
14217:
14216:
14212:
14206:DeLong-Bas 2004
14204:
14200:
14192:
14188:
14181:
14167:
14163:
14156:
14143:
14142:
14138:
14127:
14123:
14122:
14118:
14112:DeLong-Bas 2004
14110:
14106:
14096:
14094:
14090:
14074:
14070:
14060:
14058:
14043:
14039:
14032:
14018:
14014:
14007:
13993:
13989:
13982:
13968:
13964:
13958:DeLong-Bas 2004
13956:
13952:
13946:DeLong-Bas 2004
13944:
13940:
13932:Glasse, Cyril,
13931:
13927:
13916:
13912:
13901:
13897:
13889:
13885:
13874:
13870:
13863:
13849:
13845:
13834:Naghma (2015).
13832:
13828:
13819:
13812:
13805:
13791:
13787:
13781:DeLong-Bas 2004
13779:
13775:
13769:DeLong-Bas 2004
13767:
13763:
13757:DeLong-Bas 2004
13755:
13751:
13745:DeLong-Bas 2004
13743:
13739:
13732:
13718:
13714:
13707:
13706:978-900418469 5
13693:
13689:
13682:
13681:978-900418469 5
13668:
13664:
13657:
13656:978-900418469 5
13643:
13639:
13632:
13631:978-900418469 5
13618:
13614:
13607:
13593:
13589:
13582:
13568:
13564:
13557:
13543:
13539:
13529:
13527:
13517:
13513:
13506:
13492:
13488:
13481:
13467:
13463:
13448:
13444:
13429:
13425:
13418:
13404:
13400:
13381:
13377:
13371:DeLong-Bas 2004
13369:
13365:
13330:
13326:
13320:DeLong-Bas 2004
13318:
13314:
13308:DeLong-Bas 2004
13306:
13297:
13290:
13276:
13272:
13265:
13251:
13247:
13236:
13229:
13222:
13196:
13187:
13181:DeLong-Bas 2004
13179:
13175:
13165:
13163:
13152:
13148:
13137:
13133:
13123:
13121:
13110:
13106:
13095:
13088:
13079:
13078:
13074:
13065:
13061:
13053:
13046:
13040:
13036:
13023:
13019:
13011:
13004:
12994:
12992:
12991:on 23 June 2014
12988:
12981:
12973:
12969:
12958:
12954:
12943:
12939:
12928:
12924:
12917:
12903:
12899:
12887:
12883:
12876:
12854:
12851:
12847:
12840:
12824:
12820:
12814:DeLong-Bas 2004
12812:
12808:
12798:
12796:
12788:
12787:
12783:
12775:
12771:
12763:
12759:
12751:
12747:
12735:
12728:
12721:
12697:
12693:
12683:
12681:
12674:
12670:
12662:
12658:
12651:
12635:
12631:
12612:
12608:
12597:
12588:
12579:
12575:
12567:
12563:
12552:
12548:
12537:
12533:
12521:
12517:
12505:
12501:
12491:
12489:
12488:on 26 July 2014
12474:
12470:
12451:
12447:
12430:
12429:
12422:
12415:
12399:
12395:
12386:
12379:
12372:
12356:
12352:
12345:
12329:
12325:
12315:
12313:
12302:
12295:
12288:
12272:
12268:
12257:
12253:
12242:
12235:
12228:
12206:
12202:
12191:
12187:
12180:
12158:
12154:
12147:
12133:
12126:
12118:
12114:
12102:
12098:
12090:
12086:
12075:
12068:
12061:
12039:
12035:
12025:
12023:
12018:
12017:
12013:
11996:
11992:
11975:
11971:
11954:
11950:
11940:
11938:
11929:
11928:
11924:
11918:The Middle East
11915:
11911:
11903:
11899:
11892:
11874:
11870:
11859:Naghma (2015).
11857:
11850:
11843:
11827:
11820:
11803:
11799:
11791:
11787:
11775:
11771:
11763:
11759:
11746:
11745:
11741:
11720:
11716:
11700:
11699:
11691:
11687:
11679:
11675:
11668:
11654:
11650:
11643:
11629:
11625:
11619:DeLong-Bas 2004
11617:
11613:
11608:Kitab al-Tawhid
11605:
11601:
11593:
11586:
11549:
11545:
11538:
11524:
11520:
11513:
11499:
11495:
11484:
11480:
11473:
11459:
11455:
11447:
11438:
11427:
11423:
11415:
11411:
11403:
11399:
11391:
11387:
11380:
11356:
11352:
11339:. Leiden: 6–7.
11325:
11318:
11312:Awakening Islam
11305:
11301:
11294:
11293:978-019-0948955
11276:
11272:
11265:
11264:978-0674-049642
11251:
11247:
11240:
11226:
11219:
11212:
11202:The Great Theft
11198:
11194:
11165:
11161:
11153:
11149:
11142:
11128:
11124:
11117:
11103:
11099:
11091:
11087:
11080:
11066:
11062:
11055:
11041:
11037:
11029:
11025:
11017:
11013:
11005:
11001:
10993:
10986:
10978:
10974:
10967:
10953:
10949:
10941:
10934:
10926:
10922:
10910:
10906:
10898:
10891:
10884:
10866:
10859:
10852:
10838:
10834:
10827:
10826:978-1107-022072
10813:
10809:
10801:
10797:
10780:
10776:
10768:
10764:
10756:
10752:
10745:
10729:
10725:
10718:
10700:
10696:
10686:
10684:
10675:
10674:
10663:
10653:
10651:
10636:
10632:
10620:
10618:
10609:
10608:
10601:
10599:
10590:
10589:
10585:
10575:
10573:
10556:
10555:
10551:
10541:
10539:
10538:. 18 March 2010
10534:
10533:
10529:
10519:
10517:
10507:
10500:
10493:
10479:
10475:
10470:
10466:
10456:
10454:
10441:
10437:
10430:
10416:
10409:
10398:
10391:
10380:
10376:
10368:
10364:
10357:
10335:
10328:
10320:
10313:
10306:
10292:
10288:
10278:
10276:
10275:on 27 July 2014
10272:
10261:
10257:Bederka, Alan.
10255:
10251:
10243:
10237:
10228:
10221:
10210:
10203:
10199:
10192:
10178:
10174:
10167:
10166:978-90-04169531
10153:
10146:
10127:
10123:
10104:
10100:
10077:
10073:
10065:
10061:
10046:
10039:
10032:
10012:
10008:
10001:
9985:
9981:
9974:
9960:
9956:
9948:
9939:
9842:
9838:
9811:
9771:
9767:
9757:
9755:
9738:
9731:
9722:DeLong-Bas 2004
9720:
9716:
9708:
9704:
9697:
9683:
9679:
9669:
9667:
9666:on 23 June 2014
9663:
9652:
9646:
9639:
9631:
9627:
9618:
9617:
9613:
9606:
9580:
9576:
9565:
9561:
9553:
9542:
9531:
9522:
9509:
9505:
9498:
9482:
9478:
9471:
9455:
9451:
9435:
9434:
9430:
9416:
9412:
9394:
9387:
9377:
9375:
9367:
9366:
9359:
9347:
9338:
9323:
9319:
9312:
9298:
9294:
9286:
9282:
9270:
9261:
9253:
9242:
9234:
9225:
9217:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9197:
9190:
9188:
9184:
9179:
9175:
9170:
9166:
9161:
9157:
9151:
9142:DeLong-Bas 2004
9139:
9135:
9130:
9126:
9121:
9117:
9081:
9061:
9041:
9037:
8984:
8981:
8977:
8968:
8949:
8933:
8929:
8920:
8901:
8885:
8881:
8869:
8865:
8856:
8837:
8818:
8802:
8798:
8789:
8770:
8739:Islamic Studies
8730:
8714:
8710:
8701:
8658:
8657:978-90-04435544
8640:. p. 341.
8605:
8581:
8562:
8558:
8535:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8431:
8317:throughout the
8315:Islamic revival
8280:non-conformists
8236:
8196:
8150:
8149:or Hanbali) and
8134:
8107:
8101:
8083:founded by the
8074:
8046:
8038:Ahmed Raza Khan
8026:Ahmed Raza Khan
8014:
7994:Fethullah Gülen
7986:
7948:
7900:
7898:Sunni criticism
7826:
7816:
7737:
7732:
7685:neo-colonialism
7671:, notions of a
7665:M. Reza Pirbhai
7629:
7619:to appropriate
7545:, including in
7521:, in line with
7487:
7481:
7438:
7434:
7426:
7425:billion"; $ 2–3
7422:
7419:
7239:
7234:
7224:
7212:Main articles:
7210:
7084:
7082:Notable leaders
7033:
6956:Ottoman decline
6855:anticolonialism
6719:
6713:Political Islam
6705:
6636:Islamic scholar
6555:
6545:
6513:Qaul Sahabiyyah
6388:
6262:
6229:
6201:Edward Mortimer
6063:
6055:Main articles:
6053:
6027:family planning
6011:organ donations
5983:Islamic banking
5930:Mujtahid Mutlaq
5878:
5856:Saleh Al-Fawzan
5764:colonial powers
5760:
5754:
5733:
5706:Ahmad Ibn Idris
5647:
5641:
5595:Emirate of Nejd
5569:
5494:
5484:
5379:
5371:Main articles:
5369:
5350:
5344:
5330:Minhaj al-Sunna
5292:
5199:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5129:Sulaymani Bohra
5098:
5067:
5038:
5022:
5004:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4984:Nation of Islam
4938:
4928:
4927:
4920:
4910:
4909:
4903:
4859:
4825:
4765:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4715:
4681:
4641:
4618:
4617:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4552:
4457:Valentine's Day
4447:Islamic culture
4408:fortune telling
4367:Lawrence Wright
4358:
4352:
4276:
4270:(law schools).
4004:
3994:
3951:have reached a
3910:The essence of
3901:Kitab al-Tawhid
3851:Kitab al-Tawhid
3813:Kitab al-Tawhid
3802:
3796:
3784:Saleh Al-Fawzan
3664:
3568:
3562:
3457:
3408:
3393:
3382:
3366:
3360:
3319:
3267:Hadith sciences
3209:Salafi scholar
3203:
3197:
3167:Shaykh al-Islam
3101:
3095:
2992:(1784–1840) in
2938:
2765:
2759:
2733:. However, the
2648:
2474:. According to
2430:mystical orders
2417:Muslim scholars
2397:Wahhabi epithet
2393:colonial period
2371:
2315:
2264:"al-muwahhidun"
2244:
2238:
2233:
2181:ideologues and
2107:
2038:
2004:ٱلْوَهَّابِيَّة
1989:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1924:Kutub al-Sittah
1913:
1905:
1904:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1792:
1791:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1709:
1708:
1683:
1668:
1667:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1603:
1593:
1592:
1548:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1506:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1409:Magnus Ranstorp
1327:
1319:
1318:
1214:Hassan al-Banna
1179:
1171:
1170:
1121:Muammar Gaddafi
1106:
1098:
1097:
1084:
1027:
1019:
1018:
952:Jamaat-e-Islami
875:
867:
866:
862:Islamic revival
837:
829:
828:
786:Political Islam
686:
678:
677:
671:
626:Salafi jihadism
621:Salafi movement
611:
603:
602:
568:
556:
555:
547:
546:
537:
501:
499:
488:
482:
481:
447:
437:
436:
412:Salafia Jihadia
392:Salafi Jihadism
387:
377:
376:
340:Salafi jihadism
295:
285:
284:
243:
233:
232:
166:Osama bin Laden
151:
141:
140:
111:Ibn Abd al-Hadi
76:
66:
49:Salafi movement
47:
46:
39:
36:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18898:
18888:
18887:
18882:
18877:
18872:
18867:
18850:
18849:
18847:
18846:
18841:
18834:
18831:
18830:
18827:
18826:
18823:
18822:
18820:
18819:
18814:
18809:
18803:
18801:
18800:Related topics
18797:
18796:
18794:
18793:
18791:United Kingdom
18788:
18783:
18778:
18772:
18770:
18766:
18765:
18763:
18762:
18757:
18752:
18747:
18742:
18736:
18734:
18730:
18729:
18727:
18726:
18721:
18716:
18711:
18706:
18704:Faith campaign
18701:
18696:
18691:
18686:
18681:
18676:
18671:
18665:
18663:
18657:
18656:
18654:
18653:
18649:The Green Book
18645:
18637:
18629:
18621:
18613:
18605:
18603:(Iqbal, 1930s)
18601:Reconstruction
18596:
18594:
18586:
18585:
18575:
18574:
18571:
18570:
18567:
18566:
18564:
18563:
18561:Talibanization
18558:
18553:
18548:
18543:
18538:
18533:
18527:
18525:
18521:
18520:
18518:
18517:
18512:
18507:
18502:
18497:
18495:Akhtar Mansour
18492:
18487:
18482:
18477:
18472:
18466:
18464:
18460:
18459:
18457:
18456:
18455:
18454:
18449:
18444:
18434:
18433:
18432:
18431:
18430:
18425:
18415:
18414:
18413:
18406:Southeast Asia
18403:
18402:
18401:
18396:
18386:
18385:
18384:
18379:
18374:
18372:Fatah al-Islam
18369:
18355:
18353:
18349:
18348:
18346:
18345:
18340:
18334:
18332:
18324:
18323:
18307:
18306:
18303:
18302:
18299:
18298:
18296:
18295:
18290:
18285:
18280:
18274:
18272:
18268:
18267:
18265:
18264:
18259:
18254:
18252:Salman al-Ouda
18249:
18244:
18239:
18234:
18229:
18224:
18219:
18214:
18208:
18206:
18200:
18199:
18196:
18195:
18193:
18192:
18187:
18182:
18181:
18180:
18170:
18165:
18160:
18154:
18152:
18146:
18145:
18143:
18142:
18137:
18135:Sahwa movement
18132:
18127:
18121:
18119:
18112:
18104:
18103:
18091:
18090:
18087:
18086:
18084:
18083:
18078:
18073:
18068:
18063:
18058:
18053:
18048:
18043:
18038:
18033:
18031:Ata Abu Rashta
18028:
18023:
18018:
18013:
18008:
18003:
17998:
17993:
17988:
17983:
17978:
17976:Muhammad Iqbal
17973:
17968:
17963:
17958:
17953:
17948:
17943:
17938:
17933:
17928:
17923:
17921:Muhammad Abduh
17917:
17915:
17912:
17909:
17908:
17905:
17904:
17902:
17901:
17896:
17891:
17885:
17883:
17879:
17878:
17876:
17875:
17870:
17865:
17860:
17858:Fatah Alliance
17855:
17850:
17845:
17840:
17835:
17830:
17825:
17820:
17815:
17810:
17805:
17800:
17795:
17790:
17785:
17780:
17775:
17770:
17764:
17762:
17756:
17755:
17753:
17752:
17751:
17750:
17745:
17735:
17730:
17725:
17720:
17719:
17718:
17713:
17706:Hizb ut-Tahrir
17703:
17697:
17695:
17688:
17684:
17683:
17681:
17680:
17675:
17670:
17665:
17658:
17653:
17648:
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17641:
17631:
17626:
17625:
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17609:
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17599:
17594:
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17578:
17576:
17572:
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17569:
17568:
17563:
17562:
17561:
17551:
17550:
17549:
17539:
17533:
17531:
17521:
17520:
17513:
17512:
17505:
17498:
17490:
17484:
17483:
17464:
17463:External links
17461:
17459:
17458:
17438:978-1305633773
17437:
17416:
17411:978-2917329627
17410:
17397:
17381:
17367:
17353:
17341:978-1469620138
17340:
17321:
17304:
17298:
17285:
17268:
17251:
17249:978-0710306777
17241:Arabia Phoenix
17233:
17220:
17183:
17170:
17168:
17165:
17163:
17162:
17155:
17142:
17136:
17123:
17117:
17104:
17075:
17070:978-1849044646
17069:
17053:
17047:
17034:
17021:978-0199333431
17020:
17007:
17001:
16984:
16975:
16970:978-1845112578
16969:
16956:
16950:
16933:
16927:
16907:
16894:
16858:
16853:978-0230106581
16852:
16837:
16828:
16823:978-0199794133
16822:
16807:
16801:
16781:, ed. (2003).
16779:Esposito, John
16775:
16770:978-1845113223
16769:
16754:
16748:
16728:
16726:. I.B. Tauris.
16719:
16713:
16695:
16683:978-1405158077
16682:
16657:
16651:
16637:
16635:
16632:
16629:
16628:
16622:978-0985632694
16621:
16603:
16570:
16537:
16522:
16513:
16504:
16481:
16466:
16449:
16434:
16428:978-0804786867
16427:
16409:
16389:
16383:978-0804781466
16382:
16364:
16334:
16315:
16296:
16291:naqshbandi.org
16278:
16261:
16246:
16226:
16208:
16195:978-1400873579
16194:
16174:
16144:
16125:
16111:
16091:
16085:978-0199927999
16084:
16064:
16052:
16039:978-0520966277
16038:
16018:
16009:
16006:978-0822332428
15977:
15964:978-0230619562
15963:
15943:
15935:Valentine 2015
15927:
15925:, p. 209.
15915:
15903:
15890:978-0231700689
15889:
15866:
15854:
15841:
15828:
15804:
15791:
15772:
15766:978-0415552455
15765:
15747:
15720:(4): 519–534.
15700:
15685:
15673:
15658:
15646:
15634:
15628:978-9774168642
15627:
15607:
15584:
15549:
15520:
15491:
15469:
15447:
15424:
15381:
15357:
15350:
15332:
15289:
15283:978-0262019125
15282:
15262:
15241:
15229:
15223:978-0197532577
15222:
15204:
15198:978-1409476450
15197:
15175:
15162:
15150:
15137:
15121:
15115:978-0197532577
15114:
15093:
15070:
15054:
15032:
15026:978-0197532577
15025:
15007:
15001:978-0060563394
15000:
14982:
14952:
14946:978-1441558442
14945:
14925:
14918:
14906:"Introduction"
14896:
14894:, p. 111.
14884:
14860:
14858:, p. 210.
14837:
14827:978-0804781466
14826:
14808:
14796:
14771:
14740:
14723:
14690:
14687:. p. 236.
14675:
14656:
14641:
14635:978-0230620575
14634:
14608:
14577:
14571:978-1403964335
14570:
14544:
14529:
14527:, p. 204.
14517:
14515:, p. 152.
14505:
14503:, p. 141.
14493:
14481:
14469:
14457:
14445:
14433:
14408:
14378:
14362:
14356:978-0141030432
14355:
14329:
14327:, p. 115.
14317:
14305:
14296:
14281:
14279:, p. 180.
14269:
14254:
14241:
14210:
14198:
14186:
14180:978-0863723278
14179:
14161:
14155:978-0815637530
14154:
14136:
14116:
14104:
14068:
14037:
14030:
14012:
14005:
13987:
13981:978-0367280628
13980:
13962:
13950:
13938:
13925:
13910:
13895:
13883:
13868:
13862:978-1780745893
13861:
13843:
13826:
13810:
13803:
13785:
13773:
13771:, p. 100.
13761:
13749:
13737:
13730:
13712:
13705:
13687:
13680:
13662:
13655:
13637:
13630:
13612:
13605:
13587:
13581:978-9004184695
13580:
13562:
13556:978-0197532577
13555:
13537:
13511:
13505:978-0197532577
13504:
13486:
13480:978-1930409248
13479:
13461:
13442:
13423:
13416:
13398:
13375:
13363:
13324:
13312:
13295:
13289:978-0985632694
13288:
13270:
13264:978-0985632694
13263:
13245:
13227:
13220:
13185:
13173:
13146:
13131:
13104:
13086:
13072:
13059:
13034:
13017:
13002:
12967:
12952:
12937:
12922:
12916:978-0199696703
12915:
12897:
12889:Halverson 2010
12881:
12875:978-9004466746
12874:
12845:
12839:978-0748669936
12838:
12818:
12806:
12781:
12769:
12767:, p. 143.
12757:
12755:, p. 174.
12745:
12726:
12720:978-0802135995
12719:
12691:
12668:
12656:
12650:978-0759101906
12649:
12629:
12606:
12586:
12573:
12561:
12546:
12531:
12515:
12499:
12468:
12445:
12420:
12414:978-1134653195
12413:
12393:
12391:, 2007, p. 250
12377:
12371:978-0231134996
12370:
12350:
12344:978-1304059833
12343:
12323:
12293:
12287:978-1426933936
12286:
12266:
12251:
12233:
12227:978-0195074406
12226:
12200:
12185:
12179:978-0060563394
12178:
12152:
12146:978-0710306760
12145:
12124:
12112:
12096:
12084:
12066:
12060:978-1403964335
12059:
12033:
12011:
12007:978-0275992521
11990:
11986:978-3319556901
11980:Springer 2017
11969:
11965:978-1461686903
11955:Paul Marshall
11948:
11937:. 11 June 2016
11922:
11909:
11897:
11890:
11868:
11848:
11841:
11818:
11797:
11785:
11769:
11757:
11739:
11714:
11685:
11673:
11667:978-0028662695
11666:
11648:
11641:
11623:
11611:
11599:
11584:
11543:
11537:978-1474417570
11536:
11518:
11512:978-0190948955
11511:
11493:
11478:
11472:978-1474417570
11471:
11453:
11449:Halverson 2010
11436:
11421:
11417:Halverson 2010
11409:
11405:Halverson 2010
11397:
11393:Halverson 2010
11385:
11379:978-1850659792
11378:
11350:
11316:
11299:
11292:
11270:
11263:
11245:
11239:978-0199333431
11238:
11217:
11210:
11192:
11159:
11147:
11141:978-0199333431
11140:
11122:
11116:978-0231175500
11115:
11097:
11085:
11078:
11060:
11054:978-0199333431
11053:
11035:
11033:, p. 147.
11023:
11011:
11009:, p. 145.
10999:
10984:
10972:
10965:
10947:
10932:
10920:
10904:
10889:
10883:978-1452266565
10882:
10857:
10851:978-0197532577
10850:
10832:
10825:
10807:
10805:, p. 216.
10795:
10774:
10772:, p. 217.
10762:
10750:
10744:978-0307473288
10743:
10723:
10717:978-0815722274
10716:
10694:
10661:
10630:
10583:
10549:
10527:
10498:
10492:978-1107006294
10491:
10473:
10464:
10435:
10429:978-0300178906
10428:
10407:
10389:
10374:
10372:, pp. 1–2
10362:
10355:
10326:
10311:
10305:978-0197532577
10304:
10286:
10249:
10226:
10220:978-0367514839
10219:
10197:
10191:978-9774168642
10190:
10172:
10165:
10144:
10121:
10098:
10071:
10069:, p. 231.
10059:
10037:
10030:
10006:
10000:978-0737732177
9999:
9979:
9973:978-1593394912
9972:
9954:
9937:
9935:
9934:
9905:
9864:
9853:CA&C Press
9836:
9834:
9833:
9825:Muslim Matters
9816:
9796:
9779:
9765:
9729:
9714:
9702:
9696:978-0930452797
9695:
9677:
9637:
9625:
9611:
9604:
9574:
9559:
9540:
9520:
9503:
9496:
9476:
9470:978-0737732177
9469:
9449:
9429:978-1593394912
9428:
9410:
9385:
9357:
9336:
9317:
9310:
9292:
9280:
9259:
9240:
9223:
9205:
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9196:
9195:
9182:
9173:
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9149:
9133:
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9115:
9113:
9112:
9095:
9079:
9059:
9035:
9033:
9032:
9015:
8998:
8975:
8973:
8972:
8966:
8953:
8947:
8927:
8925:
8924:
8918:
8905:
8899:
8879:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8872:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8855:978-1786076892
8854:
8841:
8836:978-0231161473
8835:
8822:
8817:978-0871403735
8816:
8796:
8794:
8793:
8788:978-0816062591
8787:
8774:
8768:
8755:
8734:
8729:978-1405158077
8728:
8708:
8706:
8705:
8700:978-1137313492
8699:
8670:
8656:
8630:Upal, M. Afzal
8621:
8612:
8603:
8590:
8588:
8579:
8556:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8447:
8440:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8402:Arab Awakening
8243:Muhammad Iqbal
8235:
8232:
8195:
8192:
8163:Ahmad al-Tayeb
8115:Ahmed el-Tayeb
8103:Main article:
8100:
8097:
8089:Hisham Kabbani
8073:
8070:
8056:movement uses
8045:
8042:
8013:
8010:
8002:Ottoman Empire
7990:Gulen movement
7985:
7982:
7899:
7896:
7834:activities in
7825:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7809:
7792:
7763:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7718:depictions of
7628:
7625:
7590:Ba'athist Iraq
7480:
7477:
7418:
7415:
7396:
7395:
7363:
7360:Salaf al-Salih
7340:
7339:
7325:
7306:
7266:Salaf al-Salih
7261:
7258:Ottoman Empire
7252:The appeal of
7238:
7235:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7177:Amira al-Umara
7166:
7160:
7154:
7151:
7144:
7109:
7099:
7083:
7080:
7076:Muhammad Iqbal
7032:
7029:
6976:Wahhabi revolt
6952:Islamic values
6851:social justice
6826:Salafi jihadis
6817:independence.
6779:Saudi dynastic
6704:
6701:
6691:, the Wahhabi
6598:Islamic reform
6544:
6541:
6531:, wherein the
6387:
6384:
6228:
6225:
6142:of Muhammad's
6076:Salaf al-Salih
6052:
6049:
5753:
5750:
5640:
5637:
5483:
5480:
5455:Aal Ash-Shaykh
5444:Aal al-Shaykhs
5368:
5365:
5343:
5340:
5281:(innovation).
5224:Salaf al-Salih
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5146:
5141:
5139:Hebtiahs Bohra
5136:
5131:
5126:
5117:
5111:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5050:Ja'fari school
5046:
5044:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5034:Shafi'i school
5031:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5013:Hanbali school
5009:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4936:Other variants
4934:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4721:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4680:
4679:
4677:Predestination
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4624:
4623:
4602:
4599:
4582:Main article:
4579:
4576:
4551:
4548:
4513:Saddam Hussein
4474:, Saudi Arabia
4354:Main article:
4351:
4348:
4336:", clerics in
4275:
4272:
4160:Salaf as-Salih
4038:and obligated
3993:
3984:
3933:, I only make
3817:Aal ash-Shaykh
3795:
3792:
3740:Ibn Abi al-Izz
3708:traditionalist
3654:and advocated
3561:
3558:
3483:Salaf al-salih
3359:
3356:
3334:Hadith studies
3199:Main article:
3196:
3190:
3163:Islamic saints
3130:and advocated
3097:Main article:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3074:
3071:
3062:
3049:
3022:Islamic Reform
2937:
2934:
2872:” (1829) and “
2813:cult of saints
2761:Main article:
2758:
2755:
2688:Salaf al-Salih
2662:, but not all
2647:
2644:
2623:but whom were
2573:Ingrid Mattson
2567:and Prophetic
2548:New York Times
2543:Salafi/Wahhabi
2413:British Empire
2370:
2367:
2314:
2311:
2267:(monotheists;
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2163:Saudi monarchy
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1583:Predestination
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1425:
1422:Related topics
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1369:Maryam Namazie
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1279:Ata Abu Rashta
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1229:Muhammad Iqbal
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:Muhammad Abduh
1186:
1180:
1178:Key ideologues
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1156:House of Thani
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1116:Omar al-Bashir
1113:
1107:
1105:Heads of state
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1078:
1071:("Milestones")
1065:
1053:
1041:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1007:Southeast Asia
1004:
999:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
962:Salafist Front
959:
954:
949:
944:
942:Hizb ut-Tahrir
933:
932:
931:
930:
925:
915:
913:Sahwa movement
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
888:Dawat-e-Islami
885:
876:
873:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
842:Anti-communism
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
819:
814:
807:
800:
795:
794:
793:
783:
778:
777:
776:
771:
759:
749:
748:
747:
742:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
701:
700:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
673:
672:
665:
664:
663:
662:
652:
651:
650:
640:
639:
638:
633:
628:
618:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
539:
538:
536:
535:
528:
521:
513:
510:
509:
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
457:Salafist Front
454:
448:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
373:
372:
367:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
330:Sahwa movement
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
296:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
244:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
223:
221:Zubair Ali Zai
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
152:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
133:
131:Ismail Dehlavi
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
77:
72:
71:
68:
67:
61:
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18897:
18886:
18883:
18881:
18878:
18876:
18873:
18871:
18868:
18866:
18863:
18862:
18860:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18836:
18835:
18832:
18818:
18815:
18813:
18810:
18808:
18805:
18804:
18802:
18798:
18792:
18789:
18787:
18784:
18782:
18779:
18777:
18774:
18773:
18771:
18767:
18761:
18758:
18756:
18753:
18751:
18748:
18746:
18743:
18741:
18738:
18737:
18735:
18731:
18725:
18722:
18720:
18717:
18715:
18714:War on terror
18712:
18710:
18707:
18705:
18702:
18700:
18697:
18695:
18692:
18690:
18687:
18685:
18682:
18680:
18677:
18675:
18672:
18670:
18667:
18666:
18664:
18658:
18652:
18650:
18646:
18644:
18642:
18638:
18636:
18634:
18630:
18628:
18626:
18622:
18620:
18618:
18614:
18612:
18610:
18606:
18604:
18602:
18598:
18597:
18595:
18591:
18587:
18580:
18576:
18562:
18559:
18557:
18554:
18552:
18549:
18547:
18544:
18542:
18539:
18537:
18534:
18532:
18529:
18528:
18526:
18522:
18516:
18513:
18511:
18508:
18506:
18503:
18501:
18498:
18496:
18493:
18491:
18488:
18486:
18483:
18481:
18478:
18476:
18473:
18471:
18468:
18467:
18465:
18463:Major figures
18461:
18453:
18450:
18448:
18445:
18443:
18440:
18439:
18438:
18435:
18429:
18426:
18424:
18421:
18420:
18419:
18416:
18412:
18409:
18408:
18407:
18404:
18400:
18397:
18395:
18392:
18391:
18390:
18387:
18383:
18380:
18378:
18375:
18373:
18370:
18368:
18365:
18364:
18363:
18360:
18359:
18357:
18356:
18354:
18350:
18344:
18341:
18339:
18336:
18335:
18333:
18329:
18325:
18321:
18317:
18312:
18308:
18294:
18291:
18289:
18286:
18284:
18281:
18279:
18276:
18275:
18273:
18269:
18263:
18260:
18258:
18257:Ali al-Tamimi
18255:
18253:
18250:
18248:
18245:
18243:
18240:
18238:
18235:
18233:
18230:
18228:
18225:
18223:
18220:
18218:
18215:
18213:
18210:
18209:
18207:
18205:
18204:Major figures
18201:
18191:
18188:
18186:
18183:
18179:
18178:Islamist Bloc
18176:
18175:
18174:
18173:Al-Nour Party
18171:
18169:
18166:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18156:
18155:
18153:
18151:
18147:
18141:
18138:
18136:
18133:
18131:
18128:
18126:
18123:
18122:
18120:
18116:
18113:
18109:
18105:
18101:
18096:
18092:
18082:
18079:
18077:
18074:
18072:
18069:
18067:
18064:
18062:
18059:
18057:
18054:
18052:
18049:
18047:
18044:
18042:
18041:Navvab Safavi
18039:
18037:
18034:
18032:
18029:
18027:
18026:Tariq Ramadan
18024:
18022:
18019:
18017:
18014:
18012:
18009:
18007:
18004:
18002:
17999:
17997:
17994:
17992:
17989:
17987:
17984:
17982:
17979:
17977:
17974:
17972:
17971:Safwat Hegazi
17969:
17967:
17964:
17962:
17959:
17957:
17954:
17952:
17949:
17947:
17944:
17942:
17941:Muhammad Asad
17939:
17937:
17934:
17932:
17929:
17927:
17924:
17922:
17919:
17918:
17916:
17910:
17900:
17897:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17887:
17886:
17884:
17880:
17874:
17871:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17853:Welfare Party
17851:
17849:
17846:
17844:
17841:
17839:
17836:
17834:
17831:
17829:
17826:
17824:
17821:
17819:
17816:
17814:
17811:
17809:
17806:
17804:
17801:
17799:
17796:
17794:
17791:
17789:
17786:
17784:
17781:
17779:
17776:
17774:
17771:
17769:
17766:
17765:
17763:
17761:
17757:
17749:
17746:
17744:
17741:
17740:
17739:
17736:
17734:
17731:
17729:
17726:
17724:
17721:
17717:
17714:
17712:
17709:
17708:
17707:
17704:
17702:
17699:
17698:
17696:
17692:
17689:
17685:
17679:
17676:
17674:
17671:
17669:
17668:Turkish model
17666:
17664:
17663:
17659:
17657:
17654:
17652:
17651:Post-Islamism
17649:
17647:
17644:
17640:
17637:
17636:
17635:
17632:
17630:
17627:
17623:
17620:
17618:
17615:
17614:
17613:
17612:Islamic state
17610:
17608:
17605:
17603:
17600:
17598:
17595:
17593:
17590:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17579:
17577:
17573:
17567:
17566:Shia Islamism
17564:
17560:
17557:
17556:
17555:
17552:
17548:
17545:
17544:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17534:
17532:
17530:
17526:
17522:
17518:
17511:
17506:
17504:
17499:
17497:
17492:
17491:
17488:
17480:
17479:
17473:
17467:
17466:
17448:
17444:
17440:
17434:
17430:
17426:
17422:
17417:
17413:
17407:
17403:
17398:
17394:
17390:
17386:
17382:
17380:
17376:
17372:
17368:
17366:
17362:
17358:
17354:
17343:
17337:
17333:
17329:
17328:
17322:
17320:
17316:
17312:
17308:
17305:
17301:
17295:
17291:
17286:
17283:
17279:
17276:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17263:
17260:, Pan, 1982,
17259:
17255:
17254:Holden, David
17252:
17250:
17246:
17242:
17238:
17234:
17223:
17217:
17213:
17209:
17205:
17201:
17197:
17193:
17189:
17184:
17181:
17180:
17175:
17172:
17171:
17158:
17156:9780230282698
17152:
17148:
17143:
17139:
17133:
17129:
17124:
17120:
17114:
17110:
17105:
17101:
17097:
17093:
17089:
17086:(3): 207–39.
17085:
17081:
17076:
17072:
17066:
17063:
17059:
17054:
17050:
17044:
17040:
17035:
17031:
17027:
17023:
17017:
17013:
17008:
17004:
16998:
16993:
16992:
16985:
16981:
16976:
16972:
16966:
16962:
16957:
16953:
16947:
16942:
16941:
16934:
16930:
16924:
16919:
16918:
16912:
16911:Kepel, Gilles
16908:
16897:
16891:
16887:
16883:
16879:
16875:
16871:
16867:
16863:
16859:
16855:
16849:
16845:
16844:
16838:
16834:
16829:
16825:
16819:
16815:
16814:
16808:
16804:
16798:
16794:
16790:
16786:
16785:
16780:
16776:
16772:
16766:
16762:
16761:
16755:
16751:
16745:
16740:
16739:
16733:
16729:
16725:
16720:
16716:
16710:
16703:
16702:
16696:
16685:
16679:
16675:
16671:
16667:
16663:
16658:
16654:
16648:
16644:
16639:
16638:
16624:
16618:
16614:
16607:
16591:
16587:
16583:
16577:
16575:
16565:
16560:
16556:
16552:
16548:
16541:
16533:
16526:
16517:
16508:
16500:
16496:
16492:
16485:
16477:
16470:
16462:
16461:
16453:
16445:
16438:
16430:
16424:
16420:
16413:
16402:
16401:
16393:
16385:
16379:
16375:
16368:
16352:
16348:
16341:
16339:
16330:
16326:
16319:
16311:
16307:
16300:
16292:
16288:
16282:
16271:
16265:
16257:
16250:
16239:
16238:
16230:
16222:
16218:
16212:
16197:
16191:
16187:
16186:
16178:
16163:
16159:
16155:
16148:
16140:
16136:
16129:
16114:
16108:
16104:
16103:
16095:
16087:
16081:
16077:
16076:
16068:
16062:, p. 59.
16061:
16056:
16041:
16035:
16031:
16030:
16022:
16013:
16007:
16003:
15999:
15995:
15991:
15988:, p. 87. Ed.
15987:
15981:
15966:
15960:
15956:
15955:
15947:
15940:
15936:
15931:
15924:
15919:
15913:, p. 22.
15912:
15907:
15892:
15886:
15882:
15881:
15873:
15871:
15863:
15858:
15851:
15845:
15838:
15832:
15824:
15815:
15808:
15801:
15795:
15788:
15784:
15779:
15777:
15768:
15762:
15758:
15751:
15743:
15739:
15735:
15731:
15727:
15723:
15719:
15715:
15711:
15704:
15696:
15689:
15683:, p. 42.
15682:
15677:
15669:
15662:
15655:
15650:
15644:, back cover.
15643:
15638:
15630:
15624:
15620:
15619:
15611:
15603:
15599:
15595:
15588:
15572:
15568:
15564:
15560:
15553:
15542:
15538:
15531:
15524:
15513:
15509:
15502:
15495:
15487:
15483:
15479:
15473:
15465:
15461:
15457:
15451:
15443:
15439:
15435:
15428:
15421:
15406:
15402:
15398:
15391:
15385:
15378:. p. 34.
15377:
15376:
15368:
15361:
15353:
15347:
15343:
15336:
15317:
15313:
15309:
15302:
15296:
15294:
15285:
15279:
15275:
15274:
15266:
15251:
15245:
15238:
15233:
15225:
15219:
15215:
15208:
15200:
15194:
15190:
15186:
15179:
15172:
15166:
15160:, p. 72.
15159:
15154:
15147:
15141:
15135:, 19 May 2003
15134:
15128:
15126:
15117:
15111:
15107:
15100:
15098:
15089:
15085:
15081:
15074:
15067:
15061:
15059:
15052:
15051:
15047:
15042:
15036:
15028:
15022:
15018:
15011:
15003:
14997:
14993:
14986:
14971:on 5 May 2014
14970:
14966:
14959:
14957:
14948:
14942:
14938:
14937:
14929:
14921:
14915:
14911:
14907:
14900:
14893:
14888:
14881:
14877:
14873:
14869:
14864:
14857:
14852:
14850:
14848:
14846:
14844:
14842:
14834:
14829:
14823:
14819:
14812:
14806:, p. 54.
14805:
14804:Esposito 2011
14800:
14785:
14781:
14775:
14767:
14763:
14759:
14755:
14751:
14744:
14737:
14733:
14727:
14708:
14701:
14694:
14686:
14679:
14671:
14667:
14660:
14652:
14645:
14637:
14631:
14627:
14622:
14621:
14612:
14596:
14592:
14588:
14581:
14573:
14567:
14563:
14558:
14557:
14548:
14540:
14533:
14526:
14521:
14514:
14509:
14502:
14497:
14491:, p. 41.
14490:
14485:
14478:
14473:
14466:
14465:Bonacina 2015
14461:
14454:
14449:
14442:
14437:
14429:
14425:
14421:
14420:
14412:
14396:
14392:
14388:
14382:
14375:
14371:
14366:
14358:
14352:
14348:
14343:
14342:
14333:
14326:
14321:
14315:, p. 62.
14314:
14309:
14300:
14292:
14285:
14278:
14273:
14265:
14258:
14251:
14245:
14228:
14224:
14220:
14214:
14207:
14202:
14195:
14190:
14182:
14176:
14172:
14165:
14157:
14151:
14147:
14140:
14132:
14128:
14120:
14113:
14108:
14088:
14084:
14083:
14078:
14072:
14056:
14052:
14048:
14041:
14033:
14027:
14023:
14016:
14008:
14002:
13998:
13991:
13983:
13977:
13973:
13966:
13959:
13954:
13947:
13942:
13935:
13929:
13921:
13914:
13906:
13899:
13893:, p. 12.
13892:
13887:
13879:
13872:
13864:
13858:
13854:
13847:
13839:
13838:
13830:
13823:
13817:
13815:
13806:
13800:
13796:
13789:
13782:
13777:
13770:
13765:
13759:, p. 96.
13758:
13753:
13747:, p. 97.
13746:
13741:
13733:
13727:
13723:
13716:
13708:
13702:
13698:
13691:
13683:
13677:
13673:
13666:
13658:
13652:
13648:
13641:
13633:
13627:
13623:
13616:
13608:
13602:
13598:
13591:
13583:
13577:
13573:
13566:
13558:
13552:
13548:
13541:
13526:
13522:
13515:
13507:
13501:
13497:
13490:
13482:
13476:
13472:
13465:
13457:
13453:
13446:
13438:
13434:
13427:
13419:
13413:
13409:
13402:
13394:
13390:
13386:
13379:
13373:, p. 84.
13372:
13367:
13359:
13355:
13351:
13347:
13343:
13339:
13335:
13328:
13322:, p. 90.
13321:
13316:
13309:
13304:
13302:
13300:
13291:
13285:
13281:
13274:
13266:
13260:
13256:
13249:
13241:
13234:
13232:
13223:
13217:
13213:
13209:
13205:
13201:
13194:
13192:
13190:
13182:
13177:
13161:
13157:
13150:
13142:
13135:
13119:
13115:
13108:
13100:
13093:
13091:
13082:
13076:
13069:
13063:
13052:
13045:
13038:
13030:
13027:
13021:
13015:, p. 20.
13014:
13009:
13007:
12987:
12980:
12979:
12971:
12963:
12956:
12948:
12941:
12933:
12926:
12918:
12912:
12908:
12901:
12894:
12890:
12885:
12877:
12871:
12867:
12863:
12849:
12841:
12835:
12831:
12830:
12822:
12816:, p. 62.
12815:
12810:
12795:
12791:
12785:
12778:
12773:
12766:
12761:
12754:
12749:
12742:
12738:
12733:
12731:
12722:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12707:
12702:
12695:
12679:
12672:
12666:, p. 12.
12665:
12660:
12652:
12646:
12642:
12641:
12633:
12625:
12621:
12617:
12610:
12602:
12595:
12593:
12591:
12583:
12577:
12570:
12565:
12557:
12550:
12542:
12535:
12528:
12524:
12519:
12512:
12508:
12503:
12487:
12483:
12479:
12472:
12464:
12460:
12459:Saudi Gazette
12456:
12449:
12441:
12437:
12436:Saudi Gazette
12433:
12427:
12425:
12416:
12410:
12407:. Routledge.
12406:
12405:
12397:
12390:
12384:
12382:
12373:
12367:
12363:
12362:
12354:
12346:
12340:
12336:
12335:
12327:
12311:
12307:
12300:
12298:
12289:
12283:
12279:
12278:
12270:
12262:
12255:
12247:
12240:
12238:
12229:
12223:
12219:
12214:
12213:
12204:
12196:
12189:
12181:
12175:
12171:
12166:
12165:
12156:
12148:
12142:
12138:
12131:
12129:
12121:
12116:
12109:
12105:
12100:
12093:
12088:
12080:
12073:
12071:
12062:
12056:
12052:
12047:
12046:
12037:
12021:
12015:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11994:
11987:
11983:
11979:
11973:
11966:
11962:
11958:
11952:
11936:
11935:The Economist
11932:
11926:
11919:
11913:
11906:
11901:
11893:
11887:
11883:
11879:
11872:
11864:
11863:
11855:
11853:
11844:
11838:
11834:
11833:
11825:
11823:
11814:
11810:
11809:
11801:
11794:
11789:
11782:
11778:
11777:Esposito 2003
11773:
11766:
11761:
11753:
11749:
11743:
11735:
11731:
11727:
11726:
11718:
11710:
11704:
11696:
11689:
11683:, p. 25.
11682:
11677:
11669:
11663:
11659:
11652:
11644:
11638:
11634:
11627:
11621:, p. 69.
11620:
11615:
11609:
11603:
11596:
11591:
11589:
11580:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11562:
11559:(in German).
11558:
11554:
11547:
11539:
11533:
11529:
11522:
11514:
11508:
11504:
11497:
11489:
11482:
11474:
11468:
11464:
11457:
11450:
11445:
11443:
11441:
11432:
11425:
11419:, p. 36.
11418:
11413:
11407:, p. 34.
11406:
11401:
11395:, p. 49.
11394:
11389:
11381:
11375:
11371:
11367:
11363:
11362:
11354:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11330:
11323:
11321:
11313:
11309:
11303:
11295:
11289:
11285:
11281:
11280:"1: Salafism"
11274:
11266:
11260:
11256:
11249:
11241:
11235:
11231:
11224:
11222:
11213:
11207:
11203:
11196:
11187:
11182:
11178:
11174:
11170:
11163:
11156:
11151:
11143:
11137:
11133:
11126:
11118:
11112:
11108:
11101:
11094:
11089:
11081:
11075:
11071:
11064:
11056:
11050:
11046:
11039:
11032:
11027:
11020:
11015:
11008:
11003:
10996:
10991:
10989:
10981:
10980:Esposito 2003
10976:
10968:
10962:
10958:
10951:
10944:
10939:
10937:
10929:
10928:Bonacina 2015
10924:
10917:
10913:
10908:
10901:
10896:
10894:
10885:
10879:
10875:
10871:
10864:
10862:
10853:
10847:
10843:
10836:
10828:
10822:
10818:
10811:
10804:
10799:
10791:
10790:
10785:
10778:
10771:
10766:
10760:, p. 55.
10759:
10758:Esposito 2011
10754:
10746:
10740:
10736:
10735:
10727:
10719:
10713:
10709:
10705:
10698:
10682:
10681:December 1992
10678:
10672:
10670:
10668:
10666:
10649:
10645:
10641:
10634:
10626:
10621:|people=
10613:
10597:
10594:(interview).
10593:
10587:
10571:
10567:
10563:
10561:
10553:
10537:
10531:
10516:
10512:
10505:
10503:
10494:
10488:
10484:
10477:
10468:
10452:
10451:
10446:
10439:
10431:
10425:
10421:
10414:
10412:
10403:
10396:
10394:
10385:
10378:
10371:
10366:
10358:
10352:
10348:
10343:
10342:
10333:
10331:
10324:, p. 56.
10323:
10318:
10316:
10307:
10301:
10297:
10290:
10271:
10267:
10260:
10253:
10242:
10235:
10233:
10231:
10222:
10216:
10208:
10201:
10193:
10187:
10183:
10176:
10168:
10162:
10158:
10151:
10149:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10125:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10102:
10094:
10090:
10086:
10082:
10075:
10068:
10063:
10055:
10051:
10044:
10042:
10033:
10031:9789960944364
10027:
10023:
10019:
10018:
10010:
10002:
9996:
9992:
9991:
9983:
9975:
9969:
9965:
9958:
9951:
9946:
9944:
9942:
9932:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9865:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9845:
9844:
9840:
9830:
9826:
9822:
9817:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9780:
9777:
9774:
9773:
9769:
9753:
9749:
9748:
9743:
9736:
9734:
9727:
9723:
9718:
9711:
9706:
9698:
9692:
9688:
9681:
9662:
9658:
9651:
9644:
9642:
9635:, p. viv
9634:
9629:
9621:
9615:
9607:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9578:
9571:. p. 19.
9570:
9563:
9557:, p. 333
9556:
9555:Esposito 2003
9551:
9549:
9547:
9545:
9536:
9529:
9527:
9525:
9516:
9515:
9507:
9499:
9497:9789960944364
9493:
9489:
9488:
9480:
9472:
9466:
9462:
9461:
9453:
9445:
9439:
9431:
9425:
9421:
9414:
9407:
9406:9789004161214
9403:
9399:
9392:
9390:
9374:
9370:
9364:
9362:
9354:
9350:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9332:
9328:
9321:
9313:
9307:
9303:
9296:
9289:
9284:
9277:
9273:
9272:Esposito 2003
9268:
9266:
9264:
9256:
9251:
9249:
9247:
9245:
9237:
9232:
9230:
9228:
9220:
9219:Bonacina 2015
9215:
9213:
9211:
9206:
9186:
9177:
9168:
9159:
9153:
9147:
9143:
9137:
9128:
9119:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9096:
9092:
9088:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9043:
9042:
9039:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8982:
8979:
8969:
8963:
8959:
8954:
8950:
8944:
8940:
8935:
8934:
8931:
8921:
8915:
8911:
8906:
8902:
8900:0-19-507281-2
8896:
8892:
8887:
8886:
8883:
8875:
8873:
8871:
8870:
8867:
8857:
8851:
8847:
8842:
8838:
8832:
8828:
8823:
8819:
8813:
8809:
8804:
8803:
8800:
8790:
8784:
8780:
8775:
8771:
8765:
8761:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8735:
8731:
8725:
8721:
8716:
8715:
8712:
8702:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8622:
8618:
8613:
8610:
8606:
8604:9780199685691
8600:
8596:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8582:
8580:9780198609810
8576:
8572:
8571:
8565:
8564:
8560:
8553:
8552:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8529:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8434:
8433:
8425:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8398:
8389:
8384:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8357:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8319:Islamic World
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8287:
8283:
8281:
8277:
8276:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8261:
8260:Bilal Philips
8255:
8250:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8231:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8220:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8204:
8201:
8198:According to
8191:
8189:
8188:
8183:
8182:
8181:Ahl al-Hadith
8176:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8106:
8096:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8079:
8072:United States
8069:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8009:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7981:
7979:
7975:
7972:
7966:
7962:
7960:
7946:
7942:
7936:
7934:
7933:Ahl as-Sunnah
7927:
7925:
7924:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7908:
7903:
7895:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7859:
7857:
7853:
7852:
7847:
7846:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7832:
7814:
7810:
7807:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7793:
7790:
7786:
7785:
7780:
7776:
7775:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7681:Western media
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7663:According to
7661:
7659:
7655:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7624:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7530:
7529:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7505:(BSU) of the
7504:
7500:
7499:Islamic State
7496:
7492:
7486:
7476:
7474:
7469:
7465:
7463:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7432:
7414:
7412:
7411:Islamic World
7408:
7404:
7401:
7393:
7388:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7337:
7336:Islamic World
7333:
7329:
7326:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7246:Islamic World
7243:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7214:Arab Cold War
7202:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7181:generalissimo
7178:
7174:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7145:
7136:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7103:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7088:Al ash-Sheikh
7079:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7058:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7037:
7027:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6822:House of Saud
6818:
6816:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6794:
6789:
6788:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6765:Saudi history
6762:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6632:superstitions
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6550:
6543:Social reform
6540:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6485:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6410:
6409:
6397:
6392:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6321:
6320:David Commins
6317:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6235:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6058:
6051:Jurisprudence
6047:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6019:birth control
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5995:medical field
5992:
5991:Crescent moon
5988:
5984:
5980:
5974:
5972:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5864:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5775:Islamic World
5772:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5748:
5744:
5731:
5727:
5722:
5720:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5493:
5489:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5349:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5160:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5124:Dawoodi Bohra
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5042:Hanafi school
5040:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5029:Maliki school
5027:
5026:
5024:
5019:
5018:Zahiri school
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4725:Ahl al-Hadith
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4492:rebuked such
4491:
4486:
4482:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4294:The Economist
4290:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:as a form of
4189:
4181:
4180:Aal-Al Shaykh
4177:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4149:Ahl al-Sunnah
4146:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4108:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3982:is disputed.
3980:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3905:Al-Muwahhidun
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3829:
3828:David Commins
3818:
3814:
3810:
3809:Fath al-Majid
3806:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3694:Nayl al-Maram
3691:
3687:
3686:
3685:Ahl al-Hadith
3681:
3677:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3406:
3380:
3377:leaders like
3376:
3371:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3352:Salafi Manhaj
3349:
3345:
3344:
3343:Ahl al-Hadith
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3300:(1894–1987).
3299:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3219:محمد رشيد رضا
3216:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3142:Ahl al-Hadith
3139:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:Islamic World
3039:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:formed a pact
2836:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2575:stated that "
2574:
2571:". Professor
2570:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2498:Ahl al-Hadith
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2428:(saints) and
2427:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:. During the
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:anti-colonial
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:anti-colonial
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:Islamic world
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2074:Ibn Taymiyyah
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2015:al-Wahhābiyya
2010:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1785:Ahl al-Hadith
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:Judgement Day
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:Maajid Nawaaz
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Navvab Safavi
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:Tariq Ramadan
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:Safwat Hegazi
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:Muhammad Asad
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:House of Saud
1149:
1147:
1146:Mohammed Omar
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:Mohamed Morsi
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:Khomeini 1970
1089:
1088:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
992:
991:
990:
989:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:Salafist Call
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
937:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
871:
870:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
833:
832:
825:
824:
820:
818:
815:
813:
812:
808:
806:
805:
801:
799:
798:Post-Islamism
796:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
782:
779:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
764:
760:
757:
753:
750:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
735:Islamic state
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
699:
698:
694:
693:
692:
689:
688:
682:
681:
676:
670:
669:Shia Islamism
667:
666:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
649:
646:
645:
644:
641:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
607:
606:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
564:
563:
559:
551:
545:
544:
534:
529:
527:
522:
520:
515:
514:
512:
511:
508:
498:
497:
492:
486:
485:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
462:Salafist Call
460:
458:
455:
453:
452:Al-Nour Party
450:
449:
446:
441:
440:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
386:
381:
380:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
294:
289:
288:
281:
280:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
242:
237:
236:
229:
228:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
145:
144:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
81:Ahl al-Hadith
79:
78:
75:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
54:
50:
42:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18844:North Africa
18745:Anti-Zionism
18648:
18640:
18632:
18627:(Qutb, 1964)
18624:
18619:(Asad, 1961)
18616:
18609:Forty Hadith
18608:
18600:
18583:Other topics
18185:People Party
18139:
18125:Ahl-i Hadith
18071:Ahmed Yassin
18051:Ali Shariati
17986:Ali Khamenei
17660:
17646:Pan-Islamism
17639:of knowledge
17634:Islamization
17476:
17450:. Retrieved
17424:
17401:
17392:
17388:
17370:
17356:
17345:. Retrieved
17326:
17310:
17289:
17257:
17240:
17237:Stark, Freya
17225:. Retrieved
17195:
17178:
17146:
17127:
17108:
17083:
17079:
17057:
17038:
17011:
16990:
16979:
16960:
16939:
16916:
16899:. Retrieved
16881:
16842:
16832:
16812:
16783:
16759:
16737:
16723:
16700:
16687:. Retrieved
16665:
16642:
16634:Bibliography
16612:
16606:
16594:. Retrieved
16589:
16554:
16550:
16540:
16531:
16525:
16516:
16507:
16499:the original
16494:
16484:
16475:
16469:
16459:
16452:
16443:
16437:
16418:
16412:
16399:
16392:
16373:
16367:
16355:. Retrieved
16350:
16328:
16318:
16309:
16299:
16290:
16281:
16264:
16249:
16236:
16229:
16220:
16211:
16199:. Retrieved
16184:
16177:
16166:, retrieved
16162:the original
16157:
16147:
16138:
16128:
16116:. Retrieved
16101:
16094:
16074:
16067:
16060:Commins 2009
16055:
16043:. Retrieved
16028:
16021:
16012:
15980:
15968:. Retrieved
15953:
15946:
15930:
15918:
15911:Commins 2006
15906:
15896:17 September
15894:. Retrieved
15879:
15857:
15849:
15844:
15836:
15831:
15822:
15813:
15807:
15799:
15794:
15756:
15750:
15717:
15713:
15703:
15694:
15688:
15676:
15667:
15661:
15649:
15637:
15617:
15610:
15597:
15587:
15577:29 September
15575:. Retrieved
15571:the original
15566:
15562:
15552:
15541:the original
15536:
15523:
15512:the original
15507:
15494:
15486:the original
15481:
15472:
15464:the original
15459:
15450:
15442:the original
15437:
15427:
15419:
15412:. Retrieved
15405:the original
15396:
15384:
15373:
15360:
15341:
15335:
15323:. Retrieved
15316:the original
15307:
15272:
15265:
15253:. Retrieved
15244:
15232:
15213:
15207:
15188:
15178:
15170:
15165:
15153:
15145:
15140:
15132:
15105:
15088:the original
15083:
15073:
15049:
15045:
15040:
15039:documentary
15035:
15016:
15010:
14991:
14985:
14973:. Retrieved
14969:the original
14935:
14928:
14909:
14899:
14892:Commins 2009
14887:
14871:
14863:
14856:Commins 2009
14831:
14817:
14811:
14799:
14787:. Retrieved
14783:
14774:
14757:
14753:
14743:
14735:
14726:
14714:. Retrieved
14693:
14685:Shia Revival
14684:
14678:
14670:the original
14659:
14644:
14619:
14611:
14599:. Retrieved
14595:the original
14590:
14580:
14555:
14547:
14538:
14532:
14525:Commins 2009
14520:
14513:Commins 2009
14508:
14501:Commins 2009
14496:
14489:Commins 2009
14484:
14472:
14460:
14448:
14436:
14430:. p. 5.
14423:
14418:
14411:
14399:. Retrieved
14395:the original
14391:Zubair Qamar
14390:
14381:
14365:
14340:
14332:
14325:Commins 2009
14320:
14313:Commins 2009
14308:
14299:
14290:
14284:
14277:Commins 2009
14272:
14263:
14257:
14249:
14244:
14231:. Retrieved
14227:the original
14222:
14213:
14201:
14194:Commins 2006
14189:
14170:
14164:
14145:
14139:
14130:
14119:
14107:
14095:. Retrieved
14086:
14081:
14071:
14059:. Retrieved
14054:
14050:
14040:
14021:
14015:
13996:
13990:
13971:
13965:
13953:
13941:
13933:
13928:
13919:
13913:
13904:
13898:
13891:Commins 2006
13886:
13877:
13871:
13852:
13846:
13836:
13829:
13821:
13794:
13788:
13776:
13764:
13752:
13740:
13721:
13715:
13696:
13690:
13671:
13665:
13646:
13640:
13621:
13615:
13596:
13590:
13571:
13565:
13546:
13540:
13528:. Retrieved
13525:The Atlantic
13524:
13514:
13495:
13489:
13470:
13464:
13455:
13451:
13445:
13436:
13426:
13407:
13401:
13388:
13378:
13366:
13341:
13337:
13327:
13315:
13279:
13273:
13254:
13248:
13239:
13203:
13176:
13164:. Retrieved
13160:the original
13149:
13140:
13134:
13122:. Retrieved
13118:the original
13107:
13098:
13075:
13067:
13066:Abu Khalil,
13062:
13051:the original
13037:
13029:
13026:
13020:
12993:. Retrieved
12986:the original
12977:
12970:
12961:
12955:
12946:
12940:
12931:
12925:
12906:
12900:
12884:
12865:
12848:
12828:
12821:
12809:
12797:. Retrieved
12793:
12784:
12776:
12772:
12760:
12753:Commins 2009
12748:
12705:
12694:
12684:26 September
12682:. Retrieved
12671:
12659:
12639:
12632:
12623:
12619:
12609:
12600:
12581:
12576:
12564:
12555:
12549:
12540:
12534:
12518:
12502:
12490:. Retrieved
12486:the original
12481:
12471:
12463:the original
12458:
12448:
12440:the original
12435:
12403:
12396:
12389:The Islamist
12388:
12360:
12353:
12333:
12326:
12314:. Retrieved
12310:the original
12276:
12269:
12260:
12254:
12245:
12211:
12203:
12194:
12188:
12163:
12155:
12136:
12115:
12099:
12087:
12078:
12044:
12036:
12024:. Retrieved
12014:
11998:
11993:
11977:
11972:
11956:
11951:
11939:. Retrieved
11934:
11925:
11917:
11912:
11905:Commins 2006
11900:
11881:
11877:
11871:
11861:
11831:
11812:
11807:
11800:
11793:Commins 2006
11788:
11772:
11765:Commins 2009
11760:
11751:
11742:
11729:
11724:
11717:
11694:
11688:
11681:Commins 2009
11676:
11657:
11651:
11632:
11626:
11614:
11607:
11602:
11597:, p. x.
11595:Commins 2009
11560:
11556:
11546:
11527:
11521:
11502:
11496:
11487:
11481:
11462:
11456:
11430:
11424:
11412:
11400:
11388:
11364:. New York:
11360:
11353:
11336:
11332:
11311:
11307:
11302:
11283:
11273:
11254:
11248:
11229:
11201:
11195:
11176:
11172:
11162:
11155:Lacroix 2013
11150:
11131:
11125:
11106:
11100:
11093:Commins 2006
11088:
11069:
11063:
11044:
11038:
11031:Commins 2006
11026:
11019:Commins 2006
11014:
11007:Commins 2006
11002:
10995:Lacroix 2013
10975:
10956:
10950:
10923:
10912:Commins 2006
10907:
10873:
10841:
10835:
10816:
10810:
10798:
10787:
10777:
10765:
10753:
10733:
10726:
10707:
10697:
10685:. Retrieved
10680:
10652:. Retrieved
10644:The Atlantic
10643:
10633:
10600:. Retrieved
10586:
10574:. Retrieved
10570:the original
10565:
10559:
10552:
10540:. Retrieved
10530:
10518:. Retrieved
10514:
10482:
10476:
10467:
10455:. Retrieved
10450:The National
10448:
10438:
10419:
10401:
10383:
10377:
10365:
10340:
10295:
10289:
10277:. Retrieved
10270:the original
10265:
10252:
10206:
10200:
10181:
10175:
10156:
10138:
10134:
10124:
10112:Islam21C.com
10111:
10101:
10084:
10074:
10062:
10053:
10016:
10009:
9989:
9982:
9963:
9957:
9929:
9917:
9913:
9876:
9872:
9860:
9852:
9839:
9824:
9804:
9783:
9776:Commins 2006
9768:
9756:. Retrieved
9752:the original
9745:
9717:
9710:Commins 2009
9705:
9686:
9680:
9668:. Retrieved
9661:the original
9656:
9633:Commins 2009
9628:
9619:
9614:
9587:
9577:
9568:
9562:
9534:
9513:
9506:
9486:
9479:
9459:
9452:
9419:
9413:
9376:. Retrieved
9372:
9330:
9320:
9301:
9295:
9288:Commins 2006
9283:
9185:
9176:
9167:
9158:
9152:
9136:
9127:
9118:
9108:the original
9103:
9091:the original
9086:
9066:
9055:the original
9050:
9038:
9023:
9006:
8989:
8978:
8957:
8938:
8930:
8909:
8890:
8882:
8866:
8845:
8826:
8807:
8799:
8778:
8759:
8742:
8738:
8719:
8711:
8681:. New York:
8678:
8633:
8616:
8608:
8594:
8584:
8569:
8559:
8549:
8548:"Sunni" or "
8545:
8541:
8532:
8449:
8442:
8437:Ahl-i Hadith
8435:
8413:
8409:
8407:
8395:
8388:Taha Hussein
8385:
8354:
8350:
8345:, the first
8341:
8334:
8289:
8285:
8273:
8267:
8257:
8252:
8237:
8227:
8217:
8206:Gilles Kepel
8197:
8185:
8179:
8173:
8168:Ahl al-Sunna
8166:
8108:
8087:Sufi Shaykh
8075:
8047:
8015:
7987:
7968:
7964:
7958:
7938:
7929:
7921:
7904:
7901:
7891:
7884:Muhammad Ali
7870:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7855:
7849:
7843:
7840:Ibn Uthaymin
7829:
7827:
7799:
7788:
7782:
7772:
7766:
7748:
7744:
7738:
7719:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7699:anti-Western
7692:
7688:
7675:against the
7672:
7662:
7657:
7653:
7648:
7645:Islamophobic
7636:
7630:
7582:Saudi Arabia
7562:house arrest
7551:
7536:
7526:
7510:
7506:
7488:
7466:
7462:Lee Kuan Yew
7459:
7443:
7420:
7407:Saudi Aramco
7403:Gilles Kepel
7397:
7380:
7372:Ahl-e Hadith
7370:
7358:
7341:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7240:
7176:
7125:
7120:Influential
7085:
7067:
7063:
7061:
7053:
6984:Saudi Arabia
6980:Ottoman rule
6973:
6940:civic values
6927:
6894:
6888:
6882:
6879:greater imam
6872:
6844:
6838:
6819:
6814:
6808:
6804:
6797:
6791:
6785:
6783:
6768:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6736:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6672:
6658:
6657:currents of
6652:
6644:Wahhabi Wars
6627:
6609:
6592:
6586:
6581:
6578:triple talaq
6577:
6572:
6568:triple talaq
6567:
6556:
6512:
6504:
6500:
6496:Usul al-Fiqh
6494:
6490:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6470:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6436:Usul al-Fiqh
6434:
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6296:
6290:
6285:
6277:
6274:Usul al-Fiqh
6273:
6258:Usul-al Fiqh
6256:
6250:
6244:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
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6190:
6186:
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6167:
6161:
6155:
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6147:
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6121:
6117:
6111:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6087:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6064:
6043:
6041:
6035:
5998:
5987:credit cards
5976:
5968:
5953:
5939:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5919:
5917:
5910:
5905:
5901:
5893:
5889:
5865:
5859:
5848:
5846:
5787:social media
5761:
5746:
5725:
5723:
5698:
5696:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5671:
5658:
5650:
5648:
5630:
5620:
5614:
5582:
5576:
5561:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5535:
5531:
5525:
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5501:
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5464:
5433:
5429:
5421:
5415:
5398:
5392:
5361:
5354:
5351:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5307:
5305:
5288:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5204:
5158:
5001:
5000:
4989:Unaffiliated
4922:
4904:
4860:
4826:
4767:
4716:
4682:
4643:
4594:
4593:
4571:
4563:
4561:
4553:
4525:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4477:
4450:
4442:
4440:
4401:
4389:
4387:
4372:While other
4371:
4359:
4341:
4327:
4308:
4302:
4292:
4288:
4277:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4169:
4158:
4152:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4103:
4101:
4087:
4085:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4034:who shunned
4029:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3946:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3920:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3899:espoused in
3896:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3826:
3812:
3808:
3774:, including
3771:
3759:
3753:
3743:
3733:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3662:
3655:
3649:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3580:legal school
3569:
3550:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3526:
3523:
3516:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3448:
3438:
3419:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3351:
3348:Ahl-i-Hadith
3341:
3337:
3329:
3323:
3302:
3294:Salafi da'wa
3293:
3287:
3283:
3274:
3263:Ahl-i-Hadith
3262:
3234:
3228:
3192:
3175:Saudi Arabia
3170:
3156:
3145:
3131:
3125:
3108:movement of
3106:Ahl-i Hadith
3102:
3099:Ahl-i Hadith
3093:Ahl-i-Hadith
3083:
3077:
3065:
3056:
3052:
3035:
3029:
3015:
3002:movement of
2997:
2988:movement of
2976:movement of
2968:movement in
2951:
2925:Persian Gulf
2910:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2847:
2832:
2826:
2816:
2806:
2792:
2778:
2775:circa. 1740s
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2678:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2639:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2582:The Atlantic
2580:
2576:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:Salafi dawah
2502:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2476:Robert Lacey
2471:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2423:
2409:colonial era
2405:Muslim world
2390:
2381:
2375:Islamophobic
2372:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2324:
2316:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2287:
2283:
2262:
2260:
2245:
2213:founding day
2194:Crown Prince
2191:
2179:pan-Islamist
2177:, scholars,
2124:
2121:monotheistic
2118:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2059:
2051:Saudi Arabia
1995:
1994:
1922:
1853:Ahl-i Hadith
1847:
1793:In terms of
1790:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1601:Five Pillars
1456:
1446:Islamophobia
1404:Shiraz Maher
1399:Gilles Kepel
1309:Ahmed Yassin
1294:Ali Shariati
1234:Ali Khamenei
1111:Ali Khamenei
1082:
1080:
1068:
1055:
1043:
1031:
987:
986:
935:
934:
917:
893:Ahl-i Hadith
877:
852:Anti-Zionism
821:
809:
802:
781:Pan-Islamism
761:
756:of knowledge
752:Islamization
695:
567:Fundamentals
487:
477:People Party
359:
335:Sailaifengye
277:
225:
91:Ibn Taymiyya
29:
18724:Arab Winter
18719:Arab Spring
18500:Mullah Omar
18362:MENA region
18288:Petro-Islam
18262:Al-Uthaymin
18036:Rashid Rida
18021:Sayyid Qutb
18011:Mullah Omar
17889:Ansar Allah
17733:Millî Görüş
16928:0674-008774
16596:19 December
16357:19 December
15937:, pp.
15414:17 November
15325:17 November
15276:MIT Press.
15255:13 November
14789:13 November
14754:ISIM Review
14736:ISIM Review
14477:Bayley 2010
14453:Bayley 2010
14441:Coller 2022
14223:info.gov.sa
14097:15 December
14061:15 December
13948:, p. .
13389:Deoband.org
13200:"Wahhabism"
12858: 1792
12482:Islam Daily
11695:Tarikh najd
11333:ISIM Review
11095:, p. .
10900:Haykel 2013
10576:13 November
10542:13 November
10067:Haykel 2013
9920:(1): 9–13.
9792:j.ctt7zvmm2
9724:, pp.
9584:"Wahhabism"
9408:, 1960-2007
9378:12 December
9351:, pp.
9331:Daily Sabah
9311:90-04127569
9255:Bayley 2010
9236:Coller 2022
9144:, pp.
8769:0-028659872
8487:Petro-Islam
7926:. He said:
7716:neo-liberal
7711:"Wahhabism"
7707:"Wahhabism"
7689:"Wahhabism"
7637:"Wahhabism"
7592:during the
7578:Afghanistan
7566:citizenship
7507:Dar al-Ifta
7355:pan-Islamic
7308:Control of
7222:Petro-Islam
7187:during the
7124:jurist and
7024:Middle Ages
7020:Ibn Khaldun
7008:East Africa
6891:ambassadors
6836:' school".
5960:Grand Mufti
5906:Dar al-Ifta
5894:Dar al-Ifta
5890:Dar al-Ifta
5886:Grand Mufti
5882: 1969
5842:Pilgrimages
5822:nationalism
5807:pan-Islamic
5801:, etc. The
5611:polytheists
5573: 1818
5149:Qutbi Bohra
5134:Alavi Bohra
4737:Ahl al-Ra'y
4578:Propagation
4490:Grand Mufti
4461:Mothers Day
4376:might urge
4365:journalist
4324:circa. 1922
4042:. The Arab
3642:Al-Kawthari
3461: 1999
3284:"Salafiyya"
3118:al-Shawkani
2906:Mark Napier
2693:"Wahhabism"
2558:Saudi King
2486:not Muslims
2434:British Raj
2382:"Wahhabism"
2363:Sunni Islam
2339:"Wahhabism"
2187:West Africa
2131:hermeneutic
2126:Daily Sabah
2024:Sunni Islam
1939:Persecution
1775:Ahl al-Ra'y
1527:Sunni Islam
1389:Bassam Tibi
1384:Olivier Roy
1284:Rashid Rida
1269:Sayyid Qutb
1050:Iqbal 1930s
997:MENA region
967:Millî Görüş
206:Al-Uthaymin
191:Rashid Rida
171:Sayyid Qutb
136:Al-Shawkani
18859:Categories
18839:South Asia
18781:Gaza Strip
18733:Influences
18660:Historical
18625:Milestones
18617:Principles
18551:Mujahideen
18428:al-Shabaab
18423:Boko Haram
18411:Abu Sayyaf
18389:South Asia
18247:Zakir Naik
18130:Madkhalism
18118:Scholastic
18076:Zia-ul-Haq
18046:Omar Bongo
17711:in Britain
17629:Islamistan
17547:Khomeinism
17447:2015951183
17379:0595672728
17365:0968905854
17319:0521644127
17266:0330268341
17048:9960295001
17030:5713616619
16995:. Viking.
16802:0195125584
16749:0195169913
16652:188999913X
16112:0253112923
15785:, p.
15783:Kepel 2004
15681:Algar 2002
15654:Algar 2002
15642:Algar 2002
15438:Asia Times
15237:Kepel 2002
15158:Kepel 2002
15048:review in
15046:The Qur'an
15041:The Qur'an
14919:1576070913
14880:0807002291
14766:1887/17210
14591:2013-09-08
14372:, p.
14370:Kepel 2002
14131:Al Jazeera
14031:9004110623
14006:9004110623
13804:9004110623
13731:9004110623
13606:9004110623
13417:9004113002
13013:Algar 2002
12891:, p.
12765:Kepel 2002
12739:, p.
12737:Lacey 2009
12664:Lacey 2009
12569:Lacey 1981
12525:, p.
12523:Lacey 2009
12509:, p.
12507:Lacey 2009
12106:, p.
12104:Kepel 2004
11891:9776005187
11842:0195096150
11779:, p.
11642:0028656032
11345:1887/17210
11079:0195061039
10966:0195102983
10943:Kepel 2006
10914:, p.
10870:"Wahhabis"
10654:26 January
10602:23 October
10370:Algar 2002
10322:Lacey 1981
10093:1887/10068
9349:Lacey 2009
9274:, p.
8551:Muwahhidun
8519:References
8377:Agus Salim
8307:Al-Jabartī
8119:Ash'arites
8085:Naqshbandi
8018:South Asia
8012:South Asia
8006:Arab norms
7923:Kharijites
7872:Kharijites
7804:to spread
7654:"Wahhabis"
7641:Soviet-era
7515:war crimes
7392:Deobandism
7387:Arab world
7377:South Asia
7285:; through
7031:Prevalence
7012:revolution
6964:Arab world
6928:Muwahhidun
6922:historian
6895:Muwahhidun
6707:See also:
6677:Ibn Saud's
6628:Muwahhidun
6547:See also:
6491:Muwahhidun
6479:Muwahhidin
6423:Muwahhidun
6348:DeLong-Bas
6344:Ibn Hanbal
6221:Muwahhidun
6144:companions
6124:. He used
5997:, various
5965:explains:
5946:television
5873:appointed
5838:Ibn Qayyim
5830:Ibn Qudama
5826:Ibn Kathir
5756:See also:
5664:Sufi order
5660:Qadiriyyah
5643:See also:
5583:Muwahhidun
5488:Shia Islam
5486:See also:
5448:war crimes
5346:See also:
5314:Ibn Qayyim
5289:Muwahhidun
5002:Including:
4954:Mujassimah
4662:Holy books
4550:Appearance
4416:backgammon
4289:Muwahhidun
3996:See also:
3798:See also:
3610:Maturidite
3564:See also:
3475:, and the
3434:Ibn Qayyim
3362:See also:
3223:Arab World
2911:After the
2904:historian
2882:Napoleonic
2878:Muwahhidun
2850:historians
2808:Muwahhidun
2794:Muwahhidun
2781:revivalist
2691:; whereas
2640:Muwahhidun
2628:Kharijites
2490:Muwahhidun
2481:Muwahhidun
2468:Muwahhidun
2391:Since the
2320:Ibn Hanbal
2313:Definition
2205:Arab world
2141:since the
2116:/AH 751).
2104:Ibn Qayyim
1918:Literature
1883:Holy sites
1771:Maturidism
1628:Pilgrimage
1563:Holy books
1379:Sam Harris
1359:Farag Foda
1141:Zia ul-Haq
1002:South Asia
903:Madkhalism
878:Scholastic
836:Influences
660:Khomeinism
610:Ideologies
598:Secularism
432:Boko Haram
315:Madkhalism
216:Ibn Jibrin
116:Ibn Muflih
106:Al-Dhahabi
101:Ibn Kathir
18865:Wahhabism
18837:Islam in
18807:Criticism
18769:by region
18352:Movements
18217:Al-Albani
18158:Al Asalah
18150:Political
18140:Wahhabism
18111:Movements
18066:Malcolm X
17788:Hezbollah
17687:Movements
17200:Cambridge
16329:Firstpost
16310:Firstpost
16045:7 January
15970:9 January
15742:149088619
15734:1353-0194
14401:4 October
14233:20 August
13358:144357200
13166:4 October
11703:cite book
11579:1570-0607
10623:ignored (
10612:cite news
9901:162710583
9843:Sources:
9772:Sources:
9758:21 August
9438:cite book
9369:"Wahhabi"
9201:Citations
9087:Asia News
8666:1874-6691
8563:Sources:
8451:Salafiyya
8361:Indonesia
8311:Al-Nāṣiri
8239:Pakistani
8224:Hobbesian
8129:and Imam
8123:Muturidis
8054:Al-Ahbash
7858:efforts.
7836:Huraymila
7720:Wahhabism
7658:"Wahhabi"
7649:"Wahhabi"
7609:war hawks
7602:Professor
7519:terrorism
7382:Salafiyya
6920:Cambridge
6867:Caliphate
6863:reformist
6673:Salafiyya
6660:Salafiyya
6529:al-Nawawi
6475:reformist
6023:abortions
6007:autopsies
5925:Mujtahids
5884:) as the
5815:socialism
5771:modernity
5699:Muwahidun
5655:mysticism
5651:Muwahidun
5589:in 1871.
5558:'Abdullah
5475:non-Arabs
5436:Abdulaziz
5252:Jahiliyya
5089:Qizilbash
4979:Ahmadiyya
4974:Quraniyya
4969:Qadariyya
4964:Mu'tazila
4918:Muhakkima
4483:declared
4330:forbidden
4274:Practices
4066:Salafiyya
4045:Salafiyya
4020:Mujtahids
3953:consensus
3939:Messenger
3883:Istigāthā
3760:Muwahidun
3750:Al-Tahawi
3638:Salafiyya
3606:Ash'arite
3450:Muhaddith
3375:Salafiyya
3370:Salafiyya
3368:Original
3338:Muhaddith
3330:Salafiyya
3313:Al-Albani
3235:Salafiyya
3193:Salafiyya
3017:Salafiyya
3012:Indonesia
2999:Mujahidin
2862:Calvinist
2854:diplomats
2747:Salafiyya
2735:Muwahidun
2664:salafists
2660:salafists
2621:"Wahhabi"
2553:Wahhabism
2472:"Salafis"
2297:"Wahhabi"
2295:The term
2236:Etymology
2201:Islamists
2020:reformist
2009:romanized
1996:Wahhabism
1900:Jerusalem
1860:Modernism
1848:Wahhabism
1808:al-Wijdan
1767:Ash'arism
1434:Modernism
1342:in Europe
1075:Qutb 1965
1062:Asad 1961
1026:Key texts
936:Political
918:Wahhabism
874:Movements
710:Caliphate
588:Economics
360:Wahhabism
211:Al-Fawzan
161:Al-Albani
86:Al-Albani
18870:Islamism
18437:al-Qaeda
18331:Ideology
18320:Jihadism
18168:Al-Islah
17848:Al Wefaq
17748:in Syria
17743:in Egypt
17701:Deobandi
17575:Concepts
17554:Salafism
17537:Islamism
17517:Islamism
17387:(2008).
17278:Archived
17273:(1996).
17100:20873920
16913:(2002).
16864:(2013).
16734:(2004).
16590:Assunnah
16584:(2020).
15602:Archived
15133:Al-Hayat
14870:(2002),
14707:Archived
14601:28 April
14079:(2020).
13393:Archived
12995:2 August
12864:(eds.).
12492:22 March
12387:Husain,
12316:20 March
12026:17 March
11920:, p. 333
10687:17 March
10648:Archived
10279:4 August
10116:Archived
9857:Archived
9829:Archived
9809:Archived
9071:Archived
9028:Archived
9011:Archived
8994:Archived
8751:20832903
8632:(eds.).
8429:See also
8422:Ash-Sham
8365:Ibn Saud
8336:Al-Manar
8295:Egyptian
8269:Madh'hab
8216:to wage
8157:of Imam
8111:Chechnya
7996:accuses
7912:scholar
7877:Ottomans
7789:madh'hab
7784:madhhabs
7594:Gulf War
7588:against
7558:Gulf War
7495:al-Qaeda
7493:such as
7455:Al Azhar
7446:madrasas
7400:Islamism
7379:and the
7127:Mufassir
7072:Salafism
6992:American
6988:Ibn Saud
6916:Jacobins
6904:American
6834:Shu'aybi
6787:Shari'ah
6781:rulers.
6717:Islamism
6703:Politics
6521:Shafiite
6505:Madhhabs
6452:Mujtahid
6284:Hanbali
6270:/AH 1225
6237:and the
6209:Qur'anic
6183:Shafiite
6172:Muhammad
6031:Qur'anic
5950:internet
5834:Ibn Hazm
5741:/AH 1244
5726:Tasawwuf
5645:Tasawwuf
5603:Shi'ites
5599:Ottomans
5512:Muhammad
5367:On Jihad
5237:Prophets
5114:Satpanth
5084:Bektashi
4944:Jabriyya
4845:Prophecy
4747:Maturidi
4657:Prophets
4612:a series
4610:Part of
4485:football
4428:cadavers
4363:American
4267:mad'habs
4055:tariqats
3929:"As for
3764:Maturidi
3738:scholar
3736:Hanafite
3676:idolatry
3672:/AH 1301
3572:theology
3560:Theology
3533:Salafism
3529:sciences
3509:mujtahid
3445:Albanian
3426:juristic
3416:/AH 1354
3401:/AH 1225
3390:/AH 1250
3325:Al-Manar
3309:Albanian
3275:Al Manar
3195:movement
3179:oil boom
3055:and the
2902:Scottish
2864:scholar
2679:Salafism
2668:Wahhabis
2656:Wahhabis
2652:Salafism
2591:misnomer
2577:Wahhbism
2534:Wahhabis
2530:"Salafi"
2458:Wahhabis
2331:Salafist
2327:Salafism
2289:"Salafi"
2273:الموحدون
2151:pan-Arab
2072:scholar
1843:Salafism
1812:al-Kashf
1781:Atharism
1648:Abu Bakr
1519:a series
1517:Part of
988:Militant
898:Deobandi
774:Jihadism
685:Concepts
616:Islamism
593:Politics
558:Islamism
550:a series
548:Part of
402:al-Qaeda
355:Hazimism
305:Islamism
40:a series
37:Part of
18:Wahabism
18776:Balkans
18556:Slavery
18524:Related
18447:in Iraq
18394:Taliban
18338:Qutbism
18271:Related
18222:Ibn Baz
17894:Taliban
17882:Related
17778:Ennahda
17582:Emirate
17542:Qutbism
17529:Outline
17227:15 June
16901:15 June
16201:17 July
16168:23 July
16118:7 March
14716:2 April
14091:(Ebook)
14051:An Naba
13530:4 March
13124:1 April
13070:, p. 50
12790:"Allah"
11941:11 June
11314:, p. 85
10560:Wahhabi
10457:12 June
9926:1571334
9893:3879864
9075:Reuters
8544:Salafi"
8414:madhhab
8410:madhhab
8343:Sukarno
8264:Wahhabi
8234:Support
8143:Shafi'i
8052:-based
8050:Lebanon
8044:Lebanon
8034:mosques
8030:Barelvi
7907:Ottoman
7845:'Aqidah
7774:Ijtihad
7755:Muslims
7611:in the
7417:Funding
7351:Muslims
7293:ijtihad
7288:Ijtihad
7173:Turubah
7122:Hanbali
7066:" and "
7064:Wahhabi
7022:in the
7016:bedouin
6968:Emirate
6962:on the
6912:Ottoman
6805:shari'a
6743:society
6642:in the
6602:jurists
6593:Hadeeth
6582:Ijtihad
6563:Diriyah
6533:Ijtihad
6484:Ijtihad
6466:madhabs
6461:Ijtihad
6427:Ijtihad
6373:Maslaha
6324:Muslims
6286:mad'hab
6246:ijtihad
6196:Ijtihad
6176:Ijtihad
6163:ijtihad
6081:sources
6061:Madhhab
6015:divorce
5941:Ijtihad
5912:Madhabs
5819:secular
5791:Muslims
5779:Kingdom
5768:Western
5632:Rafidis
5627:Muslims
5607:British
5591:Al-Hasa
5562:Raafida
5536:Raafida
5508:Rafidah
5503:Rafidah
5389:, 1920s
5300:/AH 728
5271:ijtihad
5120:Mustali
5062:Shaykhi
5058:Akhbari
4869:Walayah
4855:Qiyamah
4821:Tabarra
4816:Tawalla
4742:Ash'ari
4691:Shahada
4601:Beliefs
4544:mosques
4436:Taliban
4412:amulets
4374:Muslims
4338:mosques
4322:Al-Hasa
4299:Shari'a
4284:Muslims
4262:Ijtihad
4240:Ijtihad
4230:Ijtihad
4174:of the
4119:Ijtihad
4114:Ijtihad
4050:Ijtihad
4040:Taqleed
4036:Ijtihad
4024:Ottoman
4015:Taqleed
4009:Ijtihad
4002:Ijtihad
3987:Ijtihad
3867:Ramadan
3856:'Ibādah
3834:shahada
3731:, etc.
3657:Ijtihad
3601:'Aqidah
3447:Salafi
3430:Purists
3421:Ijtihad
3186:Ibn Baz
3133:ijtihad
3026:renewal
2986:Faraizi
2982:Nigeria
2966:Senussi
2958:Mahdist
2890:Asiatic
2834:ijtihad
2757:History
2715:ijtihad
2683:Muslims
2610:Quakers
2606:Wahhabi
2569:Hadiths
2538:Wahhabi
2523:Sunnism
2463:madhhab
2425:Awliyaa
2335:Prophet
2307:Ibadism
2280:
2171:Muslims
2070:Hanbali
2030:cleric
2028:Hanbali
2018:) is a
2011::
1934:History
1703:Hanbali
1698:Shafi'i
1677:schools
1623:Fasting
1618:Charity
1546:Beliefs
883:Barelvi
791:aspects
754: (
655:Qutbism
583:Culture
578:History
325:Qutbism
201:Ibn Baz
65:, Qatar
18662:events
17656:Sharia
17452:1 June
17445:
17435:
17408:
17377:
17363:
17347:1 June
17338:
17317:
17296:
17264:
17247:
17218:
17153:
17134:
17115:
17098:
17067:
17045:
17028:
17018:
16999:
16967:
16948:
16925:
16892:
16850:
16820:
16799:
16767:
16746:
16711:
16689:1 June
16680:
16649:
16619:
16551:Arabic
16425:
16380:
16192:
16109:
16082:
16036:
16004:
16000:2003.
15994:Durham
15961:
15887:
15763:
15740:
15732:
15625:
15348:
15280:
15220:
15195:
15112:
15023:
14998:
14943:
14916:
14878:
14824:
14653:. BBC.
14632:
14568:
14353:
14177:
14152:
14089:]
14028:
14003:
13978:
13859:
13801:
13728:
13703:
13678:
13653:
13628:
13603:
13578:
13553:
13502:
13477:
13414:
13356:
13286:
13261:
13218:
12913:
12872:
12836:
12799:28 May
12717:
12647:
12411:
12368:
12341:
12284:
12224:
12176:
12143:
12057:
12009:p. 132
12005:
11988:p. 159
11984:
11963:
11888:
11839:
11664:
11639:
11577:
11534:
11509:
11469:
11376:
11290:
11261:
11236:
11208:
11173:Arabic
11138:
11113:
11076:
11051:
10963:
10880:
10848:
10823:
10741:
10714:
10489:
10426:
10353:
10302:
10217:
10188:
10163:
10028:
9997:
9970:
9924:
9899:
9891:
9790:
9726:123–24
9693:
9670:8 June
9602:
9494:
9467:
9426:
9404:
9308:
9191:
9146:123–24
8964:
8945:
8916:
8897:
8852:
8833:
8814:
8785:
8766:
8749:
8726:
8697:
8664:
8654:
8601:
8577:
8538:exonym
8512:Aqidah
8369:Bidʻah
8356:Tajdid
8327:Sufism
8291:Syrian
8275:Takfir
8200:French
8155:Sufism
8151:
8147:Maliki
8139:Hanafi
8135:
8093:takfir
8062:Salafi
8058:takfir
7984:Turkey
7974:jurist
7910:Hanafi
7892:Jahala
7888:muftis
7856:da'wah
7817:
7813:saints
7768:Taqlid
7750:Takfir
7745:Tawhid
7547:Israel
7511:fatawa
7439:
7435:
7431:Soviet
7427:
7423:
7314:Medina
7302:Sunnah
7297:Qur'an
7278:Hadith
7272:Qur'an
7220:, and
7135:Arabic
7068:Salafi
6948:rights
6946:&
6944:duties
6846:da'wah
6815:qadi's
6793:bay'ah
6767:; the
6715:, and
6688:Ikhwan
6655:reform
6624:Europe
6611:fatwas
6587:Qur'an
6553:Tajdid
6509:Sunnah
6471:madhab
6447:fatwas
6442:Fuqaha
6408:madhab
6357:hadith
6311:'Aqida
6298:Taqlid
6279:hadith
6252:taqlid
6240:Sunnah
6234:Qur'an
6217:Hadith
6213:Qur'an
6205:hadith
6191:Taqlid
6187:Taqlid
6168:Qur'an
6157:taqlid
6135:hadith
6130:Qur'an
6118:Qur'an
6098:, the
6095:Qur'an
6071:Taqlid
5999:fatwas
5920:Taqlid
5902:fatwas
5854:2022,
5850:fatawa
5714:Sufism
5703:Shaykh
5679:hadith
5673:Qur'an
5668:Sufism
5622:Takfir
5578:Takfir
5566:Zaydis
5551:hadith
5521:sharia
5516:Qur'an
5423:Takfir
5279:bid'ah
5261:hadith
5246:Taqlid
5241:saints
5233:Shiite
5215:Tawhid
5105:Nizari
5094:Ishiki
4874:Tawhid
4850:Imamah
4840:Adalah
4835:Tawhid
4730:Athari
4667:Angels
4620:Aqidah
4568:Ikhwan
4521:ARAMCO
4495:fatwas
4472:Jeddah
4452:Sunnah
4432:mawlid
4391:sharia
4310:Hadith
4304:Qur'an
4251:Hadith
4245:Qur'an
4217:Sunnah
4188:Taqlid
4166:sharia
4134:Hadith
4128:Qur'an
4123:Taqlid
4104:Sunnah
4088:Taqlid
4061:Bid'ah
3998:Taqlid
3991:Taqlid
3978:Sunnah
3972:Qur'an
3967:Tawhid
3962:Ibadah
3943:takfir
3935:takfir
3931:takfir
3922:Takfir
3917:Muslim
3897:Tawhid
3893:Tawhid
3800:Tawhid
3794:Tawhid
3768:Athari
3699:Qur'an
3690:Bhopal
3680:Athari
3651:Taqlid
3634:Athari
3625:aqāʾid
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